")]),s._v(" 子元素，可以使用以下代码：")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-python line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-python"}},[t("code",[s._v("first"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("*")]),s._v("div "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" sublineDom"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(".")]),s._v("find"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[s._v('"div"')]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(")")]),s._v("\n")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),t("br")])]),t("ol",{attrs:{start:"2"}},[t("li",[s._v("如果你希望获取具有特定类名的子元素，可以传递 "),t("code",[s._v("class\\*")]),s._v(" 参数：")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-python 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\ No newline at end of file
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"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token constant"}},[t._v("POST")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token constant"}},[t._v("OPTIONS")]),t._v("\nAccess"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("-")]),t._v("Control"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("-")]),t._v("Allow"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("-")]),t._v("Headers"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token constant"}},[t._v("X")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("-")]),t._v("Requested"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("-")]),t._v("With"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v(" Content"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("-")]),t._v("Type\n")])]),t._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("1")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("2")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("3")]),a("br")])]),a("p",[t._v("这些标头指示允许来自 "),a("code",[t._v("https://example.com")]),t._v(" 的 GET、POST 和 OPTIONS 请求，并允许使用 X-Requested-With 和 Content-Type 头。现在，当您的 Web 应用程序向 "),a("code",[t._v("https://example.com")]),t._v(" 发出请求时，浏览器将允许该请求，并允许您的 Web 应用程序从其他服务器获取所需的数据或资源。")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("总之，CORS 在实际场景中的作用是允许 Web 应用程序从其他源获取数据或资源，并促进了不同源之间的跨域数据交换。这为 Web 应用程序的开发和部署带来了更大的灵活性和可扩展性。")]),t._v(" "),a("h3",{attrs:{id:"es5-与-es6"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#es5-与-es6"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" ES5 与 ES6")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("ES5 和 ES6（也称为 ES2015）是 JavaScript 的两个版本，它们分别对应 ECMAScript 5 和 ECMAScript 2015 规范。以下是它们的介绍：")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("ES5（ECMAScript 5）")]),t._v(" "),a("ul",[a("li",[t._v("发布时间：2009 年")]),t._v(" "),a("li",[t._v("新增特性：严格模式、JSON 对象、Array.prototype.forEach()、Object.create()、Object.defineProperty()、Function.prototype.bind() 等。")])]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("ES5 是 JavaScript 的一个重要版本，它引入了很多新的特性和功能，提升了 JavaScript 的编程能力和表现力。其中，严格模式使得 JavaScript 变得更加严谨，提高了代码的健壮性和安全性，JSON 对象使得在 JavaScript 中处理 JSON 数据变得更加方便，其他新增方法和属性也大大提高了 JavaScript 在数据处理和面向对象编程等方面的表现力。")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("ES6（ECMAScript 2015）")]),t._v(" "),a("ul",[a("li",[t._v("发布时间：2015 年")]),t._v(" "),a("li",[t._v("新增特性：箭头函数、类、模板字符串、解构赋值、let 和 const、for...of 循环、Promise 对象、模块化等。")])]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("ES6 是 JavaScript 的一个重要版本，它引入了很多新的特性和语法，使得 JavaScript 更加现代化、简洁化和易读性。箭头函数和模板字符串使得 JavaScript 的函数和字符串处理更加简洁明了，类和模块化使得 JavaScript 更加面向对象化和模块化，解构赋值和 let 和 const 则使得 JavaScript 的变量和数据处理更加灵活，Promise 对象则大大简化了 JavaScript 异步编程的模式和写法。")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("总的来说，ES5 和 ES6 都是 JavaScript 的重要版本，它们各自带来了许多新的特性和语法，提高了 JavaScript 的表现力和易用性，使得 JavaScript 成为了一门更加强大、现代化、易读性的编程语言。")]),t._v(" "),a("h3",{attrs:{id:"react-vs-vue"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#react-vs-vue"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" react vs vue")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("React 和 Vue 都是非常流行的 JavaScript 前端框架。它们都被广泛应用于构建大型单页应用程序，具有高度的可组合性和可重用性。")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("以下是一些 React 和 Vue 的区别：")]),t._v(" "),a("ol",[a("li",[t._v("简单性：Vue 通常被认为比 React 更容易学习和使用，因为它的 API 更加简单和直观。React 则更倾向于使用 JSX 语法来构建组件，这对于初学者来说可能需要一些时间来适应。")]),t._v(" "),a("li",[t._v("性能：React 在处理大型数据和高负载时表现更佳。Vue 也可以实现高性能，但是在某些情况下，React 可以更好地处理数据的变化和更新。")]),t._v(" "),a("li",[t._v("生态系统：React 的生态系统非常庞大，包括了很多支持工具和库，例如 Redux、Webpack、Babel 等等。Vue 的生态系统也很强大，但它相对较小，更加集中在 Vue 本身和 Vue 插件上。")]),t._v(" "),a("li",[t._v("技术栈：React 通常与 JavaScript、TypeScript 等技术栈一起使用，而 Vue 更加灵活，可以与许多不同的技术栈集成，例如 JavaScript、TypeScript、CoffeeScript 等等。")])]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("总的来说，React 和 Vue 都是非常优秀的前端框架，选择哪个取决于您的具体需求和喜好。")])])}),[],!1,null,null,null);a.default=r.exports}}]);
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+(window.webpackJsonp=window.webpackJsonp||[]).push([[142],{468:function(t,e,s){"use strict";s.r(e);var r=s(4),a=Object(r.a)({},(function(){var t=this,e=t._self._c;return e("ContentSlotsDistributor",{attrs:{"slot-key":t.$parent.slotKey}},[e("h2",{attrs:{id:"介绍"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#介绍"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 介绍")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[e("a",{attrs:{href:"https://nextjs.org/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("Next.js"),e("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(" 是一个用于构建全栈 Web 应用程序的 React 框架。你可以使用 React 组件来构建用户界面，而 Next.js 则提供额外的功能和优化。\n在底层，Next.js 还抽象并自动配置了 React 所需的工具，如打包、编译等。这使你可以专注于构建应用程序，而不必花费时间进行配置。\n无论你是个人开发者还是大团队的一部分，Next.js 都可以帮助你构建交互式、动态和高性能的 React 应用程序。")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("下面是一些 Next.js 的主要特点和功能：")]),t._v(" "),e("ul",[e("li",[e("p",[t._v("服务器渲染(SSR)和静态导出： Next.js 支持服务器渲染，这意味着在首次加载页面时，服务器会生成 HTML 内容，提高了页面的加载速度和 SEO 可访问性。同时，它还支持静态导出，可以在构建时预渲染页面，从而减少运行时的服务器负载。")])]),t._v(" "),e("li",[e("p",[t._v("热模块替换(HMR)： 开发过程中，Next.js 提供了热模块替换，使你可以在不刷新整个页面的情况下实时更新修改，极大地提高了开发效率。")])]),t._v(" "),e("li",[e("p",[t._v("动态路由： Next.js 支持创建动态路由，允许你使用占位符在 URL 中创建可变部分，这对于构建类似博客、商品详情等需要根据数据动态生成页面的应用非常有用。")])]),t._v(" "),e("li",[e("p",[t._v("自动代码分割： Next.js 会自动将页面和组件代码分割成小块，只加载当前页面所需的部分，从而优化加载性能。")])]),t._v(" "),e("li",[e("p",[t._v("数据获取： Next.js 提供了多种数据获取的方式，包括静态生成（在构建时获取数据）、服务器渲染（在每次请求时获取数据）和客户端渲染。你可以选择最适合你应用需求的数据获取策略。")])]),t._v(" "),e("li",[e("p",[t._v("内置 CSS 和样式支持： Next.js 内置了 CSS 模块、Sass、Less 等样式预处理器的支持，让你可以更方便地管理应用的样式。")])]),t._v(" "),e("li",[e("p",[t._v("插件和扩展性： Next.js 的插件生态丰富，你可以通过插件轻松集成各种功能，如国际化、状态管理等。")])]),t._v(" "),e("li",[e("p",[t._v("TypeScript 支持： Next.js 对 TypeScript 有良好的支持，可以帮助你构建类型安全的应用。")])])]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("总之，Next.js 提供了一种现代化的前端开发方式，帮助开发者更高效地构建高性能、可维护的 Web 应用。它的灵活性和功能丰富使其成为许多开发团队在构建 Web 应用时的首选框架之一。")]),t._v(" "),e("h2",{attrs:{id:"get-start"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#get-start"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Get start")]),t._v(" "),e("blockquote",[e("p",[e("a",{attrs:{href:"https://nextjs.org/docs/getting-started/react-essentials",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("https://nextjs.org/docs/getting-started/react-essentials"),e("OutboundLink")],1)])]),t._v(" "),e("h3",{attrs:{id:"app-router-vs-pages-router"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#app-router-vs-pages-router"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" App Router vs Pages Router")]),t._v(" "),e("blockquote",[e("p",[e("a",{attrs:{href:"https://nextjs.org/docs#app-router-vs-pages-router",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("https://nextjs.org/docs#app-router-vs-pages-router"),e("OutboundLink")],1)])]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("Next.js 有两种不同的路由器：应用程序路由器（App Router）和页面路由器（Pages Router）。应用程序路由器是一种较新的路由器，它允许你使用 React 的最新功能，如服务器组件（Server Components）和流式传输（Streaming）。页面路由器是原始的 Next.js 路由器，允许你构建服务器渲染的 React 应用程序，并继续支持较旧版本的 Next.js 应用。")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("这两者在应用程序的不同层次上发挥作用，让我们来详细了解它们的区别和用途。")]),t._v(" "),e("ol",[e("li",[t._v("应用程序路由（App Router）：")])]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("应用程序路由是指整个 Next.js 应用程序的导航结构。这包括在不同页面之间进行导航，通常是通过顶部的导航栏、菜单、按钮等。应用程序路由管理着整个应用的页面切换和导航。")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("Next.js 使用 Link 组件来实现应用程序级别的路由。这个组件可以在你的应用中实现无需重新加载整个页面的导航。它通过预加载所需的页面数据并使用浏览器的历史记录 API 来实现快速、平滑的导航。")]),t._v(" "),e("ol",{attrs:{start:"2"}},[e("li",[t._v("页面路由（Pages Router）：")])]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("页面路由是指每个单独页面的路由。在 Next.js 中，每个页面都是一个独立的模块，拥有自己的路由规则。页面路由负责确定哪个组件将渲染在特定的 URL 上。")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("每个页面在 Next.js 中对应一个位于 pages 文件夹中的文件。这个文件的名称就是对应页面的 URL 路径，例如 pages/index.js 对应根路径，pages/about.js 对应 /about 路径。这种方式让页面的路由非常简单和直观。")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("总结来说，应用程序路由用于管理整个应用程序的导航结构，而页面路由用于决定每个单独页面的 URL 路径和对应的组件。这两者协同工作，帮助你构建一个流畅的单页应用，同时还保留了传统多页面应用的优势。")]),t._v(" "),e("h3",{attrs:{id:"server-and-client-components"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#server-and-client-components"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Server and Client Components")]),t._v(" "),e("blockquote",[e("p",[e("a",{attrs:{href:"https://nextjs.org/docs/getting-started/react-essentials",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("https://nextjs.org/docs/getting-started/react-essentials"),e("OutboundLink")],1)])]),t._v(" "),e("h4",{attrs:{id:"为什么要使用服务器组件"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#为什么要使用服务器组件"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 为什么要使用服务器组件？")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("那么，你可能会想，为什么要使用服务器组件？相比客户端组件，它们有什么优势呢？")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("服务器组件允许开发者更好地利用服务器基础设施。例如，你可以将数据获取移至服务器，更接近数据库，并将原本会影响客户端 JavaScript 包大小的大型依赖项保留在服务器上，从而提升性能。服务器组件使编写 React 应用程序的感觉类似于 PHP 或 Ruby on Rails，但具备 React 和组件模型的强大灵活性，用于模板化用户界面。")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("使用服务器组件，初始页面加载更快，客户端的 JavaScript 包大小减小。基本的客户端运行时是可缓存且大小可预测的，并且随着应用程序的增长不会增加。只有在应用程序中通过客户端组件使用客户端交互性时，才会添加额外的 JavaScript。")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("当使用 Next.js 加载路由时，初始 HTML 在服务器上渲染。然后，在浏览器中逐步增强该 HTML，允许客户端接管应用程序并通过异步加载 Next.js 和 React 客户端运行时来添加交互性。")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("为了更轻松地过渡到服务器组件，应用程序路由器（App 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noreferrer"}},[s._v("Here Documents"),t("OutboundLink")],1)])]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("在 Linux 中，"),t("code",[s._v("<<")]),s._v("（称为 Here Document 或 Here Tag）是一种用于输入多行文本的特殊语法。它允许将一段文本作为输入传递给命令或脚本，而无需使用外部文件。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("具体来说，<<后面可以跟一个标识符（tag），用于标识输入的结束。输入文本的开始和结束都由这个标识符来界定。使用<<时，输入的文本会被 shell 进程处理，然后传递给相应的命令或脚本。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("示例")]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-shell line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-shell"}},[t("code",[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("cat")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("<<")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[s._v("END\n这是一段\n多行文本输入，\n会被cat命令处理。\nEND")]),s._v("\n")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),t("br")])]),t("p",[s._v("在上面的示例中，cat 命令接收"),t("code",[s._v("<< END")]),s._v(" 和 "),t("code",[s._v("END")]),s._v(" 之间的多行文本作为输入，并将其输出到标准输出。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("Here Document 的用途包括但不限于：")]),s._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[t("p",[s._v("在脚本中嵌入大段的文本数据。")])]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("p",[s._v("在命令行中直接输入多行文本，而无需创建临时文件。")])]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("p",[s._v("在配置文件或模板中插入变量和文本。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("需要注意的是，"),t("code",[s._v("tag")]),s._v(" 可以是用户自定义的标识符，只要它在输入文本中没有被使用即可。通常，"),t("code",[s._v("tag")]),s._v(" 以大写字母开头，但并不是强制要求。")])])]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("二、 如果想把内容报错到文件如"),t("code",[s._v("config.pbtx")]),s._v("中可以使用如下方案")]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-shell line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-shell"}},[t("code",[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("cat")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("<<")]),s._v(" END"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v(">")]),s._v("config.pbtx\n这是一段\n多行文本输入，\n会被 "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("cat")]),s._v(" 命令处理。\nEND\n")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),t("br")])]),t("p",[s._v("总结起来，<<标记在 Linux 中用于将多行文本作为输入传递给命令或脚本，提供了一种方便的方式来处理多行文本数据。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("三、赋值多行字符串给变量")]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-shell line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-shell"}},[t("code",[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token assign-left variable"}},[s._v("info")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("=")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[s._v("$(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("cat")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("<<")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[s._v("'EOF'\n这是一段\n多行文本输入，\n会被cat命令处理。\nEOF")]),s._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[s._v(")")])]),s._v("\n\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token builtin class-name"}},[s._v("echo")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[s._v('"'),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[s._v("$info")]),s._v('"')]),s._v("\n")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),t("br")])]),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"安装相关"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#安装相关"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 安装相关")]),s._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"brew"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#brew"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" brew")]),s._v(" "),t("blockquote",[t("p",[s._v("要在 mac 上安装软件，可以使用 shell 命令 "),t("code",[s._v("brew")]),s._v("。以下是一些常用的安装软件的示例命令")])]),s._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"apt-get"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#apt-get"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" apt-get")]),s._v(" "),t("blockquote",[t("p",[s._v("要在 Ubuntu 上安装软件，可以使用 shell 命令 "),t("code",[s._v("apt-get")]),s._v(" 或 "),t("code",[s._v("apt")]),s._v("。以下是一些常用的安装软件的示例命令：")])]),s._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[t("code",[s._v("sudo apt-get install ")]),s._v(" 安装单个软件包")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("sudo apt-get install ")]),s._v(" 安装多个软件包")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("sudo apt-get update")]),s._v(" 更新软件包")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("sudo apt-get upgrade")]),s._v(" 升级已安装的软件包")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("apt list --installed")]),s._v(" 显示已在系统上安装的软件包列表 "),t("code",[s._v("dpkg --list")])])]),s._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"文本-文件"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#文本-文件"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 文本/文件")]),s._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"lsof"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#lsof"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" lsof")]),s._v(" "),t("blockquote",[t("p",[t("code",[s._v('lsof（"list open files"）')]),s._v("是一个用于显示系统中打开文件的命令行工具。它在 Unix、Linux 和类 Unix 系统上可用，并提供了有关正在使用哪些文件和文件描述符的信息。lsof 可以显示当前打开的文件、网络连接、进程和其他资源的详细信息。")])]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("lsof 的基本语法如下：")]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-shell line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-shell"}},[t("code",[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("lsof")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("[")]),s._v("options"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("]")]),s._v("\n")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),t("br")])]),t("p",[s._v("以下是一些常用的 lsof 选项和用法示例：")]),s._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[t("code",[s._v("lsof")]),s._v(" 显示所有打开的文件")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("lsof -p ")]),s._v(" 显示特定进程打开的文件")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("lsof -u ")]),s._v(" 显示特定用户打开的文件")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("lsof ")]),s._v(" 显示特定文件的打开者")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("lsof -i :")]),s._v(" 显示特定端口号相关的网络连接")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("lsof +L1")]),s._v(" 显示已删除但仍在使用的文件")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("lsof -F [format]")]),s._v(" 以用户友好的格式显示输出结果")])]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("这只是一些 lsof 命令的示例，lsof 支持许多其他选项和过滤器，可以根据具体需求进行定制。你可以通过查阅 "),t("code",[s._v("lsof")]),s._v(" 的手册页（man 页）来获取更详细的信息，使用命令 "),t("code",[s._v("man lsof")]),s._v(" 即可查看。")]),s._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"ls"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#ls"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" ls")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[t("code",[s._v("ls")]),s._v(" 是一个常用的命令行工具，用于列出当前目录中的文件和子目录。它的功能包括显示文件属性、权限、时间戳等信息，以及对文件和目录进行排序和筛选。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("常见选项：")]),s._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[t("code",[s._v("-l")]),s._v("：以长格式（long format）显示文件和目录的详细信息，包括权限、所有者、大小、时间戳等。")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("-a")]),s._v("：显示所有文件和目录，包括隐藏文件（以点开头的文件名）。")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("-h")]),s._v("：以人类可读的格式显示文件大小（例如，使用 KB、MB、GB 等单位）。")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("-r")]),s._v("：以逆序（逆向）排序显示结果。")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("-t")]),s._v("：按修改时间排序，最新的在前。")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("-R")]),s._v("：递归地显示子目录中的文件和目录。")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("-d")]),s._v("：仅显示目录本身，而不是其内容。")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("-i")]),s._v("：显示文件和目录的索引号（inode）。")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("-s")]),s._v("：显示文件和目录的大小（以块为单位）")])]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("示例用法：")]),s._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[s._v("列出当前目录中的文件和目录：ls")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[s._v("列出当前目录中的所有文件和目录，包括隐藏文件：ls -a")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[s._v("以长格式显示当前目录中的文件和目录：ls -l")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[s._v("按修改时间排序，最新的在前：ls -lt")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[s._v("列出指定目录的内容：ls /path/to/directory")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[s._v("递归地列出指定目录及其子目录中的所有文件和目录：ls -R /path/to/directory")])]),s._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"rg"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#rg"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" rg")]),s._v(" "),t("blockquote",[t("p",[s._v("rg（全称为 ripgrep）是一个高性能的文本搜索工具，用于在文件中进行快速且灵活的搜索。它支持正则表达式搜索，具有速度快、默认忽略版本控制文件、支持多种文件类型等特点。是个人日常使用比较多的文本搜索工具")])]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("以下是 "),t("code",[s._v("rg")]),s._v(" 命令的基本语法：")]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-shell line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-shell"}},[t("code",[s._v("rg "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("[")]),s._v("选项"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("]")]),s._v(" 搜索模式 "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("[")]),s._v("路径"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("]")]),s._v("\n")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),t("br")])]),t("p",[s._v("其中，[选项] 可以是以下常用选项之一：")]),s._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[t("code",[s._v("-i")]),s._v("：忽略大小写进行搜索。")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("-w")]),s._v("：只匹配完整的单词。")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("-v")]),s._v("：反向匹配，即只显示不匹配的行。")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("-c")]),s._v("：只显示匹配的行数而不显示具体内容。")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("--hidden")]),s._v("：搜索包括隐藏文件。")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("--no-ignore")]),s._v("：不忽略 .gitignore 或类似的忽略文件中指定的模式。")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("--max-count ")]),s._v(": 表示只搜索 count 结果就返回。 如 "),t("code",[s._v("rg --max-count 1 uid")]),s._v(", 搜索一个 uid 结果即返回")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("--glob '!' ")]),s._v(": 搜索 A 目录下所有文件及文件夹，除了文件夹 B")])]),s._v(" "),t("p",[t("code",[s._v("搜索模式")]),s._v(" 是要在文件中搜索的模式，可以是普通文本或正则表达式。你可以使用普通文本进行简单的字符串搜索，或使用正则表达式进行更复杂的模式匹配。\n"),t("code",[s._v("[路径]")]),s._v(" 是可选的，表示要搜索的文件或目录的路径。如果省略路径，则默认在当前目录及其子目录中进行搜索。")]),s._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"fd"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#fd"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" fd")]),s._v(" "),t("blockquote",[t("p",[t("code",[s._v("fd")]),s._v(" 是一个用于在命令行中快速查找文件和目录的工具，而不需要使用复杂的正则表达式。它类似于 "),t("code",[s._v("find")]),s._v(" 命令，但具有更简洁的语法和更友好的用户界面。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[t("code",[s._v("fd")]),s._v(" 工具可以与 shell 结合使用，通过在命令行中指定搜索模式和目录路径，来查找匹配的文件和目录。它支持递归搜索，并提供一些有用的选项来过滤和定制搜索结果。")])]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("以下是 fd 命令的基本语法：")]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-shell line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-shell"}},[t("code",[s._v("fd "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("[")]),s._v("选项"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("]")]),s._v(" 搜索模式 "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("[")]),s._v("目录"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("]")]),s._v("\n")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),t("br")])]),t("p",[s._v("其中，搜索模式 是要查找的文件或目录的名称模式。目录 是要在其中进行搜索的起始目录路径。如果未指定目录路径，则默认从当前目录开始递归搜索。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("以下是一些常用的 fd 命令选项：")]),s._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[t("code",[s._v("-i")]),s._v("：忽略大小写")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("-a")]),s._v("：搜索隐藏文件和目录")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("-t <类型>")]),s._v("：只搜索指定类型的文件或目录（例如，-t f 用于只搜索文件）")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("-e <扩展名>")]),s._v("：只搜索具有指定扩展名的文件")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("-x <文件系统>")]),s._v("：排除指定文件系统的搜索结果")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("-s")]),s._v("：按文件大小进行排序")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("-d <深度>")]),s._v("：指定递归搜索的最大深度")])]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("这些选项可以根据你的搜索需求进行组合和调整。