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<!doctype html><html lang="en">
<head>
<meta content="text/html; charset=utf-8" http-equiv="Content-Type">
<title>Text Fragments</title>
<meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no" name="viewport">
<link href="https://www.w3.org/StyleSheets/TR/2021/cg-draft" rel="stylesheet">
<meta content="Bikeshed version cace53f8c, updated Tue Dec 7 12:12:54 2021 -0800" name="generator">
<link href="https://wicg.github.io/scroll-to-text-fragment/" rel="canonical">
<style>/* style-autolinks */
.css.css, .property.property, .descriptor.descriptor {
color: var(--a-normal-text);
font-size: inherit;
font-family: inherit;
}
.css::before, .property::before, .descriptor::before {
content: "‘";
}
.css::after, .property::after, .descriptor::after {
content: "’";
}
.property, .descriptor {
/* Don't wrap property and descriptor names */
white-space: nowrap;
}
.type { /* CSS value <type> */
font-style: italic;
}
pre .property::before, pre .property::after {
content: "";
}
[data-link-type="property"]::before,
[data-link-type="propdesc"]::before,
[data-link-type="descriptor"]::before,
[data-link-type="value"]::before,
[data-link-type="function"]::before,
[data-link-type="at-rule"]::before,
[data-link-type="selector"]::before,
[data-link-type="maybe"]::before {
content: "‘";
}
[data-link-type="property"]::after,
[data-link-type="propdesc"]::after,
[data-link-type="descriptor"]::after,
[data-link-type="value"]::after,
[data-link-type="function"]::after,
[data-link-type="at-rule"]::after,
[data-link-type="selector"]::after,
[data-link-type="maybe"]::after {
content: "’";
}
[data-link-type].production::before,
[data-link-type].production::after,
.prod [data-link-type]::before,
.prod [data-link-type]::after {
content: "";
}
[data-link-type=element],
[data-link-type=element-attr] {
font-family: Menlo, Consolas, "DejaVu Sans Mono", monospace;
font-size: .9em;
}
[data-link-type=element]::before { content: "<" }
[data-link-type=element]::after { content: ">" }
[data-link-type=biblio] {
white-space: pre;
}</style>
<style>/* style-colors */
/* Any --*-text not paired with a --*-bg is assumed to have a transparent bg */
:root {
color-scheme: light dark;
--text: black;
--bg: white;
--unofficial-watermark: url(https://www.w3.org/StyleSheets/TR/2016/logos/UD-watermark);
--logo-bg: #1a5e9a;
--logo-active-bg: #c00;
--logo-text: white;
--tocnav-normal-text: #707070;
--tocnav-normal-bg: var(--bg);
--tocnav-hover-text: var(--tocnav-normal-text);
--tocnav-hover-bg: #f8f8f8;
--tocnav-active-text: #c00;
--tocnav-active-bg: var(--tocnav-normal-bg);
--tocsidebar-text: var(--text);
--tocsidebar-bg: #f7f8f9;
--tocsidebar-shadow: rgba(0,0,0,.1);
--tocsidebar-heading-text: hsla(203,20%,40%,.7);
--toclink-text: var(--text);
--toclink-underline: #3980b5;
--toclink-visited-text: var(--toclink-text);
--toclink-visited-underline: #054572;
--heading-text: #005a9c;
--hr-text: var(--text);
--algo-border: #def;
--del-text: red;
--del-bg: transparent;
--ins-text: #080;
--ins-bg: transparent;
--a-normal-text: #034575;
--a-normal-underline: #bbb;
--a-visited-text: var(--a-normal-text);
--a-visited-underline: #707070;
--a-hover-bg: rgba(75%, 75%, 75%, .25);
--a-active-text: #c00;
--a-active-underline: #c00;
--blockquote-border: silver;
--blockquote-bg: transparent;
--blockquote-text: currentcolor;
--issue-border: #e05252;
--issue-bg: #fbe9e9;
--issue-text: var(--text);
--issueheading-text: #831616;
--example-border: #e0cb52;
--example-bg: #fcfaee;
--example-text: var(--text);
--exampleheading-text: #574b0f;
--note-border: #52e052;
--note-bg: #e9fbe9;
--note-text: var(--text);
--noteheading-text: hsl(120, 70%, 30%);
