diff --git a/src/app_test.rs b/src/app_test.rs
index 884aed6e..13b10fef 100644
--- a/src/app_test.rs
+++ b/src/app_test.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@ use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use torrust_tracker_configuration::Configuration;
 
+use crate::core::authentication::key::repository::in_memory::InMemoryKeyRepository;
+use crate::core::authentication::key::repository::persisted::DatabaseKeyRepository;
 use crate::core::databases::Database;
 use crate::core::services::initialize_database;
 use crate::core::whitelist::repository::in_memory::InMemoryWhitelist;
@@ -25,7 +27,13 @@ pub fn initialize_tracker_dependencies(
         &config.core,
         &in_memory_whitelist.clone(),
     ));
-    let authentication = Arc::new(authentication::Facade::new(&config.core, &database.clone()));
+    let db_key_repository = Arc::new(DatabaseKeyRepository::new(&database));
+    let in_memory_key_repository = Arc::new(InMemoryKeyRepository::default());
+    let authentication = Arc::new(authentication::Facade::new(
+        &config.core,
+        &db_key_repository.clone(),
+        &in_memory_key_repository.clone(),
+    ));
 
     (database, in_memory_whitelist, whitelist_authorization, authentication)
 }
diff --git a/src/bootstrap/app.rs b/src/bootstrap/app.rs
index bc6b7a6b..a87e4ca8 100644
--- a/src/bootstrap/app.rs
+++ b/src/bootstrap/app.rs
@@ -22,6 +22,8 @@ use tracing::instrument;
 use super::config::initialize_configuration;
 use crate::bootstrap;
 use crate::container::AppContainer;
+use crate::core::authentication::key::repository::in_memory::InMemoryKeyRepository;
+use crate::core::authentication::key::repository::persisted::DatabaseKeyRepository;
 use crate::core::services::{initialize_database, initialize_tracker, initialize_whitelist_manager, statistics};
 use crate::core::whitelist::repository::in_memory::InMemoryWhitelist;
 use crate::core::{authentication, whitelist};
@@ -89,7 +91,13 @@ pub fn initialize_app_container(configuration: &Configuration) -> AppContainer {
         &in_memory_whitelist.clone(),
     ));
     let whitelist_manager = initialize_whitelist_manager(database.clone(), in_memory_whitelist.clone());
-    let authentication = Arc::new(authentication::Facade::new(&configuration.core, &database.clone()));
+    let db_key_repository = Arc::new(DatabaseKeyRepository::new(&database));
+    let in_memory_key_repository = Arc::new(InMemoryKeyRepository::default());
+    let authentication = Arc::new(authentication::Facade::new(
+        &configuration.core,
+        &db_key_repository.clone(),
+        &in_memory_key_repository.clone(),
+    ));
 
     let tracker = Arc::new(initialize_tracker(
         configuration,
diff --git a/src/bootstrap/jobs/http_tracker.rs b/src/bootstrap/jobs/http_tracker.rs
index b07ff935..abcc2a08 100644
--- a/src/bootstrap/jobs/http_tracker.rs
+++ b/src/bootstrap/jobs/http_tracker.rs
@@ -100,6 +100,8 @@ mod tests {
 
     use crate::bootstrap::app::initialize_global_services;
     use crate::bootstrap::jobs::http_tracker::start_job;
+    use crate::core::authentication::key::repository::in_memory::InMemoryKeyRepository;
+    use crate::core::authentication::key::repository::persisted::DatabaseKeyRepository;
     use crate::core::services::{initialize_database, initialize_tracker, statistics};
     use crate::core::whitelist::repository::in_memory::InMemoryWhitelist;
     use crate::core::{authentication, whitelist};
@@ -123,7 +125,13 @@ mod tests {
             &cfg.core,
             &in_memory_whitelist.clone(),
         ));
-        let authentication = Arc::new(authentication::Facade::new(&cfg.core, &database.clone()));
+        let db_key_repository = Arc::new(DatabaseKeyRepository::new(&database));
+        let in_memory_key_repository = Arc::new(InMemoryKeyRepository::default());
+        let authentication = Arc::new(authentication::Facade::new(
+            &cfg.core,
+            &db_key_repository.clone(),
+            &in_memory_key_repository.clone(),
+        ));
 
         let tracker = Arc::new(initialize_tracker(&cfg, &database, &whitelist_authorization, &authentication));
 
diff --git a/src/bootstrap/jobs/tracker_apis.rs b/src/bootstrap/jobs/tracker_apis.rs
index 70e2e673..56e4a2e4 100644
--- a/src/bootstrap/jobs/tracker_apis.rs
+++ b/src/bootstrap/jobs/tracker_apis.rs
@@ -149,6 +149,8 @@ mod tests {
 
