-
Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork 27
/
prior-art.html
810 lines (791 loc) · 40.7 KB
/
prior-art.html
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
---
layout: default
location: faq
---
<!--70 years of legal informatics tab-->
<div class="container-fluid top-container bottom-content" id="second-container">
<div class="row row-with-blockquote row-equal-height">
<div class="col-12 col-lg-4" style="height: 200px">
<img class="pricing-logo-docs" src="images/22- student-reading-male-african-american.svg">
</div>
<div class="col-10 offset-1 col-lg-4 offset-lg-1">
<blockquote class="text-center">
<p>There is this tremendous body of knowledge in the world of academia where extraordinary numbers of incredibly thoughtful people have taken the time to examine on a really profound level the way we live our lives and who we are and what we've been. That brilliant learning sometimes gets trapped in academia and never sees the light of day.</p>
</blockquote>
<div class="blockquote-footer">Malcolm Gladwell</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-lg-8 offset-lg-1">
<h3 class="small-centre"><b>Why Computational Law?</b></h3>
<h1 class="small-centre"><b>Part II. What solutions have people explored? </b></h1>
</div>
</div>
<div class="row">
<div class="col-lg-2 offset-lg-1 left-menu">
<p><a class="left-menu-item" href="#formalising-contracts">Formalising Contracts</a></p>
<p><a class="left-menu-item" href="#formalising-regulations">Formalising Regulations</a></p>
<p><a class="left-menu-item" href="#model-perf">Modelling Performance</a></p>
<p><a class="left-menu-item" href="#formal-verification">Formal Verification of Smart Contracts</a></p>
<p><a class="left-menu-item" href="#academia-industry">Academia-Industry Partnerships</a></p>
<p><a class="left-menu-item" href="#workshops-conferences">Workshop & Conferences</a></p>
</div>
<div class="col-lg-8" id="informatics-nav-accomp">
<h2>(at least) 70 years of legal informatics</h2>
<!--Please arrange in some sort of logical order. Right now it's in chronological order.-->
<h4>the legal informatics industry is older than most web developers today</h4>
<p>an (incomplete) history in rough chronology; <a class="a-link" href="mailto:[email protected]?subject=Suggested listings for the Legalese website&[email protected]">holler</a> if we missed something</p>
<h3 class="lower-nav-el" id="formalising-contracts">Formalising Contracts</h3>
<ul class="li-inline">
<li>The urge to formalize goes back at least as far
as <a class="a-link"
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_of_human_thought"
target="_blank">Leibniz</a>, that's the early 18th
century</li>
<li>Lee Loevinger's <a class="a-link"
href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/29762866?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents" target="_blank">
Jurimetrics -- The Next Step
Forward</a>, 1948: "<em>apparently,
it has never occurred to the
professional disciples of the
subject that the trouble with law
is not the public but the lawyers,
that what is needed is not
publicity but progress</em>"</li>
<li>Layman E. Allen in 1956, <a class="a-link"
href="http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5523&context=fss_papers" target="_blank">Symbolic
Logic: A Razor-Edged Tool for Drafting and
Interpreting Legal Documents</a></li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3Cc9AAAAIAAJ"
target="_blank">Computer Science and Law</a>,1980 where
every chapter seems to have become the underpin of at
least one legaltech startup</li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="https://stacks.stanford.edu/file/druid:ms585mf7546/ms585mf7546.pdf"
target="_blank">Some Speculation About Aritificial
Intelligence and Legal Reasoning</a> by Bruce G Buchanan
& Thomas E Headrick in 1970</li>
<li>In the 1980s, the <a class="a-link"
href="http://opim.wharton.upenn.edu/~sok/papers/s/p370-sergot.pdf"
target="_blank">British Nationality Act was encoded in
Prolog</a></li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/0256/614d1dc55962708db9b791f70a29370f1d76.pdf"
target="_blank">The Role of Common Ontology in Achieving
Sharable, Reusable Knowledge Bases</a> by Thomas R Gruber in 1991</li>
<li>The <a class="a-link"
href="https://link.springer.com/journal/10506"
target="_blank">Artificial Intelligence and Law
Journal</a> was founded in 1992</li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF00118479?LI=true"
target="_blank">Isomorphism and legal knowledge based systems</a> by TJM Bench-Capon & F P Coenen in 1992</li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attempto_Controlled_English"
target="_blank">Attempto Controlled English</a> is an
example of a formal/natural hybrid language which could be
a compiler target, and has been under development since
1995</li>
<li>
