csv.h

/*
 * rapidcsv.h
 *
 * URL:      https://github.com/d99kris/rapidcsv
 * Version:  8.83
 *
 * Copyright (C) 2017-2024 Kristofer Berggren
 * All rights reserved.
 *
 * rapidcsv is distributed under the BSD 3-Clause license, see LICENSE for
 * details.
 *
 */

#pragma once

#include <algorithm>
#include <cassert>
#include <cmath>
#ifdef HAS_CODECVT
#include <codecvt>
#include <locale>
#endif
#include <fstream>
#include <functional>
#include <iomanip>
#include <iostream>
#include <limits>
#include <map>
#include <sstream>
#include <string>
#include <typeinfo>
#include <vector>

namespace rapidcsv {
#if defined(_MSC_VER)
static const bool sPlatformHasCR = true;
#else
static const bool sPlatformHasCR = false;
#endif
static const std::vector<char> s_Utf8BOM = {'\xef', '\xbb', '\xbf'};

/**
 * @brief     Datastructure holding parameters controlling how invalid numbers
 * (including empty strings) should be handled.
 */
struct ConverterParams {
  /**
   * @brief   Constructor
   * @param   pHasDefaultConverter  specifies if conversion of non-numerical
   * strings shall be converted to a default numerical value, instead of causing
   *                                an exception to be thrown (default).
   * @param   pDefaultFloat         floating-point default value to represent
   * invalid numbers.
   * @param   pDefaultInteger       integer default value to represent invalid
   * numbers.
   * @param   pNumericLocale        specifies whether to honor LC_NUMERIC locale
   * (default true).
   */
  explicit ConverterParams(
      const bool pHasDefaultConverter = false,
      const long double pDefaultFloat =
          std::numeric_limits<long double>::signaling_NaN(),
      const long long pDefaultInteger = 0,
      const bool pNumericLocale = true)
      : mHasDefaultConverter(pHasDefaultConverter),
        mDefaultFloat(pDefaultFloat),
        mDefaultInteger(pDefaultInteger),
        mNumericLocale(pNumericLocale) {}

  /**
   * @brief   specifies if conversion of non-numerical strings shall be
   * converted to a default numerical value, instead of causing an exception to
   * be thrown (default).
   */
  bool mHasDefaultConverter;

  /**
   * @brief   floating-point default value to represent invalid numbers.
   */
  long double mDefaultFloat;

  /**
   * @brief   integer default value to represent invalid numbers.
   */
  long long mDefaultInteger;

  /**
   * @brief   specifies whether to honor LC_NUMERIC locale.
   */
  bool mNumericLocale;
};

/**
 * @brief     Exception thrown when attempting to access Document data in a
 * datatype which is not supported by the Converter class.
 */
class no_converter : public std::exception {
 public:
  /**
   * @brief   Provides details about the exception
   * @returns an explanatory string
   */
  const char* what() const throw() override {
    return "unsupported conversion datatype";
  }
};

/**
 * @brief     Class providing conversion to/from numerical datatypes and
 * strings. Only intended for rapidcsv internal usage, but exposed externally to
 * allow specialization for custom datatype conversions.
 */
template <typename T>
class Converter {
 public:
  /**
   * @brief   Constructor
   * @param   pConverterParams      specifies how conversion of non-numerical
   * values to numerical datatype shall be handled.
   */
  Converter(const ConverterParams& pConverterParams)
      : mConverterParams(pConverterParams) {}

  /**
   * @brief   Converts numerical value to string representation.
   * @param   pVal                  numerical value
   * @param   pStr                  output string
   */
  void ToStr(const T& pVal, std::string& pStr) const {
    if (typeid(T) == typeid(int) || typeid(T) == typeid(long) ||
        typeid(T) == typeid(long long) || typeid(T) == typeid(unsigned) ||
        typeid(T) == typeid(unsigned long) ||
        typeid(T) == typeid(unsigned long long) ||
        typeid(T) == typeid(long double) || typeid(T) == typeid(char)) {
      std::ostringstream out;
      out << pVal;
      pStr = out.str();
    } else if (typeid(T) == typeid(float)) {
      std::ostringstream out;
      out << std::setprecision(9) << pVal;
      pStr = out.str();
    } else if (typeid(T) == typeid(double)) {
      std::ostringstream out;
      out << std::setprecision(17) << pVal;
      pStr = out.str();
    } else {
      throw no_converter();
    }
  }

  /**
   * @brief   Converts string holding a numerical value to numerical datatype
   * representation.
   * @param   pVal                  numerical value
   * @param   pStr                  output string
   */
  void ToVal(const std::string& pStr, T& pVal) const {
    try {
      if (typeid(T) == typeid(int)) {
        pVal = static_cast<T>(std::stoi(pStr));
        return;
      } else if (typeid(T) == typeid(long)) {
        pVal = static_cast<T>(std::stol(pStr));
        return;
      } else if (typeid(T) == typeid(long long)) {
        pVal = static_cast<T>(std::stoll(pStr));
        return;
      } else if (typeid(T) == typeid(unsigned)) {
        pVal = static_cast<T>(std::stoul(pStr));
        return;
      } else if (typeid(T) == typeid(unsigned long)) {
        pVal = static_cast<T>(std::stoul(pStr));
        return;
      } else if (typeid(T) == typeid(unsigned long long)) {
        pVal = static_cast<T>(std::stoull(pStr));
        return;
      }
    } catch (...) {
      if (!mConverterParams.mHasDefaultConverter) {
        throw;
      } else {
        pVal = static_cast<T>(mConverterParams.mDefaultInteger);
        return;
      }
    }

    try {
      if (mConverterParams.mNumericLocale) {
        if (typeid(T) == typeid(float)) {
          pVal = static_cast<T>(std::stof(pStr));
          return;
        } else if (typeid(T) == typeid(double)) {
          pVal = static_cast<T>(std::stod(pStr));
          return;
        } else if (typeid(T) == typeid(long double)) {
          pVal = static_cast<T>(std::stold(pStr));
          return;
        }
      } else {
        if ((typeid(T) == typeid(float)) || (typeid(T) == typeid(double)) ||
            (typeid(T) == typeid(long double))) {
          std::istringstream iss(pStr);
          iss.imbue(std::locale::classic());
          iss >> pVal;
          if (iss.fail() || iss.bad() || !iss.eof()) {
            throw std::invalid_argument("istringstream: no conversion");
          }
          return;
        }
      }
    } catch (...) {
      if (!mConverterParams.mHasDefaultConverter) {
        throw;
      } else {
        pVal = static_cast<T>(mConverterParams.mDefaultFloat);
        return;
      }
    }

    if (typeid(T) == typeid(char)) {
      pVal = static_cast<T>(pStr[0]);
      return;
    } else {
      throw no_converter();
    }
  }

 private:
  const ConverterParams& mConverterParams;
};

/**
 * @brief     Specialized implementation handling string to string conversion.
 * @param     pVal                  string
 * @param     pStr                  string
 */
template <>
inline void Converter<std::string>::ToStr(const std::string& pVal,
                                          std::string& pStr) const {
  pStr = pVal;
}