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("fd 工具还支持其他高级功能，如正则表达式匹配、根据权限过滤搜索结果、自定义输出格式等。你可以通过运行 fd --help 或查阅 fd 的文档来了解更多选项和用法。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("请注意，fd 是第三方工具，你可能需要先安装它，然后在 shell 中使用。")]),s._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"网络"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#网络"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 网络")]),s._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"ifconfig"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#ifconfig"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" ifconfig")]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"custom-block tip"},[t("p",{staticClass:"custom-block-title"},[s._v("提示")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("配置和显示 Linux 系统网卡的网络参数\nifconfig 命令 被用于配置和显示 Linux 内核中网络接口的网络参数。用 ifconfig 命令配置的网卡信息，在网卡重启后机器重启后，配置就不存在。要想将上述的配置信息永远的存的电脑里，那就要修改网卡的配置文件了。")])]),s._v(" "),t("p",[t("strong",[s._v("使用方法")])]),s._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[t("code",[s._v("ifconfig(参数)")])])]),s._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"netstat"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#netstat"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" netstat")]),s._v(" "),t("blockquote",[t("p",[s._v("netstat：用于显示网络连接、路由表和网络接口统计信息。")])]),s._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[s._v("显示所有活动网络连接：netstat -a")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[s._v("显示 TCP 连接状态：netstat -t")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[s._v("显示监听的端口：netstat -l")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[s._v("显示路由表信息：netstat -r")])]),s._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"dig"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#dig"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" dig")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[t("code",[s._v("dig")]),s._v("是一个常用的用于域名解析（DNS 查询）的命令行工具。它可以用于查询域名的 IP 地址、获取 DNS 记录以及执行其他与域名解析相关的操作。下面是 dig 命令的一些基本用法：")]),s._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[s._v("查询域名的 A 记录（IPv4 地址）：dig example.com")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[s._v("查询域名的 AAAA 记录（IPv6 地址）：dig AAAA example.com")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[s._v("查询域名的 CNAME 记录（别名）：dig CNAME example.com")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[s._v("查询域名的 MX 记录（邮件交换服务器）：dig MX example.com")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[s._v("查询域名的 TXT 记录（文本信息）：dig TXT example.com")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[s._v("查询域名的 NS 记录（域名服务器）：dig NS example.com")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[s._v("指定特定 DNS 服务器进行查询：dig @dns_server example.com")])]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("dig 命令还支持其他参数和选项，可用于更详细和特定类型的查询。例如，你可以指定查询的 DNS 服务器、设置查询的超时时间、指定查询类型等。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("一、比如查找 openai 的域名")]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-shell line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-shell"}},[t("code",[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("dig")]),s._v(" chat.openai.com\n")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),t("br")])]),t("p",[s._v("输出如下：")]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-shell line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-shell"}},[t("code",[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(";")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("<<")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v(">>")]),s._v(" DiG "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[s._v("9.10")]),s._v(".6 "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token 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SERVER: 10.89.54.2#53(10.89.54.2)")]),s._v(" 行指示了查询过程中所使用的 DNS 服务器的信息。这对于调试和故障排除目的很有用，因为它告诉你查询是由哪个 DNS 服务器提供的响应。")]),s._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"nslookup"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#nslookup"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" nslookup")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[t("code",[s._v("nslookup")]),s._v("：用于查询域名解析信息。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("比如查询域名对应的 IP 地址："),t("code",[s._v("nslookup example.com")]),s._v("\n查询特定 DNS 服务器上的域名解析："),t("code",[s._v("nslookup example.com 8.8.8.8")])]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("一、查询 "),t("code",[s._v("chat.openai.com")]),s._v(" 的 ip 地址")]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-shell line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-shell"}},[t("code",[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("nslookup")]),s._v(" chat.openai.com\n")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),t("br")])]),t("p",[s._v("输出：")]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-shell line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-shell"}},[t("code",[s._v("Server: "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[s._v("10.89")]),s._v(".54.2\nAddress: "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[s._v("10.89")]),s._v(".54.2"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[s._v("#53")]),s._v("\n\nNon-authoritative answer:\nName: chat.openai.com\nAddress: "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[s._v("192.133")]),s._v(".77.197\n")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),t("br")])]),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"wget"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#wget"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" wget")]),s._v(" "),t("blockquote",[t("p",[s._v("这是 linux 下面的下载命令")])]),s._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[s._v("下载文件到当前目录：wget "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"http://example.com/file.txt",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[s._v("http://example.com/file.txt"),t("OutboundLink")],1)]),s._v(" "),t("li",[s._v("下载文件并指定保存位置：wget -O /path/to/save/file.txt "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"http://example.com/file.txt",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[s._v("http://example.com/file.txt"),t("OutboundLink")],1)])]),s._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"curl"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#curl"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" curl")]),s._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[t("code",[s._v("man curl")]),s._v(" 帮助")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("curl -I https://chat.openai.com")]),s._v(" 查看 header")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("curl -OL ")]),s._v(" 下载文件, "),t("code",[s._v("-O")]),s._v(" 参数表示使用原始文件名保存下载的文. "),t("code",[s._v("-L")]),s._v(" 参数，用于开启重定向")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("curl -v ")]),s._v(" 获取网站详细信息")])]),s._v(" "),t("h4",{attrs:{id:"下载-shell-并执行"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#下载-shell-并执行"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 下载 shell 并执行")]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-shell line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-shell"}},[t("code",[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("curl")]),s._v(" -o- https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nvm-sh/nvm/v0.34.0/install.sh "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("|")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("bash")]),s._v("\n")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),t("br")])]),t("ul",[t("li",[t("code",[s._v("-o-")]),s._v(": 表示将下载的文件输出到标准输出（stdout），而不是将其保存到文件中")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("|")]),s._v(": 管道符号，将前一个命令的输出作为后一个命令的输入")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("bash")]),s._v(": 执行传递给它的脚本。")])]),s._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"netcat-nc"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#netcat-nc"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" netcat/nc")]),s._v(" "),t("blockquote",[t("p",[s._v('nc 是一个常用的命令行工具，也被称为 "netcat"，它在网络通信中起到了多种角色。nc 命令提供了一种简单的方式来建立 TCP 或 UDP 连接，发送和接收网络数据。')])]),s._v(" "),t("p",[t("code",[s._v("nc -lp 5000")]),s._v(" 是 nc 命令的一种使用方式，它的含义是在本地监听（-l 参数）端口号为 5000 的 TCP 连接。这意味着在运行该命令的终端窗口中，你可以接收到通过 5000 端口发送到本地的网络数据。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("当你运行 "),t("code",[s._v("nc -lp 5000")]),s._v(" 后，它会在后台开始监听指定的端口。你可以在另一个终端窗口中执行其他操作，比如运行 "),t("code",[s._v("./client 127.0.0.1")]),s._v("，这会连接到本地主机的 5000 端口。当连接建立后，你可以通过连接发送数据，这些数据将会出现在运行 "),t("code",[s._v("nc -lp 5000")]),s._v(" 的终端窗口中。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v('在前面提到的代码示例中，程序会连接到服务器的 5000 端口，并通过网络发送字符串 "Hello there!" 进行自我介绍。通过在另一个终端窗口中运行 nc -lp 5000，你可以接收到该消息，并且还可以通过该连接向客户端发送回复消息。')]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("这种使用方式使得 nc 命令成为一个有用的工具，用于调试和测试网络应用程序，或在不同主机之间进行简单的数据传输。")]),s._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"解压缩"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#解压缩"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 解压缩")]),s._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"xz"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#xz"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" xz")]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"custom-block tip"},[t("p",{staticClass:"custom-block-title"},[s._v("提示")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("xz 命令 XZ Utils 是为 POSIX 平台开发具有高压缩率的工具。它使用 "),t("code",[s._v("LZMA2")]),s._v(" 压缩算法，生成的压缩文件比 POSIX 平台传统使用的 gzip、bzip2 生成的压缩文件更小，而且解压缩速度也很快。最初 XZ Utils 的是基于 LZMA-SDK 开发，但是 LZMA-SDK 包含了一些 WINDOWS 平台的特性，所以 XZ Utils 为以适应 POSIX 平台作了大幅的修改。XZ Utils 的出现也是为了取代 POSIX 系统中旧的 LZMA Utils。")])]),s._v(" "),t("p",[t("strong",[s._v("常用命令")])]),s._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[t("code",[s._v("xz -h")])]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("xz test.txt")]),s._v(" 压缩一个文件 test.txt，压缩成功后生成 test.txt.xz, 原文件会被删除")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("xz -d -k test.txt.xz")]),s._v(" 解压 test.txt.xz 文件，并使用参数 -k 保持原文件不被删除")])]),s._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"tar"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#tar"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" tar")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[t("code",[s._v("tar xvf ")])]),s._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"其他"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#其他"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 其他")]),s._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"kill"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#kill"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" kill")]),s._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[t("code",[s._v("kill ")])]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("kill -9 ")]),s._v(" 强制终止一个进程")])]),s._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"剪切板"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#剪切板"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 剪切板")]),s._v(" "),t("blockquote",[t("p",[s._v("复制文件内容到剪切板")])]),s._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[t("code",[s._v("cat /path/to/source_file | pbcopy")]),s._v(" # macOS")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("cat /path/to/source_file | xclip -selection clipboard")]),s._v(" # Linux with X11")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("cat /path/to/source_file | xsel --clipboard")]),s._v(" # Alternative for Linux with X11")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("type /path/to/source_file | clip")]),s._v(" #windows")])]),s._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"案例"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#案例"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 案例")]),s._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"词频统计"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#词频统计"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 词频统计")]),s._v(" "),t("blockquote",[t("p",[s._v("此示例来自 leetcode： "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/word-frequency/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[s._v("https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/word-frequency/"),t("OutboundLink")],1)])]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("word 内容如下")]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-txt line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-txt"}},[t("code",[s._v("the day is sunny the the\nthe sunny is is\n")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),t("br")])]),t("div",{staticClass:"language-shell line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-shell"}},[t("code",[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("cat")]),s._v(" words.txt "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("|")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("tr")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[s._v("-s")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[s._v("' '")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[s._v("'\\n'")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("|")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("sort")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("|")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("uniq")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[s._v("-c")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("|")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("sort")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[s._v("-r")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("|")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("awk")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[s._v("'{print $2,$1}'")]),s._v("\n")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),t("br")])]),t("ul",[t("li",[s._v("首先 "),t("code",[s._v("cat")]),s._v(" 命令查看 words.txt")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("tr -s ' ' '\\n'")]),s._v("将空格都替换为换行 实现分词")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("sort")]),s._v(" 排序 将分好的词按照顺序排序")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("uniq -c")]),s._v(" 统计重复次数（此步骤与上一步息息相关，-c 原理是字符串相同则加一，如果不进行先排序的话将无法统计数目）")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("sort -r")]),s._v(" 将数目倒序排列")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("awk '{print $2,$1}'")]),s._v(" 将词频和词语调换位置打印出来")])]),s._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"转置文件"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#转置文件"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 转置文件")]),s._v(" "),t("blockquote",[t("p",[s._v("给定一个文件 file.txt，转置它的内容。 你可以假设每行列数相同，并且每个字段由 ' ' 分隔。 "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/transpose-file/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[s._v("https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/transpose-file/"),t("OutboundLink")],1)])]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("假设 file.txt 文件为")]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-txt line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-txt"}},[t("code",[s._v("name age\nalice 21\nryan 30\n")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),t("br")])]),t("div",{staticClass:"language-bash line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-bash"}},[t("code",[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token shebang important"}},[s._v("#!/bin/bash")]),s._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[s._v("# Read from the file file.txt and print its transposed content to stdout.")]),s._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[s._v("# 获取第一行，然后用wc来获取列数")]),s._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token assign-left variable"}},[s._v("COLS")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("=")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[s._v("`")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("head")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[s._v("-1")]),s._v(" file.txt "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("|")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("wc")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[s._v("-w")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[s._v("`")])]),s._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[s._v("# 使用awk依次去输出文件的每一列的参数，然后用xargs做转置")]),s._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("for")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("((")]),s._v(" i "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[s._v("1")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(";")]),s._v(" i "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("<=")]),s._v(" $COLS"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(";")]),s._v(" i"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("++")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("))")])]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(";")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("do")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[s._v("# 这里col就是在代码里要替换的参数，而它等于$i")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("awk")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[s._v("-v")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token assign-left variable"}},[s._v("col")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("=")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[s._v("$i")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[s._v("'{print $col}'")]),s._v(" file.txt "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("|")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("xargs")]),s._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("done")]),s._v("\n")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),t("br")])]),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"提取-android-serial"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#提取-android-serial"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 提取 ANDROID SERIAL")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("从如下的字符提取 99161FFBA00AZ2")]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-shell line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-shell"}},[t("code",[s._v("List of devices attached\n99161FFBA00AZ2 device\n")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),t("br")])]),t("p",[s._v("方法：")]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-shell line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-shell"}},[t("code",[s._v("adb devices "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("|")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("awk")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[s._v("'NR==2{print $1}'")]),s._v("\n")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),t("br")])]),t("p",[s._v("在这个命令中，"),t("code",[s._v("adb devices")]),s._v(" 用于获取设备列表。然后，"),t("code",[s._v("awk")]),s._v(" 命令会处理输出结果。"),t("code",[s._v("NR==")]),s._v("2 表示只处理第二行，"),t("code",[s._v("print $1")]),s._v(" 表示打印第一列的内容，即设备序列号。")])])}),[],!1,null,null,null);t.default=n.exports}}]);
\ No newline at end of file
