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<a href="/posts/practice/go/go-practice-http/" class="post-title-link" itemprop="url">【开始用go】http服务</a>
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<h2 id="配置加载"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#配置加载"></a> 配置加载</h2>
<p>服务在启动的时候通常都需要一些配置来提供启动参数，如：监听端口，其他服务连接密钥等。</p>
<p>这里建议所有配置都通过环境变量读取，这样做的原因有以下几点：</p>
<ol>
<li>生产环境的系统配置可能较为复杂，可以根据不同环境调整配置不同参数</li>
<li>生产环境密钥应在运维范畴保密，不应透露到开发者层面</li>
<li>开发环境更为复杂，开发者可以根据自己的环境灵活配置启动</li>
</ol>
<p>go标准包<code>os</code>中提供了获取环境变量的方法：</p>
<figure class="highlight go"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">package</span> main</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> (</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">"os"</span></span><br><span class="line">)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">func</span> <span class="title">main</span><span class="params">()</span></span> {</span><br><span class="line"> port := os.Getenv(<span class="string">"UC_LISTEN_PORT"</span>)</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// ...</span></span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="服务定义和启动"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#服务定义和启动"></a> 服务定义和启动</h2>
<p>为了避免全局变量的失控，我们通常会为服务定义一个实例，然后通过实例接口让其在main中被加载和启动。</p>
<p>那么对于一个http服务，我们需要为其实现http.Handler接口：</p>
<figure class="highlight go"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">// Service impement http.Handler interface</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// which can be initialized in a http server.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">type</span> Service <span class="keyword">struct</span>{}</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">func</span> <span class="title">New</span><span class="params">()</span> *<span class="title">Service</span></span> {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> &Service{}</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">func</span> <span class="params">(s *Service)</span> <span class="title">ServeHTTP</span><span class="params">(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request)</span></span> {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// TODO ...</span></span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>然后，在main中实例化我们定义的服务，然后就可以通过标准包<code>net/http</code>提供的方法启动了：</p>
<figure class="highlight go"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">package</span> main</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> (</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">"net/http"</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="string">"os"</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> uc <span class="string">"github.com/mapleque/gostart/ms/uc/service"</span></span><br><span class="line">)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">func</span> <span class="title">main</span><span class="params">()</span></span> {</span><br><span class="line"> port := os.Getenv(<span class="string">"UC_LISTEN_PORT"</span>)</span><br><span class="line"> s := uc.New()</span><br><span class="line"> server.ListenAndServe(<span class="string">"0.0.0.0:"</span>+port, s)</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="路由和处理函数"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#路由和处理函数"></a> 路由和处理函数</h2>
<p>依据标准包<code>net/http</code>的实现，所有请求最终都会经过<code>ServeHTTP</code>方法处理，并且每个请求的处理都是一个单独的协程。</p>
<p>所以在<code>ServeHTTP</code>方法中，我们主要实现的就是为当前请求分配处理函数。这里也可以直接使用标准包<code>net/http</code>中的<code>ServeMux</code>实现：</p>
<figure class="highlight go"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">// Service implement http.Handler interface</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// which can be initialized in a http server.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">type</span> Service <span class="keyword">struct</span> {</span><br><span class="line"> mux *http.ServeMux</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// ServeHTTP implement http.Handler interface.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">func</span> <span class="params">(s *Service)</span> <span class="title">ServeHTTP</span><span class="params">(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request)</span></span> {</span><br><span class="line"> s.mux.ServeHTTP(w, req)</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>很明显，要让</p>
<figure class="highlight go"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">func</span> <span class="params">(s *Service)</span> <span class="title">signin</span><span class="params">(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request)</span></span> {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// TODO deal with /signin request</span></span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">func</span> <span class="params">(s *Service)</span> <span class="title">signout</span><span class="params">(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request)</span></span> {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// TODO deal with /signout request</span></span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">func</span> <span class="params">(s *Service)</span> <span class="title">userinfo</span><span class="params">(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request)</span></span> {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// deal with /userinfo request</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">switch</span> req.Method {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">case</span> http.MethodGet:</span><br><span class="line"> s.getUserinfo(w, req)</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">case</span> http.MethodPost:</span><br><span class="line"> s.postUserinfo(w, req)</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">default</span>:</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// return 405</span></span><br><span class="line"> w.WriteHeader(http.StatusMethodNotAllowed)</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">func</span> <span class="params">(s *Service)</span> <span class="title">getUserinfo</span><span class="params">(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request)</span></span> {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// TODO deal with GET /userinfo request</span></span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">func</span> <span class="params">(s *Service)</span> <span class="title">postUserinfo</span><span class="params">(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request)</span></span> {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// TODO deal with POST /userinfo request</span></span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="参数定义和校验"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#参数定义和校验"></a> 参数定义和校验</h2>
