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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="zxx">
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>Gaurav Kansal Blog</title>
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<h1 class="mb-0" style="font-family: hanskendrick">Welcome</h1>
<h2 class="title-border-lg blog-heading-h2" style="font-family: hanskendrick">to <i>Gaurav Kansal
blog</i></h2>
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<p class="me-5">Gaurav Kansal is a Joint Director (IT) at the National Informatics Centre, a position he has held since 2010.</p>
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<ul class="list-inline d-inline-block mb-5">
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<div class="page" id="pagingBox">
<div class="mb-60 TLSCatArtical">
<article class="article-full-width">
<div class="post-image">
<img class="img-fluid" src="images/ssl.jpg" alt="post-thumb">
</div>
<div class="post-content">
<ul
class="list-inline d-flex justify-content-between border-bottom post-meta pb-2 mb-4">
<li class="list-inline-item"><i class="ti-calendar me-2 fw-bold"></i> Aug 13,
2024 | TLS</li>
<li class="list-inline-item"><i class="ti-alarm-clock me-2 fw-bold"></i><span
class="eta"></span>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 class="mb-4"><a href="2024/08/tlsTimeLine.html "
class="text-dark">TLS Timeline</a></h4>
<!-- <p class="mb-0 post-summary">DS (Delegation Signer) is calculated using the ... </p> -->
<a class="btn btn-transparent"
href="/2024/08/tlsTimeLine.html">Continue...</a>
</div>
</article>
</div>
<div class="mb-60 TLSCatArtical">
<article class="article-full-width">
<div class="post-image">
<img class="img-fluid" src="images/caError.jpg" alt="post-thumb">
</div>
<div class="post-content">
<ul
class="list-inline d-flex justify-content-between border-bottom post-meta pb-2 mb-4">
<li class="list-inline-item"><i class="ti-calendar me-2 fw-bold"></i> Aug 13,
2024 | TLS</li>
<li class="list-inline-item"><i class="ti-alarm-clock me-2 fw-bold"></i><span
class="eta"></span>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 class="mb-4"><a href="/2024/08/epicCAFails.html"
class="text-dark">EPIC CA Fails</a></h4>
<!-- <p class="mb-0 post-summary">DS (Delegation Signer) is calculated using the ... </p> -->
<a class="btn btn-transparent"
href="/2024/08/epicCAFails.html">Continue...</a>
</div>
</article>
</div>
<div class="mb-60 dnsCatArtical">
<article class="article-full-width">
<div class="post-image">
<img class="img-fluid" src="images/masonary-post/dnskey.jpg" alt="post-thumb">
</div>
<div class="post-content">
<ul
class="list-inline d-flex justify-content-between border-bottom post-meta pb-2 mb-4">
<li class="list-inline-item"><i class="ti-calendar me-2 fw-bold"></i> Feb 13,
2024 | DNS</li>
<li class="list-inline-item"><i class="ti-alarm-clock me-2 fw-bold"></i><span
class="eta"></span>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 class="mb-4"><a href="/2024/02/Calculating-DS-record-from-DNSKEY.html"
class="text-dark">Calculating DS record from DNSKEY</a></h4>
<p class="mb-0 post-summary">DS (Delegation Signer) is calculated using the ... </p>
<a class="btn btn-transparent"
href="/2024/02/Calculating-DS-record-from-DNSKEY.html">Continue...</a>
</div>
</article>
</div>
<div class="mb-60 apnicCatArtical">
<article class="article-full-width">
<div class="post-image">
<img class="img-fluid" src="images/masonary-post/apnic55.png" alt="post-thumb">
</div>
<div class="post-content">
<ul
class="list-inline d-flex justify-content-between border-bottom post-meta pb-2 mb-4">
<li class="list-inline-item"><i class="ti-calendar me-2 fw-bold"></i> May 06,
2023 | APNIC</li>
<li class="list-inline-item"><i class="ti-alarm-clock me-2 fw-bold"></i><span
class="eta"></span>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 class="mb-4"><a href="/2023/05/Summary-report-of-APNIC.html"
class="text-dark">Summary report of APNIC 55
(APRICOT
2023) Meeting held in Manila, Philippines</a></h4>
<p class="mb-0 post-summary"> APNIC Logo The APNIC 55 meeting was held in Manila,
Philippines from
20th Feb to 02nd March 2023. The meeting was hosted by PhNOG, The Philippine
Network Operators Group
(PhNOG) and supported by DOST- Advanced Science and Technology Institute. Every
year, APNIC ... </p>
<a class="btn btn-transparent"
href="/2023/05/Summary-report-of-APNIC.html">Continue...</a>
</div>
</article>
</div>
<div class="mb-60 apnicCatArtical wifiCatArtical">
<article class="article-full-width">
<div class="post-image">
<img class="img-fluid" src="images/masonary-post/thank-you.jpg" alt="post-thumb">
</div>
<div class="post-content">
<ul
class="list-inline d-flex justify-content-between border-bottom post-meta pb-2 mb-4">
<li class="list-inline-item"><i class="ti-calendar me-2 fw-bold"></i>Nov 01,
2022 | APNIC</li>
<li class="list-inline-item"><i class="ti-alarm-clock me-2 fw-bold"></i><span
class="eta"></span>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 class="mb-4"><a href="/2022/11/thankYou.html" class="text-dark">Thank you
note</a></h4>
<p class="mb-0 post-summary">
"A thank you note is the simplest form of showing gratitude". I am both humbled
and honored that you
have placed your confidence and support in me by electing me for the NRO NC
Member and NIR SIG
Co-Chair position. I sincerely thank you for casting your valuable vote ...