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+(window.webpackJsonp=window.webpackJsonp||[]).push([[52],{378:function(t,a,e){"use strict";e.r(a);var s=e(4),v=Object(s.a)({},(function(){var t=this,a=t._self._c;return a("ContentSlotsDistributor",{attrs:{"slot-key":t.$parent.slotKey}},[a("h1",{attrs:{id:"git"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#git"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" GIT")]),t._v(" "),a("blockquote",[a("p",[t._v("如何学习 git 命令")])]),t._v(" "),a("ul",[a("li",[a("a",{attrs:{href:"https://learngitbranching.js.org/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("Learn Git Online"),a("OutboundLink")],1)])]),t._v(" "),a("h2",{attrs:{id:"实用操作"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#实用操作"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 实用操作")]),t._v(" "),a("h3",{attrs:{id:"分离-header"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#分离-header"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 分离 header")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("如何相对运动？")]),t._v(" "),a("blockquote",[a("p",[t._v("首先看看操作符 (^)。把这个符号加在引用名称的后面，表示让 Git 寻找指定提交记录的父提交。")])]),t._v(" "),a("ul",[a("li",[a("code",[t._v("master^")]),t._v(" 相当于 master 的父节点。")]),t._v(" "),a("li",[a("code",[t._v("master^^")]),t._v(" 是 master 的第二个父节点")]),t._v(" "),a("li",[a("code",[t._v("git checkout HEAD~4")]),t._v(" 向后移动 4 位")])]),t._v(" "),a("h2",{attrs:{id:"常用命令"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#常用命令"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 常用命令")]),t._v(" "),a("ul",[a("li",[a("code",[t._v("git --help")]),t._v(" 查看帮助")]),t._v(" "),a("li",[a("code",[t._v("git log -p **/**pip3.md")]),t._v(" 该命令会显示出所有目录下以 pip3.md 结尾的文件每个提交的详细修改内容\n"),a("ul",[a("li",[a("code",[t._v("git log")]),t._v(" 查看提交历史记录")]),t._v(" "),a("li",[a("code",[t._v("-p")]),t._v("显示每个提交的详细修改内容（即补丁/差异）")]),t._v(" "),a("li",[a("code",[t._v("**")]),t._v(" ** 表示递归匹配任意目录")])])]),t._v(" "),a("li",[a("code",[t._v("git remote rm origin")])]),t._v(" "),a("li",[a("code",[t._v("git remote add origin xxx")])]),t._v(" "),a("li",[a("code",[t._v("git config --global --edit")]),t._v(" 编辑 global config")]),t._v(" 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"),e("li",[e("code",[a._v("adb shell am force-stop")]),a._v(": 应用在前台强制关闭，强制关闭指定的 package 包应用")]),a._v(" "),e("li",[e("code",[a._v("adb shell am start -D")])]),a._v(" "),e("li",[e("code",[a._v("adb shell am start -W")])]),a._v(" "),e("li",[e("code",[a._v("adb shell am set-debug-app -w $package")])]),a._v(" "),e("li",[e("code",[a._v("adb shell am set-debug-app -w --persistent $package")])]),a._v(" "),e("li",[e("code",[a._v("adb shell am clear-debug-app $package")]),a._v(" cancel debug with launch")]),a._v(" "),e("li",[e("code",[a._v("adb shell am broadcast -a $action")])]),a._v(" "),e("li",[e("code",[a._v("adb shell am broadcast -a $action -e x.command activity -e name jacky")]),a._v(" 通过 broadcast 传递参数")])]),a._v(" "),e("h3",{attrs:{id:"ps"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#ps"}},[a._v("#")]),a._v(" ps")]),a._v(" "),e("p",[e("code",[a._v("adb shell ps")]),a._v(" 命令提供了一些选项，可以用来过滤和显示特定的进程信息。以下是一些常用的选项：")]),a._v(" "),e("ul",[e("li",[e("code",[a._v("-A")]),a._v("：显示所有进程，包括系统进程和应用程序进程。")]),a._v(" "),e("li",[e("code",[a._v("-a")]),a._v("：显示除了无效的进程（已经被 init 启动的进程）之外的所有进程。")]),a._v(" "),e("li",[e("code",[a._v("-x")]),a._v("：显示所有进程，包括未运行的进程。")]),a._v(" "),e("li",[e("code",[a._v("-r")]),a._v("：按照内存使用量来排序进程。")]),a._v(" "),e("li",[e("code",[a._v("-n")]),a._v("：按照进程名字来排序进程。")]),a._v(" "),e("li",[e("code",[a._v("-s")]),a._v("：按照进程状态来排序进程。")]),a._v(" "),e("li",[e("code",[a._v("-p")]),a._v("：显示进程的 PID（进程标识符）。")]),a._v(" "),e("li",[e("code",[a._v("-c")]),a._v("：显示进程的 CPU 利用率。")]),a._v(" "),e("li",[e("code",[a._v("-u")]),a._v("：显示进程的用户名称和 UID（用户标识符）。")]),a._v(" "),e("li",[e("code",[a._v("-t")]),a._v("：显示进程的线程信息。")]),a._v(" "),e("li",[e("code",[a._v("-Z")]),a._v("：显示进程的安全上下文。")])]),a._v(" "),e("p",[a._v("您可以根据需要选择适当的选项来获取所需的进程信息。例如，使用命令 adb shell ps -p 可以显示进程的 PID，而使用命令 adb shell ps -t 可以显示进程的线程信息")]),a._v(" "),e("h3",{attrs:{id:"logcat"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#logcat"}},[a._v("#")]),a._v(" logcat")]),a._v(" "),e("ul",[e("li",[e("code",[a._v("adb logcat -G 16M")]),a._v(" 将缓冲区大小设置为 16MB")]),a._v(" "),e("li",[e("code",[a._v("adb logcat -c")]),a._v(" 清除设备日志缓存的 ADB 命令")]),a._v(" "),e("li",[e("code",[a._v("adb logcat -b crash")]),a._v(" 查看设备上的崩溃日志")]),a._v(" "),e("li",[a._v("日志过滤\n"),e("ul",[e("li",[e("code",[a._v("adb logcat *:V")])]),a._v(" "),e("li",[e("code",[a._v("adb logcat *:E")])]),a._v(" "),e("li",[e("code",[a._v('adb logcat -s "keyword"')])]),a._v(" "),e("li",[e("code",[a._v('adb logcat *:E -s "keyword"')])]),a._v(" "),e("li",[e("code",[a._v("adb logcat | grep -E 'regex'")])])])])]),a._v(" "),e("h3",{attrs:{id:"input"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#input"}},[a._v("#")]),a._v(" input")]),a._v(" "),e("blockquote",[e("p",[e("code",[a._v("adb shell input")]),a._v(" 是用于模拟输入事件的 ADB 命令，它可以在 Android 设备上执行各种输入操作，如按键、点击、滑动等。")])]),a._v(" "),e("p",[a._v("以下是 adb shell input 命令的一些常见用法：")]),a._v(" "),e("ul",[e("li",[e("p",[a._v("模拟点击事件："),e("code",[a._v("adb shell input tap x y")]),a._v("\n这里的 x 和 y 分别是屏幕上的横纵坐标，用于指定点击的位置。")])]),a._v(" "),e("li",[e("p",[a._v("模拟按键事件："),e("code",[a._v("adb shell input keyevent KEYCODE")]),a._v("\n这里的 KEYCODE 是表示按键码的整数值，用于模拟按下指定的按键。(KeyCode 查询"),e("a",{attrs:{href:"https://developer.android.com/reference/android/view/KeyEvent",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[a._v("地址"),e("OutboundLink")],1),a._v(")")])]),a._v(" "),e("li",[e("p",[a._v("模拟滑动事件："),e("code",[a._v("adb shell input swipe x1 y1 x2 y2 [duration]")]),a._v("\n这里的(x1, y1)和(x2, y2)是滑动起始点和终点的坐标，duration 表示滑动的持续时间。")])]),a._v(" "),e("li",[e("p",[a._v('模拟输入文本：adb shell input text "your_text"\n这里的 your_text 是要输入的文本内容，可以是任意字符串。')])]),a._v(" "),e("li",[e("p",[a._v("长按某个按键：adb shell input keyevent --longpress KEYCODE\n这里的 KEYCODE 是表示按键码的整数值，用于模拟长按指定的按键。")])])]),a._v(" "),e("p",[a._v("注意：使用 "),e("code",[a._v("adb shell input")]),a._v(' 命令需要连接到 Android 设备，并且设备必须具有开发者选项中的"USB 调试"选项已启用。此外，某些命令可能需要 Root 权限才能执行。')]),a._v(" "),e("h3",{attrs:{id:"其他"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#其他"}},[a._v("#")]),a._v(" 其他")]),a._v(" "),e("ul",[e("li",[e("code",[a._v("adb shell ip address show wlan0")]),a._v(" 查看 "),e("code",[a._v("wlan0")]),a._v(" 网络接口的 IP 地址信息")]),a._v(" "),e("li",[e("code",[a._v('adb shell ifconfig | grep "inet "')]),a._v(" 获取 Android 设备的 IP 地址")]),a._v(" "),e("li",[e("code",[a._v('adb shell "su -c ifconfig"')]),a._v(" 查看和配置网络接口信息的命令")]),a._v(" "),e("li",[e("code",[a._v("adb shell getprop -T")]),a._v(" Show property types instead of values")]),a._v(" "),e("li",[e("code",[a._v("adb shell getprop -Z")]),a._v(" Show property contexts instead of values")]),a._v(" "),e("li",[e("code",[a._v("adb shell getprop ro.product.cpu.abi")]),a._v(" 获取手机支持的 arm 架构")]),a._v(" "),e("li",[e("code",[a._v("adb bugreport crash.txt")]),a._v(' 生成一个完整的设备状态报告，并包括崩溃日志。它将崩溃日志保存到名为"crash.txt"的文件中')]),a._v(" "),e("li",[e("code",[a._v("adb kill-server")]),a._v(" 结束 adb 进程")]),a._v(" "),e("li",[e("code",[a._v("adb start-server")]),a._v(" 启动 adb 进程")]),a._v(" "),e("li",[e("code",[a._v("adb install -r ")])]),a._v(" "),e("li",[e("code",[a._v("adb uninstall ")])]),a._v(" "),e("li",[e("code",[a._v("adb reboot")])]),a._v(" "),e("li",[e("code",[a._v("adb shell run-as cat <私有路径文件> <输出到mac端的路径>")]),a._v(": 拉取应用私有目录到 pc 端， 需要应用 debugable")])]),a._v(" "),e("h2",{attrs:{id:"tricks"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#tricks"}},[a._v("#")]),a._v(" Tricks")]),a._v(" "),e("ul",[e("li",[a._v("dump anr info")])]),a._v(" "),e("div",{staticClass:"language-shell line-numbers-mode"},[e("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-shell"}},[e("code",[a._v("adb shell\nrun-as "),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[a._v("$package")]),a._v(" // run app as root\n"),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[a._v("kill")]),a._v(" "),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[a._v("-s")]),a._v(" SIGQUIT "),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[a._v("<")]),a._v("pid"),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[a._v(">")]),a._v("\n")])]),a._v(" "),e("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[e("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[a._v("1")]),e("br"),e("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[a._v("2")]),e("br"),e("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[a._v("3")]),e("br")])]),e("h2",{attrs:{id:"实践"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#实践"}},[a._v("#")]),a._v(" 实践")]),a._v(" "),e("h3",{attrs:{id:"访问私有目录文件"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#访问私有目录文件"}},[a._v("#")]),a._v(" 访问私有目录文件")]),a._v(" "),e("blockquote",[e("p",[a._v("下面使用的常规方法获取私有目录权限，所以此方法需要 app 可调试")])]),a._v(" "),e("ol",[e("li",[e("code",[a._v("run-as $package")]),a._v(" 将指定目录压缩")])]),a._v(" "),e("div",{staticClass:"language-shell line-numbers-mode"},[e("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-shell"}},[e("code",[e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[a._v("tar")]),a._v(" "),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[a._v("-zcvf")]),a._v(" mojituo.tar.gz "),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[a._v("$dir")]),a._v("\n")])]),a._v(" "),e("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[e("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[a._v("1")]),e("br")])]),e("ol",{attrs:{start:"2"}},[e("li",[a._v("退出手机 shell，将数据流重定向到 mac 端")])]),a._v(" "),e("div",{staticClass:"language-shell line-numbers-mode"},[e("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-shell"}},[e("code",[a._v("adb shell run-as "),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[a._v("$package")]),a._v(" "),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[a._v("cat")]),a._v(" "),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[a._v("(")]),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[a._v("`")]),a._v("上述目录的打包成zip的路径"),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[a._v("`")])]),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[a._v(")")]),a._v(" "),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[a._v(">")]),a._v(" "),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[a._v("(")]),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[a._v("`")]),a._v("输出到mac端的路径"),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[a._v("`")])]),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[a._v(")")]),a._v("\n")])]),a._v(" "),e("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[e("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[a._v("1")]),e("br")])]),e("p",[a._v("二、release 日志")]),a._v(" "),e("div",{staticClass:"language-sh line-numbers-mode"},[e("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-sh"}},[e("code",[a._v("private val DEBUG "),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[a._v("=")]),a._v(" Log.isLoggable"),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[a._v("(")]),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[a._v('"MessageFragment"')]),a._v(", Log.DEBUG"),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[a._v(")")]),a._v("\n\nadb shell setprop log.tag.Main D\nadb shell setprop log.tag.MessageFragment D\n")])]),a._v(" "),e("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[e("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[a._v("1")]),e("br"),e("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[a._v("2")]),e("br"),e("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[a._v("3")]),e("br"),e("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[a._v("4")]),e("br")])]),e("h3",{attrs:{id:"接口转发"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#接口转发"}},[a._v("#")]),a._v(" 接口转发")]),a._v(" "),e("p",[a._v("【背景】咨询一个网络的问题，我这里有两台设备,分别为 PC 和 Android A 设备,这两个设备处于同一个 wifi 下面，比如 wifi 名称为 wifiA。\n另外有一个设备 Android B， 处于一些原因没有连接到 wifiA。而是通过热点连接到 Android A 的热点上，从而 PC 和 Android B 也能互通私有的资源。\nAndroid B 的 ip 地址为： "),e("code",[a._v("192.168.254.193")]),a._v("。 另外 Android B 上面安装了 frida 服务，如果 PC 要访问 Android B 的服务，我这里通过如下命令进行连接：\n"),e("code",[a._v("objection -N --host 192.168.254.193 --port 1234 explore")])]),a._v(" "),e("p",[a._v("最终的结果是：")]),a._v(" "),e("div",{staticClass:"language-shell line-numbers-mode"},[e("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-shell"}},[e("code",[a._v("Unable to connect to the frida server: unable to connect to remote frida-server: Could not connect to "),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[a._v("192.168")]),a._v(".254.193: Operation timed out\n")])]),a._v(" "),e("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[e("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[a._v("1")]),e("br")])]),e("p",[e("strong",[a._v("以下的回答供参考 "),e("RText",{attrs:{text:"chatGPT",color:"green"}}),a._v("，并没有测试通过:")],1)]),a._v(" "),e("p",[a._v("根据您提供的信息，我们可以看到 Android B 连接到了 Android A 的热点上，这会导致 Android B 和 PC 处于不同的子网中，因此 PC 无法直接访问 Android B 的 IP 地址。为了解决这个问题，您可以尝试通过以下步骤进行操作：")]),a._v(" "),e("p",[a._v("一、在 Android A 上启用 IP 转发功能。 在 Android A 的终端上运行以下命令：")]),a._v(" "),e("div",{staticClass:"language-shell line-numbers-mode"},[e("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-shell"}},[e("code",[e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[a._v("su")]),a._v("\n"),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token builtin class-name"}},[a._v("echo")]),a._v(" "),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[a._v("1")]),a._v(" "),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[a._v(">")]),a._v(" /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward\n")])]),a._v(" "),e("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[e("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[a._v("1")]),e("br"),e("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[a._v("2")]),e("br")])]),e("p",[a._v("这将启用 Android A 上的 IP 转发功能，使其可以将来自 PC 的请求转发到 Android B。")]),a._v(" "),e("p",[a._v("二、设置 Android B 的默认网关。\n在 Android B 的终端上运行以下命令：")]),a._v(" "),e("div",{staticClass:"language-shell line-numbers-mode"},[e("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-shell"}},[e("code",[e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[a._v("su")]),a._v("\nroute "),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[a._v("add")]),a._v(" default gw "),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[a._v("192.168")]),a._v(".43.1\n")])]),a._v(" "),e("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[e("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[a._v("1")]),e("br"),e("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[a._v("2")]),e("br")])]),e("p",[a._v("其中，192.168.43.1 是 Android A 的 IP 地址，这将设置 Android B 的默认网关为 Android A 的 IP 地址。")]),a._v(" "),e("p",[a._v("三、在 PC 上设置路由规则。\n在 PC 上运行以下命令：\n"),e("code",[a._v("route add -net 192.168.254.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 gw 192.168.43.119")]),a._v("\n其中，192.168.43.119 是 Android A 的 IP 地址，这将设置 PC 的路由规则，使其可以将请求发送到 Android A。")])])}),[],!1,null,null,null);e.default=l.exports}}]);
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+++ b/assets/js/56.018891fa.js
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+(window.webpackJsonp=window.webpackJsonp||[]).push([[64],{390:function(s,t,a){"use strict";a.r(t);var e=a(4),r=Object(e.a)({},(function(){var s=this,t=s._self._c;return t("ContentSlotsDistributor",{attrs:{"slot-key":s.$parent.slotKey}},[t("h2",{attrs:{id:"workflows"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#workflows"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" workflows")]),s._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"trigger-workflow"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#trigger-workflow"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" trigger workflow")]),s._v(" "),t("blockquote",[t("p",[s._v("官网是最全面的，建议直接查看 "),t("code",[s._v("https://docs.github.com/en/actions/using-workflows/events-that-trigger-workflows")])])]),s._v(" "),t("h4",{attrs:{id:"schedule"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#schedule"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" schedule")]),s._v(" "),t("blockquote",[t("p",[s._v("通过 schedule 出发 workflow，更多内容可见"),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://docs.github.com/en/actions/using-workflows/events-that-trigger-workflows#schedule",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[s._v("trigger a workflow by schedule"),t("OutboundLink")],1)])]),s._v(" "),t("p",[t("strong",[s._v("POSIX cron 语法")])]),s._v(" "),t("blockquote",[t("p",[s._v("POSIX cron 是一种用于调度任务的时间表达式语法，它由五个字段组成，分别表示分钟、小时、日期、月份和星期几。")])]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("下面是每个字段的取值范围及其对应的含义：")]),s._v(" "),t("ol",[t("li",[s._v("分钟（0-59）：表示一小时中的哪一分钟触发任务。")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[s._v("小时（0-23）：表示一天中的哪个小时触发任务。")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[s._v("日期（1-31）：表示一个月中的哪一天触发任务。")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[s._v("月份（1-12）：表示一年中的哪个月触发任务。")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[s._v("星期几（0-7，其中 0 和 7 都表示周日）：表示一周中的哪一天触发任务。")])]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("使用这五个字段的组合，我们可以创建出各种不同的时间表达式来调度任务。下面是一些示例：")]),s._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[t("code",[s._v("* * * * *")]),s._v("：每分钟触发一次任务。")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("0 * * * *")]),s._v("：每小时的 0 分钟触发一次任务。")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("0 0 * * *")]),s._v("：每天的 0 点整触发一次任务。")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("0 0 * * 1")]),s._v("：每周一的 0 点整触发一次任务。")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("0 0 1 1 *")]),s._v("：每年的 1 月 1 日的 0 点整触发一次任务。")])]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("通过指定这些时间表达式，你可以在 GitHub Actions 中使用 POSIX cron 来定时执行你的工作流程。")]),s._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"reuse-workflows"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#reuse-workflows"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" Reuse workflows")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("coming soon")]),s._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"workflow-commands"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#workflow-commands"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" workflow commands")]),s._v(" "),t("h4",{attrs:{id:"multiline-strings"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#multiline-strings"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" multiline strings*")]),s._v(" "),t("blockquote",[t("p",[t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://docs.github.com/en/actions/using-workflows/workflow-commands-for-github-actions#environment-files",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[s._v("multiline strings"),t("OutboundLink")],1)])]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("使用方式：")]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-shell line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-shell"}},[t("code",[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("{")]),s._v("name"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("}")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("<<")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("{")]),s._v("delimiter"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("}")]),s._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("{")]),s._v("value"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("}")]),s._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("{")]),s._v("delimiter"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("}")]),s._v("\n")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),t("br")])]),t("p",[s._v("示例：")]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-shell line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-shell"}},[t("code",[s._v("steps:\n - 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diff --git a/assets/js/65.b2539223.js b/assets/js/65.b2539223.js
new file mode 100644
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+(window.webpackJsonp=window.webpackJsonp||[]).push([[65],{391:function(t,a,i){"use strict";i.r(a);var v=i(4),d=Object(v.a)({},(function(){var t=this,a=t._self._c;return a("ContentSlotsDistributor",{attrs:{"slot-key":t.$parent.slotKey}},[a("div",{staticClass:"custom-block tip"},[a("p",{staticClass:"custom-block-title"},[t._v("提示")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[a("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/skylot/jadx",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("github 链接"),a("OutboundLink")],1)])]),t._v(" "),a("h2",{attrs:{id:"介绍"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#介绍"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 介绍")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("jadx 是一款用于将 Android APK 文件反编译为可读的 Java 源代码的开源工具。它可以帮助开发人员和安全研究人员分析和理解 Android 应用程序的内部结构、逻辑和实现细节。")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("以下是 jadx 工具的一些主要特点和功能：")]),t._v(" "),a("ul",[a("li",[a("p",[t._v("反编译 APK 文件：jadx 可以将 Android APK 文件转换为可读的 Java 源代码，并提取出应用程序中的类、方法、字段等信息。")])]),t._v(" "),a("li",[a("p",[t._v("可视化展示：jadx 提供了一个用户友好的图形界面，可以以树状结构形式展示应用程序的包、类、方法等元素，使得代码浏览和分析更加方便。")])]),t._v(" "),a("li",[a("p",[t._v("跨平台支持：jadx 支持在多个操作系统上运行，包括 Windows、Linux 和 macOS，可以在不同环境中使用。")])]),t._v(" "),a("li",[a("p",[t._v("支持最新的 Android 版本：jadx 对 Android 的最新版本和特性提供了支持，可以处理使用较新 API 级别构建的应用程序。")])]),t._v(" "),a("li",[a("p",[t._v("反混淆支持：对于已经进行了代码混淆的应用程序，jadx 可以尝试还原原始的类、方法和字段名称，以便更好地理解代码。")])]),t._v(" "),a("li",[a("p",[t._v("代码导航和搜索：jadx 提供了代码导航和搜索功能，可以快速定位特定的类、方法、字段或关键字，便于快速浏览和分析代码。")])]),t._v(" "),a("li",[a("p",[t._v("导出功能：jadx 允许将反编译的代码导出为 Java 源代码或 Smali 格式，方便进一步的分析和处理。")])])]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("总体而言，jadx 是一个功能强大且易于使用的工具，可以帮助开发人员和安全研究人员对 Android 应用程序进行逆向工程和代码分析。它可以提供有关应用程序内部实现的深入洞察，并帮助解决问题、修复错误或进行安全评估。")])])}),[],!1,null,null,null);a.default=d.exports}}]);
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diff --git a/assets/js/66.ac82a37f.js b/assets/js/66.ac82a37f.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1424800bc4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/assets/js/66.ac82a37f.js
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+(window.webpackJsonp=window.webpackJsonp||[]).push([[66],{392:function(t,v,o){"use strict";o.r(v);var s=o(4),_=Object(s.a)({},(function(){var t=this,v=t._self._c;return v("ContentSlotsDistributor",{attrs:{"slot-key":t.$parent.slotKey}},[v("blockquote",[v("p",[t._v("http 相关的内容 blog 可以查看，小林 coding 对网络的总结，链接为：https://xiaolincoding.com/network")])]),t._v(" "),v("h2",{attrs:{id:"ipv4-地址的表示"}},[v("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#ipv4-地址的表示"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" IPv4 地址的表示")]),t._v(" "),v("div",{staticClass:"custom-block tip"},[v("p",{staticClass:"custom-block-title"},[t._v("提示")]),t._v(" "),v("p",[t._v("一个 IPv4 地址,可以使用 16 进制的输出代表.\n这里分析下 16 进制各子节代表的意义，以： 00 02 13 88 7f 00 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 为例")])]),t._v(" "),v("p",[t._v("这个 16 进制的输出代表一个 IPv4 地址。让我们一起分析它：")]),t._v(" "),v("ul",[v("li",[v("code",[t._v("00 02")]),t._v("：这是表示地址族（Address Family）的字段，其中 00 02 对应 AF_INET，表示 IPv4 地址族。")]),t._v(" "),v("li",[v("code",[t._v("13 88")]),t._v("：这是表示端口号的字段，其中 13 88 对应 5000，表示目标主机的端口号为 5000。")]),t._v(" "),v("li",[v("code",[t._v("7f 00 00 01")]),t._v("：这是表示 IP 地址的字段，其中 7f 00 00 01 对应 127.0.0.1，表示目标主机的 IP 地址为 127.0.0.1，即本地回环地址。")])]),t._v(" "),v("p",[t._v("所以，这个 16 进制输出表示将连接目标主机的 IP 地址和端口号设置为 127.0.0.1:5000。")]),t._v(" "),v("p",[t._v("在代码中，这个地址被用作 inet_pton 函数的参数，将字符串形式的 IP 地址转换为二进制表示。这样就将目标主机的地址设置为 127.0.0.1，以便与其建立连接。")])])}),[],!1,null,null,null);v.default=_.exports}}]);
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diff --git a/assets/js/67.595c715d.js b/assets/js/67.595c715d.js
new file mode 100644
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+++ b/assets/js/67.595c715d.js
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+(window.webpackJsonp=window.webpackJsonp||[]).push([[67],{393:function(o,s,e){"use strict";e.r(s);var i=e(4),t=Object(i.a)({},(function(){var o=this,s=o._self._c;return s("ContentSlotsDistributor",{attrs:{"slot-key":o.$parent.slotKey}},[s("h2",{attrs:{id:"session-和-cookie"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#session-和-cookie"}},[o._v("#")]),o._v(" SESSION 和 COOKIE")]),o._v(" "),s("p",[o._v("由于 HTTP 协议是无状态的协议，所以服务端需要记录用户的状态时，就需要用某种机制来识具体的用户，这个机制就是 Session.")]),o._v(" "),s("blockquote",[s("ul",[s("li",[o._v("Session 是在服务端保存的一个数据结构，用来跟踪用户的状态，这个数据可以保存在集群、数据库、文件中。")]),o._v(" "),s("li",[o._v("Cookie 是客户端保存用户信息的一种机制，也是实现 Session 的一种方式。可以理解为一个文件，不会因为浏览器的关闭而消失。")])])]),o._v(" "),s("p",[s("strong",[o._v("思考一下服务端如何识别特定的客户？")])]),o._v(" "),s("p",[o._v("每次 HTTP 请求的时候，客户端都会发送相应的 Cookie 信息到服务端。"),s("strong",[o._v("实际上大多数的应用都是用 Cookie 来实现 Session 跟踪的")]),o._v("，第一次创建 Session 的时候，服务端会在 HTTP 协议中告诉客户端，需要在 Cookie 里面记录一个 Session ID，以后每次请求把这个会话 ID 发送到服务器，服务器就知道你是谁了。")]),o._v(" "),s("p",[s("strong",[o._v("Cookie 常见的应用场景")])]),o._v(" "),s("p",[o._v("Cookie 是浏览器保存信息的一种方式，可以理解为一个文件，保存到客户端了啊，服务器可以通过响应浏览器的 set-cookie 的标头，得到 Cookie 的信息。你可以给这个文件设置一个期限，这个期限呢，不会因为浏览器的关闭而消失啊。其实大家应该对这个效果不陌生，很多购物网站都是这个做的，即使你没有买东西，他也记住了你的喜好，现在回来，会优先给你提交你喜欢的东西啊，他们也真是煞费苦心了啊。")])])}),[],!1,null,null,null);s.default=t.exports}}]);
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diff --git a/assets/js/68.c184b385.js b/assets/js/68.c184b385.js
new file mode 100644