<a class="a-link" href="http://executable-english.com/" target="_blank">Executable English</a>
</li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="http://www.fon.hum.uva.nl/rob/Courses/InformationInSpeech/CDROM/Literature/LOTwinterschool2006/szabo.best.vwh.net/idea.html"
target="_blank">Nick Szabo, Smart Contracts</a>, 1997</li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="http://arxiv.org/pdf/cs/0106005.pdf"
target="_blank">The Representation of Legal Contracts</a>
by Daskalopulu & Sergot, 1997</li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="https://www.lexifi.com/files/resources/MLFiPaper.pdf"
target="_blank">Composing Contracts: An Adventure in
Financial Engineering</a>, 2000 by Simon Peyton Jones,
Jean Marc-Eber, and Julian Seward</li>
<li>Nick Szabo on <a class="a-link"
href="http://nakamotoinstitute.org/contract-language/"
target="_blank">A Formal Language for Analysing
Contracts</a>, a preliminary draft from 2002</li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantics_of_Business_Vocabulary_and_Business_Rules"
target="_blank">Semantics of Business Vocabulary and
Business Rules</a> is a hybrid formal/natural language for
business operation and compliance which could also be a
compiler target; the RFP was issued in 2003, and v.1.0 of
the formal specification was released in 2008</li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="http://iang.org/papers/ricardian_contract.html"
target="_blank">The Ricardian Contract</a>, 2004 relates
legal language with executable code via
parameterization</li>
<li>The <a class="a-link"
href="http://wiki.ruleml.org/index.php/RuleML_Home"
target="_blank">RuleML Initiative</a> has been
collaborating with OASIS on Legal XML, Policy RuleML,
LegalRuleML, and related efforts since 2004;
see <a class="a-link"
href="https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/ebca/1f32ac887a975b60552920b9b1be619a87a2.pdf"
target="_blank">Modelling Contracts Using RuleML</a></li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="https://www.lexifi.com/files/resources/TimeTravel.pdf"
target="_blank">Structured Products and Time Travel</a>,
2004 reviews potential solutions for overcoming the
challenges of valuing structured products on past,
present, and future dates</li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="https://spiral.imperial.ac.uk/bitstream/10044/1/529/1/Using%20the%20event%20calculus.pdf"
target="_blank">Using the Event Calculus for Tracking the
Normative State of Contracts</a>by Andrew D. H. Farrell,
Mark J. Sergot, Mathias Sallé, Claudio Bartolini,
2005</li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="https://www.lexifi.com/files/resources/MLFiWhitePaper.pdf"
target="_blank">Structuring, Pricing, and Processing
Complex Financial Products with MLFi</a>, 2005 described
MLFi concepts and appliactions</li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="http://rbsla.ruleml.org/docs/37910209.pdf"
target="_blank">ContractLog</a>: An Approach to Rule Based
Monitoring and Execution of Service Level Agreements by
Adrian Paschke, Martin Bichler, and Jens Dietrich,
2005</li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="http://richard.myweb.cs.uwindsor.ca/PUBLICATIONS/NLI_LFP_SURVEY_DRAFT.pdf"
target="_blank">Realization of Natural Language Interfaces
Using Lazy Functional Programming</a> by RA Frost,
2006</li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="http://www.cse.chalmers.se/~gersch/slides-talks/slides-CL-ModelChecking.pdf"
target="_blank">Towards a Formal Language for Electronic
Contracts</a>, 2007 describes CL</li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="http://www.cse.chalmers.se/~gersch/icail09.pdf"
target="_blank">Abstract Specification of Legal
Contracts</a>, Prisacariu & Schneider, 2009</li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="http://folk.uio.no/gerardo/ifm2009.pdf"
target="_blank">Challenges in the Specification of Full
Contracts </a>, GJ Pace and G Schneider, 2009</li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="http://www.nap.edu/catalog/12841.html"
target="_blank">Need for a Common Language for All
Securities and Financial Contracts</a>, 2010 by the
National Research Council</li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1109.2658" target="_blank">A
Software Tool for Legal Drafting</a> by Daniel Gorin,
Sergio Mera, and Fernando Schapachnik, 2011</li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-24690-6_2"
target="_blank">Formal Methods as a Link between Software
Code and Legal Rules</a> by Daniel Le Métaye, 2011</li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=0BxOaYa8pqqSwbl9GMWtwVU5HSFU"
target="_blank">Contract Formalisation and Modular
Implementation of Domain-Specific Languages</a>, Tom
Hvitved's 2012 PhD Thesis (the first chapter offers a
comprehensive survey of prior art in contract