</p>
<a class="btn btn-transparent" href="/2022/11/thankYou.html">Continue...</a>
</div>
</article>
</div>
<div class="mb-60 dnsCatArtical">
<article class="article-full-width">
<div class="post-image">
<img class="img-fluid" src="images/masonary-post/firefox.png" alt="post-thumb">
</div>
<div class="post-content">
<ul
class="list-inline d-flex justify-content-between border-bottom post-meta pb-2 mb-4">
<li class="list-inline-item"><i class="ti-calendar me-2 fw-bold"></i>May 16,
2022 | DNS</li>
<li class="list-inline-item"><i class="ti-alarm-clock me-2 fw-bold"></i><span
class="eta"></span>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 class="mb-4"><a href="/2022/05/configure-firefox.html" class="text-dark">How to
-
Configure Firefox to use
only
DoH and not to fallback to OS native resolver</a></h4>
<p class="mb-0 post-summary">
In this post, i will talk about configuring firefox browser to use DoH and not
to fallback to OS
native resolver Step 1 :- Configure DoH like the way it is mentioned here -
https://support.mozilla.org/en-US/kb/firefox-dns-over-https . I am using
https://doh.nkn.in/dns-query ....</p>
<a class="btn btn-transparent"
href="/2022/05/configure-firefox.html">Continue...</a>
</div>
</article>
</div>
<div class="mb-60 wifiCatArtical">
<article class="article-full-width">
<div class="post-image">
<img class="img-fluid" src="images/masonary-post/ip.png" alt="post-thumb">
</div>
<div class="post-content">
<ul
class="list-inline d-flex justify-content-between border-bottom post-meta pb-2 mb-4">
<li class="list-inline-item"><i class="ti-calendar me-2 fw-bold"></i>May 13,
2022 | WiFi</li>
<li class="list-inline-item"><i class="ti-alarm-clock me-2 fw-bold"></i><span
class="eta"></span>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 class="mb-4"><a href="/2022/05/IP-rating.html" class="text-dark">IP
Ratings</a></h4>
<p class="mb-0 post-summary">
An IP rating must begin with 5 for partial dust protection or 6 for complete
dust protection. The IP
rating is two digits, with the first and second digit defined as follows: First
Digit (intrusion
protection) 0. (or X - see section below): No special protection. Not rated ...
</p>
<a class="btn btn-transparent" href="/2022/05/IP-rating.html">Continue...</a>
</div>
</article>
</div>
<div class="mb-60 apnicCatArtical">
<article class="article-full-width">
<div class="post-image">
<img class="img-fluid" src="images/APNIC-policy.png" alt="post-thumb">
</div>
<div class="post-content">
<ul
class="list-inline d-flex justify-content-between border-bottom post-meta pb-2 mb-4">
<li class="list-inline-item"><i class="ti-calendar me-2 fw-bold"></i>March 05,
2022 | APNIC</li>
<li class="list-inline-item"><i class="ti-alarm-clock me-2 fw-bold"></i><span
class="eta"></span>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 class="mb-4"><a href="/2022/03/are-nirs-limiting-nations-say-in-apnic.html"
class="text-dark">Are NIRs limiting the
nation’s say in APNIC
governance policies? (NIR: Boon or Bane – Is APNIC
policy of Members Voting Rights doing the Justice with NIRs and
Corresponding Countries)</a></h4>
<p class="mb-0 post-summary"> Are NIRs limiting the nation’s say in APNIC
governance policies?