/**
 * @brief     Specialized implementation handling string to string conversion.
 * @param     pVal                  string
 * @param     pStr                  string
 */
template <>
inline void Converter<std::string>::ToVal(const std::string& pStr,
                                          std::string& pVal) const {
  pVal = pStr;
}

template <typename T>
using ConvFunc = std::function<void(const std::string& pStr, T& pVal)>;

/**
 * @brief     Datastructure holding parameters controlling which row and column
 * should be treated as labels.
 */
struct LabelParams {
  /**
   * @brief   Constructor
   * @param   pColumnNameIdx        specifies the zero-based row index of the
   * column labels, setting it to -1 prevents column lookup by label name, and
   * gives access to all rows as document data. Default: 0
   * @param   pRowNameIdx           specifies the zero-based column index of the
   * row labels, setting it to -1 prevents row lookup by label name, and gives
   * access to all columns as document data. Default: -1
   */
  explicit LabelParams(const int pColumnNameIdx = 0, const int pRowNameIdx = -1)
      : mColumnNameIdx(pColumnNameIdx), mRowNameIdx(pRowNameIdx) {
    if (mColumnNameIdx < -1) {
      const std::string errStr = "invalid column name index " +
                                 std::to_string(mColumnNameIdx) + " < -1";
      throw std::out_of_range(errStr);
    }

    if (mRowNameIdx < -1) {
      const std::string errStr =
          "invalid row name index " + std::to_string(mRowNameIdx) + " < -1";
      throw std::out_of_range(errStr);
    }
  }

  /**
   * @brief   specifies the zero-based row index of the column labels.
   */
  int mColumnNameIdx;

  /**
   * @brief   specifies the zero-based column index of the row labels.
   */
  int mRowNameIdx;
};

/**
 * @brief     Datastructure holding parameters controlling how the CSV data
 * fields are separated.
 */
struct SeparatorParams {
  /**
   * @brief   Constructor
   * @param   pSeparator            specifies the column separator (default
   * ',').
   * @param   pTrim                 specifies whether to trim leading and
   * trailing spaces from cells read (default false).
   * @param   pHasCR                specifies whether a new document (i.e. not
   * an existing document read) should use CR/LF instead of only LF (default is
   * to use standard behavior of underlying platforms - CR/LF for Win, and LF
   * for others).
   * @param   pQuotedLinebreaks     specifies whether to allow line breaks in
   * quoted text (default false)
   * @param   pAutoQuote            specifies whether to automatically dequote
   * data during read, and add quotes during write (default true).
   * @param   pQuoteChar            specifies the quote character (default
   * '\"').
   */
  explicit SeparatorParams(const char pSeparator = ',',
                           const bool pTrim = false,
                           const bool pHasCR = sPlatformHasCR,
                           const bool pQuotedLinebreaks = false,
                           const bool pAutoQuote = true,
                           const char pQuoteChar = '"')
      : mSeparator(pSeparator),
        mTrim(pTrim),
        mHasCR(pHasCR),
        mQuotedLinebreaks(pQuotedLinebreaks),
        mAutoQuote(pAutoQuote),
        mQuoteChar(pQuoteChar) {}

  /**
   * @brief   specifies the column separator.
   */
  char mSeparator;

  /**
   * @brief   specifies whether to trim leading and trailing spaces from cells
   * read.
   */
  bool mTrim;

  /**
   * @brief   specifies whether new documents should use CR/LF instead of LF.
   */
  bool mHasCR;

  /**
   * @brief   specifies whether to allow line breaks in quoted text.
   */
  bool mQuotedLinebreaks;

  /**
   * @brief   specifies whether to automatically dequote cell data.
   */
  bool mAutoQuote;

  /**
   * @brief   specifies the quote character.
   */
  char mQuoteChar;
};

/**
 * @brief     Datastructure holding parameters controlling how special line
 * formats should be treated.
 */
struct LineReaderParams {
  /**
   * @brief   Constructor
   * @param   pSkipCommentLines     specifies whether to skip lines prefixed
   * with mCommentPrefix. Default: false
   * @param   pCommentPrefix        specifies which prefix character to indicate
   * a comment line. Default: #
   * @param   pSkipEmptyLines       specifies whether to skip empty lines.
   * Default: false
   */
  explicit LineReaderParams(const bool pSkipCommentLines = false,
                            const char pCommentPrefix = '#',
                            const bool pSkipEmptyLines = false)
      : mSkipCommentLines(pSkipCommentLines),
        mCommentPrefix(pCommentPrefix),
        mSkipEmptyLines(pSkipEmptyLines) {}

  /**
   * @brief   specifies whether to skip lines prefixed with mCommentPrefix.
   */
  bool mSkipCommentLines;

  /**
   * @brief   specifies which prefix character to indicate a comment line.
   */
  char mCommentPrefix;

  /**
   * @brief   specifies whether to skip empty lines.
   */
  bool mSkipEmptyLines;
};

/**
 * @brief     Class representing a CSV document.
 */
class Document {
 public:
  /**
   * @brief   Constructor
   * @param   pPath                 specifies the path of an existing CSV-file
   * to populate the Document data with.
   * @param   pLabelParams          specifies which row and column should be
   * treated as labels.
   * @param   pSeparatorParams      specifies which field and row separators
   * should be used.
   * @param   pConverterParams      specifies how invalid numbers (including
   * empty strings) should be handled.
   * @param   pLineReaderParams     specifies how special line formats should be
   * treated.
   */
  explicit Document(
      const std::string& pPath = std::string(),
      const LabelParams& pLabelParams = LabelParams(),
      const SeparatorParams& pSeparatorParams = SeparatorParams(),
      const ConverterParams& pConverterParams = ConverterParams(),
      const LineReaderParams& pLineReaderParams = LineReaderParams())
      : mPath(pPath),
        mLabelParams(pLabelParams),
        mSeparatorParams(pSeparatorParams),
        mConverterParams(pConverterParams),
        mLineReaderParams(pLineReaderParams),
        mData(),
        mColumnNames(),
        mRowNames() {
    if (!mPath.empty()) {
      ReadCsv();
    }
  }

  /**
   * @brief   Constructor
   * @param   pStream               specifies a binary input stream to read CSV
   * data from.
   * @param   pLabelParams          specifies which row and column should be
   * treated as labels.
   * @param   pSeparatorParams      specifies which field and row separators
   * should be used.
   * @param   pConverterParams      specifies how invalid numbers (including
   * empty strings) should be handled.
   * @param   pLineReaderParams     specifies how special line formats should be
   * treated.
   */
  explicit Document(
      std::istream& pStream,
      const LabelParams& pLabelParams = LabelParams(),
      const SeparatorParams& pSeparatorParams = SeparatorParams(),
      const ConverterParams& pConverterParams = ConverterParams(),
      const LineReaderParams& pLineReaderParams = LineReaderParams())
      : mPath(),
        mLabelParams(pLabelParams),
        mSeparatorParams(pSeparatorParams),
        mConverterParams(pConverterParams),
        mLineReaderParams(pLineReaderParams),
        mData(),
        mColumnNames(),
        mRowNames() {
    ReadCsv(pStream);
  }