--notesummary-underline: silver;
--assertion-border: #aaa;
--assertion-bg: #eee;
--assertion-text: black;
--advisement-border: orange;
--advisement-bg: #fec;
--advisement-text: var(--text);
--advisementheading-text: #b35f00;
--warning-border: red;
--warning-bg: hsla(40,100%,50%,0.95);
--warning-text: var(--text);
--amendment-border: #330099;
--amendment-bg: #F5F0FF;
--amendment-text: var(--text);
--amendmentheading-text: #220066;
--def-border: #8ccbf2;
--def-bg: #def;
--def-text: var(--text);
--defrow-border: #bbd7e9;
--datacell-border: silver;
--indexinfo-text: #707070;
--indextable-hover-text: black;
--indextable-hover-bg: #f7f8f9;
--outdatedspec-bg: rgba(0, 0, 0, .5);
--outdatedspec-text: black;
--outdated-bg: maroon;
--outdated-text: white;
--outdated-shadow: red;
--editedrec-bg: darkorange;
}</style>
<style>/* style-counters */
body {
counter-reset: example figure issue;
}
.issue {
counter-increment: issue;
}
.issue:not(.no-marker)::before {
content: "Issue " counter(issue);
}
.example {
counter-increment: example;
}
.example:not(.no-marker)::before {
content: "Example " counter(example);
}
.invalid.example:not(.no-marker)::before,
.illegal.example:not(.no-marker)::before {
content: "Invalid Example" counter(example);
}
figcaption {
counter-increment: figure;
}
figcaption:not(.no-marker)::before {
content: "Figure " counter(figure) " ";
}</style>
<style>/* style-dfn-panel */
:root {
--dfnpanel-bg: #ddd;
--dfnpanel-text: var(--text);
}
.dfn-panel {
position: absolute;
z-index: 35;
height: auto;
width: -webkit-fit-content;
width: fit-content;
max-width: 300px;
max-height: 500px;
overflow: auto;
padding: 0.5em 0.75em;
font: small Helvetica Neue, sans-serif, Droid Sans Fallback;
background: var(--dfnpanel-bg);
color: var(--dfnpanel-text);
border: outset 0.2em;
}
.dfn-panel:not(.on) { display: none; }
.dfn-panel * { margin: 0; padding: 0; text-indent: 0; }
.dfn-panel > b { display: block; }
.dfn-panel a { color: var(--dfnpanel-text); }
.dfn-panel a:not(:hover) { text-decoration: none !important; border-bottom: none !important; }
.dfn-panel > b + b { margin-top: 0.25em; }
.dfn-panel ul { padding: 0; }
.dfn-panel li { list-style: inside; }
.dfn-panel.activated {
display: inline-block;
position: fixed;
left: .5em;
bottom: 2em;
margin: 0 auto;
max-width: calc(100vw - 1.5em - .4em - .5em);
max-height: 30vh;
}
.dfn-paneled { cursor: pointer; }
</style>
<style>/* style-issues */
a[href].issue-return {
float: right;
float: inline-end;
color: var(--issueheading-text);
font-weight: bold;
text-decoration: none;
}
</style>
<style>/* style-md-lists */
/* This is a weird hack for me not yet following the commonmark spec
regarding paragraph and lists. */
[data-md] > :first-child {
margin-top: 0;
}
[data-md] > :last-child {
margin-bottom: 0;
}</style>
<style>/* style-selflinks */
:root {
--selflink-text: white;
--selflink-bg: gray;
--selflink-hover-text: black;
}
.heading, .issue, .note, .example, li, dt {
position: relative;
}
a.self-link {
position: absolute;
top: 0;
left: calc(-1 * (3.5rem - 26px));
width: calc(3.5rem - 26px);
height: 2em;
text-align: center;
border: none;
transition: opacity .2s;
opacity: .5;
}
a.self-link:hover {
opacity: 1;
}
.heading > a.self-link {
font-size: 83%;
}
li > a.self-link {
left: calc(-1 * (3.5rem - 26px) - 2em);
}
dfn > a.self-link {
top: auto;
left: auto;
opacity: 0;
width: 1.5em;
height: 1.5em;
background: var(--selflink-bg);
color: var(--selflink-text);
font-style: normal;
transition: opacity .2s, background-color .2s, color .2s;
}
dfn:hover > a.self-link {
opacity: 1;
}
dfn > a.self-link:hover {
color: var(--selflink-hover-text);
}
a.self-link::before { content: "¶"; }