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+(window.webpackJsonp=window.webpackJsonp||[]).push([[68],{394:function(t,s,a){"use strict";a.r(s);var n=a(4),e=Object(n.a)({},(function(){var t=this,s=t._self._c;return s("ContentSlotsDistributor",{attrs:{"slot-key":t.$parent.slotKey}},[s("h2",{attrs:{id:"网络基础"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#网络基础"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 网络基础")]),t._v(" "),s("h3",{attrs:{id:"osi-7-层模型"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#osi-7-层模型"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" OSI 7 层模型")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[s("img",{attrs:{src:"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jacky1234/picArchieve/master/uPic/687474703a2f2f68692e6373646e2e6e65742f6174746163686d656e742f3230313230312f352f305f31333235373434353937574d33322e676966.gif",alt:""}})]),t._v(" "),s("h3",{attrs:{id:"公钥与私钥"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#公钥与私钥"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" "),s("a",{attrs:{href:"https://songlee24.github.io/2015/05/03/public-key-and-private-key/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("公钥与私钥"),s("OutboundLink")],1)]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("公钥算法与私钥算法\n私钥加密算法，又称 对称加密算法，因为这种算法解密密钥和加密密钥是相同的。也正因为同一密钥既用于加密又用于解密，所以这个密钥是不能公开的。常见的有**《DES 加密算法》、《AES 加密算法》**。")]),t._v(" "),s("h3",{attrs:{id:"证书"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#证书"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 证书")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("这种由权威部门颁发的称为证书。有权威机构去认证，"),s("strong",[t._v("这个机构叫 CA（Certificate Authority）")])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("证书里面有什么：")]),t._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[t._v("公钥")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("所有者")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("发布机构和证书有效期")])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("创建私钥\n"),s("code",[t._v("openssl genrsa -out cliu8siteprivate.key 1024")])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("根据这个私钥创建公钥\n"),s("code",[t._v("openssl rsa -in cliu8siteprivate.key -pubout -out cliu8sitepublic.pem")])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("证书请求\n问题： 公钥如何传输呢？如何证明别人给你的证书是正确的？\n"),s("code",[t._v("openssl req -key cliu8siteprivate.key -new -out cliu8sitecertifiacte.req")])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("将这个请求发给权威机构，权威机构会给这个证书卡一个章（签名）\n权威机构给证书签名是这样的：\n"),s("code",[t._v("openssl x509 -req -in cliu8sitecertificate.req -CA cacertificate.pem -CAkey caprivate.key -out cliu8sitecertificate.pem")]),t._v("\n这个命令返回 Signature ok，而 cliu8sitecertificate.pem 就是签过名的证书。")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("查看这个证书内容：\n"),s("code",[t._v("openssl x509 -in cliu8sitecertificate.pem -noout -text")])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("==>\n你不会从一个外卖网站上得到一个公钥，而是会得到一个证书，这个证书有颁发的 CA，只要得到这个 CA 的公钥，去解密外卖网站证书的签名，如果解密成功，Hash 也对上，就说明这个外卖网站的公钥没有问题。")]),t._v(" "),s("hr"),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("为了同时兼顾安全和效率，我们通常结合使用公钥算法和私钥算法：")]),t._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[t._v("首先，发送方使用对称算法对原始信息进行加密。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("接收方通过公钥机制生成一对密钥，一个公钥，一个私钥。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("接收方 将公钥发送给 发送方。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("发送方用公钥对对称算法的密钥进行加密，并发送给接收方。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("接收方用私钥进行解密得到对称算法的密钥。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("发送方再把已加密的原始信息发送给接收方。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("接收方使用对称算法的密钥进行解密。")])]),t._v(" "),s("hr"),t._v(" "),s("h2",{attrs:{id:"https-协议的总体思路"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#https-协议的总体思路"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" HTTPS 协议的总体思路")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[s("img",{attrs:{src:"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jacky1234/picArchieve/master/uPic/x2ccL5.jpg",alt:"img"}})]),t._v(" "),s("ol",[s("li",[t._v("Client 会发送 Client Hello 到服务器，以明文传输 TLS 版本信息，加密套件候选列表，压缩算法候选列表等信息。还有个随机数，在协商密钥的时候使用。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("Server 返回 Server Hello 信息，告诉客户端，服务器选择用的协议版本，加密套件，压缩算法等，还有一个随机数，用于后续协商密钥。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v('Server 返回服务器证书，然后说 "Server Hello Done"')]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("Client 从自己信任的 CA 仓库中，那 CA 的证书公钥去解密外卖网站的证书。如果解密成功，则说明外卖证书可信。这个过程可能会不断线上追溯 CA，CA 的 CA，CA 的 CA 的 CA，反正知道一个授信的 CA，就可以了。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("客户端计算 pre-master 随机数，发送 Client key exchange，用证书中的公钥加密，发给服务器。服务器通过私钥解密 pre-master 随机数")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("目前有 3 个随机数，分别是：自己的，对端的，以及刚刚生成的 pre-master 随机数.通过这 3 个随机数，在 Clent 和 Server 端产生相同的对称密钥 "),s("em",[t._v("master secret")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v('Client 可以说 "Change Clipher Spec" 。以后采用协商的通信密钥和加密算法进行通信， 对称密钥通信。')]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("Client 发送一个 Encrypted Handshake Message,将协商好的参数，采用协商密钥加密，发送给 Server 用于数据与握手验证。\n...")])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("补充：")]),t._v(" "),s("ol",[s("li",[t._v("Change Clipher Spec Protocol： "),s("a",{attrs:{href:"https://www.cnblogs.com/bonelee/p/10404733.html",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("TLS 改变密码标准协议(Change Cipher Spec Protocol) 就是加密传输中每隔一段时间必须改变其加解密参数的协议"),s("OutboundLink")],1)]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("Encrypted Handshake Message： 这个报文的目的就是告诉对端自己在整个握手过程中收到了什么数据，发送了什么数据。来保证中间没人篡改报文。")])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[s("strong",[t._v("问题：为什么不能只用一个 pre-master 作为之后加密的对称密钥？")])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("虽然只有服务器有私钥，能够解密 pre-master 呀，但仅用它作为 master secret 是不够安全的，这是因为要以防客户端的 pre-master 并不是随机数的情况。\n加上另外两个随机数 client-random 以及 server-random（而这两个随机数和时间有相关性），这样就能保证最后生成的 master secret 一定是随机数。")]),t._v(" "),s("hr"),t._v(" 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diff --git a/assets/js/69.126250c5.js b/assets/js/69.126250c5.js
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..72aa32bd25
--- /dev/null
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diff --git a/assets/js/70.963c6e4d.js b/assets/js/70.963c6e4d.js
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diff --git a/assets/js/71.5643f6f7.js b/assets/js/71.5643f6f7.js
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diff --git a/assets/js/72.40d7ca56.js b/assets/js/72.40d7ca56.js
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"),e("p",[t._v("一个包没有固定长度，以太网限制在46－1500字节，1500就是以太网的MTU，超过这个量，TCP会为IP数据报设置偏移量进行分片传输，现在一般可允许应用层设置8k（NTFS系）的缓冲区，8k的数据由底层分片，而应用看来只是一次发送。windows的缓冲区经验值是4k,Socket本身分为两种，流(TCP)和数据报(UDP)，你的问题针对这两种不同使用而结论不一样。甚至还和你是用阻塞、还是非阻塞Socket来编程有关.\n注意一点，你无论发多大的包，IP层和链路层都会把你的包进行分片发送，一般局域网就是1500左右")]),t._v(" "),e("h4",{attrs:{id:"tcp的三次握手与四次挥手"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#tcp的三次握手与四次挥手"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" TCP的三次握手与四次挥手")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[e("a",{attrs:{href:"https://www.huaweicloud.com/articles/eedcc3d1fe20c890bfa0c960781f0ab1.html",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("内容来自华为云分析"),e("OutboundLink")],1)]),t._v(" "),e("p",[e("img",{attrs:{src:"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jacky1234/picArchieve/master/uPic/0c6f5dc04e337b1c6deb57e82a9210d71603427626959.jpeg",alt:"TCP协议：三次握手、四次挥手过程详解1"}})]),t._v(" "),e("h5",{attrs:{id:"三次握手建立连接"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#三次握手建立连接"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 三次握手建立连接")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("第一次握手：客户端发送syn包(seq=x)到服务器，并进入SYN_SEND状态，等待服务器确认;")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("第二次握手：服务器收到syn包，必须确认客户的SYN(ack=x+1)，同时自己也发送一个SYN包(seq=y)，即SYN+ACK包，此时服务器进入SYN_RECV状态;")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("第三次握手：客户端收到服务器的SYN+ACK包，向服务器发送确认包ACK(ack=y+1)，此包发送完毕，客户端和服务器进入ESTABLISHED状态，完成三次握手。")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("握手过程中传送的包里不包含数据，三次握手完毕后，客户端与服务器才正式开始传送数据。理想状态下，TCP连接一旦建立，在通信双方中的任何一方主动关闭连接之前，TCP 连接都将被一直保持下去。")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[e("strong",[t._v("传输数据过程：")])]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("a.超时重传超时重传机制用来保证TCP传输的可靠性。每次发送数据包时，发送的数据报都有seq号，接收端收到数据后，会回复ack进行确认，表示某一seq 号数据已经收到。发送方在发送了某个seq包后，等待一段时间，如果没有收到对应的ack回复，就会认为报文丢失，会重传这个数据包。")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("b."),e("strong",[t._v("快速重传")]),t._v("接受数据一方发现有数据包丢掉了。就会发送ack报文告诉发送端重传丢失的报文。如果发送端连续收到标号相同的ack包，则会触发客户端的快速重 传。比较超时重传和快速重传，可以发现超时重传是发送端在傻等超时，然后触发重传;而快速重传则是接收端主动告诉发送端数据没收到，然后触发发送端重传。")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("c.流量控制这里主要说"),e("strong",[t._v("TCP滑动窗流量控制")]),t._v("。TCP头里有一个字段叫Window，又叫Advertised-Window，这个字段是接收端告诉发送端自己 还有多少缓冲区可以接收数据。于是发送端就可以根据这个接收端的处理能力来发送数据，而不会导致接收端处理不过来。 滑动窗可以是提高TCP传输效率的一种机制。")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("d.拥塞控制滑动窗用来做流量控制。流量控制只关注发送端和接受端自身的状况，而没有考虑整个网络的通信情况。拥塞控制，则是基于整个网络来考虑的。考虑一下这 样的场景：某一时刻网络上的延时突然增加，那么，TCP对这个事做出的应对只有重传数据，但是，重传会导致网络的负担更重，于是会导致更大的延迟以及更多 的丢包，于是，这个情况就会进入恶性循环被不断地放大。试想一下，如果一个网络内有成千上万的TCP连接都这么行事，那么马上就会形成“网络风 暴”，TCP这个协议就会拖垮整个网络。为此，"),e("strong",[t._v("TCP引入了拥塞控制策略")]),t._v("。拥塞策略算法主要包括：慢启动，拥塞避免，拥塞发生，快速恢复。")]),t._v(" "),e("h5",{attrs:{id:"四次握手断开连接"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#四次握手断开连接"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 四次握手断开连接")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("第一次挥手：主动关闭方发送一个FIN，用来关闭主动方到被动关闭方的数据传送，也就是主动关闭方告诉被动关闭方：我已经不会再给你发数据了(当 然，在fin包之前发送出去的数据，如果没有收到对应的ack确认报文，主动关闭方依然会重发这些数据)，但此时主动关闭方还可以接受数据。")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("第二次挥手：被动关闭方收到FIN包后，发送一个ACK给对方，确认序号为收到序号+1(与SYN相同，一个FIN占用一个序号)。")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("第三次挥手：被动关闭方发送一个FIN，用来关闭被动关闭方到主动关闭方的数据传送，也就是告诉主动关闭方，我的数据也发送完了，不会再给你发数据了。")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("第四次挥手：主动关闭方收到FIN后，发送一个ACK给被动关闭方，确认序号为收到序号+1，至此，完成四次挥手。")]),t._v(" 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"),n("ul",[n("li",[s._v("**全局变量：**具有全局作用域。全局变量只需在一个源文件中定义，就可以作用于所有的源文件。当然，其他不包含全局变量定义的源文件需要用 extern 关键字再次声明这个全局变量。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("**静态全局变量：**具有文件作用域。它与全局变量的区别在于如果程序包含多个文件的话，它作用于定义它的文件里，不能作用到其它文件里，即被 static 关键字修饰过的变量具有文件作用域。这样即使两个不同的源文件都定义了相同名字的静态全局变量，它们也是不同的变量。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("**局部变量：**具有局部作用域。它是自动对象（auto），在程序运行期间不是一直存在，而是只在函数执行期间存在，函数的一次调用执行结束后，变量被撤销，其所占用的内存也被收回。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("**静态局部变量：**具有局部作用域。它只被初始化一次，自从第一次被初始化直到程序运行结束都一直存在，它和全局变量的区别在于全局变量对所有的函数都是可见的，而静态局部变量只对定义自己的函数体始终可见。")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("从分配内存空间看：")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[s._v("静态存储区：全局变量，静态局部变量，静态全局变量。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("栈：局部变量。")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("说明：")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[s._v("静态变量和栈变量（存储在栈中的变量）、堆变量（存储在堆中的变量）的区别：静态变量会被放在程序的静态数据存储区（.data 段）中（静态变量会自动初始化），这样可以在下一次调用的时候还可以保持原来的赋值。而栈变量或堆变量不能保证在下一次调用的时候依然保持原来的值。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("静态变量和全局变量的区别：静态变量用 static 告知编译器，自己仅仅在变量的作用范围内可见。")])]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"全局变量定义在头文件中有什么问题"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#全局变量定义在头文件中有什么问题"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 全局变量定义在头文件中有什么问题？")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数：★☆☆☆☆")]),s._v("\n如果在头文件中定义全局变量，当该头文件被多个文件 include 时，该头文件中的全局变量就会被定义多次，导致重复定义，因此不能再头文件中定义全局变量。")]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"对象创建限制在堆或栈"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#对象创建限制在堆或栈"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 对象创建限制在堆或栈")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数：★★★☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("如何限制类的对象只能在堆上创建？如何限制对象只能在栈上创建？")]),s._v("\n说明：C++ 中的类的对象的建立分为两种：静态建立、动态建立。")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[s._v("**静态建立：**由编译器为对象在栈空间上分配内存，直接调用类的构造函数创建对象。例如：A a;")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("**动态建立：**使用 new 关键字在堆空间上创建对象，底层首先调用 operator new() 函数，在堆空间上寻找合适的内存并分配；然后，调用类的构造函数创建对象。例如：A *p = new A();")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("限制对象只能建立在堆上：")])]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("最直观的思想：避免直接调用类的构造函数，因为对象静态建立时，会调用类的构造函数创建对象。但是直接将类的构造函数设为私有并不可行，因为当构造函数设置为私有后，不能在类的外部调用构造函数来构造对象，只能用 new 来建立对象。但是由于 new 创建对象时，底层也会调用类的构造函数，将构造函数设置为私有后，那就无法在类的外部使用 new 创建对象了。因此，这种方法不可行。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("解决方法 1：")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("将析构函数设置为私有。原因：静态对象建立在栈上，是由编译器分配和释放内存空间，编译器为对象分配内存空间时，会对类的非静态函数进行检查，即编译器会检查析构函数的访问性。当析构函数设为私有时，编译器创建的对象就无法通过访问析构函数来释放对象的内存空间，因此，编译器不会在栈上为对象分配内存。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("class A\n{\npublic:\n A() {}\n void destory()\n {\n delete this;\n }\n\nprivate:\n ~A()\n {\n }\n};\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),n("br")])])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("用 new 创建的对象，通常会使用 delete 释放该对象的内存空间，但此时类的外部无法调用析构函数，因此类内必须定义一个 destory() 函数，用来释放 new 创建的对象。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("无法解决继承问题，因为如果这个类作为基类，析构函数要设置成 virtual，然后在派生类中重写该函数，来实现多态。但此时，析构函数是私有的，派生类中无法访问。")])])])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("解决方法 2：")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("构造函数设置为 protected，并提供一个 public 的静态函数来完成构造，而不是在类的外部使用 new 构造；将析构函数设置为 protected。原因：类似于单例模式，也保证了在派生类中能够访问析构函数。通过调用 create() 函数在堆上创建对象。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("class A\n{\nprotected:\n A() {}\n ~A() {}\n\npublic:\n static A *create()\n {\n return new A();\n }\n void destory()\n {\n delete this;\n }\n};\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("15")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("16")]),n("br")])])])])])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("限制对象只能建立在栈上：")])]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("解决方法：将 operator new() 设置为私有。原因：当对象建立在堆上时，是采用 new 的方式进行建立，其底层会调用 operator new() 函数，因此只要对该函数加以限制，就能够防止对象建立在堆上。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("class A\n{\nprivate:\n void *operator new(size_t t) {} // 注意函数的第一个参数和返回值都是固定的\n void operator delete(void *ptr) {} // 重载了 new 就需要重载 delete\npublic:\n A() {}\n ~A() {}\n};\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br")])])])]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"内存对齐"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#内存对齐"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 内存对齐")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数：★★☆☆☆")]),s._v(" "),n("strong",[s._v("什么是内存对齐？内存对齐的原则？为什么要进行内存对齐，有什么优点？")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("内存对齐：编译器将程序中的每个“数据单元”安排在字的整数倍的地址指向的内存之中\n内存对齐的原则：")]),s._v(" "),n("ol",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("结构体变量的首地址能够被其最宽基本类型成员大小与对齐基数中的较小者所整除；")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("结构体每个成员相对于结构体首地址的偏移量 （offset） 都是该成员大小与对齐基数中的较小者的整数倍，如有需要编译器会在成员之间加上填充字节 （internal padding）；")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("结构体的总大小为结构体最宽基本类型成员大小与对齐基数中的较小者的整数倍，如有需要编译器会在最末一个成员之后加上填充字节 （trailing padding）。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("实例：")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("/*\n说明：程序是在 64 位编译器下测试的\n*/\n#include \n\nusing namespace std;\n\nstruct A\n{\n short var; // 2 字节\n int var1; // 8 字节 （内存对齐原则：填充 2 个字节） 2 (short) + 2 (填充) + 4 (int)= 8\n long var2; // 12 字节 8 + 4 (long) = 12\n char var3; // 16 字节 （内存对齐原则：填充 3 个字节）12 + 1 (char) + 3 (填充) = 16\n string s; // 48 字节 16 + 32 (string) = 48\n};\n\nint main()\n{\n short var;\n int var1;\n long var2;\n char var3;\n string s;\n A ex1;\n cout << sizeof(var) << endl; // 2 short\n cout << sizeof(var1) << endl; // 4 int\n cout << sizeof(var2) << endl; // 4 long\n cout << sizeof(var3) << endl; // 1 char\n cout << sizeof(s) << endl; // 32 string\n cout << sizeof(ex1) << endl; // 48 struct\n return 0;\n}\n")])]),s._v(" 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"),n("ol",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("某些硬件设备只能存取对齐数据，存取非对齐的数据可能会引发异常；")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("某些硬件设备不能保证在存取非对齐数据的时候的操作是原子操作；")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("相比于存取对齐的数据，存取非对齐的数据需要花费更多的时间；")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("某些处理器虽然支持非对齐数据的访问，但会引发对齐陷阱（alignment trap）；")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("某些硬件设备只支持简单数据指令非对齐存取，不支持复杂数据指令的非对齐存取。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("内存对齐的优点：")]),s._v(" "),n("ol",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("便于在不同的平台之间进行移植，因为有些硬件平台不能够支持任意地址的数据访问，只能在某些地址处取某些特定的数据，否则会抛出异常；")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("提高内存的访问效率，因为 CPU 在读取内存时，是一块一块的读取。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"类的大小"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#类的大小"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 类的大小")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数：★★☆☆☆")]),s._v(" "),n("strong",[s._v("类大小的计算")]),s._v("\n说明：类的大小是指类的实例化对象的大小，用 sizeof 对类型名操作时，结果是该类型的对象的大小。\n计算原则：")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("遵循结构体的对齐原则。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("与普通成员变量有关，与成员函数和静态成员无关。即普通成员函数，静态成员函数，静态数据成员，静态常量数据成员均对类的大小无影响。因为静态数据成员被类的对象共享，并不属于哪个具体的对象。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("虚函数对类的大小有影响，是因为虚函数表指针的影响。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("虚继承对类的大小有影响，是因为虚基表指针带来的影响。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("空类的大小是一个特殊情况，空类的大小为 1，当用 new 来创建一个空类的对象时，为了保证不同对象的地址不同，空类也占用存储空间。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("实例")]),s._v("：\n简单情况和空类情况")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("/*\n说明：程序是在 64 位编译器下测试的\n*/\n#include \n\nusing namespace std;\n\nclass A\n{\nprivate:\n static int s_var; // 不影响类的大小\n const int c_var; // 4 字节\n int var; // 8 字节 4 + 4 (int) = 8\n char var1; // 12 字节 8 + 1 (char) + 3 (填充) = 12\npublic:\n A(int temp) : c_var(temp) {} // 不影响类的大小\n ~A() {} // 不影响类的大小\n};\n\nclass B\n{\n};\nint main()\n{\n A ex1(4);\n B ex2;\n cout << sizeof(ex1) << endl; // 12 字节\n cout << sizeof(ex2) << endl; // 1 字节\n return 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什么是内存泄露")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数：★★★★☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("内存泄漏")]),s._v("：由于疏忽或错误导致的程序未能释放已经不再使用的内存。\n进一步解释：")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("并非指内存从物理上消失，而是指程序在运行过程中，由于疏忽或错误而失去了对该内存的控制，从而造成了内存的浪费。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("常指堆内存泄漏，因为堆是动态分配的，而且是用户来控制的，如果使用不当，会产生内存泄漏。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("使用 malloc、calloc、realloc、new 等分配内存时，使用完后要调用相应的 free 或 delete 释放内存，否则这块内存就会造成内存泄漏。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("指针重新赋值")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("char *p = (char *)malloc(10);\nchar *p1 = (char *)malloc(10);\np = np;\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br")])]),n("p",[s._v("开始时，指针 "),n("code",[s._v("p")]),s._v(" 和 "),n("code",[s._v("p1")]),s._v(" 分别指向一块内存空间，但指针 "),n("code",[s._v("p")]),s._v(" 被重新赋值，导致 "),n("code",[s._v("p")]),s._v(" 初始时指向的那块内存空间无法找到，从而发生了内存泄漏。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"怎么防止内存泄漏-内存泄漏检测工具的原理"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#怎么防止内存泄漏-内存泄漏检测工具的原理"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 怎么防止内存泄漏？内存泄漏检测工具的原理？")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数：★★★☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("防止内存泄漏的方法：")])]),s._v(" "),n("ol",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("**内部封装：**将内存的分配和释放封装到类中，在构造的时候申请内存，析构的时候释放内存。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v('#include \n#include \n\nusing namespace std;\n\nclass A\n{\nprivate:\n char *p;\n unsigned int p_size;\n\npublic:\n A(unsigned int n = 1) // 构造函数中分配内存空间\n {\n p = new char[n];\n p_size = n;\n };\n ~A() // 析构函数中释放内存空间\n {\n if (p != NULL)\n {\n delete[] p; // 删除字符数组\n p = NULL; // 防止出现野指针\n }\n };\n char *GetPointer()\n {\n return p;\n };\n};\nvoid fun()\n{\n A ex(100);\n char *p = ex.GetPointer();\n strcpy(p, "Test");\n cout << p << endl;\n}\nint main()\n{\n fun();\n return 0;\n}\n')])]),s._v(" 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"),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v('void fun1()\n{\n A ex(100);\n A ex1 = ex;\n char *p = ex.GetPointer();\n strcpy(p, "Test");\n cout << p << endl;\n}\n')])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br")])]),n("p",[s._v("简单解释：对于 fun1 这个函数中定义的两个类的对象而言，在离开该函数的作用域时，会两次调用析构函数来释放空间，但是这两个对象指向的是同一块内存空间，所以导致同一块内存空间被释放两次，可以通过增加计数机制来避免这种情况，看如下程序：")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ 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"Test");\n cout << p << endl;\n\n A ex1 = ex; // 此时计数变量会 +1\n cout << "ex1.p = " << ex1.GetPointer() << endl;\n }\n int main()\n {\n fun();\n return 0;\n }\n')])]),s._v(" 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"),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("count is : 1\nTest\ncount is : 2\nex1.p = Test\ncount is : 1\ncount is : 0\nbuf is deleted\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br")])])])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("解释下：程序运行结果的倒数 2、3 行是调用两次析构函数时进行的操作，在第二次调用析构函数时，进行内存空间的释放，从而会有倒数第 1 行的输出结果。")]),s._v(" "),n("ol",{attrs:{start:"2"}},[n("li",[n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("智能指针")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("智能指针是 C++ 中已经对内存泄漏封装好了一个工具，可以直接拿来使用，将在下一个问题中对智能指针进行详细的解释。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("内存泄漏检测工具的实现原理：")]),s._v("\n内存检测工具有很多，这里重点介绍下 valgrind 。")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("img",{attrs:{src:"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/jacky1234/picArchieve@master/uPic/20230522_135513_6SuS1v.png",alt:"20230522_135513_6SuS1v"}})]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("valgrind 是一套 Linux 下，开放源代码（GPL V2）的仿真调试工具的集合，包括以下工具：")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[s._v("Memcheck：内存检查器（valgrind 应用最广泛的工具），能够发现开发中绝大多数内存错误的使用情况，比如：使用未初始化的内存，使用已经释放了的内存，内存访问越界等。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("Callgrind：检查程序中函数调用过程中出现的问题。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("Cachegrind：检查程序中缓存使用出现的问题。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("Helgrind：检查多线程程序中出现的竞争问题。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("Massif：检查程序中堆栈使用中出现的问题。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("Extension：可以利用 core 提供的功能，自己编写特定的内存调试工具。")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("Memcheck 能够检测出内存问题，关键在于其建立了两个全局表：")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[s._v("Valid-Value 表：对于进程的整个地址空间中的每一个字节（byte），都有与之对应的 8 个 bits ；对于 CPU 的每个寄存器，也有一个与之对应的 bit 向量。这些 bits 负责记录该字节或者寄存器值是否具有有效的、已初始化的值。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("Valid-Address 表：对于进程整个地址空间中的每一个字节（byte），还有与之对应的 1 个 bit，负责记录该地址是否能够被读写。")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("检测原理：")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[s._v("当要读写内存中某个字节时，首先检查这个字节对应的 Valid-Address 表中对应的 bit。