<br>
(NIR: Boon or Bane – Is APNIC policy of Members Voting Rights
doing the Justice with NIRs and Corresponding Countries)</p>
<a class="btn btn-transparent"
href="/2022/03/are-nirs-limiting-nations-say-in-apnic.html">Continue...</a>
</div>
</article>
</div>
<div class="mb-60 dnsCatArtical">
<article class="article-full-width">
<div class="post-image">
<img class="img-fluid" src="images/root_server.jpg" alt="post-thumb">
</div>
<div class="post-content">
<ul
class="list-inline d-flex justify-content-between border-bottom post-meta pb-2 mb-4">
<li class="list-inline-item"><i class="ti-calendar me-2 fw-bold"></i>February
15, 2022 | DNS</li>
<li class="list-inline-item"><i class="ti-alarm-clock me-2 fw-bold"></i><span
class="eta"></span>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 class="mb-4"><a href="2022/02/history-of-root-servers.html"
class="text-dark">History of Root Servers</a></h4>
<p class="mb-0 post-summary"> History of ROOT-SERVERS (A Journey from 4 nodes to 13 nodes at present)</p>
<a class="btn btn-transparent"
href="2022/02/history-of-root-servers.html">Continue...</a>
</div>
</article>
</div>
<div class="mb-60 IPV6CatArtical">
<article class="article-full-width">
<div class="post-image">
<img class="img-fluid" src="images/create_badge.png" alt="post-thumb">
</div>
<div class="post-content">
<ul
class="list-inline d-flex justify-content-between border-bottom post-meta pb-2 mb-4">
<li class="list-inline-item"><i class="ti-calendar me-2 fw-bold"></i>February
03, 2022 | IPV6</li>
<li class="list-inline-item"><i class="ti-alarm-clock me-2 fw-bold"></i><span
class="eta"></span>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 class="mb-4"><a href="/2022/02/ipv6-sage-certified-henet.html"
class="text-dark">
IPv6 Sage Certified - HE.NET</a></h4>
<a class="btn btn-transparent"
href="/2022/02/ipv6-sage-certified-henet.html">Continue...</a>
</div>
</article>
</div>
<div class="mb-60 wifiCatArtical">
<article class="article-full-width">
<div class="post-image">
<img class="img-fluid" src="images/wlanChannle1.png" alt="post-thumb">
</div>
<div class="post-content">
<ul
class="list-inline d-flex justify-content-between border-bottom post-meta pb-2 mb-4">
<li class="list-inline-item"><i class="ti-calendar me-2 fw-bold"></i>December
31, 2021 | WiFi</li>
<li class="list-inline-item"><i class="ti-alarm-clock me-2 fw-bold"></i><span
class="eta"></span>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 class="mb-4"><a href="/2021/12/availability-and-info-of-wlan-channels.html"
class="text-dark">Availability of 5 GHz WLAN Channels in
India under unlicensed band</a></h4>
<p class="mb-0 post-summary">
"Availability of 5 GHz WLAN Channels in India under unlicensed band in India,
Wireless Planning and
Coordination Wing of Department of Telecom, under Ministry of Communication
takes care of licensing
of radio frequencies....
</p>
<a class="btn btn-transparent"
href="/2021/12/availability-and-info-of-wlan-channels.html">Continue...</a>
</div>
</article>
</div>
<div class="mb-60 wifiCatArtical">
<article class="article-full-width">
<div class="post-image">
<img class="img-fluid" src="images/traditional_psk.png" alt="post-thumb">
</div>
<div class="post-content">
<ul
class="list-inline d-flex justify-content-between border-bottom post-meta pb-2 mb-4">
<li class="list-inline-item"><i class="ti-calendar me-2 fw-bold"></i>July 25,
2021 | WiFi</li>
<li class="list-inline-item"><i class="ti-alarm-clock me-2 fw-bold"></i><span
class="eta"></span>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 class="mb-4"><a href="/2021/07/identity-psk-ipsk.html"
class="text-dark">Identity
PSK ( iPSK)</a></h4>
<p class="mb-0 post-summary">
"With the evolution of IoT (Internet of Things), devices that connect wirelessly
have increased many
folds.