.heading > a.self-link::before { content: "§"; }
dfn > a.self-link::before { content: "#"; }
</style>
<style>/* style-syntax-highlighting */
pre.idl.highlight {
background: var(--borderedblock-bg, var(--def-bg));
}
code.highlight { padding: .1em; border-radius: .3em; }
pre.highlight, pre > code.highlight { display: block; padding: 1em; margin: .5em 0; overflow: auto; border-radius: 0; }
.highlight:not(.idl) { background: rgba(0, 0, 0, .03); }
c-[a] { color: #990055 } /* Keyword.Declaration */
c-[b] { color: #990055 } /* Keyword.Type */
c-[c] { color: #708090 } /* Comment */
c-[d] { color: #708090 } /* Comment.Multiline */
c-[e] { color: #0077aa } /* Name.Attribute */
c-[f] { color: #669900 } /* Name.Tag */
c-[g] { color: #222222 } /* Name.Variable */
c-[k] { color: #990055 } /* Keyword */
c-[l] { color: #000000 } /* Literal */
c-[m] { color: #000000 } /* Literal.Number */
c-[n] { color: #0077aa } /* Name */
c-[o] { color: #999999 } /* Operator */
c-[p] { color: #999999 } /* Punctuation */
c-[s] { color: #a67f59 } /* Literal.String */
c-[t] { color: #a67f59 } /* Literal.String.Single */
c-[u] { color: #a67f59 } /* Literal.String.Double */
c-[cp] { color: #708090 } /* Comment.Preproc */
c-[c1] { color: #708090 } /* Comment.Single */
c-[cs] { color: #708090 } /* Comment.Special */
c-[kc] { color: #990055 } /* Keyword.Constant */
c-[kn] { color: #990055 } /* Keyword.Namespace */
c-[kp] { color: #990055 } /* Keyword.Pseudo */
c-[kr] { color: #990055 } /* Keyword.Reserved */
c-[ld] { color: #000000 } /* Literal.Date */
c-[nc] { color: #0077aa } /* Name.Class */
c-[no] { color: #0077aa } /* Name.Constant */
c-[nd] { color: #0077aa } /* Name.Decorator */
c-[ni] { color: #0077aa } /* Name.Entity */
c-[ne] { color: #0077aa } /* Name.Exception */
c-[nf] { color: #0077aa } /* Name.Function */
c-[nl] { color: #0077aa } /* Name.Label */
c-[nn] { color: #0077aa } /* Name.Namespace */
c-[py] { color: #0077aa } /* Name.Property */
c-[ow] { color: #999999 } /* Operator.Word */
c-[mb] { color: #000000 } /* Literal.Number.Bin */
c-[mf] { color: #000000 } /* Literal.Number.Float */
c-[mh] { color: #000000 } /* Literal.Number.Hex */
c-[mi] { color: #000000 } /* Literal.Number.Integer */
c-[mo] { color: #000000 } /* Literal.Number.Oct */
c-[sb] { color: #a67f59 } /* Literal.String.Backtick */
c-[sc] { color: #a67f59 } /* Literal.String.Char */
c-[sd] { color: #a67f59 } /* Literal.String.Doc */
c-[se] { color: #a67f59 } /* Literal.String.Escape */
c-[sh] { color: #a67f59 } /* Literal.String.Heredoc */
c-[si] { color: #a67f59 } /* Literal.String.Interpol */
c-[sx] { color: #a67f59 } /* Literal.String.Other */
c-[sr] { color: #a67f59 } /* Literal.String.Regex */
c-[ss] { color: #a67f59 } /* Literal.String.Symbol */
c-[vc] { color: #0077aa } /* Name.Variable.Class */
c-[vg] { color: #0077aa } /* Name.Variable.Global */
c-[vi] { color: #0077aa } /* Name.Variable.Instance */
c-[il] { color: #000000 } /* Literal.Number.Integer.Long */
</style>
<style>/* style-var-click-highlighting */
var { cursor: pointer; }
var.selected0 { background-color: #F4D200; box-shadow: 0 0 0 2px #F4D200; }
var.selected1 { background-color: #FF87A2; box-shadow: 0 0 0 2px #FF87A2; }
var.selected2 { background-color: #96E885; box-shadow: 0 0 0 2px #96E885; }
var.selected3 { background-color: #3EEED2; box-shadow: 0 0 0 2px #3EEED2; }
var.selected4 { background-color: #EACFB6; box-shadow: 0 0 0 2px #EACFB6; }
var.selected5 { background-color: #82DDFF; box-shadow: 0 0 0 2px #82DDFF; }
var.selected6 { background-color: #FFBCF2; box-shadow: 0 0 0 2px #FFBCF2; }
</style>
<style>/* style-wpt */
:root {
--wpt-border: hsl(0, 0%, 60%);