如果该 bit 显示该位置是无效位置，Memcheck 则报告读写错误。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("内核（core）类似于一个虚拟的 CPU 环境，这样当内存中的某个字节被加载到真实的 CPU 中时，该字节在 Valid-Value 表对应的 bits 也被加载到虚拟的 CPU 环境中。一旦寄存器中的值，被用来产生内存地址，或者该值能够影响程序输出，则 Memcheck 会检查 Valid-Value 表对应的 bits，如果该值尚未初始化，则会报告使用未初始化内存错误。")])]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"智能指针的实现原理"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#智能指针的实现原理"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 智能指针的实现原理")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"custom-block tip"},[n("p",{staticClass:"custom-block-title"},[s._v("提示")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("面试高频指数：★★★★★\n智能指针是为了解决动态内存分配时带来的内存泄漏以及多次释放同一块内存空间而提出的。C++11 中封装在了 "),n("code",[s._v("memory")]),s._v(" 头文件中。")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("C++11 中智能指针包括以下三种：")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[s._v("**共享指针（shared_ptr）：**资源可以被多个指针共享，使用计数机制表明资源被几个指针共享。通过 use_count() 查看资源的所有者的个数，可以通过 unique_ptr、weak_ptr 来构造，调用 release() 释放资源的所有权，计数减一，当计数减为 0 时，会自动释放内存空间，从而避免了内存泄漏。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("**独占指针（unique_ptr）：**独享所有权的智能指针，资源只能被一个指针占有，该指针不能拷贝构造和赋值。但可以进行移动构造和移动赋值构造（调用 move() 函数），即一个 unique_ptr 对象赋值给另一个 unique_ptr 对象，可以通过该方法进行赋值。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("**弱指针（weak_ptr）：**指向 share_ptr 指向的对象，能够解决由 shared_ptr 带来的循环引用问题。")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("智能指针的实现原理：计数原理。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("#include \n#include \n\ntemplate \nclass SmartPtr\n{\nprivate :\n T *_ptr;\n size_t *_count;\n\npublic:\n SmartPtr(T *ptr = nullptr) : _ptr(ptr)\n {\n if (_ptr)\n {\n _count = new size_t(1);\n }\n else\n {\n _count = new size_t(0);\n }\n }\n\n ~SmartPtr()\n {\n (*this->_count)--;\n if (*this->_count == 0)\n {\n delete this->_ptr;\n delete this->_count;\n }\n }\n\n SmartPtr(const SmartPtr &ptr) // 拷贝构造：计数 +1\n {\n if (this != &ptr)\n {\n this->_ptr = ptr._ptr;\n this->_count = ptr._count;\n (*this->_count)++;\n }\n }\n\n SmartPtr &operator=(const SmartPtr &ptr) // 赋值运算符重载\n {\n if (this->_ptr == ptr._ptr)\n {\n return *this;\n }\n if (this->_ptr) // 将当前的 ptr 指向的原来的空间的计数 -1\n {\n (*this->_count)--;\n if (this->_count == 0)\n {\n delete this->_ptr;\n delete this->_count;\n }\n }\n this->_ptr = ptr._ptr;\n this->_count = ptr._count;\n (*this->_count)++; // 此时 ptr 指向了新赋值的空间，该空间的计数 +1\n return *this;\n }\n\n T &operator*()\n {\n assert(this->_ptr == nullptr);\n return *(this->_ptr);\n }\n\n T *operator->()\n {\n assert(this->_ptr == nullptr);\n return this->_ptr;\n }\n\n size_t use_count()\n {\n return *this->count;\n }\n};\n")])]),s._v(" 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一个 unique_ptr 怎么赋值给另一个 unique_ptr 对象？")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数：★★☆☆☆")]),s._v(" "),n("strong",[s._v("借助 std::move() 可以实现将一个 unique_ptr 对象赋值给另一个 unique_ptr 对象，其目的是实现所有权的转移。")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("// A 作为一个类\nstd::unique_ptr ptr1(new A());\nstd::unique_ptr ptr2 = std::move(ptr1);\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br")])]),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"使用智能指针会出现什么问题-怎么解决"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#使用智能指针会出现什么问题-怎么解决"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 使用智能指针会出现什么问题？怎么解决？")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数：★★★★★")]),s._v(" "),n("strong",[s._v("智能指针可能出现的问题：循环引用")]),s._v("\n在如下例子中定义了两个类 Parent、Child，在两个类中分别定义另一个类的对象的共享指针，由于在程序结束后，两个指针相互指向对方的内存空间，导致内存无法释放。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("#include \n#include \n\nusing namespace std;\n\nclass Child;\nclass Parent;\n\nclass Parent {\nprivate:\n shared_ptr ChildPtr;\npublic:\n void setChild(shared_ptr child) {\n this->ChildPtr = child;\n }\n\n void doSomething() {\n if (this->ChildPtr.use_count()) {\n\n }\n }\n\n ~Parent() {\n }\n};\n\nclass Child {\nprivate:\n shared_ptr ParentPtr;\npublic:\n void setPartent(shared_ptr parent) {\n this->ParentPtr = parent;\n }\n void doSomething() {\n if (this->ParentPtr.use_count()) {\n\n }\n }\n ~Child() {\n }\n};\n\nint main() {\n weak_ptr wpp;\n weak_ptr wpc;\n {\n shared_ptr p(new Parent);\n shared_ptr c(new Child);\n p->setChild(c);\n c->setPartent(p);\n wpp = p;\n wpc = c;\n cout << p.use_count() << endl; // 2\n cout << c.use_count() << endl; // 2\n }\n cout << wpp.use_count() << endl; // 1\n cout << wpc.use_count() << endl; // 1\n return 0;\n}\n")])]),s._v(" 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"),n("code",[s._v("weak_ptr")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("循环引用：该被调用的析构函数没有被调用，从而出现了内存泄漏。")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("weak_ptr 对被 shared_ptr 管理的对象存在 非拥有性（弱）引用，在访问所引用的对象前必须先转化为 shared_ptr；")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("weak_ptr 用来打断 shared_ptr 所管理对象的循环引用问题，若这种环被孤立（没有指向环中的外部共享指针），shared_ptr 引用计数无法抵达 0，内存被泄露；令环中的指针之一为弱指针可以避免该情况；")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("weak_ptr 用来表达临时所有权的概念，当某个对象只有存在时才需要被访问，而且随时可能被他人删除，可以用 weak_ptr 跟踪该对象；需要获得所有权时将其转化为 shared_ptr，此时如果原来的 shared_ptr 被销毁，则该对象的生命期被延长至这个临时的 shared_ptr 同样被销毁。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("#include \n#include \n\nusing namespace std;\n\nclass Child;\nclass Parent;\n\nclass Parent {\nprivate:\n //shared_ptr ChildPtr;\n weak_ptr ChildPtr;\npublic:\n void setChild(shared_ptr child) {\n this->ChildPtr = child;\n }\n\n void doSomething() {\n //new shared_ptr\n if (this->ChildPtr.lock()) {\n\n }\n }\n\n ~Parent() {\n }\n};\n\nclass Child {\nprivate:\n shared_ptr ParentPtr;\npublic:\n void setPartent(shared_ptr parent) {\n this->ParentPtr = parent;\n }\n void doSomething() {\n if (this->ParentPtr.use_count()) {\n\n }\n }\n ~Child() {\n }\n};\n\nint main() {\n weak_ptr wpp;\n weak_ptr wpc;\n {\n shared_ptr p(new Parent);\n shared_ptr c(new Child);\n p->setChild(c);\n c->setPartent(p);\n wpp = p;\n wpc = c;\n cout << p.use_count() << endl; // 2\n cout << c.use_count() << endl; // 1\n }\n cout << wpp.use_count() << endl; // 0\n cout << wpc.use_count() << endl; // 0\n return 0;\n}\n")])]),s._v(" 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语言对比")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("本章主要介绍下编程语言之间的区别，涉及到 C++、Python、Java，并对 C++ 11 的新特性进行了总结。主要考虑到面试时，面试者熟悉 C++ 的同时，或许会对其他语言有一定的了解，那面试官就不可避免的会问到不同语言之间的区别。")]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"c-11-新特性"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#c-11-新特性"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" C++ 11 新特性")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数：★★★★☆")]),s._v("\n说明：C++11 的新特性有很多，从面试的角度来讲，如果面试官问到该问题，常以该问题作为引子，对面试者提到的知识点进行深入展开提问。面试者尽可能的列举常用的并且熟悉的特性，尽可能的掌握相关原理，下文只是对相关知识点进行了简单的阐述，有关细节还需要结合相关知识点的相关问题。")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("下面对常用的做一下总结：")]),s._v(" "),n("ol",[n("li",[n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("auto 类型推导")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("auto 关键字：自动类型推导，编译器会在 编译期间 通过初始值推导出变量的类型，通过 auto 定义的变量必须有初始值。auto 关键字基本的使用语法如下：")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("auto var = val1 + val2; // 根据 val1 和 val2 相加的结果推断出 var 的类型，\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br")])]),n("p",[s._v("注意：编译器推导出来的类型和初始值的类型并不完全一样，编译器会适当地改变结果类型使其更符合初始化规则。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("decltype 类型推导")]),s._v("\ndecltype 关键字：decltype 是“declare type”的缩写，译为“声明类型”。和 auto 的功能一样，都用来在编译时期进行自动类型推导。如果希望从表达式中推断出要定义的变量的类型，但是不想用该表达式的值初始化变量，这时就不能再用 auto。decltype 作用是选择并返回操作数的数据类型。")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("区别：")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("auto var = val1 + val2;\ndecltype(val1 + val2) var1 = 0;\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br")])]),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("auto 根据 = 右边的初始值 val1 + val2 推导出变量的类型，并将该初始值赋值给变量 var；decltype 根据 val1 + val2 表达式推导出变量的类型，变量的初始值和与表达式的值无关。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("auto 要求变量必须初始化，因为它是根据初始化的值推导出变量的类型，而 decltype 不要求，定义变量的时候可初始化也可以不初始化。")])])])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[n("strong",[n("code",[s._v("lambda")]),s._v(" 表达式")]),s._v(" "),n("code",[s._v("lambda")]),s._v(" 表达式，又被称为 "),n("code",[s._v("lambda")]),s._v(" 函数或者 "),n("code",[s._v("lambda")]),s._v(" 匿名函数。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("[capture list] (parameter list) -> return type\n{\n function body;\n};\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br")])]),n("p",[s._v("其中：")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[s._v("capture list：捕获列表，指 lambda 所在函数中定义的局部变量的列表，通常为空。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("return type、parameter list、function body：分别表示返回值类型、参数列表、函数体，和普通函数一样。")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("举例：")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v('#include \n#include \nusing namespace std;\n\nint main()\n{\n int arr[4] = {4, 2, 3, 1};\n //对 a 数组中的元素进行升序排序\n sort(arr, arr+4, [=](int x, int y) -> bool{ return x < y; } );\n for(int n : arr){\n cout << n << " ";\n }\n return 0;\n}\n')])]),s._v(" 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"),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("for (declaration : expression){\n statement\n}\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br")])]),n("p",[s._v("参数的含义：")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("expression：必须是一个序列，例如用花括号括起来的初始值列表、数组、vector ，string 等，这些类型的共同特点是拥有能返回迭代器的 beign、end 成员。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("declaration：此处定义一个变量，序列中的每一个元素都能转化成该变量的类型，常用 auto 类型说明符。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("实例：")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v('#include \n#include \nusing namespace std;\nint main() {\n char arr[] = "hello world!";\n for (char c : arr) {\n cout << c;\n }\n return 0;\n}\n/*\n程序执行结果为：\nhello world!\n*/\n')])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),n("br")])])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("右值引用")]),s._v("\n右值引用：绑定到右值的引用，用 "),n("code",[s._v("&&")]),s._v(" 来获得右值引用，右值引用只能绑定到要销毁的对象。为了和右值引用区分开，常规的引用称为左值引用。\n举例：")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("#include \n#include \nusing namespace std;\nint main()\n{\n int var = 42;\n int &l_var = var;\n int &&r_var = var; // error: cannot bind rvalue reference of type 'int&&' to lvalue of type 'int' 错误：不能将右值引用绑定到左值上\n\n int &&r_var2 = var + 40; // 正确：将 r_var2 绑定到求和结果上\n return 0;\n}\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br")])])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("标准库 move() 函数")]),s._v("\nmove() 函数：通过该函数可获得绑定到左值上的右值引用，该函数包括在 utility 头文件中。该知识点会在后续的章节中做详细的说明。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("智能指针")]),s._v("\n相关知识已在第一章中进行了详细的说明，这里不再重复。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("delete 函数和 default 函数")])]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("delete 函数：= delete 表示该函数不能被调用。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("default 函数：= default 表示编译器生成默认的函数，例如：生成默认的构造函数。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("#include \nusing namespace std;\n\nclass A\n{\npublic:\n A() = default; // 表示使用默认的构造函数\n ~A() = default; // 表示使用默认的析构函数\n A(const A &) = delete; // 表示类的对象禁止拷贝构造\n A &operator=(const A &) = delete; // 表示类的对象禁止拷贝赋值\n};\nint main()\n{\n A ex1;\n A ex2 = ex1; // error: use of deleted function 'A::A(const A&)'\n A ex3;\n ex3 = ex1; // error: use of deleted function 'A& A::operator=(const A&)'\n return 0;\n}\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("15")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("16")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("17")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("18")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("19")]),n("br")])])])])])]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"c-和-c-的区别"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#c-和-c-的区别"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" C 和 C++ 的区别")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数：★★★☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("首先说一下面向对象和面向过程：")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("面向过程的思路：分析解决问题所需的步骤，用函数把这些步骤依次实现。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("面向对象的思路：把构成问题的事务分解为各个对象，建立对象的目的，不是完成一个步骤，而是描述某个事务在解决整个问题步骤中的行为。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("区别和联系：")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("语言自身：C 语言是面向过程的编程，它最重要的特点是函数，通过 main 函数来调用各个子函数。程序运行的顺序都是程序员事先决定好的。C++ 是面向对象的编程，类是它的主要特点，在程序执行过程中，先由主 main 函数进入，定义一些类，根据需要执行类的成员函数，过程的概念被淡化了（实际上过程还是有的，就是主函数的那些语句。），以类驱动程序运行，类就是对象，所以我们称之为面向对象程序设计。面向对象在分析和解决问题的时候，将涉及到的数据和数据的操作封装在类中，通过类可以创建对象，以事件或消息来驱动对象执行处理。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("应用领域：C 语言主要用于嵌入式领域，驱动开发等与硬件直接打交道的领域，C++ 可以用于应用层开发，用户界面开发等与操作系统打交道的领域。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("C++ 既继承了 C 强大的底层操作特性，又被赋予了面向对象机制。它特性繁多，面向对象语言的多继承，对值传递与引用传递的区分以及 const 关键字，等等。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("C++ 对 C 的“增强”，表现在以下几个方面：类型检查更为严格。增加了面向对象的机制、泛型编程的机制（Template）、异常处理、运算符重载、标准模板库（STL）、命名空间（避免全局命名冲突）。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"java-和-c-的区别"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#java-和-c-的区别"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" Java 和 C++ 的区别")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数：★★★☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("二者在语言特性上有很大的区别：")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("指针：C++ 可以直接操作指针，容易产生内存泄漏以及非法指针引用的问题；Java 并不是没有指针，虚拟机（JVM）内部还是使用了指针，只是编程人员不能直接使用指针，不能通过指针来直接访问内存，并且 Java 增加了内存管理机制。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("多重继承：C++ 支持多重继承，允许多个父类派生一个类，虽然功能很强大，但是如果使用的不当会造成很多问题，例如：菱形继承；Java 不支持多重继承，但允许一个类可以继承多个接口，可以实现 C++ 多重继承的功能，但又避免了多重继承带来的许多不便。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("数据类型和类：Java 是完全面向对象的语言，所有函数和变量部必须是类的一部分。除了基本数据类型之外，其余的都作为类对象，包括数组。对象将数据和方法结合起来，把它们封装在类中，这样每个对象都可实现自己的特点和行为。而 C++ 允许将函数和变量定义为全局的。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("垃圾回收：")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("Java 语言一个显著的特点就是垃圾回收机制，编程人员无需考虑内存管理的问题，可以有效的防止内存泄漏，有效的使用空闲的内存。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("Java 所有的对象都是用 new 操作符建立在内存堆栈上，类似于 C++ 中的 new 操作符，但是当要释放该申请的内存空间时，Java 自动进行内存回收操作，C++ 需要程序员自己释放内存空间，并且 Java 中的内存回收是以线程的方式在后台运行的，利用空闲时间。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("应用场景：")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("Java 运行在虚拟机上，和开发平台无关，C++ 直接编译成可执行文件，是否跨平台在于用到的编译器的特性是否有多平台的支持。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("C++ 可以直接编译成可执行文件，运行效率比 Java 高。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("Java 主要用来开发 Web 应用。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("C++ 主要用在嵌入式开发、网络、并发编程的方面。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"python-和-c-的区别"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#python-和-c-的区别"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" Python 和 C++ 的区别")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数：★★★☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("区别：")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("**语言自身：**Python 为脚本语言，解释执行，不需要经过编译；C++ 是一种需要编译后才能运行的语言，在特定的机器上编译后运行。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("**运行效率：**C++ 运行效率高，安全稳定。原因：Python 代码和 C++ 最终都会变成 CPU 指令来跑，但一般情况下，比如反转和合并两个字符串，Python 最终转换出来的 CPU 指令会比 C++ 多很多。首先，Python 中涉及的内容比 C++ 多，经过了更多层，Python 中甚至连数字都是 object ；其次，Python 是解释执行的，和物理机 CPU 之间多了解释器这层，而 C++ 是编译执行的，直接就是机器码，编译的时候编译器又可以进行一些优化。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("**开发效率：**Python 开发效率高。原因：Python 一两句代码就能实现的功能，C++ 往往需要更多的代码才能实现。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("**书写格式和语法不同：**Python 的语法格式不同于其 C++ 定义声明才能使用，而且极其灵活，完全面向更上层的开发者。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("h1",{attrs:{id:"面向对象"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#面向对象"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 面向对象")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("第三章主要针对 C++ 面向对象展开相关的知识点，主要涉及对面向对象的理解、三大特性、多态等知识点。本章中涉及的几个问题面试者在回答的时候，可以了灵活的来回答，例如：结合自己的项目经历进行展开的讲解，说一下在自己的项目中哪里用到了多态、多态是怎么实现的。但是，一定要在准确表述其基本含义后再结合实战经验进行展开。")]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"什么是面向对象-面向对象的三大特性"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#什么是面向对象-面向对象的三大特性"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 什么是面向对象？面向对象的三大特性")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数：★★★★★")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("面向对象：对象是指具体的某一个事物，这些事物的抽象就是类，类中包含数据（成员变量）和动作（成员方法）。")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("面向对象的三大特性：")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("封装：将具体的实现过程和数据封装成一个函数，只能通过接口进行访问，降低耦合性。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("继承：子类继承父类的特征和行为，子类有父类的非 private 方法或成员变量，子类可以对父类的方法进行重写，增强了类之间的耦合性，但是当父类中的成员变量、成员函数或者类本身被 final 关键字修饰时，修饰的类不能继承，修饰的成员不能重写或修改。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("多态：多态就是不同继承类的对象，对同一消息做出不同的响应，基类的指针指向或绑定到派生类的对象，使得基类指针呈现不同的表现方式。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"重载、重写、隐藏的区别"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#重载、重写、隐藏的区别"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 重载、重写、隐藏的区别")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数：★★★★★")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("概念解释：")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("重载：是指同一可访问区内被声明几个具有不同参数列（参数的类型、个数、顺序）的同名函数，根据参数列表确定调用哪个函数，重载不关心函数返回类型。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("class A\n{\npublic:\n void fun(int tmp);\n void fun(float tmp); // 重载 参数类型不同（相对于上一个函数）\n void fun(int tmp, float tmp1); // 重载 参数个数不同（相对于上一个函数）\n void fun(float tmp, int tmp1); // 重载 参数顺序不同（相对于上一个函数）\n int fun(int tmp); // error: 'int A::fun(int)' cannot be overloaded 错误：注意重载不关心函数返回类型\n};\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br")])])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("隐藏：是指派生类的函数屏蔽了与其同名的基类函数，主要只要同名函数，不管参数列表是否相同，基类函数都会被隐藏。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v('#include \nusing namespace std;\n\nclass Base\n{\npublic:\n void fun(int tmp, float tmp1) { cout << "Base::fun(int tmp, float tmp1)" << endl; }\n};\n\nclass Derive : public Base\n{\npublic:\n void fun(int tmp) { cout << "Derive::fun(int tmp)" << endl; } // 隐藏基类中的同名函数\n};\n\nint main()\n{\n Derive ex;\n ex.fun(1); // Derive::fun(int tmp)\n ex.fun(1, 0.01); // error: candidate expects 1 argument, 2 provided\n return 0;\n}\n')])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("15")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("16")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("17")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("18")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("19")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("20")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("21")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("22")]),n("br")])]),n("p",[s._v("说明：上述代码中 ex.fun(1, 0.01); 出现错误，说明派生类中将基类的同名函数隐藏了。若是想调用基类中的同名函数，可以加上类型名指明 ex.Base::fun(1, 0.01);，这样就可以调用基类中的同名函数。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("重写(覆盖)：是指派生类中存在重新定义的函数。函数名、参数列表、返回值类型都必须同基类中被重写的函数一致，只有函数体不同。派生类调用时会调用派生类的重写函数，不会调用被重写函数。重写的基类中被重写的函数必须有 virtual 修饰。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v('#include \nusing namespace std;\n\nclass Base\n{\npublic:\n virtual void fun(int tmp) { cout << "Base::fun(int tmp) : " << tmp << endl; }\n};\n\nclass Derived : public Base\n{\npublic:\n virtual void fun(int tmp) { cout << "Derived::fun(int tmp) : " << tmp << endl; } // 重写基类中的 fun 函数\n};\nint main()\n{\n Base *p = new Derived();\n p->fun(3); // Derived::fun(int) : 3\n return 0;\n}\n')])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("15")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("16")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("17")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("18")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("19")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("20")]),n("br")])])])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("重写和重载的区别：")])]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[s._v("范围区别：对于类中函数的重载或者重写而言，重载发生在同一个类的内部，重写发生在不同的类之间（子类和父类之间）。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("参数区别：重载的函数需要与原函数有相同的函数名、不同的参数列表，不关注函数的返回值类型；重写的函数的函数名、参数列表和返回值类型都需要和原函数相同，父类中被重写的函数需要有 virtual 修饰。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("virtual 关键字：重写的函数基类中必须有 virtual 关键字的修饰，重载的函数可以有 virtual 关键字的修饰也可以没有。")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("隐藏和重写，重载的区别：")])]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("范围区别：隐藏与重载范围不同，隐藏发生在不同类中。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("参数区别：隐藏函数和被隐藏函数参数列表可以相同，也可以不同，但函数名一定相同；当参数不同时，无论基类中的函数是否被 virtual 修饰，基类函数都是被隐藏，而不是重写。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"如何理解-c-是面向对象编程"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#如何理解-c-是面向对象编程"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 如何理解 C++ 是面向对象编程")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数：★★★☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("说明：该问题最好结合自己的项目经历进行展开解释，或举一些恰当的例子，同时对比下面向过程编程。")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("面向过程编程：一种以执行程序操作的过程或函数为中心编写软件的方法。程序的数据通常存储在变量中，与这些过程是分开的。所以必须将变量传递给需要使用它们的函数。缺点：随着程序变得越来越复杂，程序数据与运行代码的分离可能会导致问题。例如，程序的规范经常会发生变化，从而需要更改数据的格式或数据结构的设计。当数据结构发生变化时，对数据进行操作的代码也必须更改为接受新的格式。查找需要更改的所有代码会为程序员带来额外的工作，并增加了使代码出现错误的机会。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("面向对象编程（Object-Oriented Programming, OOP）：以创建和使用对象为中心。一个对象（Object）就是一个软件实体，它将数据和程序在一个单元中组合起来。对象的数据项，也称为其属性，存储在成员变量中。对象执行的过程被称为其成员函数。将对象的数据和过程绑定在一起则被称为封装。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面向对象编程进一步说明：")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("面向对象编程将数据成员和成员函数封装到一个类中，并声明数据成员和成员函数的访问级别（public、private、protected），以便控制类对象对数据成员和函数的访问，对数据成员起到一定的保护作用。而且在类的对象调用成员函数时，只需知道成员函数的名、参数列表以及返回值类型即可，无需了解其函数的实现原理。当类内部的数据成员或者成员函数发生改变时，不影响类外部的代码。")]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"什么是多态-多态如何实现"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#什么是多态-多态如何实现"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 什么是多态？多态如何实现？")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数：★★★★★")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("**多态：**多态就是不同继承类的对象，对同一消息做出不同的响应，基类的指针指向或绑定到派生类的对象，使得基类指针呈现不同的表现方式。在基类的函数前加上 virtual 关键字，在派生类中重写该函数，运行时将会根据对象的实际类型来调用相应的函数。如果对象类型是派生类，就调用派生类的函数；如果对象类型是基类，就调用基类的函数。")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("**实现方法：**多态是通过虚函数实现的，虚函数的地址保存在虚函数表中，虚函数表的地址保存在含有虚函数的类的实例对象的内存空间中。")