From webcams, Smartwatches, fitness bands, firestick, Alexa, Google Home, and
many more..,
everything is going wireless for connectivity and so does the security threat...
</p>
<a class="btn btn-transparent"
href="/2021/07/identity-psk-ipsk.html">Continue...</a>
</div>
</article>
</div>
<div class="mb-60 wifiCatArtical">
<article class="article-full-width">
<div class="post-image">
<img class="img-fluid" src="images/mimo-img.png" alt="post-thumb">
</div>
<div class="post-content">
<ul
class="list-inline d-flex justify-content-between border-bottom post-meta pb-2 mb-4">
<li class="list-inline-item"><i class="ti-calendar me-2 fw-bold"></i>September
01, 2020 | WiFi</li>
<li class="list-inline-item"><i class="ti-alarm-clock me-2 fw-bold"></i><span
class="eta"></span>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 class="mb-4"><a href="/2020/09/multiple-input-multiple-output-mimo.html"
class="text-dark"> Multiple Input Multiple
Output (MIMO)</a>
</h4>
<p>IEEE-802.11n wireless standard uses multiple antennas for high data
transmission..
</p>
<a class="btn btn-transparent"
href="/2020/09/multiple-input-multiple-output-mimo.html">Continue...</a>
</div>
</article>
</div>
<div class="mb-60 wifiCatArtical">
<article class="article-full-width">
<div class="post-image">
<img class="img-fluid" src="images/wireless_communication.jpg" alt="post-thumb">
</div>
<div class="post-content">
<ul
class="list-inline d-flex justify-content-between border-bottom post-meta pb-2 mb-4">
<li class="list-inline-item"><i class="ti-calendar me-2 fw-bold"></i>August 31,
2020 | WiFi</li>
<li class="list-inline-item"><i class="ti-alarm-clock me-2 fw-bold"></i><span
class="eta"></span>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 class="mb-4"><a href="/2020/08/common-terms-used-in-wireless.html"
class="text-dark"> Common terms used in Wireless
Communications</a></h4>
<p>This Document will explore the terms used in Wireless Communication...</p>
<a class="btn btn-transparent"
href="/2020/08/common-terms-used-in-wireless.html">Continue...</a>
</div>
</article>
</div>
<div class="mb-60 wifiCatArtical">
<article class="article-full-width">
<div class="post-image">
<img class="img-fluid" src="images/igi2.png" alt="post-thumb">
</div>
<div class="post-content">
<ul
class="list-inline d-flex justify-content-between border-bottom post-meta pb-2 mb-4">
<li class="list-inline-item"><i class="ti-calendar me-2 fw-bold"></i>October 03,
2016 | WiFi</li>
<li class="list-inline-item"><i class="ti-alarm-clock me-2 fw-bold"></i><span
class="eta"></span>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 class="mb-4"><a href="/2016/10/analysis-of-igi-airport-wi-fi-setup.html"
class="text-dark"> Analysis of IGI Airport Wi-Fi setup</a></h4>
<p class="mb-0 post-summary">
The access points installed at T3, IGI Airport, New Delhi are of Cisco make,
Internal access points with internal antennas. This is depicted in the below
images – Cisco access points can be installed in two modes –
</p>
<a class="btn btn-transparent"
href="/2016/10/analysis-of-igi-airport-wi-fi-setup.html">Continue...</a>
</div>
</article>
</div>
<div class="mb-60 OtherCatArtical">
<article class="article-full-width">
<div class="post-image">
<img class="img-fluid" src="images/CA SubCA Hierarchy.png" alt="post-thumb">
</div>
<div class="post-content">
<ul
class="list-inline d-flex justify-content-between border-bottom post-meta pb-2 mb-4">
<li class="list-inline-item"><i class="ti-calendar me-2 fw-bold"></i>September
30, 2015 | Other</li>
<li class="list-inline-item"><i class="ti-alarm-clock me-2 fw-bold"></i><span
class="eta"></span>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 class="mb-4"><a href="/2015/09/ca-certificate-chain-and-traceroute-of.html"
class="text-dark"> CA Certificate chain and traceroute of bad.horse
</a></h4>
<p class="mb-0 post-summary">
Today i come across a funny domain, name bad.horse; Its funny not because of its
name but because of the certificate chain and traceroute to this domain. Both
subCA hierarchy and tracroute, has the full lyrics of Bad Horse song.