--wpt-bg: hsl(0, 0%, 95%);
--wpt-text: var(--text);
--wptheading-text: hsl(0, 0%, 30%);
}
@media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) {
:root {
--wpt-border: hsl(0, 0%, 30%);
--wpt-bg: var(--borderedblock-bg);
--wpt-text: var(--text);
--wptheading-text: hsl(0, 0%, 60%);
}
}
.wpt-tests-block {
list-style: none;
border-left: .5em solid var(--wpt-border);
background: var(--wpt-bg);
color: var(--wpt-text);
margin: 1em auto;
padding: .5em;
}
.wpt-tests-block summary {
color: var(--wptheading-text);
font-weight: normal;
text-transform: uppercase;
}
.wpt-tests-block summary::marker{
color: var(--wpt-border);
}
.wpt-tests-block summary:hover::marker{
color: var(--wpt-text);
}
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<body class="h-entry">
<div class="head">
<p data-fill-with="logo"><a class="logo" href="https://www.w3.org/"> <img alt="W3C" height="48" src="https://www.w3.org/StyleSheets/TR/2021/logos/W3C" width="72"> </a> </p>
<h1 class="p-name no-ref" id="title">Text Fragments</h1>
<p id="w3c-state"><a href="https://www.w3.org/standards/types#CG-DRAFT">Draft Community Group Report</a>, <time class="dt-updated" datetime="2021-12-29">29 December 2021</time></p>
<div data-fill-with="spec-metadata">
<dl>
<dt>This version:
<dd><a class="u-url" href="https://wicg.github.io/scroll-to-text-fragment/">https://wicg.github.io/scroll-to-text-fragment/</a>
<dt>Issue Tracking:
<dd><a href="https://github.com/wicg/scroll-to-text-fragment/issues/">GitHub</a>
<dd><a href="#issues-index">Inline In Spec</a>
<dt class="editor">Editors:
<dd class="editor p-author h-card vcard"><a class="p-name fn u-email email" href="mailto:[email protected]">Nick Burris</a> (<a class="p-org org" href="https://www.google.com">Google</a>)
<dd class="editor p-author h-card vcard"><a class="p-name fn u-email email" href="mailto:[email protected]">David Bokan</a> (<a class="p-org org" href="https://www.google.com">Google</a>)
<dt>Test Suite:
<dd class="wpt-overview"><a href="https://wpt.fyi/results/scroll-to-text-fragment/">https://wpt.fyi/results/scroll-to-text-fragment/</a>
</dl>
</div>
<div data-fill-with="warning"></div>
<p class="copyright" data-fill-with="copyright"><a href="http://www.w3.org/Consortium/Legal/ipr-notice#Copyright">Copyright</a> © 2021 the Contributors to the Text Fragments Specification, published by the <a href="https://www.w3.org/community/wicg/">Web Platform Incubator Community Group</a> under the <a href="https://www.w3.org/community/about/agreements/cla/">W3C Community Contributor License Agreement (CLA)</a>.
A human-readable <a href="http://www.w3.org/community/about/agreements/cla-deed/">summary</a> is available. </p>
<hr title="Separator for header">
</div>
<div class="p-summary" data-fill-with="abstract">
<h2 class="no-num no-toc no-ref heading settled" id="abstract"><span class="content">Abstract</span></h2>
<p>Text Fragments adds support for specifying a text snippet in the URL
fragment. When navigating to a URL with such a fragment, the user agent
can quickly emphasise and/or bring it to the user’s attention.</p>
</div>
<div data-fill-with="at-risk"></div>
<h2 class="no-num no-toc no-ref heading settled" id="status"><span class="content">Status of this document</span></h2>
<div data-fill-with="status">
<p> This specification was published by the <a href="https://www.w3.org/community/wicg/">Web Platform Incubator Community Group</a>.
It is not a W3C Standard nor is it on the W3C Standards Track.
Please note that under the <a href="https://www.w3.org/community/about/agreements/cla/">W3C Community Contributor License Agreement (CLA)</a> there is a limited opt-out and other conditions apply.