formalisation)</li>
<li>Harry Surden on <a class="a-link"
href="http://lawreview.law.ucdavis.edu/issues/46/2/Articles/46-2_Surden.pdf"
target="_blank">Computable Contracts</a>, 2012</li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="http://www.bis.org/review/r120315g.pdf"
target="_blank">Towards a common financial language</a>,
2012 speech by Andrew Haldane, Executive Director
(Financial Stability) of the Bank of England, at the
SIFMA <em>Building a Global Legal Entity Identifier
Framework Symposium</em></li>
<li>Abubkr Abdelsadiq at Newcastle published
a <a class="a-link"
href="http://hdl.handle.net/10443/1814"
target="_blank">toolkit for model checking contracts</a>
using SPIN / Promela rather than Uppaal, 2013</li>
<li>Examine the tweets of <a class="a-link"
href="https://twitter.com/richardsusskind"
target="_blank">Richard Susskind</a>, author
of <a class="a-link"
href="http://www.amazon.com/Tomorrows-Lawyers-Introduction-Your-Future/dp/019966806X/"
target="_blank">Tomorrow's Lawyers</a>, 2013</li>
<li>The <a class="a-link"
href="http://remu.grammaticalframework.org/"
target="_blank">REMU project</a> has supported research at
the Department of Computer Science at Chalmers University
of Technology and the University of Gothenburg, 2013 –
2017; <a class="a-link"
href="http://remu.grammaticalframework.org/contracts/"
target="_blank">multiple tools on contract
analysis</a>have developed therefrom</li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-319-07443-6_18"
target="_blank">These Are Your Rights</a>: A Natural
Language Processing Approach to Automated RDF Licenses
Generation by E Cabrio, 2014</li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1417/paper8.pdf"
target="_blank">Automated Decision Support</a> for
Financial Regulatory/Policy Compliance, using Textual
Rulelog, by Benjamin Grosof, Janine Bloomfield, Paul
Fodor, Michael Kifer, Issac Grosof, Miguel Calejo, and
Terrance Swift, 2014</li>
<li>Stanford University's <a class="a-link"
href="http://compk.stanford.edu/"
target="_blank">Computable Contracts Initiative</a>
started in 2015</li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="http://lexpert.com/en/documents/Haapio-Next_Generation_Contracts.pdf"
target="_blank">Next Generation Contracts</a> by Helena
Haapio, 2015</li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2538224"
target="_blank">Contracts as Automaton</a>: The
Computational Representation of Financial Agreements,
Floyd & Goodenough (first published 2015 then revised
in 2017)</li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/2077/40725/1/gupea_2077_40725_1.pdf"
target="_blank">Analysing Normative Contracts</a>
by <a class="a-link"
href="http://www.cse.chalmers.se/~cajohn/academic.html"
target="_blank">John J. Camilleri</a>, 2015</li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="http://arxiv.org/abs/1608.00771"
target="_blank">Smart Contract Templates</a> by
Christopher D. Clack, Vikram A. Bakshi, and Lee Braine,
2016</li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="https://www.law.ox.ac.uk/business-law-blog/blog/2016/07/smart-contracts-bridging-gap-between-expectation-and-reality"
target="_blank">Bridging the gap between expectation and
reality</a> compares smart vs traditional contracts, by
Cheng Lim, TJ Saw, and Calum Sargeant, 2016</li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="http://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783319195742"
target="_blank">Logic in the Theory and Practice of
Lawmaking</a> set out the (then) current state of the art
regarding the application of logical tools to the problems
of theory and practice of lawmaking, 2016</li>
<li><a class="a-link" href="http://www.omg.org/spec/DMN/"
target="_blank">DMN: Decision Model and Notation
Specification</a>, v1.1 was published in June
2016; <a class="a-link"
href="https://docs.camunda.org/manual/7.4/reference/dmn11/feel/"
target="_blank">FEEL: Friendly Enough Expression
Language</a> is based on DMN specification conformance
level 3 and written using PEG.js-Javascript Parser
Generator</li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="https://medium.com/@ConsenSys/what-if-we-developed-legal-contracts-like-we-developed-software-applications-1b5bc8fbb915#.uoiiqx9ku"
target="_blank">Joe Dewey's essay</a> on <a class="a-link"
href="http://contractcode.io//"
target="_blank">ContractCode</a>, 2016</li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="http://www.ai.rug.nl/~verheij/AI4J/papers/AI4J_paper_9_agarwal.pdf"
target="_blank">Toward Machine-Understandable
Contracts</a>, 2016 by Sudhir Agarwal, Kevin Xu, and John
Moghtader at Stanford, defines CDL, Contract Definition
Language (implemented in Prolog), part of work at the
Stanford <a class="a-link"
href="http://compk.stanford.edu/"