  /**
   * @brief   Read Document data from file.
   * @param   pPath                 specifies the path of an existing CSV-file
   * to populate the Document data with.
   * @param   pLabelParams          specifies which row and column should be
   * treated as labels.
   * @param   pSeparatorParams      specifies which field and row separators
   * should be used.
   * @param   pConverterParams      specifies how invalid numbers (including
   * empty strings) should be handled.
   * @param   pLineReaderParams     specifies how special line formats should be
   * treated.
   */
  void Load(const std::string& pPath,
            const LabelParams& pLabelParams = LabelParams(),
            const SeparatorParams& pSeparatorParams = SeparatorParams(),
            const ConverterParams& pConverterParams = ConverterParams(),
            const LineReaderParams& pLineReaderParams = LineReaderParams()) {
    mPath = pPath;
    mLabelParams = pLabelParams;
    mSeparatorParams = pSeparatorParams;
    mConverterParams = pConverterParams;
    mLineReaderParams = pLineReaderParams;
    ReadCsv();
  }

  /**
   * @brief   Read Document data from stream.
   * @param   pStream               specifies a binary input stream to read CSV
   * data from.
   * @param   pLabelParams          specifies which row and column should be
   * treated as labels.
   * @param   pSeparatorParams      specifies which field and row separators
   * should be used.
   * @param   pConverterParams      specifies how invalid numbers (including
   * empty strings) should be handled.
   * @param   pLineReaderParams     specifies how special line formats should be
   * treated.
   */
  void Load(std::istream& pStream,
            const LabelParams& pLabelParams = LabelParams(),
            const SeparatorParams& pSeparatorParams = SeparatorParams(),
            const ConverterParams& pConverterParams = ConverterParams(),
            const LineReaderParams& pLineReaderParams = LineReaderParams()) {
    mPath = "";
    mLabelParams = pLabelParams;
    mSeparatorParams = pSeparatorParams;
    mConverterParams = pConverterParams;
    mLineReaderParams = pLineReaderParams;
    ReadCsv(pStream);
  }

  /**
   * @brief   Write Document data to file.
   * @param   pPath                 optionally specifies the path where the
   * CSV-file will be created (if not specified, the original path provided when
   * creating or loading the Document data will be used).
   */
  void Save(const std::string& pPath = std::string()) {
    if (!pPath.empty()) {
      mPath = pPath;
    }
    WriteCsv();
  }

  /**
   * @brief   Write Document data to stream.
   * @param   pStream               specifies a binary output stream to write
   * the data to.
   */
  void Save(std::ostream& pStream) const { WriteCsv(pStream); }

  /**
   * @brief   Clears loaded Document data.
   *
   */
  void Clear() {
    mData.clear();
    mColumnNames.clear();
    mRowNames.clear();
#ifdef HAS_CODECVT
    mIsUtf16 = false;
    mIsLE = false;
#endif
    mHasUtf8BOM = false;
  }

  /**
   * @brief   Get column index by name.
   * @param   pColumnName           column label name.
   * @returns zero-based column index.
   */
  int GetColumnIdx(const std::string& pColumnName) const {
    if (mLabelParams.mColumnNameIdx >= 0) {
      if (mColumnNames.find(pColumnName) != mColumnNames.end()) {
        return static_cast<int>(mColumnNames.at(pColumnName)) -
               (mLabelParams.mRowNameIdx + 1);
      }
    }
    return -1;
  }

  /**
   * @brief   Get column by index.
   * @param   pColumnIdx            zero-based column index.
   * @returns vector of column data.
   */
  template <typename T>
  std::vector<T> GetColumn(const size_t pColumnIdx) const {
    const size_t dataColumnIdx = GetDataColumnIndex(pColumnIdx);
    std::vector<T> column;
    Converter<T> converter(mConverterParams);
    for (auto itRow = mData.begin(); itRow != mData.end(); ++itRow) {
      if (std::distance(mData.begin(), itRow) > mLabelParams.mColumnNameIdx) {
        if (dataColumnIdx < itRow->size()) {
          T val;
          converter.ToVal(itRow->at(dataColumnIdx), val);
          column.push_back(val);
        } else {
          const std::string errStr =
              "requested column index " + std::to_string(pColumnIdx) +
              " >= " + std::to_string(itRow->size() - GetDataColumnIndex(0)) +
              " (number of columns on row index " +
              std::to_string(std::distance(mData.begin(), itRow) -
                             (mLabelParams.mColumnNameIdx + 1)) +
              ")";
          throw std::out_of_range(errStr);
        }
      }
    }
    return column;
  }

  /**
   * @brief   Get column by index.
   * @param   pColumnIdx            zero-based column index.
   * @param   pToVal                conversion function.
   * @returns vector of column data.
   */
  template <typename T>
  std::vector<T> GetColumn(const size_t pColumnIdx, ConvFunc<T> pToVal) const {
    const size_t dataColumnIdx = GetDataColumnIndex(pColumnIdx);
    std::vector<T> column;
    for (auto itRow = mData.begin(); itRow != mData.end(); ++itRow) {
      if (std::distance(mData.begin(), itRow) > mLabelParams.mColumnNameIdx) {
        T val;
        pToVal(itRow->at(dataColumnIdx), val);
        column.push_back(val);
      }
    }
    return column;
  }

  /**
   * @brief   Get column by name.
   * @param   pColumnName           column label name.
   * @returns vector of column data.
   */
  template <typename T>
  std::vector<T> GetColumn(const std::string& pColumnName) const {
    const int columnIdx = GetColumnIdx(pColumnName);
    if (columnIdx < 0) {
      throw std::out_of_range("column not found: " + pColumnName);
    }
    return GetColumn<T>(static_cast<size_t>(columnIdx));
  }

  /**
   * @brief   Get column by name.
   * @param   pColumnName           column label name.
   * @param   pToVal                conversion function.
   * @returns vector of column data.
   */
  template <typename T>
  std::vector<T> GetColumn(const std::string& pColumnName,
                           ConvFunc<T> pToVal) const {
    const int columnIdx = GetColumnIdx(pColumnName);
    if (columnIdx < 0) {
      throw std::out_of_range("column not found: " + pColumnName);
    }
    return GetColumn<T>(static_cast<size_t>(columnIdx), pToVal);
  }

  /**
   * @brief   Set column by index.
   * @param   pColumnIdx            zero-based column index.
   * @param   pColumn               vector of column data.
   */
  template <typename T>
  void SetColumn(const size_t pColumnIdx, const std::vector<T>& pColumn) {
    const size_t dataColumnIdx = GetDataColumnIndex(pColumnIdx);

    while (GetDataRowIndex(pColumn.size()) > GetDataRowCount()) {
      std::vector<std::string> row;
      row.resize(GetDataColumnCount());
      mData.push_back(row);
    }

    if ((dataColumnIdx + 1) > GetDataColumnCount()) {
      for (auto itRow = mData.begin(); itRow != mData.end(); ++itRow) {
        if (std::distance(mData.begin(), itRow) >=
            mLabelParams.mColumnNameIdx) {
          itRow->resize(GetDataColumnIndex(dataColumnIdx + 1));
        }
      }
    }