Learn more about <a href="http://www.w3.org/community/">W3C Community and Business Groups</a>. </p>
<p></p>
</div>
<div data-fill-with="at-risk"></div>
<nav data-fill-with="table-of-contents" id="toc">
<h2 class="no-num no-toc no-ref" id="contents">Table of Contents</h2>
<ol class="toc" role="directory">
<li><a href="#infrastructure"><span class="secno">1</span> <span class="content">Infrastructure</span></a>
<li>
<a href="#introduction"><span class="secno">2</span> <span class="content">Introduction</span></a>
<ol class="toc">
<li>
<a href="#use-cases"><span class="secno">2.1</span> <span class="content">Use cases</span></a>
<ol class="toc">
<li><a href="#web-text-references"><span class="secno">2.1.1</span> <span class="content">Web text references</span></a>
<li><a href="#user-sharing"><span class="secno">2.1.2</span> <span class="content">User sharing</span></a>
</ol>
</ol>
<li>
<a href="#description"><span class="secno">3</span> <span class="content">Description</span></a>
<ol class="toc">
<li><a href="#indication"><span class="secno">3.1</span> <span class="content">Indication</span></a>
<li>
<a href="#syntax"><span class="secno">3.2</span> <span class="content">Syntax</span></a>
<ol class="toc">
<li><a href="#context-terms"><span class="secno">3.2.1</span> <span class="content">Context Terms</span></a>
<li><a href="#bidi-considerations"><span class="secno">3.2.2</span> <span class="content">BiDi Considerations</span></a>
</ol>
<li>
<a href="#the-fragment-directive"><span class="secno">3.3</span> <span class="content">The Fragment Directive</span></a>
<ol class="toc">
<li><a href="#processing-the-fragment-directive"><span class="secno">3.3.1</span> <span class="content">Processing the fragment directive</span></a>
<li><a href="#parsing-the-fragment-directive"><span class="secno">3.3.2</span> <span class="content">Parsing the fragment directive</span></a>
<li><a href="#fragment-directive-grammar"><span class="secno">3.3.3</span> <span class="content">Fragment directive grammar</span></a>
</ol>
<li>
<a href="#security-and-privacy"><span class="secno">3.4</span> <span class="content">Security and Privacy</span></a>
<ol class="toc">
<li><a href="#motivation"><span class="secno">3.4.1</span> <span class="content">Motivation</span></a>
<li><a href="#scroll-on-navigation"><span class="secno">3.4.2</span> <span class="content">Scroll On Navigation</span></a>
<li><a href="#search-timing"><span class="secno">3.4.3</span> <span class="content">Search Timing</span></a>
<li><a href="#restricting-the-text-fragment"><span class="secno">3.4.4</span> <span class="content">Restricting the Text Fragment</span></a>
</ol>
<li>
<a href="#navigating-to-text-fragment"><span class="secno">3.5</span> <span class="content">Navigating to a Text Fragment</span></a>
<ol class="toc">
<li><a href="#scroll-rect-into-view"><span class="secno">3.5.1</span> <span class="content">Scroll a DOMRect into view</span></a>
<li><a href="#finding-ranges-in-a-document"><span class="secno">3.5.2</span> <span class="content">Finding Ranges in a Document</span></a>
<li><a href="#word-boundaries"><span class="secno">3.5.3</span> <span class="content">Word Boundaries</span></a>
</ol>
<li>
<a href="#indicating-the-text-match"><span class="secno">3.6</span> <span class="content">Indicating The Text Match</span></a>
<ol class="toc">
<li>
<a href="#urls-in-ua-features"><span class="secno">3.6.1</span> <span class="content">URLs in UA features</span></a>
<ol class="toc">
<li><a href="#urls-in-location-bar"><span class="secno">3.6.1.1</span> <span class="content">Location Bar</span></a>
<li><a href="#urls-in-bookmarks"><span class="secno">3.6.1.2</span> <span class="content">Bookmarks</span></a>
<li><a href="#urls-in-sharing"><span class="secno">3.6.1.3</span> <span class="content">Sharing</span></a>
</ol>
</ol>
<li><a href="#document-policy-integration"><span class="secno">3.7</span> <span class="content">Document Policy Integration</span></a>
<li><a href="#feature-detectability"><span class="secno">3.8</span> <span class="content">Feature Detectability</span></a>