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("实现过程：")])]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[s._v("在类中用 virtual 关键字声明的函数叫做虚函数；")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("存在虚函数的类都有一个虚函数表，当创建一个该类的对象时，该对象有一个指向虚函数表的虚表指针（虚函数表和类对应的，虚表指针是和对象对应）；")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("当基类指针指向派生类对象，基类指针调用虚函数时，基类指针指向派生类的虚表指针，由于该虚表指针指向派生类虚函数表，通过遍历虚表，寻找相应的虚函数。")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("举例：")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v('#include \nusing namespace std;\n\nclass Base\n{\npublic:\n virtual void fun() { cout << "Base::fun()" << endl; }\n\n virtual void fun1() { cout << "Base::fun1()" << endl; }\n\n virtual void fun2() { cout << "Base::fun2()" << endl; }\n};\nclass Derive : public Base\n{\npublic:\n void fun() { cout << "Derive::fun()" << endl; }\n\n virtual void D_fun1() { cout << "Derive::D_fun1()" << endl; }\n\n virtual void D_fun2() { cout << "Derive::D_fun2()" << endl; }\n};\nint main()\n{\n Base *p = new Derive();\n p->fun(); // Derive::fun() 调用派生类中的虚函数\n return 0;\n}\n')])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("15")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("16")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("17")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("18")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("19")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("20")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("21")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("22")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("23")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("24")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("25")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("26")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("27")]),n("br")])]),n("h1",{attrs:{id:"关键字库函数"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#关键字库函数"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 关键字库函数")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("第四章主要讲解关键字和库函数相关的内容，重点是对比功能上相似的一些关键字、库函数的区别，或者是名称上相似的关键字、库函数的区别，还对对一些关键字的用法进行讲解。")]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"sizeof-和-strlen-的区别"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#sizeof-和-strlen-的区别"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" sizeof 和 strlen 的区别")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数：★★★☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("ol",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("strlen 是头文件 "),n("code",[s._v("")]),s._v(" 中的函数，sizeof 是 C++ 中的运算符。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("strlen 测量的是字符串的实际长度（其源代码如下），以 \\0 结束。而 sizeof 测量的是字符数组的分配大小。")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("strlen 源代码:")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("size_t strlen(const char *str) {\n size_t length = 0;\n while (*str++)\n ++length;\n return length;\n}\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br")])]),n("p",[s._v("举例：")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v('#include \n#include \n\nusing namespace std;\n\nint main()\n{\n char arr[10] = "hello";\n cout << strlen(arr) << endl; // 5\n cout << sizeof(arr) << endl; // 10\n return 0;\n}\n')])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br")])])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("若字符数组 arr 作为函数的形参，sizeof(arr) 中 arr 被当作字符指针来处理，strlen(arr) 中 arr 依然是字符数组，从下述程序的运行结果中就可以看出。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("#include \n#include \n\nusing namespace std;\n\nvoid size_of(char arr[])\n{\n cout << sizeof(arr) << endl; // warning: 'sizeof' on array function parameter 'arr' will return size of 'char*' .\n cout << strlen(arr) << endl;\n}\n\nint main()\n{\n char arr[20] = \"hello\";\n size_of(arr);\n return 0;\n}\n/*\n输出结果：\n8\n5\n*/\n")])]),s._v(" 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"),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("strlen 本身是库函数，因此在程序运行过程中，计算长度；而 sizeof 在编译时，计算长度；")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("sizeof 的参数可以是类型，也可以是变量；strlen 的参数必须是 char* 类型的变量。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"lambda-表达式-匿名函数-的具体应用和使用场景"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#lambda-表达式-匿名函数-的具体应用和使用场景"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" lambda 表达式（匿名函数）的具体应用和使用场景")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数：★★★☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("code",[s._v("lambda")]),s._v(" 表达式的定义形式如下：")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("[capture list] (parameter list) -> reurn type\n{\n function body\n}\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br")])]),n("p",[s._v("其中：")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("capture list：捕获列表，指 lambda 表达式所在函数中定义的局部变量的列表，通常为空，但如果函数体中用到了 lambda 表达式所在函数的局部变量，必须捕获该变量，即将此变量写在捕获列表中。捕获方式分为：引用捕获方式 [&]、值捕获方式 [=]。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("return type、parameter list、function body：分别表示返回值类型、参数列表、函数体，和普通函数一样。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("举例：\nlambda 表达式常搭配排序算法使用。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v('#include \n#include \n#include \nusing namespace std;\n\nint main()\n{\n vector arr = {3, 4, 76, 12, 54, 90, 34};\n sort(arr.begin(), arr.end(), [](int a, int b) { return a > b; }); // 降序排序\n for (auto a : arr)\n {\n cout << a << " ";\n }\n return 0;\n}\n/*\n运行结果：90 76 54 34 12 4 3\n*/\n')])]),s._v(" 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explicit 的作用（如何避免编译器进行隐式类型转换）")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数：★★★☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("作用：用来声明类构造函数是显示调用的，而非隐式调用，可以阻止调用构造函数时进行隐式转换。只可用于修饰单参构造函数，因为无参构造函数和多参构造函数本身就是显示调用的，再加上 explicit 关键字也没有什么意义。")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("隐式转换：")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("#include \n#include \nusing namespace std;\n\nclass A\n{\npublic:\n int var;\n A(int tmp)\n {\n var = tmp;\n }\n};\nint main()\n{\n A ex = 10; // 发生了隐式转换\n return 0;\n}\n")])]),s._v(" 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ex = 10; 在编译时，进行了隐式转换，将 10 转换成 A 类型的对象，然后将该对象赋值给 ex，等同于如下操作：")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("为了避免隐式转换，可用 explicit 关键字进行声明：")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("#include \n#include \nusing namespace std;\n\nclass A\n{\npublic:\n int var;\n explicit A(int tmp)\n {\n var = tmp;\n cout << var << endl;\n }\n};\nint main()\n{\n A ex(100);\n A ex1 = 10; // error: conversion from 'int' to non-scalar type 'A' requested\n return 0;\n}\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("15")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("16")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("17")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("18")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("19")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("20")]),n("br")])]),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"c-和-c-static-的区别"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#c-和-c-static-的区别"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" C 和 C++ static 的区别")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数：★☆☆☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[s._v("在 C 语言中，使用 static 可以定义局部静态变量、外部静态变量、静态函数")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("在 C++ 中，使用 static 可以定义局部静态变量、外部静态变量、静态函数、静态成员变量和静态成员函数。因为 C++ 中有类的概念，静态成员变量、静态成员函数都是与类有关的概念。")])]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"static-的作用"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#static-的作用"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" static 的作用")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数：★★★★☆")]),s._v("\n作用：\nstatic 定义静态变量，静态函数。")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("保持变量内容持久：static 作用于局部变量，改变了局部变量的生存周期，使得该变量存在于定义后直到程序运行结束的这段时间。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v('#include \nusing namespace std;\n\nint fun(){\n static int var = 1; // var 只在第一次进入这个函数的时初始化\n var += 1;\n return var;\n}\n\nint main()\n{\n for(int i = 0; i < 10; ++i)\n cout << fun() << " "; // 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11\n return 0;\n}\n')])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("15")]),n("br")])])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("隐藏：static 作用于全局变量和函数，改变了全局变量和函数的作用域，使得全局变量和函数只能在定义它的文件中使用，在源文件中不具有全局可见性。（注：普通全局变量和函数具有全局可见性，即其他的源文件也可以使用。）")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("static 作用于类的成员变量和类的成员函数，使得类变量或者类成员函数和类有关，也就是说可以不定义类的对象就可以通过类访问这些静态成员。注意：类的静态成员函数中只能访问静态成员变量或者静态成员函数，不能将静态成员函数定义成虚函数。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("#include\nusing namespace std;\n\nclass A\n{\nprivate:\n int var;\n static int s_var; // 静态成员变量\npublic:\n void show()\n {\n cout << s_var++ << endl;\n }\n static void s_show()\n {\n cout << s_var << endl;\n // cout << var << endl; // error: invalid use of member 'A::a' in static member function. 静态成员函数不能调用非静态成员变量。无法使用 this.var\n // show(); // error: cannot call member function 'void A::show()' without object. 静态成员函数不能调用非静态成员函数。无法使用 this.show()\n }\n};\nint A::s_var = 1; // 静态成员变量在类外进行初始化赋值，默认初始化为 0\n\nint main()\n{\n\n // cout << A::sa << endl; // error: 'int A::sa' is private within this context\n A ex;\n ex.show();\n A::s_show();\n}\n")])]),s._v(" 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"),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"static-在类中使用的注意事项-定义、初始化和使用"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#static-在类中使用的注意事项-定义、初始化和使用"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" static 在类中使用的注意事项（定义、初始化和使用）")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数：★★★★★")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("static 静态成员变量：")])]),s._v(" "),n("ol",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("静态成员变量是在类内进行声明，在类外进行定义和初始化，在类外进行定义和初始化的时候不要出现 static 关键字和 private、public、protected 访问规则。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("静态成员变量相当于类域中的全局变量，被类的所有对象所共享，包括派生类的对象。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("静态成员变量可以作为成员函数的参数，而普通成员变量不可以。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("#include \nusing namespace std;\n\nclass A\n{\npublic:\n static int s_var;\n int var;\n void fun1(int i = s_var); // 正确，静态成员变量可以作为成员函数的参数\n void fun2(int i = var); // error: invalid use of non-static data member 'A::var'\n};\nint main()\n{\n return 0;\n}\n")])]),s._v(" 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"),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("静态数据成员的类型可以是所属类的类型，而普通数据成员的类型只能是该类类型的指针或引用。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("#include \nusing namespace std;\n\nclass A\n{\npublic:\n static A s_var; // 正确，静态数据成员\n A var; // error: field 'var' has incomplete type 'A'\n A *p; // 正确，指针\n A &var1; // 正确，引用\n};\n\nint main()\n{\n return 0;\n}\n")])]),s._v(" 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"),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("static 静态成员函数：")])]),s._v(" "),n("ol",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("静态成员函数不能调用非静态成员变量或者非静态成员函数，因为静态成员函数没有 this 指针。静态成员函数做为类作用域的全局函数。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("静态成员函数不能声明成虚函数（virtual）、const 函数和 volatile 函数。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"static-全局变量和普通全局变量的异同"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#static-全局变量和普通全局变量的异同"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" static 全局变量和普通全局变量的异同")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数：★★★☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("相同点：")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[s._v("存储方式：普通全局变量和 static 全局变量都是静态存储方式。")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("不同点：")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("作用域：普通全局变量的作用域是整个源程序，当一个源程序由多个源文件组成时，普通全局变量在各个源文件中都是有效的；静态全局变量则限制了其作用域，即只在定义该变量的源文件内有效，在同一源程序的其它源文件中不能使用它。由于静态全局变量的作用域限于一个源文件内，只能为该源文件内的函数公用，因此可以避免在其他源文件中引起错误。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("初始化：静态全局变量只初始化一次，防止在其他文件中使用。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"const-作用及用法"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#const-作用及用法"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" const 作用及用法")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数：★★★☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("作用：")])]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[s._v("const 修饰成员变量，定义成 const 常量，相较于宏常量，可进行类型检查，节省内存空间，提高了效率。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("const 修饰函数参数，使得传递过来的函数参数的值不能改变。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("const 修饰成员函数，使得成员函数不能修改任何类型的成员变量（mutable 修饰的变量除外），也不能调用非 const 成员函数，因为非 const 成员函数可能会修改成员变量。")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("在类中的用法：")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("const 成员变量：")]),s._v(" "),n("ol",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("const 成员变量只能在类内声明、定义，在构造函数初始化列表中初始化。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("const 成员变量只在某个对象的生存周期内是常量，对于整个类而言却是可变的，因为类可以创建多个对象，不同类的 const 成员变量的值是不同的。因此不能在类的声明中初始化 const 成员变量，类的对象还没有创建，编译器不知道他的值。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("const 成员函数：")]),s._v(" "),n("ol",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("不能修改成员变量的值，除非有 mutable 修饰；只能访问成员变量。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("不能调用非常量成员函数，以防修改成员变量的值。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("#include \nusing namespace std;\n\nclass A\n{\npublic:\n int var;\n A(int tmp) : var(tmp) {}\n void c_fun(int tmp) const // const 成员函数\n {\n var = tmp; // error: assignment of member 'A::var' in read-only object. 在 const 成员函数中，不能修改任何类成员变量。\n fun(tmp); // error: passing 'const A' as 'this' argument discards qualifiers. const 成员函数不能调用非 const 成员函数，因为非 const 成员函数可能会修改成员变量。\n }\n\n void fun(int tmp)\n {\n var = tmp;\n }\n};\n\nint main()\n{\n return 0;\n}\n")])]),s._v(" 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define 和 const 的区别")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数：★★★☆☆")]),s._v("\n区别：")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[s._v("编译阶段：define 是在编译预处理阶段进行替换，const 是在编译阶段确定其值。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("安全性：define 定义的宏常量没有数据类型，只是进行简单的替换，不会进行类型安全的检查；const 定义的常量是有类型的，是要进行判断的，可以避免一些低级的错误。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("内存占用：define 定义的宏常量，在程序中使用多少次就会进行多少次替换，内存中有多个备份，占用的是代码段的空间；const 定义的常量占用静态存储区的空间，程序运行过程中只有一份。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("调试：define 定义的宏常量不能调试，因为在预编译阶段就已经进行替换了；const 定义的常量可以进行调试。")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("const 的优点：")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("有数据类型，在定义式可进行安全性检查。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("可调式。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("占用较少的空间。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"define-和-typedef-的区别"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#define-和-typedef-的区别"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" define 和 typedef 的区别")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数：★★☆☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("原理：#define 作为预处理指令，在编译预处理时进行替换操作，不作正确性检查，只有在编译已被展开的源程序时才会发现可能的错误并报错。typedef 是关键字，在编译时处理，有类型检查功能，用来给一个已经存在的类型一个别名，但不能在一个函数定义里面使用 typedef 。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("功能：typedef 用来定义类型的别名，方便使用。#define 不仅可以为类型取别名，还可以定义常量、变量、编译开关等。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("作用域：#define 没有作用域的限制，只要是之前预定义过的宏，在以后的程序中都可以使用，而 typedef 有自己的作用域。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("指针的操作：typedef 和 #define 在处理指针时不完全一样")])])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("#include \n#define INTPTR1 int *\ntypedef int * INTPTR2;\n\nusing namespace std;\n\nint main()\n{\n INTPTR1 p1, p2; // p1: int *; p2: int\n INTPTR2 p3, p4; // p3: int *; p4: int *\n\n int var = 1;\n const INTPTR1 p5 = &var; // 相当于 const int * p5; 常量指针，即不可以通过 p5 去修改 p5 指向的内容，但是 p5 可以指向其他内容。\n const INTPTR2 p6 = &var; // 相当于 int * const p6; 指针常量，不可使 p6 再指向其他内容。\n\n return 0;\n}\n")])]),s._v(" 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"),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"用宏实现比较大小-以及两个数中的最小值"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#用宏实现比较大小-以及两个数中的最小值"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 用宏实现比较大小，以及两个数中的最小值")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数：★☆☆☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("具体代码如下：")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("#include \n#define MAX(X, Y) ((X)>(Y)?(X):(Y))\n#define MIN(X, Y) ((X)<(Y)?(X):(Y))\nusing namespace std;\n\nint main ()\n{\n int var1 = 10, var2 = 100;\n cout << MAX(var1, var2) << endl;\n cout << MIN(var1, var2) << endl;\n return 0;\n}\n/*\n程序运行结果：\n100\n10\n*/\n")])]),s._v(" 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"),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("类外定义成员函数，若想定义为内联函数，需用关键字声明\n当在类内声明函数，在类外定义函数时，如果想将该函数定义为内联函数，则可以在类内声明时不加 inline 关键字，而在类外定义函数时加上 inline 关键字。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("#include \nusing namespace std;\n\nclass A{\npublic:\n int var;\n A(int tmp){\n var = tmp;\n }\n void fun();\n};\n\ninline void A::fun(){\n cout << var << endl;\n}\n\nint main()\n{\n return 0;\n}\n")])]),s._v(" 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"),n("p",[s._v("另外，可以在声明函数和定义函数的同时加上 inline；也可以只在函数声明时加 inline，而定义函数时不加 inline。只要确保在调用该函数之前把 inline 的信息告知编译器即可。")]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"inline-函数工作原理"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#inline-函数工作原理"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" inline 函数工作原理")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数：★★☆☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("内联函数不是在调用时发生控制转移关系，而是在编译阶段将函数体嵌入到每一个调用该函数的语句块中，编译器会将程序中出现内联函数的调用表达式用内联函数的函数体来替换。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("普通函数是将程序执行转移到被调用函数所存放的内存地址，当函数执行完后，返回到执行此函数前的地方。转移操作需要保护现场，被调函数执行完后，再恢复现场，该过程需要较大的资源开销。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"宏定义-define-和内联函数-inline-的区别"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#宏定义-define-和内联函数-inline-的区别"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 宏定义（define）和内联函数（inline）的区别")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数：★★☆☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[s._v("内联函数是在编译时展开，而宏在编译预处理时展开；在编译的时候，内联函数直接被嵌入到目标代码中去，而宏只是一个简单的文本替换。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("内联函数是真正的函数，和普通函数调用的方法一样，在调用点处直接展开，避免了函数的参数压栈操作，减少了调用的开销。而宏定义编写较为复杂，常需要增加一些括号来避免歧义。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("宏定义只进行文本替换，不会对参数的类型、语句能否正常编译等进行检查。而内联函数是真正的函数，会对参数的类型、函数体内的语句编写是否正确等进行检查。")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("使用举例：")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("#include \n\n#define MAX(a, b) ((a) > (b) ? (a) : (b))\n\nusing namespace std;\n\ninline int fun_max(int a, int b)\n{\n return a > b ? a : b;\n}\n\nint main()\n{\n int var = 1;\n cout << MAX(var, 5) << endl;\n cout << fun_max(var, 0) << endl;\n return 0;\n}\n/*\n程序运行结果：\n5\n1\n\n*/\n")])]),s._v(" 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new 的作用？")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数：★★☆☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("code",[s._v("new")]),s._v(" 是 C++ 中的关键字，用来动态分配内存空间，实现方式如下：")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("int *p = new int[5];\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br")])]),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"new-和-malloc-如何判断是否申请到内存"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#new-和-malloc-如何判断是否申请到内存"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" new 和 malloc 如何判断是否申请到内存？")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数：★★☆☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[s._v("malloc ：成功申请到内存，返回指向该内存的指针；分配失败，返回 NULL 指针。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("new ：内存分配成功，返回该对象类型的指针；分配失败，抛出 bac_alloc 异常。")])]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"delete-实现原理-delete-和-delete-的区别"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#delete-实现原理-delete-和-delete-的区别"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" delete 实现原理？delete 和 delete[] 的区别？")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数：★★★☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("delete 的实现原理：")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[s._v("首先执行该对象所属类的析构函数；")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("进而通过调用 operator delete 的标准库函数来释放所占的内存空间。")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("delete 和 delete [] 的区别：")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("delete 用来释放单个对象所占的空间，只会调用一次析构函数；")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("delete [] 用来释放数组空间，会对数组中的每个成员都调用一次析构函数。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"new-和-malloc-的区别-delete-和-free-的区别"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#new-和-malloc-的区别-delete-和-free-的区别"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" new 和 malloc 的区别，delete 和 free 的区别")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数：★★★★☆")]),s._v("\n在使用的时候 new、delete 搭配使用，malloc、free 搭配使用。")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[s._v("malloc、free 是库函数，而 new、delete 是关键字。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("-new 申请空间时，无需指定分配空间的大小，编译器会根据类型自行计算；malloc 在申请空间时，需要确定所申请空间的大小。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("new 申请空间时，返回的类型是对象的指针类型，无需强制类型转换，是类型安全的操作符；malloc 申请空间时，返回的是 void* 类型，需要进行强制类型的转换，转换为对象类型的指针。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("new 分配失败时，会抛出 bad_alloc 异常，malloc 分配失败时返回空指针。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("对于自定义的类型，new 首先调用 operator new() 函数申请空间（底层通过 malloc 实现），然后调用构造函数进行初始化，最后返回自定义类型的指针；delete 首先调用析构函数，然后调用 operator delete() 释放空间（底层通过 free 实现）。malloc、free 无法进行自定义类型的对象的构造和析构。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("new 操作符从自由存储区上为对象动态分配内存，而 malloc 函数从堆上动态分配内存。（自由存储区不等于堆）")])]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"malloc-的原理-malloc-的底层实现"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#malloc-的原理-malloc-的底层实现"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" malloc 的原理？malloc 的底层实现？")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数：★★☆☆☆")]),s._v("\nmalloc 的原理:")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("当开辟的空间小于 128K 时，调用 brk() 函数，通过移动 _enddata 来实现；")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("当开辟空间大于 128K 时，调用 mmap() 函数，通过在虚拟地址空间中开辟一块内存空间来实现。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("malloc 的底层实现：")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("brk() 函数实现原理：向高地址的方向移动指向数据段的高地址的指针 _enddata。