    Converter<T> converter(mConverterParams);
    for (auto itRow = pColumn.begin(); itRow != pColumn.end(); ++itRow) {
      std::string str;
      converter.ToStr(*itRow, str);
      mData
          .at(static_cast<size_t>(std::distance(pColumn.begin(), itRow) +
                                  mLabelParams.mColumnNameIdx + 1))
          .at(dataColumnIdx) = str;
    }
  }

  /**
   * @brief   Set column by name.
   * @param   pColumnName           column label name.
   * @param   pColumn               vector of column data.
   */
  template <typename T>
  void SetColumn(const std::string& pColumnName,
                 const std::vector<T>& pColumn) {
    const int columnIdx = GetColumnIdx(pColumnName);
    if (columnIdx < 0) {
      throw std::out_of_range("column not found: " + pColumnName);
    }
    SetColumn<T>(static_cast<size_t>(columnIdx), pColumn);
  }

  /**
   * @brief   Remove column by index.
   * @param   pColumnIdx            zero-based column index.
   */
  void RemoveColumn(const size_t pColumnIdx) {
    const size_t dataColumnIdx = GetDataColumnIndex(pColumnIdx);
    for (auto itRow = mData.begin(); itRow != mData.end(); ++itRow) {
      if (std::distance(mData.begin(), itRow) >= mLabelParams.mColumnNameIdx) {
        itRow->erase(itRow->begin() + static_cast<int>(dataColumnIdx));
      }
    }

    UpdateColumnNames();
  }

  /**
   * @brief   Remove column by name.
   * @param   pColumnName           column label name.
   */
  void RemoveColumn(const std::string& pColumnName) {
    int columnIdx = GetColumnIdx(pColumnName);
    if (columnIdx < 0) {
      throw std::out_of_range("column not found: " + pColumnName);
    }

    RemoveColumn(static_cast<size_t>(columnIdx));
  }

  /**
   * @brief   Insert column at specified index.
   * @param   pColumnIdx            zero-based column index.
   * @param   pColumn               vector of column data (optional argument).
   * @param   pColumnName           column label name (optional argument).
   */
  template <typename T>
  void InsertColumn(const size_t pColumnIdx,
                    const std::vector<T>& pColumn = std::vector<T>(),
                    const std::string& pColumnName = std::string()) {
    const size_t dataColumnIdx = GetDataColumnIndex(pColumnIdx);

    std::vector<std::string> column;
    if (pColumn.empty()) {
      column.resize(GetDataRowCount());
    } else {
      column.resize(GetDataRowIndex(pColumn.size()));
      Converter<T> converter(mConverterParams);
      for (auto itRow = pColumn.begin(); itRow != pColumn.end(); ++itRow) {
        std::string str;
        converter.ToStr(*itRow, str);
        const size_t rowIdx =
            static_cast<size_t>(std::distance(pColumn.begin(), itRow) +
                                (mLabelParams.mColumnNameIdx + 1));
        column.at(rowIdx) = str;
      }
    }

    while (column.size() > GetDataRowCount()) {
      std::vector<std::string> row;
      const size_t columnCount =
          std::max<size_t>(static_cast<size_t>(mLabelParams.mColumnNameIdx + 1),
                           GetDataColumnCount());
      row.resize(columnCount);
      mData.push_back(row);
    }

    for (auto itRow = mData.begin(); itRow != mData.end(); ++itRow) {
      if (std::distance(mData.begin(), itRow) >= mLabelParams.mColumnNameIdx) {
        const size_t rowIdx =
            static_cast<size_t>(std::distance(mData.begin(), itRow));
        itRow->insert(itRow->begin() + static_cast<int>(dataColumnIdx),
                      column.at(rowIdx));
      }
    }

    if (!pColumnName.empty()) {
      SetColumnName(pColumnIdx, pColumnName);
    }

    UpdateColumnNames();
  }

  /**
   * @brief   Get number of data columns (excluding label columns).
   * @returns column count.
   */
  size_t GetColumnCount() const {
    const int count =
        static_cast<int>((mData.size() > 0) ? mData.at(0).size() : 0) -
        (mLabelParams.mRowNameIdx + 1);
    return (count >= 0) ? static_cast<size_t>(count) : 0;
  }

  /**
   * @brief   Get row index by name.
   * @param   pRowName              row label name.
   * @returns zero-based row index.
   */
  int GetRowIdx(const std::string& pRowName) const {
    if (mLabelParams.mRowNameIdx >= 0) {
      if (mRowNames.find(pRowName) != mRowNames.end()) {
        return static_cast<int>(mRowNames.at(pRowName)) -
               (mLabelParams.mColumnNameIdx + 1);
      }
    }
    return -1;
  }

  /**
   * @brief   Get row by index.
   * @param   pRowIdx               zero-based row index.
   * @returns vector of row data.
   */
  template <typename T>
  std::vector<T> GetRow(const size_t pRowIdx) const {
    const size_t dataRowIdx = GetDataRowIndex(pRowIdx);
    std::vector<T> row;
    Converter<T> converter(mConverterParams);
    for (auto itCol = mData.at(dataRowIdx).begin();
         itCol != mData.at(dataRowIdx).end(); ++itCol) {
      if (std::distance(mData.at(dataRowIdx).begin(), itCol) >
          mLabelParams.mRowNameIdx) {
        T val;
        converter.ToVal(*itCol, val);
        row.push_back(val);
      }
    }
    return row;
  }

  /**
   * @brief   Get row by index.
   * @param   pRowIdx               zero-based row index.
   * @param   pToVal                conversion function.
   * @returns vector of row data.
   */
  template <typename T>
  std::vector<T> GetRow(const size_t pRowIdx, ConvFunc<T> pToVal) const {
    const size_t dataRowIdx = GetDataRowIndex(pRowIdx);
    std::vector<T> row;
    Converter<T> converter(mConverterParams);
    for (auto itCol = mData.at(dataRowIdx).begin();
         itCol != mData.at(dataRowIdx).end(); ++itCol) {
      if (std::distance(mData.at(dataRowIdx).begin(), itCol) >
          mLabelParams.mRowNameIdx) {
        T val;
        pToVal(*itCol, val);
        row.push_back(val);
      }
    }
    return row;
  }

  /**
   * @brief   Get row by name.
   * @param   pRowName              row label name.
   * @returns vector of row data.
   */
  template <typename T>
  std::vector<T> GetRow(const std::string& pRowName) const {
    int rowIdx = GetRowIdx(pRowName);
    if (rowIdx < 0) {
      throw std::out_of_range("row not found: " + pRowName);
    }
    return GetRow<T>(static_cast<size_t>(rowIdx));
  }

  /**
   * @brief   Get row by name.
   * @param   pRowName              row label name.
   * @param   pToVal                conversion function.
   * @returns vector of row data.
   */
  template <typename T>
  std::vector<T> GetRow(const std::string& pRowName, ConvFunc<T> pToVal) const {
    int rowIdx = GetRowIdx(pRowName);
    if (rowIdx < 0) {
      throw std::out_of_range("row not found: " + pRowName);
    }
    return GetRow<T>(static_cast<size_t>(rowIdx), pToVal);
  }

