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<!DOCTYPE HTML>
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i> <b>2.5.</b> 控制流
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i> <b>2.8.</b> 枚举
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i> <b>2.10.</b> 属性
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i> <b>2.12.</b> 附属脚本
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i> <b>2.16.</b> 自动引用计数
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i> <b>2.17.</b> 可选链
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<i class="fa fa-check"></i> <b>2.23.</b> 高级操作符
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<div class="page-inner">
<section class="normal" id="section-gitbook_128">
<blockquote>
<p>翻译：lyuka</p>
<p>校对：Hawstein</p>
</blockquote>
<h1 id="-extensions-">扩展（Extensions）</h1>
<hr>
<p>本页包含内容：</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="#extension_syntax">扩展语法</a></li>
<li><a href="#computed_properties">计算型属性</a></li>
<li><a href="#initializers">构造器</a></li>
<li><a href="#methods">方法</a></li>
<li><a href="#subscripts">下标</a></li>
<li><a href="#nested_types">嵌套类型</a></li>
</ul>
<p><em>扩展</em>就是向一个已有的类、结构体或枚举类型添加新功能（functionality）。这包括在没有权限获取原始源代码的情况下扩展类型的能力（即<em>逆向建模</em>）。扩展和 Objective-C 中的分类（categories）类似。（不过与Objective-C不同的是，Swift 的扩展没有名字。）</p>
<p>Swift 中的扩展可以：</p>
<ul>
<li>添加计算型属性和计算静态属性</li>
<li>定义实例方法和类型方法</li>
<li>提供新的构造器</li>
<li>定义下标</li>
<li>定义和使用新的嵌套类型</li>
<li>使一个已有类型符合某个接口</li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p>注意：</p>
<p>如果你定义了一个扩展向一个已有类型添加新功能，那么这个新功能对该类型的所有已有实例中都是可用的，即使它们是在你的这个扩展的前面定义的。</p>
</blockquote>
<p><a name="extension_syntax"></a></p>
<h2 id="-extension-syntax-">扩展语法（Extension Syntax）</h2>
<p>声明一个扩展使用关键字<code>extension</code>：</p>
<pre><code>extension SomeType {
// 加到SomeType的新功能写到这里
}
</code></pre><p>一个扩展可以扩展一个已有类型，使其能够适配一个或多个协议（protocol）。当这种情况发生时，接口的名字应该完全按照类或结构体的名字的方式进行书写：</p>
<pre><code>extension SomeType: SomeProtocol, AnotherProctocol {
// 协议实现写到这里
}
</code></pre><p>按照这种方式添加的协议遵循者（protocol conformance）被称之为<a href="21_Protocols.html#adding_protocol_conformance_with_an_extension">在扩展中添加协议遵循者</a></p>
<p><a name="computed_properties"></a></p>
<h2 id="-computed-properties-">计算型属性（Computed Properties）</h2>
<p>扩展可以向已有类型添加计算型实例属性和计算型类型属性。下面的例子向 Swift 的内建<code>Double</code>类型添加了5个计算型实例属性，从而提供与距离单位协作的基本支持。</p>
<pre><code>extension Double {
var km: Double { return self * 1_000.0 }
var m : Double { return self }
var cm: Double { return self / 100.0 }
var mm: Double { return self / 1_000.0 }
var ft: Double { return self / 3.28084 }
}
let oneInch = 25.4.mm
println("One inch is \(oneInch) meters")
// 打印输出："One inch is 0.0254 meters"
let threeFeet = 3.ft
println("Three feet is \(threeFeet) meters")
// 打印输出："Three feet is 0.914399970739201 meters"
</code></pre><p>这些计算属性表达的含义是把一个<code>Double</code>型的值看作是某单位下的长度值。即使它们被实现为计算型属性，但这些属性仍可以接一个带有dot语法的浮点型字面值，而这恰恰是使用这些浮点型字面量实现距离转换的方式。</p>