target="_blank">Computable Contracts initiative</a></li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="https://medium.com/@PaxDirectory/codex-a-legal-scripting-language-e3723cc76662#.neyprdp7o"
target="_blank">Codex</a> by Pax is a scripting language
for Ethereum, 2016; <a class="a-link"
href="http://bitlegal.io/2016/03/03/codex-a-new-smart-contracts-language/"
target="_blank">in concert with Pax Directory</a></li>
<li>UCL's Centre for Blockchain Technologies had a
2016 <a class="a-link"
href="http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/barclays-smart-contract-templates-heralds-first-ever-public-demo-r3s-corda-platform-1555329">
public demo of the R3 Corda "fabric"</a> for shared
banking ledgers and new programming language,
(<a class="a-link" href="http://clacklang.org/"
target="_blank">CLACK</a>), which may
inform <a class="a-link"
href="http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/r3-extends-collaboration-smart-contract-templates-summit-1570121"
target="_blank">R3's work</a> (see <a class="a-link"
href="static1.squarespace.com/static/55f73743e4b051cfcc0b02cf/t/5784f5dbebbd1aba2d3e400e/1468331499513/R3+Smart+Contract+Templates+Summit+_FINAL.pdf"
target="_blank">slides</a>)</li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7774648/"
target="_blank">A Domain-Specific Language for Normative
Texts with Timing Constraints</a> by R Gulliksson,
2016</li>
<li>Stephen Wolfram's blogpost in October 2016
about <a class="a-link"
href="http://blog.stephenwolfram.com/2016/10/computational-law-symbolic-discourse-and-the-ai-constitution/" target="_blank">Computational
Law, Symbolic Discourse and the AI Constitution</a></li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/10/10/497355524/nobel-prize-in-economics-given-to-oliver-hart-and-bengt-holmstr-m"
target="_blank">2016 Nobel Prize in Economics</a> awarded
to Oliver Hart and Bengt Holmström for their work in
Contract Theory; in particular, Hart developed foundations
for the theory of incomplete contracts and explored the
impossibility of writing contracts that
anticipate every potential relevant contingency</li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311651290_Reasoning_about_Partial_Contracts"
target="_blank">Reasoning about Partial Contracts</a> by
Shaun Azzopardi, Gordon J. Pace, and Albert Gatt,
2016</li>
<li><a class="a-link" href="https://gup.ub.gu.se/publication/257491"
target="_blank">Contracts and Computation</a> — Formal modelling & analysis for normative natural language by John J. Camilleri, 2017</li>
<li>Kowalski & Sadri's <a class="a-link"
href="http://lps.doc.ic.ac.uk/"
target="_blank">Logic Production Systems</a> relates two dual models of computation: backward-chaining logic programming, and forward-chaining imperative programming. It is being commercialized in the form of
<a class="a-link"
href="http://logicalcontracts.com"
target="_blank">Logical Contracts</a>, 2018</li>
</ul>
<ul class="li-inline">
<li><b>See also</b>: <a class="a-link"
href="http://www.cse.chalmers.se/~gersch/my-publications.html"
target="_blank">Many other publications by Gerardo
Schneider</a> in association with the <a class="a-link"
href="http://cosodis.project.ifi.uio.no/"
target="_blank">COSoDIS</a> project using CL
for <a class="a-link"
href="http://www.cs.um.edu.mt/svrg/Tools/CLTool/Papers/ictac2009.pdf"
target="_blank">automatic conflict detection</a></li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="https://www.gr3c.com/"
target="_blank">GR3C</a></li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="https://www.w3.org/community/odrl/"
target="_blank">ORDL</a></li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="https://www.oasis-open.org/committees/tc_home.php?wg_abbrev=legalruleml"
target="_blank">LegalRuleML</a> is an OASIS Technical
Committee</li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="https://www.w3.org/2016/poe/wiki/Main_Page"
target="_blank">W3C POE WG</a></li>
<li>Here's a <a class="a-link"
href="http://www.dslfin.org/resources.html"
target="_blank">list of financial DSLs</a></li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="https://iptc.org/standards/rightsml/"
target="_blank">RightsML</a></li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="http://www.estrellaproject.org/" target="_blank">The
Estrella Project</a> attempted to <em>"develop and
validate an open, standards-based platform allowing public
administrations to develop and deploy comprehensive legal
knowledge management solutions"</em>; <a class="a-link"
href="https://github.com/RinkeHoekstra/lkif-core"
target="_blank">LKIF</a>, an OWL, came out of it</li>
<li><a class="a-link" href="http://www.actusfrf.org"
target="_blank">Algorithmic Contract Types Unified
Standards (ACTUS)</a> breaks down financial instruments
into a manageable number of cash flow patterns: so-called
Contract Types</li>