  /**
   * @brief   Set row by index.
   * @param   pRowIdx               zero-based row index.
   * @param   pRow                  vector of row data.
   */
  template <typename T>
  void SetRow(const size_t pRowIdx, const std::vector<T>& pRow) {
    const size_t dataRowIdx = GetDataRowIndex(pRowIdx);

    while ((dataRowIdx + 1) > GetDataRowCount()) {
      std::vector<std::string> row;
      row.resize(GetDataColumnCount());
      mData.push_back(row);
    }

    if (pRow.size() > GetDataColumnCount()) {
      for (auto itRow = mData.begin(); itRow != mData.end(); ++itRow) {
        if (std::distance(mData.begin(), itRow) >=
            mLabelParams.mColumnNameIdx) {
          itRow->resize(GetDataColumnIndex(pRow.size()));
        }
      }
    }

    Converter<T> converter(mConverterParams);
    for (auto itCol = pRow.begin(); itCol != pRow.end(); ++itCol) {
      std::string str;
      converter.ToStr(*itCol, str);
      mData.at(dataRowIdx)
          .at(static_cast<size_t>(std::distance(pRow.begin(), itCol) +
                                  mLabelParams.mRowNameIdx + 1)) = str;
    }
  }

  /**
   * @brief   Set row by name.
   * @param   pRowName              row label name.
   * @param   pRow                  vector of row data.
   */
  template <typename T>
  void SetRow(const std::string& pRowName, const std::vector<T>& pRow) {
    int rowIdx = GetRowIdx(pRowName);
    if (rowIdx < 0) {
      throw std::out_of_range("row not found: " + pRowName);
    }
    return SetRow<T>(static_cast<size_t>(rowIdx), pRow);
  }

  /**
   * @brief   Remove row by index.
   * @param   pRowIdx               zero-based row index.
   */
  void RemoveRow(const size_t pRowIdx) {
    const size_t dataRowIdx = GetDataRowIndex(pRowIdx);
    mData.erase(mData.begin() + static_cast<int>(dataRowIdx));
    UpdateRowNames();
  }

  /**
   * @brief   Remove row by name.
   * @param   pRowName              row label name.
   */
  void RemoveRow(const std::string& pRowName) {
    int rowIdx = GetRowIdx(pRowName);
    if (rowIdx < 0) {
      throw std::out_of_range("row not found: " + pRowName);
    }

    RemoveRow(static_cast<size_t>(rowIdx));
  }

  /**
   * @brief   Insert row at specified index.
   * @param   pRowIdx               zero-based row index.
   * @param   pRow                  vector of row data (optional argument).
   * @param   pRowName              row label name (optional argument).
   */
  template <typename T>
  void InsertRow(const size_t pRowIdx,
                 const std::vector<T>& pRow = std::vector<T>(),
                 const std::string& pRowName = std::string()) {
    const size_t rowIdx = GetDataRowIndex(pRowIdx);

    std::vector<std::string> row;
    if (pRow.empty()) {
      row.resize(GetDataColumnCount());
    } else {
      row.resize(GetDataColumnIndex(pRow.size()));
      Converter<T> converter(mConverterParams);
      for (auto itCol = pRow.begin(); itCol != pRow.end(); ++itCol) {
        std::string str;
        converter.ToStr(*itCol, str);
        row.at(static_cast<size_t>(std::distance(pRow.begin(), itCol) +
                                   mLabelParams.mRowNameIdx + 1)) = str;
      }
    }

    while (rowIdx > GetDataRowCount()) {
      std::vector<std::string> tempRow;
      tempRow.resize(GetDataColumnCount());
      mData.push_back(tempRow);
    }

    mData.insert(mData.begin() + static_cast<int>(rowIdx), row);

    if (!pRowName.empty()) {
      SetRowName(pRowIdx, pRowName);
    }

    UpdateRowNames();
  }

  /**
   * @brief   Get number of data rows (excluding label rows).
   * @returns row count.
   */
  size_t GetRowCount() const {
    const int count =
        static_cast<int>(mData.size()) - (mLabelParams.mColumnNameIdx + 1);
    return (count >= 0) ? static_cast<size_t>(count) : 0;
  }

  /**
   * @brief   Get cell by index.
   * @param   pColumnIdx            zero-based column index.
   * @param   pRowIdx               zero-based row index.
   * @returns cell data.
   */
  template <typename T>
  T GetCell(const size_t pColumnIdx, const size_t pRowIdx) const {
    const size_t dataColumnIdx = GetDataColumnIndex(pColumnIdx);
    const size_t dataRowIdx = GetDataRowIndex(pRowIdx);

    T val;
    Converter<T> converter(mConverterParams);
    converter.ToVal(mData.at(dataRowIdx).at(dataColumnIdx), val);
    return val;
  }

  /**
   * @brief   Get cell by index.
   * @param   pColumnIdx            zero-based column index.
   * @param   pRowIdx               zero-based row index.
   * @param   pToVal                conversion function.
   * @returns cell data.
   */
  template <typename T>
  T GetCell(const size_t pColumnIdx,
            const size_t pRowIdx,
            ConvFunc<T> pToVal) const {
    const size_t dataColumnIdx = GetDataColumnIndex(pColumnIdx);
    const size_t dataRowIdx = GetDataRowIndex(pRowIdx);

    T val;
    pToVal(mData.at(dataRowIdx).at(dataColumnIdx), val);
    return val;
  }

  /**
   * @brief   Get cell by name.
   * @param   pColumnName           column label name.
   * @param   pRowName              row label name.
   * @returns cell data.
   */
  template <typename T>
  T GetCell(const std::string& pColumnName, const std::string& pRowName) const {
    const int columnIdx = GetColumnIdx(pColumnName);
    if (columnIdx < 0) {
      throw std::out_of_range("column not found: " + pColumnName);
    }

    const int rowIdx = GetRowIdx(pRowName);
    if (rowIdx < 0) {
      throw std::out_of_range("row not found: " + pRowName);
    }

    return GetCell<T>(static_cast<size_t>(columnIdx),
                      static_cast<size_t>(rowIdx));
  }

  /**
   * @brief   Get cell by name.
   * @param   pColumnName           column label name.
   * @param   pRowName              row label name.
   * @param   pToVal                conversion function.
   * @returns cell data.
   */
  template <typename T>
  T GetCell(const std::string& pColumnName,
            const std::string& pRowName,
            ConvFunc<T> pToVal) const {
    const int columnIdx = GetColumnIdx(pColumnName);
    if (columnIdx < 0) {
      throw std::out_of_range("column not found: " + pColumnName);
    }

    const int rowIdx = GetRowIdx(pRowName);
    if (rowIdx < 0) {
      throw std::out_of_range("row not found: " + pRowName);
    }

    return GetCell<T>(static_cast<size_t>(columnIdx),
                      static_cast<size_t>(rowIdx), pToVal);
  }