</ol>
<li>
<a href="#generating-text-fragment-directives"><span class="secno">4</span> <span class="content">Generating Text Fragment Directives</span></a>
<ol class="toc">
<li><a href="#prefer-exact-matching-to-range-based"><span class="secno">4.1</span> <span class="content">Prefer Exact Matching To Range-based</span></a>
<li><a href="#use-context-only-when-necessary"><span class="secno">4.2</span> <span class="content">Use Context Only When Necessary</span></a>
<li><a href="#determine-if-fragment-id-is-needed"><span class="secno">4.3</span> <span class="content">Determine If Fragment Id Is Needed</span></a>
</ol>
<li>
<a href="#w3c-conformance"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content">Conformance</span></a>
<ol class="toc">
<li><a href="#w3c-conventions"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content">Document conventions</span></a>
<li><a href="#w3c-conformant-algorithms"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content">Conformant Algorithms</span></a>
</ol>
<li>
<a href="#index"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content">Index</span></a>
<ol class="toc">
<li><a href="#index-defined-here"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content">Terms defined by this specification</span></a>
<li><a href="#index-defined-elsewhere"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content">Terms defined by reference</span></a>
</ol>
<li>
<a href="#references"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content">References</span></a>
<ol class="toc">
<li><a href="#normative"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content">Normative References</span></a>
<li><a href="#informative"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content">Informative References</span></a>
</ol>
<li><a href="#idl-index"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content">IDL Index</span></a>
<li><a href="#issues-index"><span class="secno"></span> <span class="content">Issues Index</span></a>
</ol>
</nav>
<main>
<h2 class="heading settled" data-level="1" id="infrastructure"><span class="secno">1. </span><span class="content">Infrastructure</span><a class="self-link" href="#infrastructure"></a></h2>
<p>This specification depends on the Infra Standard. <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-infra">[INFRA]</a> </p>
<h2 class="heading settled" data-level="2" id="introduction"><span class="secno">2. </span><span class="content">Introduction</span><a class="self-link" href="#introduction"></a></h2>
<div class="note" role="note">This section is non-normative</div>
<h3 class="heading settled" data-level="2.1" id="use-cases"><span class="secno">2.1. </span><span class="content">Use cases</span><a class="self-link" href="#use-cases"></a></h3>
<h4 class="heading settled" data-level="2.1.1" id="web-text-references"><span class="secno">2.1.1. </span><span class="content">Web text references</span><a class="self-link" href="#web-text-references"></a></h4>
The core use case for text fragments is to allow URLs to serve as an exact text
reference across the web. For example, Wikipedia references could link to the
exact text they are quoting from a page. Similarly, search engines can serve
URLs that direct the user to the answer they are looking for in the page rather
than linking to the top of the page.
<h4 class="heading settled" data-level="2.1.2" id="user-sharing"><span class="secno">2.1.2. </span><span class="content">User sharing</span><a class="self-link" href="#user-sharing"></a></h4>
With text fragments, browsers may implement an option to 'Copy URL to here'
when the user opens the context menu on a text selection. The browser can then
generate a URL with the text selection appropriately specified, and the
recipient of the URL will have the specified text conveniently indicated.
Without text fragments, if a user wants to share a passage of text from a page,
they would likely just copy and paste the passage, in which case the receiver
loses the context of the page.