<li><a class="a-link" href="http://commonform.org"
target="_blank">CommonForm</a></li>
<li><a class="a-link" href="http://www.commonaccord.org/"
target="_blank">CommonAccord</a> has
some <a class="a-link"
href="https://docs.google.com/document/d/1jm9t61JnqLqsV50cD9Mzwyu8cXWRmVFaI2XK-UaFggk/pub"
target="_blank">early thinking</a> online</li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="http://www.governatori.net/research/pubs/defeasible.html"
target="_blank">Guido Governatori</a> has published
extensively on defeasible logic</li>
<li>There is a W3C Working Group on <a class="a-link"
href="https://www.w3.org/2016/poe/wiki/Main_Page"
target="_blank">Permissions and Obligations Expression</a>
which has published an <a class="a-link"
href="https://www.w3.org/TR/vocab-odrl/"
target="_blank">ODRL Vocabulary and Expression</a> draft
standard; this is close to <a class="a-link"
href="http://wiki.ruleml.org/index.php/RuleML_Home"
target="_blank">RuleML</a> and <a class="a-link"
href="https://www.oasis-open.org/committees/tc_home.php?wg_abbrev=legalruleml"
target="_blank">LegalRuleML</a></li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="https://twitter.com/StanfordLaw/lists/abafutures"
target="_blank">ABA Futures</a> and <a class="a-link"
href="http://www.abajournal.com/legalrebels/article/welcome_to_the_future_a_travel_guide_to_tomorrows_lawyer_careers"
target="_blank">ABA Journal</a></li>
<li><a class="a-link" href="https://vcl.gforge.uni.lu/" target="_blank">VCL</a> is a Visual Contract Language</li>
</ul>
<h3 class="lower-nav-el"
id="formalising-regulations">Formalising Regulations</h3>
<p>As the richly interpretable saying goes,
"<a class="a-link"
href="http://courses.csail.mit.edu/iap/lawiscode/"
target="_blank">Law is Code</a>" and,
conversely, <a class="a-link"
href="http://harvardmagazine.com/2000/01/code-is-law-html"
target="_blank">Code is Law</a> (Lessig, 2000). Legislative
and regulatory constraints may be modeled using a
declarative language. Contracts and execution relations may
be <a class="a-link"
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_programming"
target="_blank">automatically produced</a> as satisfactions
of constraints. The<a class="a-link"
href="https://www.oracle.com/applications/oracle-policy-automation/index.html"
target="_blank">Oracle Policy Automation</a>is a commercial
example of it; though <a class="a-link"
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Malamud"
target="_blank">Carl Malamud</a> and <a class="a-link"
href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/tombruce/"
target="_blank">Thomas Bruce</a> might argue that this
should be done in an open way.</p>
<ul class="li-inline">
<li>In 1986, Martin Sergot, F Sadri, R A Kowalski, F
Kriwaczek, P Hammond, and H T Cory
explored <a class="a-link"
href="http://opim.wharton.upenn.edu/~sok/papers/s/p370-sergot.pdf"
target="_blank">The British Nationality Act as a Logic
Program</a></li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="http://wyner.info/research/Papers/2012/WynerOnBench-CaponEtAl1987.pdf"
target="_blank">Logic Programming for Large Scale
Applications in Law</a> by George Robinson, Tom Routen,
and Marek Sergot (Adam Wyner), 1987</li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="https://www.doc.ic.ac.uk/~rak/papers/negation%20legislation.pdf"
target="_blank">The Treatment of Negation in Logic
Programs for Representing Legislation</a> by Imperial
College's Robert Kowalski in 1989</li>
<li>Since 1988, the Foundation for Legal Knowledge Based
Systems (<a class="a-link" href="http://jurix.nl/"
target="_blank">JURIX</a>) has held annual conferences on
legal knowledge and information systems; and since 2007,
the<a class="a-link"
href="http://www.kl.i.is.nagoya-u.ac.jp/jurisin2016/"
target="_blank">JURISIN</a> workshop runs alongside</li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/1704048/?reload=true"
target="_blank">Towards Regulatory Compliance: Extracting
Rights and Obligations to Align Requirements with
Regulations</a>, 2006 Travis D Breaux, Matthew W Vail,
Annie I Anton </li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/workshops/W23.pdf"
target="_blank">LREC2010 Workshop Proceedings</a> in
2010</li>
<li><a class="a-link" href="https://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com.sg/&httpsredir=1&article=1075&context=clsops_papers"
target="_blank">Digitising the World's Laws</a>,
Claire M. Germain, 2010</li>
<li><a class="a-link" href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.461.4022&rep=rep1&type=pdf"
target="_blank">On Rule Extraction from Regulations</a> by
AZ Wyner abd W Peters, 2011</li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="http://www.let.rug.nl/basile/papers/WynerEtAlCCBoxerJURIX2012.pdf"
target="_blank">An Empirical Approach to the Semantic
Representation of Laws</a> by A Wyner, J Bos, V Basile,