  /**
   * @brief   Get cell by column name and row index.
   * @param   pColumnName           column label name.
   * @param   pRowIdx               zero-based row index.
   * @returns cell data.
   */
  template <typename T>
  T GetCell(const std::string& pColumnName, const size_t pRowIdx) const {
    const int columnIdx = GetColumnIdx(pColumnName);
    if (columnIdx < 0) {
      throw std::out_of_range("column not found: " + pColumnName);
    }

    return GetCell<T>(static_cast<size_t>(columnIdx), pRowIdx);
  }

  /**
   * @brief   Get cell by column name and row index.
   * @param   pColumnName           column label name.
   * @param   pRowIdx               zero-based row index.
   * @param   pToVal                conversion function.
   * @returns cell data.
   */
  template <typename T>
  T GetCell(const std::string& pColumnName,
            const size_t pRowIdx,
            ConvFunc<T> pToVal) const {
    const int columnIdx = GetColumnIdx(pColumnName);
    if (columnIdx < 0) {
      throw std::out_of_range("column not found: " + pColumnName);
    }

    return GetCell<T>(static_cast<size_t>(columnIdx), pRowIdx, pToVal);
  }

  /**
   * @brief   Get cell by column index and row name.
   * @param   pColumnIdx            zero-based column index.
   * @param   pRowName              row label name.
   * @returns cell data.
   */
  template <typename T>
  T GetCell(const size_t pColumnIdx, const std::string& pRowName) const {
    const int rowIdx = GetRowIdx(pRowName);
    if (rowIdx < 0) {
      throw std::out_of_range("row not found: " + pRowName);
    }

    return GetCell<T>(pColumnIdx, static_cast<size_t>(rowIdx));
  }

  /**
   * @brief   Get cell by column index and row name.
   * @param   pColumnIdx            zero-based column index.
   * @param   pRowName              row label name.
   * @param   pToVal                conversion function.
   * @returns cell data.
   */
  template <typename T>
  T GetCell(const size_t pColumnIdx,
            const std::string& pRowName,
            ConvFunc<T> pToVal) const {
    const int rowIdx = GetRowIdx(pRowName);
    if (rowIdx < 0) {
      throw std::out_of_range("row not found: " + pRowName);
    }

    return GetCell<T>(pColumnIdx, static_cast<size_t>(rowIdx), pToVal);
  }

  /**
   * @brief   Set cell by index.
   * @param   pRowIdx               zero-based row index.
   * @param   pColumnIdx            zero-based column index.
   * @param   pCell                 cell data.
   */
  template <typename T>
  void SetCell(const size_t pColumnIdx, const size_t pRowIdx, const T& pCell) {
    const size_t dataColumnIdx = GetDataColumnIndex(pColumnIdx);
    const size_t dataRowIdx = GetDataRowIndex(pRowIdx);

    while ((dataRowIdx + 1) > GetDataRowCount()) {
      std::vector<std::string> row;
      row.resize(GetDataColumnCount());
      mData.push_back(row);
    }

    if ((dataColumnIdx + 1) > GetDataColumnCount()) {
      for (auto itRow = mData.begin(); itRow != mData.end(); ++itRow) {
        if (std::distance(mData.begin(), itRow) >=
            mLabelParams.mColumnNameIdx) {
          itRow->resize(dataColumnIdx + 1);
        }
      }
    }

    std::string str;
    Converter<T> converter(mConverterParams);
    converter.ToStr(pCell, str);
    mData.at(dataRowIdx).at(dataColumnIdx) = str;
  }

  /**
   * @brief   Set cell by name.
   * @param   pColumnName           column label name.
   * @param   pRowName              row label name.
   * @param   pCell                 cell data.
   */
  template <typename T>
  void SetCell(const std::string& pColumnName,
               const std::string& pRowName,
               const T& pCell) {
    const int columnIdx = GetColumnIdx(pColumnName);
    if (columnIdx < 0) {
      throw std::out_of_range("column not found: " + pColumnName);
    }

    const int rowIdx = GetRowIdx(pRowName);
    if (rowIdx < 0) {
      throw std::out_of_range("row not found: " + pRowName);
    }

    SetCell<T>(static_cast<size_t>(columnIdx), static_cast<size_t>(rowIdx),
               pCell);
  }

  /**
   * @brief   Set cell by column index and row name.
   * @param   pColumnIdx            zero-based column index.
   * @param   pRowName              row label name.
   * @param   pCell                 cell data.
   */
  template <typename T>
  void SetCell(const size_t pColumnIdx,
               const std::string& pRowName,
               const T& pCell) {
    const int rowIdx = GetRowIdx(pRowName);
    if (rowIdx < 0) {
      throw std::out_of_range("row not found: " + pRowName);
    }

    SetCell<T>(pColumnIdx, static_cast<size_t>(rowIdx), pCell);
  }

  /**
   * @brief   Set cell by column name and row index.
   * @param   pColumnName           column label name.
   * @param   pRowIdx               zero-based row index.
   * @param   pCell                 cell data.
   */
  template <typename T>
  void SetCell(const std::string& pColumnName,
               const size_t pRowIdx,
               const T& pCell) {
    const int columnIdx = GetColumnIdx(pColumnName);
    if (columnIdx < 0) {
      throw std::out_of_range("column not found: " + pColumnName);
    }

    SetCell<T>(static_cast<size_t>(columnIdx), pRowIdx, pCell);
  }

  /**
   * @brief   Get column name
   * @param   pColumnIdx            zero-based column index.
   * @returns column name.
   */
  std::string GetColumnName(const size_t pColumnIdx) const {
    const size_t dataColumnIdx = GetDataColumnIndex(pColumnIdx);
    if (mLabelParams.mColumnNameIdx < 0) {
      throw std::out_of_range("column name row index < 0: " +
                              std::to_string(mLabelParams.mColumnNameIdx));
    }

    return mData.at(static_cast<size_t>(mLabelParams.mColumnNameIdx))
        .at(dataColumnIdx);
  }

  /**
   * @brief   Set column name
   * @param   pColumnIdx            zero-based column index.
   * @param   pColumnName           column name.
   */
  void SetColumnName(size_t pColumnIdx, const std::string& pColumnName) {
    if (mLabelParams.mColumnNameIdx < 0) {
      throw std::out_of_range("column name row index < 0: " +
                              std::to_string(mLabelParams.mColumnNameIdx));
    }

    const size_t dataColumnIdx = GetDataColumnIndex(pColumnIdx);
    mColumnNames[pColumnName] = dataColumnIdx;

    // increase table size if necessary:
    const size_t rowIdx = static_cast<size_t>(mLabelParams.mColumnNameIdx);
    if (rowIdx >= mData.size()) {
      mData.resize(rowIdx + 1);
    }
    auto& row = mData[rowIdx];
    if (dataColumnIdx >= row.size()) {
      row.resize(dataColumnIdx + 1);
    }

    mData.at(static_cast<size_t>(mLabelParams.mColumnNameIdx))
        .at(dataColumnIdx) = pColumnName;
  }

  /**
   * @brief   Get column names
   * @returns vector of column names.
   */
  std::vector<std::string> GetColumnNames() const {
    if (mLabelParams.mColumnNameIdx >= 0) {
      return std::vector<std::string>(
          mData.at(static_cast<size_t>(mLabelParams.mColumnNameIdx)).begin() +
              (mLabelParams.mRowNameIdx + 1),
          mData.at(static_cast<size_t>(mLabelParams.mColumnNameIdx)).end());
    }

    return std::vector<std::string>();
  }

  /**
   * @brief   Get row name
   * @param   pRowIdx               zero-based column index.
   * @returns row name.
   */
  std::string GetRowName(const size_t pRowIdx) const {
    const size_t dataRowIdx = GetDataRowIndex(pRowIdx);
    if (mLabelParams.mRowNameIdx < 0) {
      throw std::out_of_range("row name column index < 0: " +
                              std::to_string(mLabelParams.mRowNameIdx));
    }

    return mData.at(dataRowIdx)
        .at(static_cast<size_t>(mLabelParams.mRowNameIdx));
  }