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("mmap 内存映射原理：")]),s._v(" "),n("ol",[n("li",[s._v("进程启动映射过程，并在虚拟地址空间中为映射创建虚拟映射区域；")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("调用内核空间的系统调用函数 mmap()，实现文件物理地址和进程虚拟地址的一一映射关系；")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("进程发起对这片映射空间的访问，引发缺页异常，实现文件内容到物理内存（主存）的拷贝。")])])])]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"c-和-c-struct-的区别"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#c-和-c-struct-的区别"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" C 和 C++ struct 的区别？")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数：★★☆☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[s._v("在 C 语言中 struct 是用户自定义数据类型；在 C++ 中 struct 是抽象数据类型，支持成员函数的定义。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("C 语言中 struct 没有访问权限的设置，是一些变量的集合体，不能定义成员函数；C++ 中 struct 可以和类一样，有访问权限，并可以定义成员函数。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("C 语言中 struct 定义的自定义数据类型，在定义该类型的变量时，需要加上 struct 关键字，例如：struct A var;，定义 A 类型的变量；而 C++ 中，不用加该关键字，例如：A var;")])]),s._v(" 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namespace std;\n\ntypedef union\n{\n char c[10];\n char cc1; // char 1 字节，按该类型的倍数分配大小\n} u11;\n\ntypedef union\n{\n char c[10];\n int i; // int 4 字节，按该类型的倍数分配大小\n} u22;\n\ntypedef union\n{\n char c[10];\n double d; // double 8 字节，按该类型的倍数分配大小\n} u33;\n\ntypedef struct s1\n{\n char c; // 1 字节\n double d; // 1（char）+ 7（内存对齐）+ 8（double）= 16 字节\n} s11;\n\ntypedef struct s2\n{\n char c; // 1 字节\n char cc; // 1（char）+ 1（char）= 2 字节\n double d; // 2 + 6（内存对齐）+ 8（double）= 16 字节\n} s22;\n\ntypedef struct s3\n{\n char c; // 1 字节\n double d; // 1（char）+ 7（内存对齐）+ 8（double）= 16 字节\n char cc; // 16 + 1（char）+ 7（内存对齐）= 24 字节\n} s33;\n\nint main()\n{\n cout << sizeof(u11) << endl; // 10\n cout << sizeof(u22) << endl; // 12\n cout << sizeof(u33) << endl; // 16\n cout << sizeof(s11) << endl; // 16\n cout << sizeof(s22) << endl; // 16\n cout << sizeof(s33) << endl; // 24\n\n cout << sizeof(int) << endl; // 4\n cout << sizeof(double) << endl; // 8\n return 0;\n}\n")])]),s._v(" 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class 和 struct 的异同")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数：★★☆☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("struct 和 class 都可以自定义数据类型，也支持继承操作。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("struct 中默认的访问级别是 public，默认的继承级别也是 public；class 中默认的访问级别是 private，默认的继承级别也是 private。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("当 class 继承 struct 或者 struct 继承 class 时，默认的继承级别取决于 class 或 struct 本身， class（private 继承），struct（public 继承），即取决于派生类的默认继承级别。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("struct A{}；\nclass B : A{}; // private 继承\nstruct C : B{}； // public 继承\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br")])]),n("p",[s._v("举例：")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ 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strcpy 函数有什么缺陷？")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数：★★☆☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("strcpy 函数的缺陷：strcpy 函数不检查目的缓冲区的大小边界，而是将源字符串逐一的全部赋值给目的字符串地址起始的一块连续的内存空间，同时加上字符串终止符，会导致其他变量被覆盖。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v('#include \n#include \nusing namespace std;\n\nint main()\n{\n int var = 0x11112222;\n char arr[10];\n cout << "Address : var " << &var << endl;\n cout << "Address : arr " << &arr << endl;\n strcpy(arr, "hello world!");\n cout << "var:" << hex << var << endl; // 将变量 var 以 16 进制输出\n cout << "arr:" << arr << endl;\n return 0;\n}\n\n/*\nAddress : var 0x23fe4c\nAddress : arr 0x23fe42\nvar:11002164\narr:hello world!\n*/\n')])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("15")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("16")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("17")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("18")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("19")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("20")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("21")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("22")]),n("br")])]),n("p",[s._v('说明：从上述代码中可以看出，变量 var 的后六位被字符串 "hello world!" 的 "d!\\0" 这三个字符改变，这三个字符对应的 ascii 码的十六进制为：\\0(0x00)，!(0x21)，d(0x64)。\n原因：变量 arr 只分配的 10 个内存空间，通过上述程序中的地址可以看出 arr 和 var 在内存中是连续存放的，但是在调用 strcpy 函数进行拷贝时，源字符串 "hello world!" 所占的内存空间为 13，因此在拷贝的过程中会占用 var 的内存空间，导致 var 的后六位被覆盖。')]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"auto-类型推导的原理"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#auto-类型推导的原理"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" auto 类型推导的原理")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数：★★☆☆☆")]),s._v("\nauto 类型推导的原理：\n编译器根据初始值来推算变量的类型，要求用 auto 定义变量时必须有初始值。编译器推断出来的 auto 类型有时和初始值类型并不完全一样，编译器会适当改变结果类型使其更符合初始化规则。")]),s._v(" "),n("h1",{attrs:{id:"类相关"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#类相关"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 类相关")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("第五章主要讲解类相关的知识点，涉及到虚函数、继承、构造函数、析构函数、深拷贝、浅拷贝等知识点，本章的内容十分重要，同时也是面试过程中的高频问题。")]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"什么是虚函数-什么是纯虚函数"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#什么是虚函数-什么是纯虚函数"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 什么是虚函数？什么是纯虚函数？")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数：★★★★★")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("虚函数")]),s._v("：被 "),n("code",[s._v("virtual")]),s._v(" 关键字修饰的成员函数，就是虚函数。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v('#include \nusing namespace std;\n\nclass A\n{\npublic:\n virtual void v_fun() // 虚函数\n {\n cout << "A::v_fun()" << endl;\n }\n};\nclass B : public A\n{\npublic:\n void v_fun()\n {\n cout << "B::v_fun()" << endl;\n }\n};\nint main()\n{\n A *p = new B();\n p->v_fun(); // B::v_fun()\n return 0;\n}\n')])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("15")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("16")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("17")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("18")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("19")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("20")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("21")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("22")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("23")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("24")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("25")]),n("br")])]),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("纯虚函数：")])]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("纯虚函数在类中声明时，加上 =0；")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("含有纯虚函数的类称为抽象类（只要含有纯虚函数这个类就是抽象类），类中只有接口，没有具体的实现方法；")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("继承纯虚函数的派生类，如果没有完全实现基类纯虚函数，依然是抽象类，不能实例化对象。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("说明：")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("抽象类对象不能作为函数的参数，不能创建对象，不能作为函数返回类型；")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("可以声明抽象类指针，可以声明抽象类的引用；")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("子类必须继承父类的纯虚函数，并全部实现后，才能创建子类的对象。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"虚函数和纯虚函数的区别"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#虚函数和纯虚函数的区别"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 虚函数和纯虚函数的区别？")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数：★★★☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[s._v("虚函数和纯虚函数可以出现在同一个类中，该类称为抽象基类。（含有纯虚函数的类称为抽象基类）")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("使用方式不同：虚函数可以直接使用，纯虚函数必须在派生类中实现后才能使用；")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("定义形式不同：虚函数在定义时在普通函数的基础上加上 virtual 关键字，纯虚函数定义时除了加上 virtual 关键字还需要加上 =0;")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("虚函数必须实现，否则编译器会报错；")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("对于实现纯虚函数的派生类，该纯虚函数在派生类中被称为虚函数，虚函数和纯虚函数都可以在派生类中重写；")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("析构函数最好定义为虚函数，特别是对于含有继承关系的类；析构函数可以定义为纯虚函数，此时，其所在的类为抽象基类，不能创建实例化对象。")])]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"虚函数的实现机制"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#虚函数的实现机制"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 虚函数的实现机制")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数：★★★★★")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("**实现机制：**虚函数通过虚函数表来实现。虚函数的地址保存在虚函数表中，在类的对象所在的内存空间中，保存了指向虚函数表的指针（称为“虚表指针”），通过虚表指针可以找到类对应的虚函数表。虚函数表解决了基类和派生类的继承问题和类中成员函数的覆盖问题，当用基类的指针来操作一个派生类的时候，这张虚函数表就指明了实际应该调用的函数。")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("虚函数表相关知识点：")])]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[s._v("虚函数表存放的内容：类的虚函数的地址。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("虚函数表建立的时间：编译阶段，即程序的编译过程中会将虚函数的地址放在虚函数表中。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("虚表指针保存的位置：虚表指针存放在对象的内存空间中最前面的位置，这是为了保证正确取到虚函数的偏移量。")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("注：虚函数表和类绑定，虚表指针和对象绑定。即类的不同的对象的虚函数表是一样的，但是每个对象都有自己的虚表指针，来指向类的虚函数表。")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("实例：")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("无虚函数覆盖的情况：")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v('#include \nusing namespace std;\n\nclass Base\n{\npublic:\n virtual void B_fun1() { cout << "Base::B_fun1()" << endl; }\n virtual void B_fun2() { cout << "Base::B_fun2()" << endl; }\n virtual void B_fun3() { cout << "Base::B_fun3()" << endl; }\n};\n\nclass Derive : public Base\n{\npublic:\n virtual void D_fun1() { cout << "Derive::D_fun1()" << endl; }\n virtual void D_fun2() { cout << "Derive::D_fun2()" << endl; }\n virtual void D_fun3() { cout << "Derive::D_fun3()" << endl; }\n};\nint main()\n{\n Base *p = new Derive();\n p->B_fun1(); // Base::B_fun1()\n return 0;\n}\n')])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("15")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("16")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("17")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("18")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("19")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("20")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("21")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("22")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("23")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("24")]),n("br")])]),n("p",[s._v("基类和派生类的继承关系：")]),s._v(" "),n("img",{staticStyle:{zoom:"80%"},attrs:{src:"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/jacky1234/picArchieve@master/uPic/20230522_135412_pIKwGE.png",alt:"20230522_135412_pIKwGE"}}),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("基类的虚函数表：")]),s._v(" "),n("img",{staticStyle:{zoom:"80%"},attrs:{src:"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/jacky1234/picArchieve@master/uPic/20230522_135155_4LwCrT.png",alt:"20230522_135155_4LwCrT"}}),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("主函数中基类的指针 "),n("code",[s._v("p")]),s._v(" 指向了派生类的对象，当调用函数 "),n("code",[s._v("B_fun1()")]),s._v(" 时，通过派生类的虚函数表找到该函数的地址，从而完成调用。")]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"单继承和多继承的虚函数表结构"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#单继承和多继承的虚函数表结构"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 单继承和多继承的虚函数表结构")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数：★★★★☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("编译器处理虚函数表：")])]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[s._v("编译器将虚函数表的指针放在类的实例对象的内存空间中，该对象调用该类的虚函数时，通过指针找到虚函数表，根据虚函数表中存放的虚函数的地址找到对应的虚函数。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("如果派生类没有重新定义基类的虚函数 A，则派生类的虚函数表中保存的是基类的虚函数 A 的地址，也就是说基类和派生类的虚函数 A 的地址是一样的。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("如果派生类重写了基类的某个虚函数 B，则派生的虚函数表中保存的是重写后的虚函数 B 的地址，也就是说虚函数 B 有两个版本，分别存放在基类和派生类的虚函数表中。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("如果派生类重新定义了新的虚函数 C，派生类的虚函数表保存新的虚函数 C 的地址。")])]),s._v(" "),n("ol",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("单继承无虚函数覆盖的情况：")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v('#include \nusing namespace std;\n\nclass Base\n{\npublic:\n virtual void B_fun1() { cout << "Base::B_fun1()" << endl; }\n virtual void B_fun2() { cout << "Base::B_fun2()" << endl; }\n virtual void B_fun3() { cout << "Base::B_fun3()" << endl; }\n};\n\nclass Derive : public Base\n{\npublic:\n virtual void D_fun1() { cout << "Derive::D_fun1()" << endl; }\n virtual void D_fun2() { cout << "Derive::D_fun2()" << endl; }\n virtual void D_fun3() { cout << "Derive::D_fun3()" << endl; }\n};\nint main()\n{\n Base *p = new Derive();\n p->B_fun1(); // Base::B_fun1()\n return 0;\n}\n')])]),s._v(" 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"Base3::B3_fun3()" << endl; }\n};\n\nclass Derive : public Base1, public Base2, public Base3\n{\npublic:\n virtual void D_fun1() { cout << "Derive::D_fun1()" << endl; }\n virtual void D_fun2() { cout << "Derive::D_fun2()" << endl; }\n virtual void D_fun3() { cout << "Derive::D_fun3()" << endl; }\n};\n\nint main(){\n Base1 *p = new Derive();\n p->B1_fun1(); // Base1::B1_fun1()\n return 0;\n}\n')])]),s._v(" 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cout << "Base2::B2_fun3()" << endl; }\n};\nclass Base3\n{\npublic:\n virtual void fun1() { cout << "Base3::fun1()" << endl; }\n virtual void B3_fun2() { cout << "Base3::B3_fun2()" << endl; }\n virtual void B3_fun3() { cout << "Base3::B3_fun3()" << endl; }\n};\n\nclass Derive : public Base1, public Base2, public Base3\n{\npublic:\n virtual void fun1() { cout << "Derive::fun1()" << endl; }\n virtual void D_fun2() { cout << "Derive::D_fun2()" << endl; }\n virtual void D_fun3() { cout << "Derive::D_fun3()" << endl; }\n};\n\nint main(){\n Base1 *p1 = new Derive();\n Base2 *p2 = new Derive();\n Base3 *p3 = new Derive();\n p1->fun1(); // Derive::fun1()\n p2->fun1(); // Derive::fun1()\n p3->fun1(); // Derive::fun1()\n return 0;\n}\n')])]),s._v(" 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A ex2(12,13); // error: use of deleted function 'A::A(int, int)'\n return 0;\n}\n")])]),s._v(" 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"),n("code",[s._v("delete")]),s._v(" 的构造函数，程序出现错误。")]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"什么是类的默认构造函数"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#什么是类的默认构造函数"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 什么是类的默认构造函数？")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数：★★★☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("默认构造函数：未提供任何实参，来控制默认初始化过程的构造函数称为默认构造函数。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("#include \n\nusing namespace std;\n\nclass A\n{\npublic:\n A(){ // 类的默认构造函数\n var = 10;\n c = 'q';\n }\n int var;\n char c;\n};\n\nint main()\n{\n A ex;\n cout << ex.c << endl << ex.var << endl;\n return 0;\n}\n/*\n运行结果：\nq\n10\n*/\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("15")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("16")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("17")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("18")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("19")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("20")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("21")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("22")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("23")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("24")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("25")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("26")]),n("br")])]),n("p",[s._v("说明：上述程序中定义变量 "),n("code",[s._v("ex")]),s._v(" 时，未提供任何实参，程序运行时会调用默认的构造函数。")]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"构造函数、析构函数是否需要定义成虚函数-为什么"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#构造函数、析构函数是否需要定义成虚函数-为什么"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 构造函数、析构函数是否需要定义成虚函数？为什么？")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数：★★★★☆")]),s._v("\n构造函数一般不定义为虚函数，原因：")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("从存储空间的角度考虑：构造函数是在实例化对象的时候进行调用，如果此时将构造函数定义成虚函数，需要通过访问该对象所在的内存空间才能进行虚函数的调用（因为需要通过指向虚函数表的指针调用虚函数表，虽然虚函数表在编译时就有了，但是没有虚函数的指针，虚函数的指针只有在创建了对象才有），但是此时该对象还未创建，便无法进行虚函数的调用。所以构造函数不能定义成虚函数。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("从使用的角度考虑：虚函数是基类的指针指向派生类的对象时，通过该指针实现对派生类的虚函数的调用，构造函数是在创建对象时自动调用的。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("从实现上考虑：虚函数表是在创建对象之后才有的，因此不能定义成虚函数。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("从类型上考虑：在创建对象时需要明确其类型。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("析构函数一般定义成虚函数，原因：\n析构函数定义成虚函数是为了防止内存泄漏，因为当基类的指针或者引用指向或绑定到派生类的对象时，如果未将基类的析构函数定义成虚函数，会调用基类的析构函数，那么只能将基类的成员所占的空间释放掉，派生类中特有的就会无法释放内存空间导致内存泄漏。")]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"如何避免拷贝"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#如何避免拷贝"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 如何避免拷贝？")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数：★★☆☆☆")]),s._v("\n最直观的想法是：将类的拷贝构造函数和赋值构造函数声明为私有 private，但对于类的成员函数和友元函数依然可以调用，达不到完全禁止类的对象被拷贝的目的，而且程序会出现错误，因为未对函数进行定义。")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("解决方法：声明一个基类，具体做法如下。")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("定义一个基类，将其中的拷贝构造函数和赋值构造函数声明为私有 private")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("派生类以私有 private 的方式继承基类")])])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("class Uncopyable\n{\npublic:\n Uncopyable() {}\n ~Uncopyable() {}\n\nprivate:\n Uncopyable(const Uncopyable &); // 拷贝构造函数\n Uncopyable &operator=(const Uncopyable &); // 赋值构造函数\n};\nclass A : private Uncopyable // 注意继承方式\n{\n};\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),n("br")])]),n("p",[s._v("简单解释：")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("能够保证，在派生类 A 的成员函数和友元函数中无法进行拷贝操作，因为无法调用基类 Uncopyable 的拷贝构造函数或赋值构造函数。同样，在类的外部也无法进行拷贝操作。")]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"如何减少构造函数开销"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#如何减少构造函数开销"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 如何减少构造函数开销？")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数：★★☆☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("在构造函数中使用类初始化列表，会减少调用默认的构造函数产生的开销，具体原因可以参考本章“为什么用成员初始化列表会快些？”这个问题。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v('class A\n{\nprivate:\n int val;\npublic:\n A()\n {\n cout << "A()" << endl;\n }\n A(int tmp)\n {\n val = tmp;\n cout << "A(int " << val << ")" << endl;\n }\n};\nclass Test1\n{\nprivate:\n A ex;\n\npublic:\n Test1() : ex(1) // 成员列表初始化方式\n {\n }\n};\n')])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("15")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("16")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("17")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("18")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("19")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("20")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("21")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("22")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("23")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("24")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("25")]),n("br")])]),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"多重继承时会出现什么状况-如何解决"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#多重继承时会出现什么状况-如何解决"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 多重继承时会出现什么状况？如何解决？")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数：★★★★☆")]),s._v("\n多重继承（多继承）：是指从多个直接基类中产生派生类。")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("多重继承容易出现的问题：命名冲突和数据冗余问题。")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("举例:")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("#include \nusing namespace std;\n\n// 间接基类\nclass Base1\n{\npublic:\n int var1;\n};\n\n// 直接基类\nclass Base2 : public Base1\n{\npublic:\n int var2;\n};\n\n// 直接基类\nclass Base3 : public Base1\n{\npublic:\n int var3;\n};\n\n// 派生类\nclass Derive : public Base2, public Base3\n{\npublic:\n void set_var1(int tmp) { var1 = tmp; } // error: reference to 'var1' is ambiguous. 命名冲突\n void set_var2(int tmp) { var2 = tmp; }\n void set_var3(int tmp) { var3 = tmp; }\n void set_var4(int tmp) { var4 = tmp; }\n\nprivate:\n int var4;\n};\n\nint main()\n{\n Derive d;\n return 0;\n}\n")])]),s._v(" 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"),n("img",{staticStyle:{zoom:"80%"},attrs:{src:"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/jacky1234/picArchieve@master/uPic/20230522_135250_JKrFCr.png",alt:"20230522_135250_JKrFCr"}}),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("上述代码中存的问题：\n对于派生类 Derive 上述代码中存在直接继承关系和间接继承关系。")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("直接继承：Base2 、Base3")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("间接继承：Base1")])])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("对于派生类中继承的的成员变量 var1 ，从继承关系来看，实际上保存了两份，一份是来自基类 Base2，一份来自基类 Base3。因此，出现了命名冲突。")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("解决方法 1：")]),s._v(" 声明出现冲突的成员变量来源于哪个类")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("#include \nusing namespace std;\n\n// 间接基类\nclass Base1\n{\npublic:\n int var1;\n};\n\n// 直接基类\nclass Base2 : public Base1\n{\npublic:\n int var2;\n};\n\n// 直接基类\nclass Base3 : public Base1\n{\npublic:\n int var3;\n};\n\n// 派生类\nclass Derive : public Base2, public Base3\n{\npublic:\n void set_var1(int tmp) { Base2::var1 = tmp; } // 这里声明成员变量来源于类 Base2，当然也可以声明来源于类 Base3\n void set_var2(int tmp) { var2 = tmp; }\n void set_var3(int tmp) { var3 = tmp; }\n void set_var4(int tmp) { var4 = tmp; }\n\nprivate:\n int var4;\n};\n\nint main()\n{\n Derive d;\n return 0;\n}\n")])]),s._v(" 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2：")]),s._v(" 虚继承")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("使用虚继承的目的：保证存在命名冲突的成员变量在派生类中只保留一份，即使间接基类中的成员在派生类中只保留一份。在菱形继承关系中，间接基类称为虚基类，直接基类和间接基类之间的继承关系称为虚继承。")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("实现方式：在继承方式前面加上 virtual 关键字。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("#include \nusing namespace std;\n\n// 间接基类，即虚基类\nclass Base1\n{\npublic:\n int var1;\n};\n\n// 直接基类\nclass Base2 : virtual public Base1 // 虚继承\n{\npublic:\n int var2;\n};\n\n// 直接基类\nclass Base3 : virtual public Base1 // 虚继承\n{\npublic:\n int var3;\n};\n\n// 派生类\nclass Derive : public Base2, public Base3\n{\npublic:\n void set_var1(int tmp) { var1 = tmp; }\n void set_var2(int tmp) { var2 = tmp; }\n void set_var3(int tmp) { var3 = tmp; }\n void set_var4(int tmp) { var4 = tmp; }\n\nprivate:\n int var4;\n};\n\nint main()\n{\n Derive d;\n return 0;\n}\n")])]),s._v(" 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"),n("img",{staticStyle:{zoom:"80%"},attrs:{src:"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/jacky1234/picArchieve@master/uPic/20230522_135322_yU5rkI.png",alt:"20230522_135322_yU5rkI"}}),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"空类占多少字节-c-编译器会给一个空类自动生成哪些函数"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#空类占多少字节-c-编译器会给一个空类自动生成哪些函数"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 空类占多少字节？