and P Quaresma, 2012</li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=efr9VctcMe8"
target="_blank">New Breakthroughs in Computational
Law</a>, 2013</li>
<li><a class="a-link" href="http://www.cocounsel.co/"
target="_blank">CO/COUNSEL</a> has been involved in
mapping regulatory scapes since 2015</li>
<li>Xcential’s <a class="a-link"
href="http://xcential.com/legispro/"
target="_blank">LegisPro</a> helps legislators get their
words out in XML</li>
<li>FutureLaw 2013: <a class="a-link"
href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KBI8_tv2VDM&list=PL48E61C121CAD0E1B&index=46"
target="_blank">Computational Law and Contracts</a></li>
<li>FutureLaw 2014: <a class="a-link"
href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XQgqFr6JuTE"
target="_blank">Forging an Open Legal Document
Ecosystem</a></li>
<li><a class="a-link" href="https://github.com/WAlschner/Semantic-Analysis-Regulations" target="_blank">Semantic Analysis Regulations, 2018</a> investigating legal characteristics of Canadian federal regulations</li>
<li>The <a class="a-link"
href="https://github.com/mpoulshock/HammurabiProject"
target="_blank">Hammurabi Project</a> hosts its DSL in
Wolfram Language (Mathematica); an <a class="a-link"
href="https://github.com/mpoulshock/hammurabi"
target="_blank">earlier version</a> developed a DSL called
Akkadian</li>
<li>You've heard of <a class="a-link"
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XBRL"
target="_blank">XBRL</a>, now the SEC
wants <a class="a-link"
href="http://lambda-the-ultimate.org/node/3922"
target="_blank">Python</a>; see also <a class="a-link"
href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FpML"
target="_blank">FpML</a></li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="https://www.coindesk.com/press-releases/bisnode-coinfirm-take-compliance-business-intelligence-next-level-blockchain/"
target="_blank">Coninfirm & Bisnode are working
on compliance on the blockchain</a></li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="https://www.coindesk.com/ibm-bluemix-garage-kyck-singapore-blockchain/"
target="_blank">IBM's Bluemix Garage announces blockchain
project for KYC compliance</a></li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="http://publicaciones.dc.uba.ar/Publications/2011/GMS11/gms_flacos-2011-tr.pdf"
target="_blank">FormaLex</a> published about formalising
the Argentinean Customer Protection Act in 2017</li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="https://www.coindesk.com/ubs-launch-live-ethereum-platform-barclays-credit-suisse/"
target="_blank">UBS to launch live Ethereum compliance
platform</a></li>
</ul>
<h3 class="lower-nav-el" id="model-perf">Modelling
Performance</h3>
<ul class="li-inline">
<li><a class="a-link"
href="https://pure.uvt.nl/portal/files/10567176/Aangepast_proefschrift_Xu_definitief.pdf"
target="_blank">Monitoring multi-party contracts for
e-business</a> by Lai Xu, 2004</li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="https://www.computer.org/csdl/proceedings/hicss/2007/2755/00/27550063b.pdf"
target="_blank">Formal Specification of Web Service
Contracts for Automated Contracting and Monitoring</a> by
Steffen Lamparter, Stefan Luckner, Sybille Mutschler,
2007</li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="http://homepages.cs.ncl.ac.uk/carlos.molina/home.formal/IoannisSfyrakisDissertation2012.pdf"
target="_blank">A Contract Compliance Checker</a> by
Ioannis Sfyrakis shows an Event-Condition-Action language
called EROP, 2012</li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="https://erisindustries.com/components/erislegal/"
target="_blank">Eris:legal</a> brings compatibility with
smart contracts</li>
</ul>
<h3 class="lower-nav-el" id="formal-verification">Formal
Verification of Smart Contracts</h3>
<p>Formal methods and languages like <a class="a-link"
href="http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2841316"
target="_blank">Agda</a>, <a class="a-link"
href="http://cufp.org/2014/t5-edwin-brady-idris-practical-software-verification-with-Dependent-types.html"
target="_blank">Idris</a>, <a class="a-link"
href="http://why3.lri.fr/" target="_blank">Why3</a>,
and <a class="a-link" href="https://coq.inria.fr/"
target="_blank">CoQ</a>, not to mention specification
languages like <a class="a-link"
href="http://formalmethods.wikia.com/wiki/Z_notation"
target="_blank">Z</a>, hold much promise. On the spectrum of
software reliability, smart contracts ought to live
near-mission-critical or life-critical software –
cryptosystems, human-crewed spacecraft, hospital
equipment. Today, they’re closer to enterprise
web-apps.
<br>
See <a class="a-link" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2017/09/saving-the-world-from-code/540393/" target="_blank">The Atlantic</a>on why formal verification is important.