<figure class="highlight go"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">type</span> SigninParam <span class="keyword">struct</span> {</span><br><span class="line"> Username <span class="keyword">string</span> <span class="string">`json:"username"`</span></span><br><span class="line"> Password <span class="keyword">string</span> <span class="string">`json:"password"`</span></span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">func</span> <span class="title">bindAndValid</span><span class="params">(req *http.Request, obj <span class="keyword">interface</span>{})</span> <span class="title">error</span></span> {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> req == <span class="literal">nil</span> || req.Body == <span class="literal">nil</span> {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> fmt.Errorf(<span class="string">"invalid request"</span>)</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"> decoder := json.NewDecoder(req)</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> err := decoder.Decode(obj); err != <span class="literal">nil</span> {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> err</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// use github.com/go-playground/validator/v10</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> validate.Struct(obj)</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">func</span> <span class="params">(s *Service)</span> <span class="title">signin</span><span class="params">(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request)</span></span> {</span><br><span class="line"> param := SigninParam{}</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> err := bindAndValid(req, &param); err != <span class="literal">nil</span> {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// TODO response param-check error message</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span></span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// TODO do login</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// TODO response successful data</span></span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="处理返回"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#处理返回"></a> 处理返回</h2>
<figure class="highlight go"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">type</span> Response <span class="keyword">struct</span> {</span><br><span class="line"> Status <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="string">`json:"status"`</span></span><br><span class="line"> Data <span class="keyword">interface</span>{} <span class="string">`json:"data"`</span></span><br><span class="line"> Message <span class="keyword">interface</span>{} <span class="string">`json:"message"`</span></span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">type</span> UserinfoResponse <span class="keyword">struct</span> {</span><br><span class="line"> Token <span class="keyword">string</span> <span class="string">`json:"token"`</span></span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<figure class="highlight go"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">func</span> <span class="title">response</span><span class="params">(w, resp <span class="keyword">interface</span>{})</span></span> {</span><br><span class="line"> encoder := json.NewEncoder(w)</span><br><span class="line"> err := encoder.Encode(resp)</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> err != <span class="literal">nil</span> {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="built_in">panic</span>(err)</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<figure class="highlight go"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">func</span> <span class="params">(s *Service)</span> <span class="title">signin</span><span class="params">(w http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request)</span></span> {</span><br><span class="line"> param := SigninParam{}</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> err := bindAndValid(req, &param); err != <span class="literal">nil</span> {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// response param-check error message</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">//</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// To custom with the error message,</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// use https://github.com/go-playground/universal-translator</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// see example at: https://github.com/go-playground/validator/blob/master/_examples/translations/main.go#L105</span></span><br><span class="line"> response(w, Response{StatusInvalidParam, <span class="literal">nil</span>, MessageInvalidParam}</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span></span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// ... do login</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// response successful data</span></span><br><span class="line"> response(w, Response{StatusSuccess, UserinfoResponse{token}, <span class="literal">nil</span>})</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="调用其他服务"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#调用其他服务"></a> 调用其他服务</h2>
<p>这里以使用mysql服务为例，使用<a href="https://github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><code>github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql</code>包</a>。</p>
<p>首先，想要在handle中使用mysql服务，就需要能够获取mysql的连接，通常我们会将服务连接池初始化放在服务初始化时进行：</p>
<figure class="highlight go"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">type</span> Service <span class="keyword">struct</span> {</span><br><span class="line"> mux *http.ServeMux</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// add a db property</span></span><br><span class="line"> db *sql.DB</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="日志输出"><a class="markdownIt-Anchor" href="#日志输出"></a> 日志输出</h2>
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解决开发效率和稳定性问题，是互联网产品开发成功的关键。
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统计和监控可以让你对产品了如指掌，进而看清未来发展方向。
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一个完整的产品技术架构，不只是客户端和服务端，需要考虑的细节还很多，这些都将在本文中一一阐述。
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在产品验证期，尽可能的依托第三方平台实现核心产品逻辑。
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<li><a href="/posts/practice/0ws/0ws-simple/">产品的最简模型</a><br>
采用何种技术架构能够做到高效快速的验证服务可行性？<br>
本文核心思想是：尽可能的依托第三方平台实现核心产品逻辑。</li>
<li><a href="/posts/practice/0ws/0ws-base/">独立应用的基本架构</a><br>
自研产品都需要考虑哪些技术投入？<br>
一个完整的产品技术架构，不只是客户端和服务端，需要考虑的细节还很多，这些都将在本文中一一阐述。</li>
<li><a href="/posts/practice/0ws/0ws-stats/">统计数据收集展示和系统监控</a><br>
如何快速构建一个独立的统计数据收集和系统监控平台？<br>
本文主要讲述的是从第三方统计平台到自研数据平台演化过程和实现方案。</li>
<li><a href="/posts/practice/0ws/0ws-cicd/">快速迭代和持续集成</a><br>
在保证稳定性的前提下如何提升迭代效率？<br>
本文的观点：完整的单元测试和自动化运维平台是快速迭代和持续集成的基础。</li>
<li><a href>面向高可用的逐步升级</a><br>
不会挂的系统才是好系统，线上系统远比你想象的脆弱。<br>
那么如何面对：突发流量，系统故障，黑客攻击，程序员跑路等各种奇葩问题，将在本文中详细介绍。</li>
<li><a href>接入第三方应用账号认证</a><br>
第三方账号登陆是引流必须跨过的一道门槛，技术上也并不复杂。<br>
本文主要介绍的就是接入微信，支付宝，google，facebook，twitter等的套路。</li>
<li><a href>接入支付系统</a><br>
2c业务想赚钱，必须接入支付。<br>
那么接入微信，支付宝，银联，ApplePay等，都需要准备什么，需要注意避开哪些坑，本文将会提及。</li>
<li><a href>多人合作模式</a><br>
在绝大多数情况下，多人合作的结果一定是<code>1+1<2</code>，但是你又不得不考虑。<br>
并不是因为产品需求繁重，而是为了应付不可控的人员流动。</li>
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