C++ 编译器会给一个空类自动生成哪些函数？")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数：★★★☆☆")]),s._v(" "),n("strong",[s._v("空类声明时编译器不会生成任何成员函数：")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("对于空类，声明编译器不会生成任何的成员函数，只会生成 1 个字节的占位符。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v('#include \nusing namespace std;\n\nclass A\n{\n};\n\nint main()\n{\n cout << "sizeof(A):" << sizeof(A) << endl; // sizeof(A):1\n return 0;\n}\n')])]),s._v(" 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line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v('#include \nusing namespace std;\n/*\nclass A\n{}; 该空类的等价写法如下：\n*/\nclass A\n{\npublic:\n A(){}; // 缺省构造函数\n A(const A &tmp){}; // 拷贝构造函数\n ~A(){}; // 析构函数\n A &operator=(const A &tmp){}; // 赋值运算符\n A *operator&() { return this; }; // 取址运算符\n const A *operator&() const { return this; }; // 取址运算符（const 版本）\n};\n\nint main()\n{\n A *p = new A();\n cout << "sizeof(A):" << sizeof(A) << endl; // sizeof(A):1\n delete p;\n return 0;\n}\n')])]),s._v(" 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为什么拷贝构造函数必须为引用？")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数：★★☆☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("原因：避免拷贝构造函数无限制的递归，最终导致栈溢出。")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("举例说明：")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v('#include \nusing namespace std;\n\nclass A\n{\nprivate:\n int val;\n\npublic:\n A(int tmp) : val(tmp) // 带参数构造函数\n {\n cout << "A(int tmp)" << endl;\n }\n\n A(const A &tmp) // 拷贝构造函数\n {\n cout << "A(const A &tmp)" << endl;\n val = tmp.val;\n }\n\n A &operator=(const A &tmp) // 赋值函数（赋值运算符重载）\n {\n cout << "A &operator=(const A &tmp)" << endl;\n val = tmp.val;\n return *this;\n }\n\n void fun(A tmp)\n {\n }\n};\n\nint main()\n{\n A ex1(1);\n A ex2(2);\n A ex3 = ex1;\n ex2 = ex1;\n ex2.fun(ex1);\n return 0;\n}\n/*\n运行结果：\nA(int tmp)\nA(int tmp)\nA(const A &tmp)\nA &operator=(const A &tmp)\nA(const A &tmp)\n*/\n')])]),s._v(" 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1：ex2 = ex1; 和 A ex3 = ex1; 为什么调用的函数不一样？\n对象 ex2 已经实例化了，不需要构造，此时只是将 ex1 赋值给 ex2，只会调用赋值函数；但是 ex3 还没有实例化，因此调用的是拷贝构造函数，构造出 ex3，而不是赋值函数，这里涉及到构造函数的隐式调用。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("说明 2：如果拷贝构造函数中形参不是引用类型，A ex3 = ex1;会出现什么问题？\n构造 ex3，实质上是 ex3.A(ex1);，假如拷贝构造函数参数不是引用类型，那么将使得 ex3.A(ex1); 相当于 ex1 作为函数 A(const A tmp)的形参，在参数传递时相当于 A tmp = ex1，因为 tmp 没有被初始化，所以在 A tmp = ex1 中继续调用拷贝构造函数，接下来的是构造 tmp，也就是 tmp.A(ex1) ，必然又会有 ex1 作为函数 A(const A tmp); 的形参，在参数传递时相当于即 A tmp = ex1，那么又会触发拷贝构造函数，就这下永远的递归下去。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("说明 3：为什么 ex2.fun(ex1); 会调用拷贝构造函数？\nex1 作为参数传递给 fun 函数， 即 A tmp = ex1;，这个过程会调用拷贝构造函数进行初始化。")])]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"c-类对象的初始化顺序"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#c-类对象的初始化顺序"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" C++ 类对象的初始化顺序")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数：★★★☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("构造函数调用顺序：")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("按照派生类继承基类的顺序，即派生列表中声明的顺序，依次调用基类的构造函数；")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("按照派生类中成员变量的声名顺序，依次调用派生类中成员变量所属类的构造函数；")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("执行派生类自身的构造函数。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("综上可以得出，类对象的初始化顺序：基类构造函数–>派生类成员变量的构造函数–>自身构造函数\n注：")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("基类构造函数的调用顺序与派生类的派生列表中的顺序有关；")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("成员变量的初始化顺序与声明顺序有关；")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("析构顺序和构造顺序相反。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v('#include \nusing namespace std;\n\nclass A\n{\npublic:\n A() { cout << "A()" << endl; }\n ~A() { cout << "~A()" << endl; }\n};\n\nclass B\n{\npublic:\n B() { cout << "B()" << endl; }\n ~B() { cout << "~B()" << endl; }\n};\n\nclass Test : public A, public B // 派生列表\n{\npublic:\n Test() { cout << "Test()" << endl; }\n ~Test() { cout << "~Test()" << endl; }\n\nprivate:\n B ex1;\n A ex2;\n};\n\nint main()\n{\n Test ex;\n return 0;\n}\n/*\n运行结果：\nA()\nB()\nB()\nA()\nTest()\n~Test()\n~A()\n~B()\n~B()\n~A()\n*/\n')])]),s._v(" 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0;\n}\n")])]),s._v(" 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"),n("p",[s._v("方法二：")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[s._v("将类的构造函数声明为私有 "),n("code",[s._v("private")])])]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"为什么用成员初始化列表会快一些"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#为什么用成员初始化列表会快一些"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 为什么用成员初始化列表会快一些？")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数：★★★☆☆")]),s._v("\n说明：数据类型可分为内置类型和用户自定义类型（类类型），对于用户自定义类型，利用成员初始化列表效率高。")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("原因：用户自定义类型如果使用类初始化列表，直接调用该成员变量对应的构造函数即完成初始化；如果在构造函数中初始化，因为 C++ 规定，对象的成员变量的初始化动作发生在进入构造函数本体之前，那么在执行构造函数的函数体之前首先调用默认的构造函数为成员变量设初值，在进入函数体之后，调用该成员变量对应的构造函数。因此，使用列表初始化会减少调用默认的构造函数的过程，效率高。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v('#include \nusing namespace std;\nclass A\n{\nprivate:\n int val;\npublic:\n A()\n {\n cout << "A()" << endl;\n }\n A(int tmp)\n {\n val = tmp;\n cout << "A(int " << val << ")" << endl;\n }\n};\n\nclass Test1\n{\nprivate:\n A ex;\n\npublic:\n Test1() : ex(1) // 成员列表初始化方式\n {\n }\n};\n\nclass Test2\n{\nprivate:\n A ex;\n\npublic:\n Test2() // 函数体中赋值的方式\n {\n ex = A(2);\n }\n};\nint main()\n{\n Test1 ex1;\n cout << endl;\n Test2 ex2;\n return 0;\n}\n/*\n运行结果：\nA(int 1)\n\nA()\nA(int 2)\n*/\n')])]),s._v(" 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"),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"实例化一个对象需要哪几个阶段"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#实例化一个对象需要哪几个阶段"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 实例化一个对象需要哪几个阶段")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数：★★★☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("ol",[n("li",[s._v("分配空间\n创建类对象首先要为该对象分配内存空间。不同的对象，为其分配空间的时机未必相同。全局对象、静态对象、分配在栈区域内的对象，在编译阶段进行内存分配；存储在堆空间的对象，是在运行阶段进行内存分配。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("初始化\n首先明确一点：初始化不同于赋值。初始化发生在赋值之前，初始化随对象的创建而进行，而赋值是在对象创建好后，为其赋上相应的值。这一点可以联想下上一个问题中提到：初始化列表先于构造函数体内的代码执行，初始化列表执行的是数据成员的初始化过程，这个可以从成员对象的构造函数被调用看的出来。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("赋值\n对象初始化完成后，可以对其进行赋值。对于一个类的对象，其成员变量的赋值过程发生在类的构造函数的函数体中。当执行完该函数体，也就意味着类对象的实例化过程完成了。（总结：构造函数实现了对象的初始化和赋值两个过程，对象的初始化是通过初始化列表来完成，而对象的赋值则才是通过构造函数的函数体来实现。）")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("注：对于拥有虚函数的类的对象，还需要给虚表指针赋值。")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[s._v("没有继承关系的类，分配完内存后，首先给虚表指针赋值，然后再列表初始化以及执行构造函数的函数体，即上述中的初始化和赋值操作。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("有继承关系的类，分配内存之后，首先进行基类的构造过程，然后给该派生类的虚表指针赋值，最后再列表初始化以及执行构造函数的函数体，即上述中的初始化和赋值操作。")])]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"友元函数的作用及使用场景"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#友元函数的作用及使用场景"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 友元函数的作用及使用场景")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数：★★☆☆☆")]),s._v("\n作用：友元提供了不同类的成员函数之间、类的成员函数与一般函数之间进行数据共享的机制。通过友元，一个不同函数或另一个类中的成员函数可以访问类中的私有成员和保护成员。")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("使用场景：")]),s._v(" "),n("ol",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("普通函数定义为友元函数，使普通函数能够访问类的私有成员。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("#include \n\nusing namespace std;\n\nclass A\n{\n friend ostream &operator<<(ostream &_cout, const A &tmp); // 声明为类的友元函数\n\npublic:\n A(int tmp) : var(tmp)\n {\n }\n\nprivate:\n int var;\n};\n\nostream &operator<<(ostream &_cout, const A &tmp)\n{\n _cout << tmp.var;\n return _cout;\n}\n\nint main()\n{\n A ex(4);\n cout << ex << endl; // 4\n return 0;\n}\n")])]),s._v(" 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"),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("友元类：类之间共享数据。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v('#include \n\nusing namespace std;\n\nclass A\n{\n friend class B;\n\npublic:\n A() : var(10){}\n A(int tmp) : var(tmp) {}\n void fun()\n {\n cout << "fun():" << var << endl;\n }\n\nprivate:\n int var;\n};\n\nclass B\n{\npublic:\n B() {}\n void fun()\n {\n cout << "fun():" << ex.var << endl; // 访问类 A 中的私有成员\n }\n\nprivate:\n A ex;\n};\n\nint main()\n{\n B ex;\n ex.fun(); // fun():10\n return 0;\n}\n')])]),s._v(" 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"),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"静态绑定和动态绑定是怎么实现的"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#静态绑定和动态绑定是怎么实现的"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 静态绑定和动态绑定是怎么实现的？")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数：★★★☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("静态类型和动态类型：")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("静态类型：变量在声明时的类型，是在编译阶段确定的。静态类型不能更改。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("动态类型：目前所指对象的类型，是在运行阶段确定的。动态类型可以更改。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("静态绑定和动态绑定：")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("静态绑定是指程序在 编译阶段 确定对象的类型（静态类型）。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("动态绑定是指程序在 运行阶段 确定对象的类型（动态类型）。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("静态绑定和动态绑定的区别：")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("发生的时期不同：如上。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("对象的静态类型不能更改，动态类型可以更改。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("注：对于类的成员函数，只有虚函数是动态绑定，其他都是静态绑定。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v('#include \n\nusing namespace std;\n\nclass Base\n{\npublic:\n virtual void fun() { cout << "Base::fun()" << endl;\n }\n};\nclass Derive : public Base\n{\npublic:\n void fun() { cout << "Derive::fun()";\n }\n};\n\n\nint main()\n{\n Base *p = new Derive(); // p 的静态类型是 Base*，动态类型是 Derive*\n p->fun(); // fun 是虚函数，运行阶段进行动态绑定\n return 0;\n}\n/*\n运行结果：\nDerive::fun()\n*/\n')])]),s._v(" 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深拷贝和浅拷贝的区别")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数：★★★★★")]),s._v("\n如果一个类拥有资源，该类的对象进行复制时，如果资源重新分配，就是深拷贝，否则就是浅拷贝。")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("深拷贝：该对象和原对象占用不同的内存空间，既拷贝存储在栈空间中的内容，又拷贝存储在堆空间中的内容。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("浅拷贝：该对象和原对象占用同一块内存空间，仅拷贝类中位于栈空间中的内容。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("当类的成员变量中有指针变量时，最好使用深拷贝。因为当两个对象指向同一块内存空间，如果使用浅拷贝，当其中一个对象的删除后，该块内存空间就会被释放，另外一个对象指向的就是垃圾内存。")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("浅拷贝实例")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v('#include \n\nusing namespace std;\n\nclass Test\n{\nprivate:\n int *p;\n\npublic:\n Test(int tmp)\n {\n this->p = new int(tmp);\n cout << "Test(int tmp)" << endl;\n }\n ~Test()\n {\n if (p != NULL)\n {\n delete p;\n }\n cout << "~Test()" << endl;\n }\n};\n\nint main()\n{\n Test ex1(10);\n Test ex2 = ex1;\n return 0;\n}\n/*\n运行结果：\nTest(int tmp)\n~Test()\n*/\n')])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("15")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("16")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("17")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("18")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("19")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("20")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("21")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("22")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("23")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("24")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("25")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("26")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("27")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("28")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("29")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("30")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("31")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("32")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("33")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("34")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("35")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("36")]),n("br")])]),n("p",[s._v("说明：上述代码中，类对象 ex1、ex2 实际上是指向同一块内存空间，对象析构时，ex2 先将内存释放了一次，之后 析构对象 ex1 时又将这块已经被释放过的内存再释放一次。对同一块内存空间释放了两次，会导致程序崩溃。")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("深拷贝实例：")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v('#include \n\nusing namespace std;\n\nclass Test\n{\nprivate:\n int *p;\n\npublic:\n Test(int tmp)\n {\n p = new int(tmp);\n cout << "Test(int tmp)" << endl;\n }\n ~Test()\n {\n if (p != NULL)\n {\n delete p;\n }\n cout << "~Test()" << endl;\n }\n Test(const Test &tmp) // 定义拷贝构造函数\n {\n p = new int(*tmp.p);\n cout << "Test(const Test &tmp)" << endl;\n }\n\n};\n\nint main()\n{\n Test ex1(10);\n Test ex2 = ex1;\n return 0;\n}\n/*\nTest(int tmp)\nTest(const Test &tmp)\n~Test()\n~Test()\n*/\n')])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("15")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("16")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("17")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("18")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("19")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("20")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("21")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("22")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("23")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("24")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("25")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("26")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("27")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("28")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("29")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("30")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("31")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("32")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("33")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("34")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("35")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("36")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("37")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("38")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("39")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("40")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("41")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("42")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("43")]),n("br")])]),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"编译时多态和运行时多态的区别"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#编译时多态和运行时多态的区别"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 编译时多态和运行时多态的区别")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数：★★★☆☆")]),s._v("\n编译时多态：在程序编译过程中出现，发生在模板和函数重载中（泛型编程）。\n运行时多态：在程序运行过程中出现，发生在继承体系中，是指通过基类的指针或引用访问派生类中的虚函数。")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("编译时多态和运行时多态的区别：")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("时期不同：编译时多态发生在程序编译过程中，运行时多态发生在程序的运行过程中；")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("实现方式不同：编译时多态运用泛型编程来实现，运行时多态借助虚函数来实现。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"实现一个类成员函数-要求不允许修改类的成员变量"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#实现一个类成员函数-要求不允许修改类的成员变量"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 实现一个类成员函数，要求不允许修改类的成员变量？")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数：★★☆☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("如果想达到一个类的成员函数不能修改类的成员变量，只需用 const 关键字来修饰该函数即可。\n该问题本质是考察 const 关键字修饰成员函数的作用，只不过以实例的方式来考察，面试者应熟练掌握 const 关键字的作用。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("#include \n\nusing namespace std;\n\nclass A\n{\npublic:\n int var1, var2;\n A()\n {\n var1 = 10;\n var2 = 20;\n }\n void fun() const // 不能在 const 修饰的成员函数中修改成员变量的值，除非该成员变量用 mutable 修饰\n {\n var1 = 100; // error: assignment of member 'A::var1' in read-only object\n }\n};\n\nint main()\n{\n A ex1;\n return 0;\n}\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("15")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("16")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("17")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("18")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("19")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("20")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("21")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("22")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("23")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("24")]),n("br")])]),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"如何让类不能被继承"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#如何让类不能被继承"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 如何让类不能被继承？")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数：★★★☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("解决方法一：借助 "),n("code",[s._v("final")]),s._v(" 关键字，用该关键字修饰的类不能被继承。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("#include \n\nusing namespace std;\n\nclass Base final\n{\n};\n\nclass Derive: public Base{ // error: cannot derive from 'final' base 'Base' in derived type 'Derive'\n\n};\n\nint main()\n{\n Derive ex;\n return 0;\n}\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("15")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("16")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("17")]),n("br")])]),n("p",[s._v("解决方法二：借助友元、虚继承和私有构造函数来实现")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v('#include \nusing namespace std;\n\ntemplate \nclass Base{\n friend T;\nprivate:\n Base(){\n cout << "base" << endl;\n }\n ~Base(){}\n};\n\nclass B:virtual public Base{ //一定注意 必须是虚继承\npublic:\n B(){\n cout << "B" << endl;\n }\n};\n\nclass C:public B{\npublic:\n C(){} // error: \'Base::Base() [with T = B]\' is private within this context\n};\n\n\nint main(){\n B b;\n return 0;\n}\n')])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("15")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("16")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("17")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("18")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("19")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("20")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("21")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("22")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("23")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("24")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("25")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("26")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("27")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("28")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("29")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("30")]),n("br")])]),n("p",[s._v("说明：在上述代码中 B 类是不能被继承的类。\n具体原因：")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[s._v("虽然 Base 类构造函数和析构函数被声明为私有 private，在 B 类中，由于 B 是 Base 的友元，因此可以访问 Base 类构造函数，从而正常创建 B 类的对象；")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("B 类继承 Base 类采用虚继承的方式，创建 C 类的对象时，C 类的构造函数要负责 Base 类的构造，但是 Base 类的构造函数私有化了，C 类没有权限访问。因此，无法创建 C 类的对象， B 类是不能被继承的类。")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("注意：在继承体系中，友元关系不能被继承，虽然 C 类继承了 B 类，B 类是 Base 类的友元，但是 C 类和 Base 类没有友元关系。")]),s._v(" "),n("h1",{attrs:{id:"语言特性相关"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#语言特性相关"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 语言特性相关")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("第六章重点介绍和 C++ 语言特性相关的知识点，涉及到指针、引用、强制类型转换等。在本章中也增加了设计模式相关知识点，重点对单例模式进行介绍，包括其实现思想，应用场景，代码实现等。")]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"左值和右值的区别-左值引用和右值引用的区别-如何将左值转换成右值"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#左值和右值的区别-左值引用和右值引用的区别-如何将左值转换成右值"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 左值和右值的区别？左值引用和右值引用的区别，如何将左值转换成右值？")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数：★★★★☆")]),s._v("\n左值：指表达式结束后依然存在的持久对象。")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("右值：表达式结束就不再存在的临时对象。")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("左值和右值的区别：左值持久，右值短暂")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("右值引用和左值引用的区别：")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("左值引用不能绑定到要转换的表达式、字面常量或返回右值的表达式。右值引用恰好相反，可以绑定到这类表达式，但不能绑定到一个左值上。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("右值引用必须绑定到右值的引用，通过 && 获得。右值引用只能绑定到一个将要销毁的对象上，因此可以自由地移动其资源。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("std::move 可以将一个左值强制转化为右值，继而可以通过右值引用使用该值，以用于移动语义。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("#include \nusing namespace std;\n\nvoid fun1(int& tmp)\n{\n cout << \"fun1(int& tmp):\" << tmp << endl;\n}\n\nvoid fun2(int&& tmp)\n{\n cout << \"fun2(int&& tmp)\" << tmp << endl;\n}\n\nint main()\n{\n int var = 11;\n fun1(12); // error: cannot bind non-const lvalue reference of type 'int&' to an rvalue of type 'int'\n fun1(var);\n fun2(1);\n}\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("15")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("16")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("17")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("18")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("19")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("20")]),n("br")])]),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"std-move-函数的实现原理"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#std-move-函数的实现原理"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" std::move() 函数的实现原理")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数：★★★☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("code",[s._v("std::move()")]),s._v(" 函数原型：")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("template \ntypename remove_reference::type&& move(T&& t)\n{\n return static_cast::type &&>(t);\n}\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br")])]),n("p",[s._v("说明：引用折叠原理")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("右值传递给上述函数的形参 T&& 依然是右值，即 T&& && 相当于 T&&。\n左值传递给上述函数的形参 T&& 依然是左值，即 T&& & 相当于 T&。\n小结：通过引用折叠原理可以知道，move() 函数的形参既可以是左值也可以是右值。")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("remove_reference 具体实现：")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("//原始的，最通用的版本\ntemplate struct remove_reference{\n typedef T type; //定义 T 的类型别名为 type\n};\n \n//部分版本特例化，将用于左值引用和右值引用\ntemplate 
+ 归档
+