Interesting stuff and amazing use of technology.
</p>
<a class="btn btn-transparent"
href="/2015/09/ca-certificate-chain-and-traceroute-of.html">Continue...</a>
</div>
</article>
</div>
<div class="mb-60 OtherCatArtical">
<article class="article-full-width">
<div class="post-image">
<img class="img-fluid" src="images/ServerKeyExchange RFC 5246.png" alt="post-thumb">
</div>
<div class="post-content">
<ul
class="list-inline d-flex justify-content-between border-bottom post-meta pb-2 mb-4">
<li class="list-inline-item"><i class="ti-calendar me-2 fw-bold"></i>September
30, 2015 | Other</li>
<li class="list-inline-item"><i class="ti-alarm-clock me-2 fw-bold"></i><span
class="eta"></span>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 class="mb-4"><a href="/2015/09/flaw-in-serverkeyexchange-messages-of.html"
class="text-dark"> Flaw in ServerKeyExchange messages of TLS Protocol
</a></h4>
<p class="mb-0 post-summary">
Here we will discuss the flaw in the ServerKeyExchange messages of the TLS
protocol which caused the Logjam attack over TLS while using Diffie-Hellman Key
Exchange. Before SSLv3, we don't use to authenticate the
</p>
<a class="btn btn-transparent"
href="/2015/09/flaw-in-serverkeyexchange-messages-of.html">Continue...</a>
</div>
</article>
</div>
<div class="mb-60 OtherCatArtical">
<article class="article-full-width">
<div class="post-image">
<img class="img-fluid" src="images/freak.jpg" alt="post-thumb">
</div>
<div class="post-content">
<ul
class="list-inline d-flex justify-content-between border-bottom post-meta pb-2 mb-4">
<li class="list-inline-item"><i class="ti-calendar me-2 fw-bold"></i>September
26, 2015 | Other</li>
<li class="list-inline-item"><i class="ti-alarm-clock me-2 fw-bold"></i><span
class="eta"></span>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 class="mb-4"><a href="/2015/09/freak-factoring-attack-on-rsa-export.html"
class="text-dark"> “FREAK” -- Factoring attack on RSA-EXPORT Keys
</a></h4>
<p class="mb-0 post-summary">
FREAK attack allows an attacker to intercept the SSL/TLS traffic between the
vulnerable client & server and force them to use week encryption, typically
Export Grade encryption (i.e, 512 bit RSA key exchange)..
</p>
<a class="btn btn-transparent"
href="/2015/09/freak-factoring-attack-on-rsa-export.html">Continue...</a>
</div>
</article>
</div>
<div class="mb-60 OtherCatArtical">
<article class="article-full-width">
<div class="post-image">
<img class="img-fluid" src="images/cryptography.jpg" alt="post-thumb">
</div>
<div class="post-content">
<ul
class="list-inline d-flex justify-content-between border-bottom post-meta pb-2 mb-4">
<li class="list-inline-item"><i class="ti-calendar me-2 fw-bold"></i>September
26, 2015 | Other</li>
<li class="list-inline-item"><i class="ti-alarm-clock me-2 fw-bold"></i><span
class="eta"></span>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 class="mb-4"><a href="/2015/09/export-grade-cryptography.html"
class="text-dark"> Export Grade Cryptography
</a></h4>
<p class="mb-0 post-summary">
What is export grade cryptography ? Since World War II, many countries including
the U.S., U.K. and others, have regulated the export of cryptography in the
interest of national security till 1992. Those countries used to believe that
they had developed more advanced cryptographic solution than others and they
wished to monitor the communication of other countries and hence restricted the
advanced cryptographic solution to other nations, by their companies.
Restriction had been eased down in 1992 and in 2000 but some are still there.
Only those cryptography solutions which can be breaked by security agencies,
were allowed to export and were known as Export Grade Cryptography. Ciphers
itself are not of Export Grade as they properly follows algorithms. It is the
use of cryptographic keys that are deliberately weekend so that security
agencies can crack them as and when needed. The export-grade encryption had 512
bits, the maximum allowed under U.S. restrictions de...