     use crate::bootstrap::app::initialize_global_services;
     use crate::bootstrap::jobs::tracker_apis::start_job;
+    use crate::core::authentication::key::repository::in_memory::InMemoryKeyRepository;
+    use crate::core::authentication::key::repository::persisted::DatabaseKeyRepository;
     use crate::core::services::{initialize_database, initialize_tracker, initialize_whitelist_manager, statistics};
     use crate::core::whitelist::repository::in_memory::InMemoryWhitelist;
     use crate::core::{authentication, whitelist};
@@ -176,7 +178,13 @@ mod tests {
             &in_memory_whitelist.clone(),
         ));
         let whitelist_manager = initialize_whitelist_manager(database.clone(), in_memory_whitelist.clone());
-        let authentication = Arc::new(authentication::Facade::new(&cfg.core, &database.clone()));
+        let db_key_repository = Arc::new(DatabaseKeyRepository::new(&database));
+        let in_memory_key_repository = Arc::new(InMemoryKeyRepository::default());
+        let authentication = Arc::new(authentication::Facade::new(
+            &cfg.core,
+            &db_key_repository.clone(),
+            &in_memory_key_repository.clone(),
+        ));
 
         let tracker = Arc::new(initialize_tracker(&cfg, &database, &whitelist_authorization, &authentication));
 
diff --git a/src/core/authentication/mod.rs b/src/core/authentication/mod.rs
index bab0de8a..d26379b0 100644
--- a/src/core/authentication/mod.rs
+++ b/src/core/authentication/mod.rs
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ use key::repository::persisted::DatabaseKeyRepository;
 use torrust_tracker_configuration::Core;
 use torrust_tracker_primitives::DurationSinceUnixEpoch;
 
-use super::databases::{self, Database};
+use super::databases::{self};
 use super::error::PeerKeyError;
 use crate::CurrentClock;
 
@@ -29,12 +29,13 @@ pub struct Facade {
 
 impl Facade {
     #[must_use]
-    pub fn new(config: &Core, database: &Arc<Box<dyn Database>>) -> Self {
-        let db_key_repository = Arc::new(DatabaseKeyRepository::new(database));
-        let in_memory_key_repository = Arc::new(InMemoryKeyRepository::default());
-
+    pub fn new(
+        config: &Core,
+        db_key_repository: &Arc<DatabaseKeyRepository>,
+        in_memory_key_repository: &Arc<InMemoryKeyRepository>,
+    ) -> Self {
         Self {
-            authentication_service: service::Service::new(config, &in_memory_key_repository),
+            authentication_service: service::Service::new(config, in_memory_key_repository),
             keys_handler: KeysHandler::new(&db_key_repository.clone(), &in_memory_key_repository.clone()),
         }
     }
@@ -145,20 +146,22 @@ mod tests {
 
     mod the_tracker_configured_as_private {
 
+        use std::sync::Arc;
         use std::time::Duration;
 
         use torrust_tracker_configuration::v2_0_0::core::PrivateMode;
+        use torrust_tracker_configuration::Configuration;
         use torrust_tracker_test_helpers::configuration;
 
         use crate::core::authentication;
+        use crate::core::authentication::key::repository::in_memory::InMemoryKeyRepository;
+        use crate::core::authentication::key::repository::persisted::DatabaseKeyRepository;
         use crate::core::services::initialize_database;
 
         fn instantiate_authentication_facade() -> authentication::Facade {
             let config = configuration::ephemeral_private();
 
-            let database = initialize_database(&config);
-
-            authentication::Facade::new(&config.core, &database.clone())
+            instantiate_authentication_facade_with_configuration(&config)
         }
 
         fn instantiate_authentication_facade_with_checking_keys_expiration_disabled() -> authentication::Facade {
@@ -168,9 +171,16 @@ mod tests {
                 check_keys_expiration: false,
             });
 
-            let database = initialize_database(&config);
-            
-            authentication::Facade::new(&config.core, &database.clone())
+            instantiate_authentication_facade_with_configuration(&config)
+        }
+
+        fn instantiate_authentication_facade_with_configuration(config: &Configuration) -> authentication::Facade {
+            let database = initialize_database(config);
+
+            let db_key_repository = Arc::new(DatabaseKeyRepository::new(&database));
+            let in_memory_key_repository = Arc::new(InMemoryKeyRepository::default());
+
+            authentication::Facade::new(&config.core, &db_key_repository.clone(), &in_memory_key_repository.clone())
         }
 