  /**
   * @brief   Set row name
   * @param   pRowIdx               zero-based row index.
   * @param   pRowName              row name.
   */
  void SetRowName(size_t pRowIdx, const std::string& pRowName) {
    const size_t dataRowIdx = GetDataRowIndex(pRowIdx);
    mRowNames[pRowName] = dataRowIdx;
    if (mLabelParams.mRowNameIdx < 0) {
      throw std::out_of_range("row name column index < 0: " +
                              std::to_string(mLabelParams.mRowNameIdx));
    }

    // increase table size if necessary:
    if (dataRowIdx >= mData.size()) {
      mData.resize(dataRowIdx + 1);
    }
    auto& row = mData[dataRowIdx];
    if (mLabelParams.mRowNameIdx >= static_cast<int>(row.size())) {
      row.resize(static_cast<size_t>(mLabelParams.mRowNameIdx) + 1);
    }

    mData.at(dataRowIdx).at(static_cast<size_t>(mLabelParams.mRowNameIdx)) =
        pRowName;
  }

  /**
   * @brief   Get row names
   * @returns vector of row names.
   */
  std::vector<std::string> GetRowNames() const {
    std::vector<std::string> rownames;
    if (mLabelParams.mRowNameIdx >= 0) {
      for (auto itRow = mData.begin(); itRow != mData.end(); ++itRow) {
        if (std::distance(mData.begin(), itRow) > mLabelParams.mColumnNameIdx) {
          rownames.push_back(
              itRow->at(static_cast<size_t>(mLabelParams.mRowNameIdx)));
        }
      }
    }
    return rownames;
  }

 private:
  void ReadCsv() {
    std::ifstream stream;
    stream.exceptions(std::ifstream::failbit | std::ifstream::badbit);
    stream.open(mPath, std::ios::binary);
    ReadCsv(stream);
  }

  void ReadCsv(std::istream& pStream) {
    Clear();
    pStream.seekg(0, std::ios::end);
    std::streamsize length = pStream.tellg();
    pStream.seekg(0, std::ios::beg);

#ifdef HAS_CODECVT
    std::vector<char> bom2b(2, '\0');
    if (length >= 2) {
      pStream.read(bom2b.data(), 2);
      pStream.seekg(0, std::ios::beg);
    }

    static const std::vector<char> bomU16le = {'\xff', '\xfe'};
    static const std::vector<char> bomU16be = {'\xfe', '\xff'};
    if ((bom2b == bomU16le) || (bom2b == bomU16be)) {
      mIsUtf16 = true;
      mIsLE = (bom2b == bomU16le);

      std::wifstream wstream;
      wstream.exceptions(std::wifstream::failbit | std::wifstream::badbit);
      wstream.open(mPath, std::ios::binary);
      if (mIsLE) {
        wstream.imbue(
            std::locale(wstream.getloc(),
                        new std::codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, 0x10ffff,
                                               static_cast<std::codecvt_mode>(
                                                   std::consume_header |
                                                   std::little_endian)>));
      } else {
        wstream.imbue(std::locale(
            wstream.getloc(),
            new std::codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, 0x10ffff, std::consume_header>));
      }
      std::wstringstream wss;
      wss << wstream.rdbuf();
      std::string utf8 = ToString(wss.str());
      std::stringstream ss(utf8);
      ParseCsv(ss, static_cast<std::streamsize>(utf8.size()));
    } else
#endif
    {
      // check for UTF-8 Byte order mark and skip it when found
      if (length >= 3) {
        std::vector<char> bom3b(3, '\0');
        pStream.read(bom3b.data(), 3);

        if (bom3b != s_Utf8BOM) {
          // file does not start with a UTF-8 Byte order mark
          pStream.seekg(0, std::ios::beg);
        } else {
          // file did start with a UTF-8 Byte order mark, simply skip it
          length -= 3;
          mHasUtf8BOM = true;
        }
      }

      ParseCsv(pStream, length);
    }
  }

  void ParseCsv(std::istream& pStream, std::streamsize p_FileLength) {
    const std::streamsize bufLength = 64 * 1024;
    std::vector<char> buffer(bufLength);
    std::vector<std::string> row;
    std::string cell;
    bool quoted = false;
    int cr = 0;
    int lf = 0;

    while (p_FileLength > 0) {
      const std::streamsize toReadLength =
          std::min<std::streamsize>(p_FileLength, bufLength);
      pStream.read(buffer.data(), toReadLength);

      // With user-specified istream opened in non-binary mode on windows, we
      // may have a data length mismatch, so ensure we don't parse outside
      // actual data length read.
      const std::streamsize readLength = pStream.gcount();
      if (readLength <= 0) {
        break;
      }

      for (size_t i = 0; i < static_cast<size_t>(readLength); ++i) {
        if (buffer[i] == mSeparatorParams.mQuoteChar) {
          if (cell.empty() || (cell[0] == mSeparatorParams.mQuoteChar)) {
            quoted = !quoted;
          } else if (mSeparatorParams.mTrim) {
            // allow whitespace before first mQuoteChar
            const auto firstQuote = std::find(cell.begin(), cell.end(),
                                              mSeparatorParams.mQuoteChar);
            if (std::all_of(cell.begin(), firstQuote,
                            [](int ch) { return isspace(ch); })) {
              quoted = !quoted;
            }
          }
          cell += buffer[i];
        } else if (buffer[i] == mSeparatorParams.mSeparator) {
          if (!quoted) {
            row.push_back(Unquote(Trim(cell)));
            cell.clear();
          } else {
            cell += buffer[i];
          }
        } else if (buffer[i] == '\r') {
          if (mSeparatorParams.mQuotedLinebreaks && quoted) {
            cell += buffer[i];
          } else {
            ++cr;
          }
        } else if (buffer[i] == '\n') {
          if (mSeparatorParams.mQuotedLinebreaks && quoted) {
            cell += buffer[i];
          } else {
            ++lf;
            if (mLineReaderParams.mSkipEmptyLines && row.empty() &&
                cell.empty()) {
              // skip empty line
            } else {
              row.push_back(Unquote(Trim(cell)));

              if (mLineReaderParams.mSkipCommentLines && !row.at(0).empty() &&
                  (row.at(0)[0] == mLineReaderParams.mCommentPrefix)) {
                // skip comment line
              } else {
                mData.push_back(row);
              }

              cell.clear();
              row.clear();
              quoted = false;
            }
          }
        } else {
          cell += buffer[i];
        }
      }
      p_FileLength -= readLength;
    }

    // Handle last cell without linebreak
    if (!cell.empty()) {
      row.push_back(Unquote(Trim(cell)));
      cell.clear();
    }