</p>
<a class="btn btn-transparent"
href="/2015/09/export-grade-cryptography.html">Continue...</a>
</div>
</article>
</div>
<div class="mb-60 OtherCatArtical">
<article class="article-full-width">
<div class="post-image">
<img class="img-fluid" src="images/wireshark.png" alt="post-thumb">
</div>
<div class="post-content">
<ul
class="list-inline d-flex justify-content-between border-bottom post-meta pb-2 mb-4">
<li class="list-inline-item"><i class="ti-calendar me-2 fw-bold"></i>September
22, 2015 | Other</li>
<li class="list-inline-item"><i class="ti-alarm-clock me-2 fw-bold"></i><span
class="eta"></span>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 class="mb-4"><a href="/2015/09/ip-to-country-mapping-in-wireshark.html"
class="text-dark"> IP to Country Mapping in Wireshark
</a></h4>
<p class="mb-0 post-summary">
Please follow the below articles for IP to Country Mapping in Wireshark :-
<br />https://www.wireshark.org/lists/wireshark-dev/200902/msg00154.html
<br />https://wiki.wireshark.org/HowToUseGeoIP..
</p>
<a class="btn btn-transparent"
href="/2015/09/ip-to-country-mapping-in-wireshark.html">Continue...</a>
</div>
</article>
</div>
<div class="mb-60 TLSCatArtical">
<article class="article-full-width">
<div class="post-image">
<img class="img-fluid" src="images/SNI.jpg" alt="post-thumb">
</div>
<div class="post-content">
<ul
class="list-inline d-flex justify-content-between border-bottom post-meta pb-2 mb-4">
<li class="list-inline-item"><i class="ti-calendar me-2 fw-bold"></i>September
21, 2015 | Other</li>
<li class="list-inline-item"><i class="ti-alarm-clock me-2 fw-bold"></i><span
class="eta"></span>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 class="mb-4"><a href="/2015/09/server-name-indication-sni.html"
class="text-dark"> Server Name Indication (SNI)
</a></h4>
<p class="mb-0 post-summary">
TLS does not provide a mechanism for a client to tell a server the name of the
server it is contacting. It may be desirable for clients to provide this
information to facilitate secure connections to servers that host multiple
'virtual' servers at a single underlying network address..
</p>
<a class="btn btn-transparent"
href="/2015/09/server-name-indication-sni.html">Continue...</a>
</div>
</article>
</div>
<div class="mb-60 TLSCatArtical">
<article class="article-full-width">
<div class="post-image">
<img class="img-fluid" src="images/Abbreviated TLS Handshake.png" alt="post-thumb">
</div>
<div class="post-content">
<ul
class="list-inline d-flex justify-content-between border-bottom post-meta pb-2 mb-4">
<li class="list-inline-item"><i class="ti-calendar me-2 fw-bold"></i>September
19, 2015 | TLS</li>
<li class="list-inline-item"><i class="ti-alarm-clock me-2 fw-bold"></i><span
class="eta"></span>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 class="mb-4"><a href="/2015/09/tls-session-resumption.html" class="text-dark">
TLS Session Resumption
</a></h4>
<p class="mb-0 post-summary">
The extra latency and computational costs of the full TLS handshake impose a
serious performance penalty on all applications that require secure
communication. To help mitigate some of the costs, TLS provides an ability to
resume or share the same negotiated secret key data between multiple
connections..
</p>
<a class="btn btn-transparent"
href="/2015/09/tls-session-resumption.html">Continue...</a>
</div>
</article>
</div>
<div class="mb-60 TLSCatArtical">
<article class="article-full-width">
<div class="post-image">
<img class="img-fluid" src="images/Abbreviated TLS Handshake.png" alt="post-thumb">
</div>
<div class="post-content">
<ul
class="list-inline d-flex justify-content-between border-bottom post-meta pb-2 mb-4">
<li class="list-inline-item"><i class="ti-calendar me-2 fw-bold"></i>September
19, 2015 | TLS</li>
<li class="list-inline-item"><i class="ti-alarm-clock me-2 fw-bold"></i><span
class="eta"></span>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 class="mb-4"><a href="/2015/09/tls-handshake.html" class="text-dark"> TLS
Handshake
</a></h4>
<p class="mb-0 post-summary">
Before the client and the server can begin exchanging application data over TLS,
the encrypted tunnel must be negotiated: the client and the server must agree on
the version of the TLS protocol, choose the cipher suite, and verify
certificates if necessary. Unfortunately, each of these steps requires new
packet roundtrips between the client and the server, which adds startup latency
to all TLS connections.
