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Ontologies

A collection of standard and well known ontologies serialised to Turtle.

In computer science and information science, an ontology encompasses a representation, formal naming and definition of the categories, properties and relations between the concepts, data and entities that substantiate one, many or all domains of discourse.

— Wikipedia: Ontology (information science)

Core W3C ontologies

RDF, RDFS, OWL & XSD constitute the reserved vocabulary of the OWL 2 Web Ontology Language. Those four ontologies are therefore the backbone of the Semantic Web.

Anyone Can Make Statements About Any Resource

To facilitate operation at Internet scale, RDF is an open-world framework that allows anyone to make statements about any resource.

In general, it is not assumed that complete information about any resource is available. RDF does not prevent anyone from making assertions that are nonsensical or inconsistent with other statements, or the world as people see it. Designers of applications that use RDF should be aware of this and may design their applications to tolerate incomplete or inconsistent sources of information.

— Resource Description Framework (RDF): Concepts and Abstract Syntax

RDF technical recommendations (25 February 2014)

RDFS technical recommendation (25 February 2014)

OWL 2 Web Ontology Language technical recommendations (11 December 2012)

Notation3 (Draft - 09 October 2022)

XSD Datatypes

Other ontologies

W3C

SHACL, SKOS, DCAT, CSVW, VCARD.

Other

Dublin Core, FOAF, Schema.

Other specifications

Standard prefixes

There is a list of standard prefixes in prefix.ttl for easy copy/paste.

The list is maintained in lowercase SPARQL syntax to be usable in both Turtle and SPARQL. This syntax requires an RDF 1.1 Turtle parser which can be considered as of 2020 as widely deployed. Therefore no reason to keep using the syntax including an '@' as per the Turtle Spec note on IRIs.

# Core W3C ontologies (OWL 2 reserved vocabulary)
prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#>
prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
prefix owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#>
prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#>
# Other ontologies
prefix acl: <http://www.w3.org/ns/auth/acl#>
prefix acp: <http://www.w3.org/ns/solid/acp#>
prefix cc: <http://creativecommons.org/ns#>
prefix cert: <http://www.w3.org/ns/auth/cert#>
prefix csvw: <http://www.w3.org/ns/csvw#>
prefix dc: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/>
prefix dcam: <http://purl.org/dc/dcam/>
prefix dcat: <http://www.w3.org/ns/dcat#>
prefix dctype: <http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/>
prefix foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/>
prefix ldp: <http://www.w3.org/ns/ldp#>
prefix posixstat: <http://www.w3.org/ns/posix/stat#>
prefix schema: <https://schema.org/>
prefix shacl: <http://www.w3.org/ns/shacl#>
prefix skos: <http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#>
prefix skosxl: <http://www.w3.org/2008/05/skos-xl#>
prefix solid: <http://www.w3.org/ns/solid/terms#>
prefix swapdoc: <http://www.w3.org/2000/10/swap/pim/doc#>
prefix ui: <http://www.w3.org/ns/ui#>
prefix vann: <http://purl.org/vocab/vann/>
prefix vcard: <http://www.w3.org/2006/vcard/ns#>
prefix ws: <http://www.w3.org/ns/pim/space#>

The namespace lookup tool prefix.cc can help understand current prefix usage. The Linked Open Vocabularies website can help understand vocabularies usage.

NodeJS usage

Install with npm install ontl and retrieve the ontologies as NodeJS readable streams.

import * as ontl from 'ontl';

ontl.RDF.pipe(process.stdout);