         #[tokio::test]
diff --git a/src/servers/apis/server.rs b/src/servers/apis/server.rs
index a11442a5..b6ff5099 100644
--- a/src/servers/apis/server.rs
+++ b/src/servers/apis/server.rs
@@ -342,6 +342,8 @@ mod tests {
 
     use crate::bootstrap::app::initialize_global_services;
     use crate::bootstrap::jobs::make_rust_tls;
+    use crate::core::authentication::key::repository::in_memory::InMemoryKeyRepository;
+    use crate::core::authentication::key::repository::persisted::DatabaseKeyRepository;
     use crate::core::services::{initialize_database, initialize_tracker, initialize_whitelist_manager, statistics};
     use crate::core::whitelist::repository::in_memory::InMemoryWhitelist;
     use crate::core::{authentication, whitelist};
@@ -369,7 +371,13 @@ mod tests {
             &in_memory_whitelist.clone(),
         ));
         let whitelist_manager = initialize_whitelist_manager(database.clone(), in_memory_whitelist.clone());
-        let authentication = Arc::new(authentication::Facade::new(&cfg.core, &database.clone()));
+        let db_key_repository = Arc::new(DatabaseKeyRepository::new(&database));
+        let in_memory_key_repository = Arc::new(InMemoryKeyRepository::default());
+        let authentication = Arc::new(authentication::Facade::new(
+            &cfg.core,
+            &db_key_repository.clone(),
+            &in_memory_key_repository.clone(),
+        ));
 
         let tracker = Arc::new(initialize_tracker(&cfg, &database, &whitelist_authorization, &authentication));
 
diff --git a/src/servers/http/server.rs b/src/servers/http/server.rs
index e6370c77..140ef4e0 100644
--- a/src/servers/http/server.rs
+++ b/src/servers/http/server.rs
@@ -246,6 +246,8 @@ mod tests {
 
     use crate::bootstrap::app::initialize_global_services;
     use crate::bootstrap::jobs::make_rust_tls;
+    use crate::core::authentication::key::repository::in_memory::InMemoryKeyRepository;
+    use crate::core::authentication::key::repository::persisted::DatabaseKeyRepository;
     use crate::core::services::{initialize_database, initialize_tracker, initialize_whitelist_manager, statistics};
     use crate::core::whitelist::repository::in_memory::InMemoryWhitelist;
     use crate::core::{authentication, whitelist};
@@ -268,7 +270,13 @@ mod tests {
             &in_memory_whitelist.clone(),
         ));
         let _whitelist_manager = initialize_whitelist_manager(database.clone(), in_memory_whitelist.clone());
-        let authentication = Arc::new(authentication::Facade::new(&cfg.core, &database.clone()));
+        let db_key_repository = Arc::new(DatabaseKeyRepository::new(&database));
+        let in_memory_key_repository = Arc::new(InMemoryKeyRepository::default());
+        let authentication = Arc::new(authentication::Facade::new(
+            &cfg.core,
+            &db_key_repository.clone(),
+            &in_memory_key_repository.clone(),
+        ));
 
         let tracker = Arc::new(initialize_tracker(&cfg, &database, &whitelist_authorization, &authentication));
 
diff --git a/src/servers/udp/server/mod.rs b/src/servers/udp/server/mod.rs
index 078510bc..fafb8299 100644
--- a/src/servers/udp/server/mod.rs
+++ b/src/servers/udp/server/mod.rs
@@ -64,6 +64,8 @@ mod tests {
     use super::spawner::Spawner;
     use super::Server;
     use crate::bootstrap::app::initialize_global_services;
+    use crate::core::authentication::key::repository::in_memory::InMemoryKeyRepository;
+    use crate::core::authentication::key::repository::persisted::DatabaseKeyRepository;
     use crate::core::services::{initialize_database, initialize_tracker, initialize_whitelist_manager, statistics};
     use crate::core::whitelist::repository::in_memory::InMemoryWhitelist;
     use crate::core::{authentication, whitelist};
@@ -88,7 +90,14 @@ mod tests {
             &in_memory_whitelist.clone(),
         ));
         let _whitelist_manager = initialize_whitelist_manager(database.clone(), in_memory_whitelist.clone());
-        let authentication = Arc::new(authentication::Facade::new(&cfg.core, &database.clone()));
+        let db_key_repository = Arc::new(DatabaseKeyRepository::new(&database));
+        let in_memory_key_repository = Arc::new(InMemoryKeyRepository::default());
+        let authentication = Arc::new(authentication::Facade::new(
+            &cfg.core,
+            &db_key_repository.clone(),
+            &in_memory_key_repository.clone(),
+        ));
+
         let tracker = Arc::new(initialize_tracker(&cfg, &database, &whitelist_authorization, &authentication));
 
         let udp_trackers = cfg.udp_trackers.clone().expect("missing UDP trackers configuration");
@@ -133,7 +142,14 @@ mod tests {
             &cfg.core,
             &in_memory_whitelist.clone(),
         ));
-        let authentication = Arc::new(authentication::Facade::new(&cfg.core, &database.clone()));
+        let db_key_repository = Arc::new(DatabaseKeyRepository::new(&database));
+        let in_memory_key_repository = Arc::new(InMemoryKeyRepository::default());
+        let authentication = Arc::new(authentication::Facade::new(
+            &cfg.core,
+            &db_key_repository.clone(),
+            &in_memory_key_repository.clone(),
+        ));
+
         let tracker = Arc::new(initialize_tracker(&cfg, &database, &whitelist_authorization, &authentication));
 
         let config = &cfg.udp_trackers.as_ref().unwrap().first().unwrap();