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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>GPS :: Global Pneumococcal Sequencing Project</title>
<meta name="description" content="">
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<div class="logo">
<h1><i class=""></i><a href="index.html"><span class="color">GPS</span></a></h1>
<div class="hmeta">Global Pneumococcal Sequencing Project</div>
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<header>
<h1>Pneumococcal disease</h1>
</header>
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<div class="col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-sm-12 col-xs-12">
<blockquote>
<strong><span class="italics">Streptococcus pneumoniae</span> (the pneumococcus) </strong> is the
leading vaccine preventable cause of pneumonia, septicaemia and meningitis and is estimated to be
responsible for about 15 million cases of disease and over 800,000 deaths in young children in the
year 2000 <a target="_blank" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19748398">(O’Brien 2009)</a>.
</blockquote>
</div>
<div class="col-lg-12 col-md-12 col-sm-12 col-xs-12">
<p>
<img src="img/strep_sanger.jpg" class="img-responsive" /> <span class="img-desc">[CDC]</span>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<p>
Pneumococcal disease is both treatable, through administration of antibiotics, and preventable, by
vaccination, but both of these strategies are compromised by the extraordinary adaptability of this
genetically diverse pathogen. The frequency of detection of multidrug resistant pneumococci has steadily
increased since the 1970’s, but it is notable that resistant isolates tend to be members of a small number
of genotypic lineages, some of which have been seen to spread around the globe <a target="_blank"
href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11427569">(McGee 2001)</a>.
</p>
<p>
The recent deployment of conjugate pneumococcal vaccines (PCV) targeting the bacterial capsular
polysaccharides of the lineages most associated with disease has led to vaccine evasion due to the
processes of serotype replacement and capsular switching made possible by the enormous existing
pneumococcal strain diversity.
</p>
<p>
Implementation of strategies to control pneumococcal disease are proceeding without a detailed
understanding of how the pneumococcus evolves in response to these clinical interventions, or the ability
to precisely monitor emerging evolutionary patterns in the circulating global pneumococcal population.
</p>
<p>
It is a well established reality that acquisition of antibiotic resistance occurs in most pathogen
species, but the mechanisms by which these adaptations are occuring is only partially understood and the
extent to which different mechanisms contribute to changes in the population have barely been sampled.
</p>
<p>
Understanding these evolutionary changes and monitoring their dynamics in evolving pneumococcal lineages
would provide the ability to measure the response of this pathogen to vaccine evasion by selection of
resistance and allow for further interventions to be designed.
</p>
</div>
<div class="col-lg-3 col-md-3 other-links">
<header>
<i class="fa fa-external-link lblue"></i>
Related Links
</header>
<p>
<a href="https://www.sanger.ac.uk/about/press/2013/130505.html" target="_blank">Vaccine reduces
pneumococcal disease but not bacterial population</a>
</p>
<p>
<a href="https://www.sanger.ac.uk/about/press/2011/110127.html" target="_blank">How bacteria keep ahead of
vaccines and antibiotics</a>
</p>
<p>
<a href="https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6216a4.htm" target="_blank">Progress in Introduction
of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine — Worldwide, 2000–2012</a>
</p>
<p>
<a href="https://www.sanger.ac.uk/about/press/2014/140220.html" target="_blank">Harmless bacterium could
be source of antibiotic resistance</a>
</p>
<p>
<a target="_blank"
href="https://whsc.emory.edu/home/publications/health-sciences/update/2012/august/august-2012.html#three">
Klugman helps develop first-ever index for drug resistance
</a>
</p>
<p>
<a target="_blank" href="https://news.emory.edu/stories/2013/03/video_pnemonia_genome/">
Mapping the pneumococcal genome
</a>
</p>
</div>
</div>
<hr>
<div class="row desc">
<div class="col-lg-12 col-md-12">
<header>
<h1>The pathogen – <span class="italics">Streptococcus pneumoniae</span></h1>
</header>
<div class="desc">
<p>
<div class="col-lg-5 col-md-5 col-sm-5 col-xs-5 pull-right">
<img src="img/spneumo.jpg">
<center><span class="img-desc">[wikipedia]</span></center>
</div>
Somewhat paradoxically, <span class="italics">Streptococcus pneumoniae</span> (the pneumococcus) is one of
the leading causes of death due to bacterial infection worldwide yet it is most commonly found as a
harmless resident of the human nasopharynx.
</p>
<p>
Carriage rates vary between global regions with higher rates in resource-poor countries where the
disease burden is also higher. Infant carriage rates in these countries can be as high as 95% while in
resource-rich countries rates of around 20% are more typical.
</p>
<p>
The pneumococcus has been studied in detail for decades – it is the organism which Avery and colleagues
used in the 1940’s to confirm DNA as the “transforming principle” – and several genetic loci have been
studied as candidate virulence determinants. However the distinction between harmless carriage and
devastating disease remains mysterious with little information to distinguish carriage isolates from
disease isolates.
</p>
</div>
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</div>
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<p>
<header>
<h1> Mapping the Pneumococcal Genome </h1>
</header>
</p>
<p>
<div class="video-container">
<iframe width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/58l97yl0MkQ" frameborder="0"
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