<p>在上述例子中，一个<code>Double</code>型的值<code>1.0</code>被用来表示“1米”。这就是为什么<code>m</code>计算型属性返回<code>self</code>——表达式<code>1.m</code>被认为是计算<code>1.0</code>的<code>Double</code>值。</p>
<p>其它单位则需要一些转换来表示在米下测量的值。1千米等于1,000米，所以<code>km</code>计算型属性要把值乘以<code>1_000.00</code>来转化成单位米下的数值。类似地，1米有3.28024英尺，所以<code>ft</code>计算型属性要把对应的<code>Double</code>值除以<code>3.28024</code>来实现英尺到米的单位换算。</p>
<p>这些属性是只读的计算型属性，所有从简考虑它们不用<code>get</code>关键字表示。它们的返回值是<code>Double</code>型，而且可以用于所有接受<code>Double</code>的数学计算中：</p>
<pre><code>let aMarathon = 42.km + 195.m
println("A marathon is \(aMarathon) meters long")
// 打印输出："A marathon is 42495.0 meters long"
</code></pre><blockquote>
<p>注意：</p>
<p>扩展可以添加新的计算属性，但是不可以添加存储属性，也不可以向已有属性添加属性观测器(property observers)。</p>
</blockquote>
<p><a name="initializers"></a></p>
<h2 id="-initializers-">构造器（Initializers）</h2>
<p>扩展可以向已有类型添加新的构造器。这可以让你扩展其它类型，将你自己的定制类型作为构造器参数，或者提供该类型的原始实现中没有包含的额外初始化选项。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>注意：</p>
<p>如果你使用扩展向一个值类型添加一个构造器，该构造器向所有的存储属性提供默认值，而且没有定义任何定制构造器（custom initializers），那么对于来自你的扩展构造器中的值类型，你可以调用默认构造器(default initializers)和成员级构造器(memberwise initializers)。
正如在值类型的构造器授权中描述的，如果你已经把构造器写成值类型原始实现的一部分，上述规则不再适用。</p>
</blockquote>
<p>下面的例子定义了一个用于描述几何矩形的定制结构体<code>Rect</code>。这个例子同时定义了两个辅助结构体<code>Size</code>和<code>Point</code>，它们都把<code>0.0</code>作为所有属性的默认值：</p>
<pre><code>struct Size {
var width = 0.0, height = 0.0
}
struct Point {
var x = 0.0, y = 0.0
}
struct Rect {
var origin = Point()
var size = Size()
}
</code></pre><p>因为结构体<code>Rect</code>提供了其所有属性的默认值，所以正如默认构造器中描述的，它可以自动接受一个默认的构造器和一个成员级构造器。这些构造器可以用于构造新的<code>Rect</code>实例：</p>
<pre><code>let defaultRect = Rect()
let memberwiseRect = Rect(origin: Point(x: 2.0, y: 2.0),
size: Size(width: 5.0, height: 5.0))
</code></pre><p>你可以提供一个额外的使用特殊中心点和大小的构造器来扩展<code>Rect</code>结构体：</p>
<pre><code>extension Rect {
init(center: Point, size: Size) {
let originX = center.x - (size.width / 2)
let originY = center.y - (size.height / 2)
self.init(origin: Point(x: originX, y: originY), size: size)
}
}
</code></pre><p>这个新的构造器首先根据提供的<code>center</code>和<code>size</code>值计算一个合适的原点。然后调用该结构体自动的成员构造器<code>init(origin:size:)</code>，该构造器将新的原点和大小存到了合适的属性中：</p>
<pre><code>let centerRect = Rect(center: Point(x: 4.0, y: 4.0),
size: Size(width: 3.0, height: 3.0))
// centerRect的原点是 (2.5, 2.5)，大小是 (3.0, 3.0)
</code></pre><blockquote>
<p>注意：</p>
<p>如果你使用扩展提供了一个新的构造器，你依旧有责任保证构造过程能够让所有实例完全初始化。</p>
</blockquote>
<p><a name="methods"></a></p>
<h2 id="-methods-">方法（Methods）</h2>
<p>扩展可以向已有类型添加新的实例方法和类型方法。下面的例子向<code>Int</code>类型添加一个名为<code>repetitions</code>的新实例方法：</p>
<pre><code>extension Int {
func repetitions(task: () -> ()) {
for i in 0..self {
task()
}
}
}
</code></pre><p>这个<code>repetitions</code>方法使用了一个<code>() -> ()</code>类型的单参数（single argument），表明函数没有参数而且没有返回值。</p>
<p>定义该扩展之后，你就可以对任意整数调用<code>repetitions</code>方法,实现的功能则是多次执行某任务：</p>
<pre><code>3.repetitions({
println("Hello!")
})
// Hello!
// Hello!