</p>
<a class="btn btn-transparent" href="/2015/09/tls-handshake.html">Continue...</a>
</div>
</article>
</div>
<div class="mb-60 OtherCatArtical">
<article class="article-full-width">
<div class="post-image">
<img class="img-fluid" src="images/http1.jpg" alt="post-thumb">
</div>
<div class="post-content">
<ul
class="list-inline d-flex justify-content-between border-bottom post-meta pb-2 mb-4">
<li class="list-inline-item"><i class="ti-calendar me-2 fw-bold"></i>September
19, 2015 | Other</li>
<li class="list-inline-item"><i class="ti-alarm-clock me-2 fw-bold"></i><span
class="eta"></span>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 class="mb-4"><a href="/2015/09/http10-and-http11.html" class="text-dark">
HTTP/1.0 and HTTP/1.1
</a></h4>
<p class="mb-0 post-summary">
HTTP is a protocol used to exchange or transfer hypertext. Hypertext is
structured text that uses logical links (hyperlinks) between nodes containing
text. Tim Berners-Lee and his team at CERN are credited with inventing the
original HTTP along with HTML and the associated technology for a web server and
a text-based web browser.
</p>
<a class="btn btn-transparent"
href="/2015/09/http10-and-http11.html">Continue...</a>
</div>
</article>
</div>
<div class="mb-60 OtherCatArtical">
<article class="article-full-width">
<div class="post-image">
<img class="img-fluid" src="images/spdy.jpg" alt="post-thumb">
</div>
<div class="post-content">
<ul
class="list-inline d-flex justify-content-between border-bottom post-meta pb-2 mb-4">
<li class="list-inline-item"><i class="ti-calendar me-2 fw-bold"></i>September
19, 2015 | Other</li>
<li class="list-inline-item"><i class="ti-alarm-clock me-2 fw-bold"></i><span
class="eta"></span>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 class="mb-4"><a href="/2015/09/spdy-pronounced-speedy-npn-next.html"
class="text-dark"> SPDY (pronounced speedy); NPN (Next Protocol
Negotiation); ALPN (Application Layer Protocol Negotiation) and HTTP/2
</a></h4>
<p class="mb-0 post-summary">
SPDY (pronounced as SPeeDY) :- SPDY is an experimental protocol developed at
Google, designed to reduce the latency of web pages. Specifically, its goal is
to address the limitations of HTTP/1.1 and to remove existing bottlenecks like:-
- head of line blocking, - inefficient use of underlying TCP connections, - and
header bloat SPDY achieves reduced latency through compression, multiplexing,
and prioritisation. The name "SPDY" is a trademark of Google and is not an
acronym..
</p>
<a class="btn btn-transparent"
href="/2015/09/spdy-pronounced-speedy-npn-next.html">Continue...</a>
</div>
</article>
</div>
<div class="mb-60 TLSCatArtical">
<article class="article-full-width">
<div class="post-image">
<img class="img-fluid" src="images/CipherSuites.jpg" alt="post-thumb">
</div>
<div class="post-content">
<ul
class="list-inline d-flex justify-content-between border-bottom post-meta pb-2 mb-4">
<li class="list-inline-item"><i class="ti-calendar me-2 fw-bold"></i>September
08, 2015 | TLS</li>
<li class="list-inline-item"><i class="ti-alarm-clock me-2 fw-bold"></i><span
class="eta"></span>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 class="mb-4"><a href="/2015/09/cipher-suites.html" class="text-dark"> Cipher
Suites
</a></h4>
<p class="mb-0 post-summary">
A cipher suite is a named combination of authentication , encryption , message
authentication code (MAC) and key exchange algorithms used to negotiate the
security settings for a network connection using the Transport Layer Security
(TLS) / Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) network protocol..
</p>
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</div>
</article>
</div>
<div class="mb-60 TLSCatArtical">
<article class="article-full-width">
<div class="post-image">
<img class="img-fluid" src="images/tls-ssl.jpg" alt="post-thumb">
</div>
<div class="post-content">
<ul
class="list-inline d-flex justify-content-between border-bottom post-meta pb-2 mb-4">
<li class="list-inline-item"><i class="ti-calendar me-2 fw-bold"></i>September
08, 2015 | TLS</li>
<li class="list-inline-item"><i class="ti-alarm-clock me-2 fw-bold"></i><span
class="eta"></span>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 class="mb-4"><a href="/2015/09/transport-layer-security-tls-and-secure.html"
class="text-dark"> Transport Layer Security (TLS) and Secure Sockets Layer
(SSL)
</a></h4>
<p class="mb-0 post-summary">
Transport Layer Security (TLS) is a successor of Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) and
its a cryptographic protocol used for establishing an encrypted link between a
Server and a Client over a public network. They use X.509 certificates and hence
asymmetric cryptography to authenticate the certificate holder to its clients,
and to negotiate a symmetric session key...