<h2 class="heading settled" data-level="3" id="description"><span class="secno">3. </span><span class="content">Description</span><a class="self-link" href="#description"></a></h2>
<h3 class="heading settled" data-level="3.1" id="indication"><span class="secno">3.1. </span><span class="content">Indication</span><a class="self-link" href="#indication"></a></h3>
<div class="note" role="note">This section is non-normative</div>
<p>This specification intentionally doesn’t define what actions a user agent
should or could take to "indicate" a text match. There are different
experiences and trade-offs a user agent could make. Some examples of possible
actions:</p>
<ul>
<li data-md>
<p>Providing visual emphasis or highlight of the text passage</p>
<li data-md>
<p>Automatically scrolling the passage into view when the page is navigated</p>
<li data-md>
<p>Activating a UA’s find-in-page feature on the text passage</p>
<li data-md>
<p>Providing a "Click to scroll to text passage" notification</p>
<li data-md>
<p>Providing a notification when the text passage isn’t found in the page</p>
</ul>
<div class="note" role="note"> The choice of action can have implications for user security and privacy. See
the <a href="#security-and-privacy">§ 3.4 Security and Privacy</a> section for details. </div>
<h3 class="heading settled" data-level="3.2" id="syntax"><span class="secno">3.2. </span><span class="content">Syntax</span><a class="self-link" href="#syntax"></a></h3>
<div class="note" role="note">This section is non-normative</div>
<p>A <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#text-fragment-directive" id="ref-for-text-fragment-directive">text fragment directive</a> is specified in the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#fragment-directive" id="ref-for-fragment-directive">fragment directive</a> (see <a href="#the-fragment-directive">§ 3.3 The Fragment Directive</a>) with the following format:</p>
<pre>#:~:text=[prefix-,]textStart[,textEnd][,-suffix]
context |-------match-----| context
</pre>
<p><em>(Square brackets indicate an optional parameter)</em></p>
<p>The text parameters are percent-decoded before matching. Dash (-), ampersand
(&), and comma (,) characters in text parameters must be percent-encoded to
avoid being interpreted as part of the text directive syntax.</p>
<p>The only required parameter is textStart. If only textStart is specified, the
first instance of this exact text string is the target text.</p>
<div class="example" id="example-4e85550d"><a class="self-link" href="#example-4e85550d"></a> <code>#:~:text=an%20example%20text%20fragment</code> indicates that the
exact text "an example text fragment" is the target text. </div>
<p>If the textEnd parameter is also specified, then the text directive refers to a
range of text in the page. The target text range is the text range starting at
the first instance of textStart, until the first instance of textEnd that
appears after textStart. This is equivalent to specifying the entire text range
in the textStart parameter, but allows the URL to avoid being bloated with a
long text directive.</p>
<div class="example" id="example-7df2027e"><a class="self-link" href="#example-7df2027e"></a> <code>#:~:text=an%20example,text%20fragment</code> indicates that the first
instance of "an example" until the following first instance of "text fragment"
is the target text. </div>
<h4 class="heading settled" data-level="3.2.1" id="context-terms"><span class="secno">3.2.1. </span><span class="content">Context Terms</span><a class="self-link" href="#context-terms"></a></h4>
<div class="note" role="note">This section is non-normative</div>
<p>The other two optional parameters are context terms. They are specified by the
dash (-) character succeeding the prefix and preceding the suffix, to
differentiate them from the textStart and textEnd parameters, as any
combination of optional parameters may be specified.</p>
<p>Context terms are used to disambiguate the target text fragment. The context
terms can specify the text immediately before (prefix) and immediately after
(suffix) the text fragment, allowing for whitespace.</p>
<div class="note" role="note"> While the context terms must be the immediate text surrounding the target text
fragment, any amount of whitespace is allowed between context terms and the
text fragment. This helps allow context terms to be across element boundaries,
for example if the target text fragment is at the beginning of a paragraph and
it must be disambiguated by the previous element’s text as a prefix. </div>
<p>The context terms are not part of the targeted text fragment and must not be
visually indicated.</p>
<div class="example" id="example-5c87b699"><a class="self-link" href="#example-5c87b699"></a> <code>#:~:text=this%20is-,an%20example,-text%20fragment</code> would match
to "an example" in "this is an example text fragment", but not match to "an
example" in "here is an example text". </div>
<h4 class="heading settled" data-level="3.2.2" id="bidi-considerations"><span class="secno">3.2.2. </span><span class="content">BiDi Considerations</span><a class="self-link" href="#bidi-considerations"></a></h4>
<div class="note" role="note">This section is non-normative</div>
<div class="note" role="note"> See <a href="https://www.w3.org/International/articles/inline-bidi-markup/uba-basics.en">Unicode
Bidirectional Algorithm basics</a> for a good overview of how Bidirectional
text works. </div>
<p>Since URL strings are ASCII encoded, they provide no built-in support for
bi-directional text. However, the content that we wish to target on a page may
be LTR (left-to-right), RTL (right-to-left) or both (Bidirectional/BiDi). This
section provides an intuitive description the behavior implicitly described by
the normative sections further in this spec.</p>