// Hello!
</code></pre><p>可以使用 trailing 闭包使调用更加简洁：</p>
<pre><code>3.repetitions{
println("Goodbye!")
}
// Goodbye!
// Goodbye!
// Goodbye!
</code></pre><p><a name="mutating_instance_methods"></a></p>
<h3 id="-mutating-instance-methods-">修改实例方法（Mutating Instance Methods）</h3>
<p>通过扩展添加的实例方法也可以修改该实例本身。结构体和枚举类型中修改<code>self</code>或其属性的方法必须将该实例方法标注为<code>mutating</code>，正如来自原始实现的修改方法一样。</p>
<p>下面的例子向Swift的<code>Int</code>类型添加了一个新的名为<code>square</code>的修改方法，来实现一个原始值的平方计算：</p>
<pre><code>extension Int {
mutating func square() {
self = self * self
}
}
var someInt = 3
someInt.square()
// someInt 现在值是 9
</code></pre><p><a name="subscripts"></a></p>
<h2 id="-subscripts-">下标（Subscripts）</h2>
<p>扩展可以向一个已有类型添加新下标。这个例子向Swift内建类型<code>Int</code>添加了一个整型下标。该下标<code>[n]</code>返回十进制数字从右向左数的第n个数字</p>
<ul>
<li>123456789[0]返回9</li>
<li>123456789[1]返回8</li>
</ul>
<p>...等等</p>
<pre><code>extension Int {
subscript(digitIndex: Int) -> Int {
var decimalBase = 1
for _ in 1...digitIndex {
decimalBase *= 10
}
return (self / decimalBase) % 10
}
}
746381295[0]
// returns 5
746381295[1]
// returns 9
746381295[2]
// returns 2
746381295[8]
// returns 7
</code></pre><p>如果该<code>Int</code>值没有足够的位数，即下标越界，那么上述实现的下标会返回0，因为它会在数字左边自动补0：</p>
<pre><code>746381295[9]
//returns 0, 即等同于：
0746381295[9]
</code></pre><p><a name="nested_types"></a></p>
<h2 id="-nested-types-">嵌套类型（Nested Types）</h2>
<p>扩展可以向已有的类、结构体和枚举添加新的嵌套类型：</p>
<pre><code>extension Character {
enum Kind {
case Vowel, Consonant, Other
}
var kind: Kind {
switch String(self).lowercaseString {
case "a", "e", "i", "o", "u":
return .Vowel
case "b", "c", "d", "f", "g", "h", "j", "k", "l", "m",
"n", "p", "q", "r", "s", "t", "v", "w", "x", "y", "z":
return .Consonant
default:
return .Other
}
}
}
</code></pre><p>该例子向<code>Character</code>添加了新的嵌套枚举。这个名为<code>Kind</code>的枚举表示特定字符的类型。具体来说，就是表示一个标准的拉丁脚本中的字符是元音还是辅音（不考虑口语和地方变种），或者是其它类型。</p>
<p>这个类子还向<code>Character</code>添加了一个新的计算实例属性，即<code>kind</code>，用来返回合适的<code>Kind</code>枚举成员。</p>
<p>现在，这个嵌套枚举可以和一个<code>Character</code>值联合使用了：</p>
<pre><code>func printLetterKinds(word: String) {
println("'\\(word)' is made up of the following kinds of letters:")
for character in word {
switch character.kind {
case .Vowel:
print("vowel ")
case .Consonant:
print("consonant ")
case .Other:
print("other ")
}
}
print("\n")
}
printLetterKinds("Hello")
// 'Hello' is made up of the following kinds of letters:
// consonant vowel consonant consonant vowel
</code></pre><p>函数<code>printLetterKinds</code>的输入是一个<code>String</code>值并对其字符进行迭代。在每次迭代过程中，考虑当前字符的<code>kind</code>计算属性，并打印出合适的类别描述。所以<code>printLetterKinds</code>就可以用来打印一个完整单词中所有字母的类型，正如上述单词<code>"hello"</code>所展示的。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>注意：</p>
<p>由于已知<code>character.kind</code>是<code>Character.Kind</code>型，所以<code>Character.Kind</code>中的所有成员值都可以使用<code>switch</code>语句里的形式简写，比如使用 <code>.Vowel</code>代替<code>Character.Kind.Vowel</code></p>
</blockquote>
</section>
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