</p>
<ul class="li-inline">
<li><b>The need for formal systems appears to be dawning
on</b> <a class="a-link"
href="https://www.reddit.com/r/ethereum/"
target="_blank">r/ethereum</a>:
<a class="a-link"
href="https://www.reddit.com/r/ethereum/comments/4oimok/can_we_please_never_again_put_100m_in_a_contract/"
target="_blank">Can we please never again put 100m in a
contract without formal correctness proofs?</a></li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="https://www.reddit.com/r/ethereum/comments/4opjov/the_bug_which_the_dao_hacker_exploited_was_not/"
target="_blank">The bug which the “DAO hacker” exploited
was not “merely in the DAO itself”</a></li>
<li>Ethereum’s Solidity is also <a class="a-link"
href="https://gist.github.com/chriseth/c4a53f201cd17fc3dd5f8ddea2aa3ff9"
target="_blank">experimenting with formal
verification</a></li>
<li>See this <a class="a-link"
href="https://github.com/pirapira/awesome-ethereum-virtual-machine#programming-languages-that-compile-into-evm"
target="_blank">list of languages which compile into the
EVM</a></li>
</ul>
<ul class="li-inline">
<li><b>Languages: </b><a class="a-link"
href="http://www.diku.dk/hjemmesider/ansatte/hvitved/publications/hvitved10flacosb.pdf"
target="_blank">A Survey of Formal Languages for
Contracts</a> from FLACOS 2010</li>
<li><a class="a-link" href="http://hub.digitalasset.com/blog/introducing-the-digital-asset-modeling-language-a-powerful-alternative-to-smart-contracts-for-financial-institutions"
target="_blank">Digital Assest Modelling Language</a></li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="http://www.coindesk.com/chain-ivy-blockchain-smart-contract-language/"
target="_blank">Ivy Smart Contract Language</a></li>
</ul>
<ul class="li-inline">
<li><b>Papers include:</b>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/nswamy/papers/solidether.pdf"
target="_blank">Formal Verification of Smart
Contracts</a></li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="http://hiperfit.dk/pdf/icfp15-contracts-final.pdf"
target="_blank">Certified Symbolic Management of Financial
Multi-party Contracts</a> by Patrick Bahr, Jost Berthold,
and Martin Elsman, 2015</li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="http://www.diku.dk/~simonsen/papers/c2.pdf"
target="_blank">Compositional Specification of Commercial
Contracts</a></li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="http://publications.lib.chalmers.se/records/fulltext/234939/234939.pdf"
target="_blank">Safer smart contracts through type-driven
development</a> by Jack Pettersson and Robert Edström,
2016</li>
<li><a class="a-link" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303679677_Evaluation_of_Logic-Based_Smart_Contracts_for_Blockchain_Systems"
target="_blank">Evaluation of Logic-Based Smart Contracts
for Blockchain Systems</a></li>
<li>A <a class="a-link"
href="http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2993611"
target="_blank">Short Paper</a> on the formal verification
of Smart Contracts, 2016</li>
<li>A <a class="a-link"
href="https://www.computer.org/csdl/mags/co/2017/09/mco2017090050-abs.html">Research
Agenda</a> in the Validation and Verification of Smart
Contracts by Daniele Magazzeni, Peter McBurney, William
Nash, 2017</li>
</ul>
<ul class="li-inline">
<li><b>Startups include: </b><a class="a-link"
href="http://www.adjoint.io/"
target="_blank">Adjoint</a></li>
<li><a class="a-link" href="http://kadena.io/pact/"
target="_blank">Kadena, with PACT</a></li>
<li><a class="a-link" href="https://www.tezos.com/"
target="_blank">Tezos</a></li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="https://www.cardanohub.org/en/home/"
target="_blank">Cardano</a></li>
</ul>
<h3 class="lower-nav-el"
id="academia-industry">Academia-Industry Partnerships</h3>
<ul class="li-inline">
<li>Harvard University's <a class="a-link"
href="https://cyber.harvard.edu/" target="_blank">Berkman
Kein Centre for Internet & Society</a></li>
<li><a class="a-link" href="http://www.plainsite.org/"
target="_blank">PlainSite</a></li>
<li><a class="a-link" href="http://law.mit.edu/"
target="_blank">Law.MIT.edu</a> takes a social-science
approach to examining law: see <a class="a-link"
href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G2_1I9aUwgs"
target="_blank">Dazza's video</a></li>
<li>Stanford University's <a class="a-link"
href="http://complaw.stanford.edu/"
target="_blank">Computational Law</a></li>
<li>Stanford University's <a class="a-link"
href="http://codex.stanford.edu/projects/"
target="_blank">CodeX Center for Legal Informatics</a>
produces <a class="a-link"
href="http://www.legalproductivity.com/technology/codex-legal-tech-startups/"
target="_blank">a crop of startups every year</a></li>
<li>Stanford University's <a class="a-link"
href="http://www.effacts.com/blog/the-stanford-computable-contracts-initiative"
target="_blank">Computable Contracts Initiative</a></li>
<li>the <a class="a-link"
href="https://legalinformatics.wordpress.com/legal-informatics-research-network-google-group/"
target="_blank">Legal Informatics Research