    // Handle last line without linebreak
    if (!row.empty()) {
      if (mLineReaderParams.mSkipCommentLines && !row.at(0).empty() &&
          (row.at(0)[0] == mLineReaderParams.mCommentPrefix)) {
        // skip comment line
      } else {
        mData.push_back(row);
      }

      row.clear();
    }

    // Assume CR/LF if at least half the linebreaks have CR
    mSeparatorParams.mHasCR = (cr > (lf / 2));

    // Set up column labels
    UpdateColumnNames();

    // Set up row labels
    UpdateRowNames();
  }

  void WriteCsv() const {
#ifdef HAS_CODECVT
    if (mIsUtf16) {
      std::stringstream ss;
      WriteCsv(ss);
      std::string utf8 = ss.str();
      std::wstring wstr = ToWString(utf8);

      std::wofstream wstream;
      wstream.exceptions(std::wofstream::failbit | std::wofstream::badbit);
      wstream.open(mPath, std::ios::binary | std::ios::trunc);

      if (mIsLE) {
        wstream.imbue(
            std::locale(wstream.getloc(),
                        new std::codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, 0x10ffff,
                                               static_cast<std::codecvt_mode>(
                                                   std::little_endian)>));
      } else {
        wstream.imbue(std::locale(wstream.getloc(),
                                  new std::codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, 0x10ffff>));
      }

      wstream << static_cast<wchar_t>(0xfeff);
      wstream << wstr;
    } else
#endif
    {
      std::ofstream stream;
      stream.exceptions(std::ofstream::failbit | std::ofstream::badbit);
      stream.open(mPath, std::ios::binary | std::ios::trunc);
      if (mHasUtf8BOM) {
        stream.write(s_Utf8BOM.data(), 3);
      }

      WriteCsv(stream);
    }
  }

  void WriteCsv(std::ostream& pStream) const {
    for (auto itr = mData.begin(); itr != mData.end(); ++itr) {
      for (auto itc = itr->begin(); itc != itr->end(); ++itc) {
        if (mSeparatorParams.mAutoQuote &&
            ((itc->find(mSeparatorParams.mSeparator) != std::string::npos) ||
             (itc->find(' ') != std::string::npos) ||
             (itc->find('\n') != std::string::npos))) {
          // escape quotes in string
          std::string str = *itc;
          const std::string quoteCharStr =
              std::string(1, mSeparatorParams.mQuoteChar);
          ReplaceString(str, quoteCharStr, quoteCharStr + quoteCharStr);

          pStream << quoteCharStr << str << quoteCharStr;
        } else {
          pStream << *itc;
        }

        if (std::distance(itc, itr->end()) > 1) {
          pStream << mSeparatorParams.mSeparator;
        }
      }
      pStream << (mSeparatorParams.mHasCR ? "\r\n" : "\n");
    }
  }

  size_t GetDataRowCount() const { return mData.size(); }

  size_t GetDataColumnCount() const {
    const size_t firstDataRow = static_cast<size_t>(
        (mLabelParams.mColumnNameIdx >= 0) ? mLabelParams.mColumnNameIdx : 0);
    return (mData.size() > firstDataRow) ? mData.at(firstDataRow).size() : 0;
  }

  inline size_t GetDataRowIndex(const size_t pRowIdx) const {
    const size_t firstDataRow = static_cast<size_t>(
        (mLabelParams.mColumnNameIdx + 1 >= 0) ? mLabelParams.mColumnNameIdx + 1
                                               : 0);
    return pRowIdx + firstDataRow;
  }

  inline size_t GetDataColumnIndex(const size_t pColumnIdx) const {
    const size_t firstDataColumn = static_cast<size_t>(
        (mLabelParams.mRowNameIdx + 1 >= 0) ? mLabelParams.mRowNameIdx + 1 : 0);
    return pColumnIdx + firstDataColumn;
  }

  std::string Trim(const std::string& pStr) const {
    if (mSeparatorParams.mTrim) {
      std::string str = pStr;

      // ltrim
      str.erase(str.begin(), std::find_if(str.begin(), str.end(),
                                          [](int ch) { return !isspace(ch); }));

      // rtrim
      str.erase(std::find_if(str.rbegin(), str.rend(),
                             [](int ch) { return !isspace(ch); })
                    .base(),
                str.end());

      return str;
    } else {
      return pStr;
    }
  }

  std::string Unquote(const std::string& pStr) const {
    if (mSeparatorParams.mAutoQuote && (pStr.size() >= 2) &&
        (pStr.front() == mSeparatorParams.mQuoteChar) &&
        (pStr.back() == mSeparatorParams.mQuoteChar)) {
      // remove start/end quotes
      std::string str = pStr.substr(1, pStr.size() - 2);

      // unescape quotes in string
      const std::string quoteCharStr =
          std::string(1, mSeparatorParams.mQuoteChar);
      ReplaceString(str, quoteCharStr + quoteCharStr, quoteCharStr);

      return str;
    } else {
      return pStr;
    }
  }

  void UpdateColumnNames() {
    mColumnNames.clear();
    if ((mLabelParams.mColumnNameIdx >= 0) &&
        (static_cast<int>(mData.size()) > mLabelParams.mColumnNameIdx)) {
      size_t i = 0;
      for (auto& columnName :
           mData[static_cast<size_t>(mLabelParams.mColumnNameIdx)]) {
        mColumnNames[columnName] = i++;
      }
    }
  }

  void UpdateRowNames() {
    mRowNames.clear();
    if ((mLabelParams.mRowNameIdx >= 0) &&
        (static_cast<int>(mData.size()) > (mLabelParams.mColumnNameIdx + 1))) {
      size_t i = 0;
      for (auto& dataRow : mData) {
        if (static_cast<int>(dataRow.size()) > mLabelParams.mRowNameIdx) {
          mRowNames[dataRow[static_cast<size_t>(mLabelParams.mRowNameIdx)]] =
              i++;
        }
      }
    }
  }

#ifdef HAS_CODECVT
#if defined(_MSC_VER)
#pragma warning(push)
#pragma warning(disable : 4996)
#endif
  static std::string ToString(const std::wstring& pWStr) {
    return std::wstring_convert<std::codecvt_utf8<wchar_t>, wchar_t>{}.to_bytes(
        pWStr);
  }

  static std::wstring ToWString(const std::string& pStr) {
    return std::wstring_convert<std::codecvt_utf8<wchar_t>, wchar_t>{}
        .from_bytes(pStr);
  }
#if defined(_MSC_VER)
#pragma warning(pop)
#endif
#endif

  static void ReplaceString(std::string& pStr,
                            const std::string& pSearch,
                            const std::string& pReplace) {
    size_t pos = 0;

    while ((pos = pStr.find(pSearch, pos)) != std::string::npos) {
      pStr.replace(pos, pSearch.size(), pReplace);
      pos += pReplace.size();
    }
  }

 private:
  std::string mPath;
  LabelParams mLabelParams;
  SeparatorParams mSeparatorParams;
  ConverterParams mConverterParams;
  LineReaderParams mLineReaderParams;
  std::vector<std::vector<std::string>> mData;
  std::map<std::string, size_t> mColumnNames;
  std::map<std::string, size_t> mRowNames;
#ifdef HAS_CODECVT
  bool mIsUtf16 = false;
  bool mIsLE = false;
#endif
  bool mHasUtf8BOM = false;
};
}  // namespace rapidcsv