<p>The characters of each term in the text fragment are in <em>logical order</em>,
that is, the order in which a native reader would read them in (and also the
order in which characters are stored in memory).</p>
<p>Similarly, the <code>prefix</code> and <code>textStart</code> terms identify
text coming before another term in logical order, while <code>suffix</code> and <code>textEnd</code> follow other terms in logical order.</p>
<p class="note" role="note"><span>Note:</span> user agents may visually render URLs in a manner friendlier to a native
reader, for example, by converting the displayed string to Unicode. However, the
string representation of a URL remains plain ASCII characters.</p>
<div class="example" id="example-9f4a4e2f">
<a class="self-link" href="#example-9f4a4e2f"></a> Suppose we want to select the text <code>مِصر</code> (Egypt, in Arabic),
that’s preceeded by <code>البحرين</code> (Bahrain, in Arabic). We would
first percent encode each term:
<p><code>مِصر</code> becomes "%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1" (Note: UTF-8 character
[0xD9,0x85] is the first (right-most) character of the Arabic word.)</p>
<p><code>البحرين</code> becomes "%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86"</p>
<p>The text fragment would then become:</p>
<p><code> :~:text=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86-,%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1 </code></p>
<p>When displayed in a browser’s address bar, the browser may visually render the
text in its natural RTL direction, appearing to the user:</p>
<p><code> :~:text=البحرين-,مِصر </code></p>
</div>
<h3 class="heading settled" data-level="3.3" id="the-fragment-directive"><span class="secno">3.3. </span><span class="content">The Fragment Directive</span><a class="self-link" href="#the-fragment-directive"></a></h3>
<p>To avoid compatibility issues with usage of existing URL fragments, this spec
introduces the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#fragment-directive" id="ref-for-fragment-directive①">fragment directive</a>. The <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#fragment-directive" id="ref-for-fragment-directive②">fragment directive</a> is a portion
of the URL <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://url.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-url-fragment" id="ref-for-concept-url-fragment">fragment</a> that follows the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#fragment-directive-delimiter" id="ref-for-fragment-directive-delimiter">fragment directive delimiter</a>.</p>
<p>The <dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="fragment-directive-delimiter">fragment directive delimiter</dfn> is the string ":~:", that is the
three consecutive code points U+003A (:), U+007E (~), U+003A (:).</p>
<div class="note" role="note"> The <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#fragment-directive" id="ref-for-fragment-directive③">fragment directive</a> is part of the URL fragment. This means it must
always appear after a U+0023 (#) code point in a URL. </div>
<div class="example" id="example-aa58e32d"><a class="self-link" href="#example-aa58e32d"></a> To add a <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#fragment-directive" id="ref-for-fragment-directive④">fragment directive</a> to a URL like https://example.com, a fragment
must first be appended to the URL: https://example.com#:~:text=foo. </div>
<p>The fragment directive is meant to carry instructions, such as <code>text=</code>, for the UA rather than for the document.</p>
<p>To prevent impacting page operation, it is stripped from a <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-document" id="ref-for-concept-document">Document</a>'s <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-document-url" id="ref-for-concept-document-url">URL</a> so that author scripts can’t directly interact with it. This
also ensures future directives could be added without introducing breaking
changes to existing content. Potential examples could be: image-fragments,
translation-hints.</p>
<h4 class="heading settled" data-level="3.3.1" id="processing-the-fragment-directive"><span class="secno">3.3.1. </span><span class="content">Processing the fragment directive</span><a class="self-link" href="#processing-the-fragment-directive"></a></h4>
<p>The fragment directive is processed and removed from the fragment whenever the
UA sets the <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-document-url" id="ref-for-concept-document-url①">URL</a> on a <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-document" id="ref-for-concept-document①">Document</a>. This is defined with the
following additions and changes.</p>
<p>To the definition of <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-document" id="ref-for-concept-document②">Document</a>, add:</p>
<blockquote>
<p><strong>Monkeypatching <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-dom">[DOM]</a>:</strong></p>
<p><em> Each document has an associated <dfn class="dfn-paneled" data-dfn-type="dfn" data-noexport id="fragment-directive">fragment directive</dfn> which is
either null or an ASCII string holding data used by the UA to process the
resource. It is initially null. </em></p>
</blockquote>
<p>Whenever the fragment directive is stripped from the URL, it is set to the
Document’s <a data-link-type="dfn" href="#fragment-directive" id="ref-for-fragment-directive⑤">fragment directive</a>.</p>
<p>Add a series of steps that will process a fragment directive on a <a data-link-type="dfn" href="https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/#concept-document-url" id="ref-for-concept-document-url②">URL</a>:</p>
<blockquote>
<p><strong>Monkeypatching <a data-link-type="biblio" href="#biblio-dom">[DOM]</a>:</strong></p>