Network</a></li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="https://www.santafe.edu/news-center/news/lawos-regulations-societys-operating-system"
target="_blank">Law OS</a>, a research program on
complexity and the law at the Santa Fe Institute</li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="http://www.thelawlab.com/new-page"
target="_blank">The Law Lab</a> is an interdisciplinary
teaching and research centre set up by Illinois Tech and
the Chicago-Kent College of law, and focused on legal
innovation technology</li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="https://www.lexifi.com/product/technology/contract-description-language"
target="_blank">Lexifi's MLFi was one of the earliest
commercializations of financial contract
formalisation</a></li>
<li><a class="a-link" href="http://www.commonaccord.org/"
target="_blank">CommonAccord</a></li>
<li>University of San Diego's <a class="a-link"
href="https://www.sandiego.edu/law/centers/ccml/"
target="_blank">Centre for Computation, Mathematics, and
the Law</a></li>
<li>The <a class="a-link"
href="https://www.accordproject.org/about_us.html"
target="_blank">Accord Project</a> which was created by
legal tech startup <a class="a-link"
href="https://clause.io/" target="_blank">Clause</a> and
collaborates with the International Association for
Contract Management, <a class="a-link"
href="https://www.hyperledger.org/about"
target="_blank">Hyperledger</a>, Clio, etc.</li>
<li>University of Swansea has a <a class="a-link"
href="http://www.swansea.ac.uk/law/ciel/"
target="_blank">Centre for Innovation and Entrepreneurship
in Law</a></li>
<li>University of Oslo has the <a class="a-link"
href="https://www.jus.uio.no/ifp/english/about/organization/nrccl/"
target="_blank">Norwegian Research Center for Computers and Law</a></li>
<li>Osgoode Hall Law School at Toronto's York University
is <a class="a-link"
href="https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/d7b8my/law-school-automation-ai-lawyers-york-university/"
target="_blank">preparing its students to compete against
AI</a></li>
</ul>
<h3 class="lower-nav-el"
id="workshops-conferences">Workshops & Conferences</h3>
<ul class="li-inline">
<li>The biennial <a class="a-link"
href="http://www.iaail.org/?q=page/past-icails"
target="_blank">International Conferences on AI & Law
(ICAIL)</a> started in 1987</li>
<li>Since 1988, the Foundation for Legal Knowledge Based
Systems (JURIX) has held annual conferences on legal
knowledge and information systems <a class="a-link"
href="http://jurix.nl/" target="_blank">JURIX</a>; and
since 2007, the <a class="a-link"
href="http://www.kl.i.is.nagoya-u.ac.jp/jurisin2016/"
target="_blank">JURISIN</a> workshop runs alongside</li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2010/workshops/W23.pdf"
target="_blank">LREC2010 Workshop Proceedings</a> in
2010</li>
<li>The Stanford Centre for Legal Informatics has been
running the<a class="a-link"
href="https://law.stanford.edu/codex-the-stanford-center-for-legal-informatics/future-law-conferences/"
target="_blank">CodeX FutureLaw Conference</a> since
2013</li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="http://www.ai.rug.nl/~verheij/AI4J/"
target="_blank">AI4J (Artificial Intelligence for
Justice), 2016</a></li>
<li>The <a class="a-link"
href="http://media.hacking.law/category/conference/" target="_blank">Hacking.Law</a>
series of conferences</li>
<li>2017 saw the inaugural <a class="a-link"
href="https://www.legalgeek.co/conference/"
target="_blank">Legal Geek Conference</a>in London</li>
<li><a class="a-link" href="http://mitlegalforum.org/"
target="_blank">MIT Legal Forum</a></li>
<li>Singapore and its inaugural <a class="a-link"
href="https://techlawfest.com/"
target="_blank">TechLaw.Fest</a>
in 2018</li></ul>
<ul class="li-inline">
<li><b>Some are more lawfirm-driven than others:</b></li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="http://iltacon.org/about/overview"
target="_blank">ILTACON</a></li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="http://www.techshow.com/" target="_blank">ABA
TechShow</a></li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="http://cliocloudconference.com/speakers/" target="_blank">Clio Cloud Conference</a></li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="http://lawyernomics.avvo.com/conference.html" target="_blank">Lawyernomics</a></li>
<li>the Law Society of Scotland's <a class="a-link"
href="https://www.eiseverywhere.com/ehome/lawandtechnology2017/home/" target="_blank">Law and technology conference</a></li>
<li><a class="a-link"
href="http://www.legalweekshow.com/" target="_blank">LegalWeek in the US</a> </li>
</ul>
<br>
<br>
<div class="row text-justify row-with-blockquote">
<div class="col-10 offset-1 col-lg-6 offset-lg-3">
<blockquote class="text-center">
<p>Well, all information looks like noise until you break the code</p>
</blockquote>
<div class="blockquote-footer">says Hiro Protagonist, the hero protagonist in <cite>Snow Crash</cite><br><p>Neal Stephenson, 1992</p></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>