</p>
<a class="btn btn-transparent"
href="/2015/09/transport-layer-security-tls-and-secure.html">Continue...</a>
</div>
</article>
</div>
<div class="mb-60 dnsCatArtical IPV6CatArtical">
<article class="article-full-width">
<div class="post-image">
<img class="img-fluid" src="images/ASN Query.jpg" alt="post-thumb">
</div>
<div class="post-content">
<ul
class="list-inline d-flex justify-content-between border-bottom post-meta pb-2 mb-4">
<li class="list-inline-item"><i class="ti-calendar me-2 fw-bold"></i>September
30, 2014 | DNS IPV6</li>
<li class="list-inline-item"><i class="ti-alarm-clock me-2 fw-bold"></i><span
class="eta"></span>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 class="mb-4"><a href="/2014/09/ipv6-dns-measurement-stats.html"
class="text-dark"> IPv6 DNS Measurement Stats
</a></h4>
<p class="mb-0 post-summary">
NIC IPv6 DNS Measurement Measuring who all are querying for nic.in or gov.in
domain, what they are querying for and from where they are querying. NIC had
tested its IPv6 connectivity with internet peers on June 8, 2011 (World IPv6
day) and next year on World IPv6 Launch Day (June 6, 2012), we had launched our
IPv6 DNS Server (having address 2405:8A00:1000::2) along with some websites...
</p>
<a class="btn btn-transparent"
href="/2014/09/ipv6-dns-measurement-stats.html">Continue...</a>
</div>
</article>
</div>
<div class="mb-60 OtherCatArtical">
<article class="article-full-width">
<div class="post-image">
<img class="img-fluid" src="images/punycode.JPG" alt="post-thumb">
</div>
<div class="post-content">
<ul
class="list-inline d-flex justify-content-between border-bottom post-meta pb-2 mb-4">
<li class="list-inline-item"><i class="ti-calendar me-2 fw-bold"></i>August 12,
2014 | Other</li>
<li class="list-inline-item"><i class="ti-alarm-clock me-2 fw-bold"></i><span
class="eta"></span>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 class="mb-4"><a href="/2014/08/internationalized-domain-name-url-in.html"
class="text-dark"> Internationalized Domain Name -- URL in any Language
</a></h4>
<p class="mb-0 post-summary">
From whichever part of the world you belong, no matter what is your mother
tongue, if you are reading this post, this means you understands English. Nearly
half of the world doesn't know English But still accessing Internet was not very
much friendly for those non-English speaking community to an extent due to the
limitation of only having ASCII characters in domain names until few years
back...
</p>
<a class="btn btn-transparent"
href="/2014/08/internationalized-domain-name-url-in.html">Continue...</a>
</div>
</article>
</div>
<div class="mb-60 dnsCatArtical">
<article class="article-full-width">
<div class="post-image">
<img class="img-fluid" src="images/DNS_Header.png" alt="post-thumb">
</div>
<div class="post-content">
<ul
class="list-inline d-flex justify-content-between border-bottom post-meta pb-2 mb-4">
<li class="list-inline-item"><i class="ti-calendar me-2 fw-bold"></i>April 25,
2014 | DNS</li>
<li class="list-inline-item"><i class="ti-alarm-clock me-2 fw-bold"></i><span
class="eta"></span>
</li>
</ul>
<h4 class="mb-4"><a href="/2014/04/extension-mechanisms-for-dns-edns0.html"
class="text-dark"> Extension Mechanisms for DNS (EDNS0)
</a></h4>
<p class="mb-0 post-summary">
DNS Background The Domain Name System Protocol was first designed in 1980s and
after that various features has been added while maintaining the compatibility
with earlier versions of the protocol. DNS Packet was restricted to UDP 512
bytes in the early releases while keeping in mind the minimum MTU size is of 576
bytes in IPv4...
</p>