diff --git a/404.html b/404.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..9b2b21948a --- /dev/null +++ b/404.html @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ + + + + + + Jacky's blog + + + + + + + + + + + +
404
这是一个Four-Oh-Four.
返回首页
+ + + diff --git a/algo/index.html b/algo/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d4bd8f80b7 --- /dev/null +++ b/algo/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ + + + + + + algo | Jacky's blog + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + diff --git a/android/index.html b/android/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..7ed2463818 --- /dev/null +++ b/android/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,107 @@ + + + + + + android | Jacky's blog + + + + + + + + + + + +
+ + + diff --git a/archives/index.html b/archives/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..044dfbde86 --- /dev/null +++ b/archives/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,204 @@ + + + + + + 归档 | Jacky's blog + + + + + + + + + + + +
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"),s("h2",{attrs:{id:"jvm内存模型"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#jvm内存模型"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" jvm内存模型")]),t._v(" "),s("blockquote",[s("p",[t._v("Java 内存模型(Java Memory Model, JMM)是 Java 语言中关于线程如何通过内存进行交互的一套规范。JMM 规定了 Java 程序中变量的读写规则、可见性、原子性和有序性等,并定义了多线程环境下的内存访问行为。它确保了在并发情况下,程序能保持一致性和线程安全性。")])]),t._v(" "),s("h3",{attrs:{id:"jmm-的关键概念"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#jmm-的关键概念"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" JMM 的关键概念")]),t._v(" "),s("ol",[s("li",[t._v("主内存与工作内存")])]),t._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[t._v("主内存(Main Memory): 所有线程共享的内存区域。Java 中的所有实例变量(对象字段)和静态变量都存储在主内存中。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("工作内存(Working Memory): 每个线程都有自己的工作内存,工作内存是线程私有的。线程只能直接访问自己的工作内存。工作内存中的变量是从主内存中拷贝过来的副本。线程对变量的修改首先发生在工作内存中,之后再同步回主内存。")])]),t._v(" "),s("ol",{attrs:{start:"2"}},[s("li",[t._v("可见性")])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("由于线程对变量的读取和写入操作通常是在各自的工作内存中进行的,因此一个线程对变量的更新不一定马上对其他线程可见。"),s("RText",{attrs:{text:"JMM 通过 volatile 关键字和锁机制来保证变量的可见性"}}),t._v(":")],1),t._v(" 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"),s("p",[t._v("Happens-Before 是 JMM 用来规定操作执行顺序的规则。简单地说,Happens-Before 关系确保了一个操作的结果对另一个操作是可见的。JMM 定义了一些常见的 Happens-Before 关系:")]),t._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[t._v("线程中的每个操作都 Happens-Before 该线程中的任何后续操作。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("对一个对象的初始化 Happens-Before 该对象的引用可以被其他线程看到。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("对 volatile 变量的写入 Happens-Before 该变量的读取。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("一个线程的 unlock 操作 Happens-Before 另一个线程的 lock 操作。")])]),t._v(" "),s("h3",{attrs:{id:"jmm-中的常见问题"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#jmm-中的常见问题"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" JMM 中的常见问题")]),t._v(" "),s("ol",[s("li",[t._v("可见性问题 由于线程的操作都是在自己的工作内存中进行的,因此线程间可能无法立即看到彼此对变量的修改,导致共享变量的可见性问题。例如,一个线程更新了某个变量的值,另一个线程可能继续看到变量的旧值。")])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("解决办法: 使用 volatile 关键字或同步机制来确保变量的可见性。")]),t._v(" "),s("ol",{attrs:{start:"2"}},[s("li",[t._v("指令重排序 在编译器和处理器的优化下,代码可能会发生指令重排序。例如,某些代码语句在内存中的执行顺序可能不同于源码中的顺序。虽然单线程程序中这种优化是安全的,但多线程环境下可能会导致一些不符合预期的行为。")])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("解决办法: 使用 volatile 或 synchronized 来禁止重排序。")]),t._v(" "),s("ol",{attrs:{start:"3"}},[s("li",[t._v("原子性问题 一些非原子操作(如 i++)在多线程环境下可能会导致数据竞争,线程执行时会相互干扰,导致最终的结果不正确。")])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("解决办法: 使用 synchronized 或 Java 并发包中的 Atomic 类来保证原子性。")]),t._v(" "),s("h3",{attrs:{id:"jmm-与-volatile-关键字"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#jmm-与-volatile-关键字"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" JMM 与 volatile 关键字")]),t._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[t._v("volatile 的作用: volatile 修饰的变量具有以下两大特性:")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("可见性: 一个线程对 volatile 变量的写入对其他线程是立即可见的。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("禁止重排序: 对 volatile 变量的读写操作不会与其他内存操作重排序。")])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("但是,volatile 不能保证复合操作的原子性。因此,如果需要对 volatile 变量进行复合操作(如 i++),仍然需要额外的同步机制。")]),t._v(" "),s("h3",{attrs:{id:"jmm-与-synchronized"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#jmm-与-synchronized"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" JMM 与 synchronized")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("synchronized 的作用: synchronized 可以确保两个线程对同步代码块的互斥访问,并且通过锁的释放和获取保证了可见性和有序性。即:")]),t._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[t._v("一个线程释放锁时,它对共享变量的修改会立即对其他获取同一锁的线程可见。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("进入同步代码块的所有线程都可以看到之前所有对锁的修改操作。")])]),t._v(" "),s("RText",{attrs:{text:"总结"}}),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("Java 内存模型定义了 Java 程序在并发执行时内存操作的行为,解决了多线程环境下的可见性、原子性和有序性问题。通过 volatile、synchronized 以及 Atomic 类等机制,JMM 保证了线程之间共享数据的一致性,从而使得并发程序能够正确、安全地运行。")]),t._v(" "),s("h2",{attrs:{id:"common-method"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#common-method"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" common method")]),t._v(" "),s("h3",{attrs:{id:"interrupt"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#interrupt"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" interrupt")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[s("a",{attrs:{href:"http://blog.csdn.net/ns_code/article/details/17091267",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("Java 并发编程 之二: 线程中断"),s("OutboundLink")],1)]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("注意一下: 待决中断。")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v('通常, 我们通过"标记"方式终止处于"运行状态"的线程。其中, 包括"中断标记"和"额外添加标记"。')]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("说明: isInterrupted()是判断线程的中断标记是不是为 true。当线程处于运行状态, 并且我们需要终止它时;可以调用线程的 interrupt()方法, 使用线程的中断标记为 true, 即 isInterrupted()会返回 true。此时, 就会退出 while 循环。\n注意: "),s("code",[t._v("interrupt()")]),t._v(' 并不会终止处于"运行状态"的线程!它会将线程的中断标记设为 true。')]),t._v(" "),s("RText",{attrs:{text:"比较通用的终止线程的形式: "}}),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"language-java line-numbers-mode"},[s("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-java"}},[s("code",[s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token annotation punctuation"}},[t._v("@Override")]),t._v("\n"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("public")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("void")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("run")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),t._v("\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("try")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),t._v("\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// 1. isInterrupted()保证, 只要中断标记为true就终止线程。")]),t._v("\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("while")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("!")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("isInterrupted")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),t._v("\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// 执行任务...")]),t._v("\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("}")]),t._v("\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("}")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("catch")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("InterruptedException")]),t._v(" ie"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),t._v("\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// 2. InterruptedException异常保证, 当InterruptedException异常产生时, 线程被终止。")]),t._v("\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("}")]),t._v("\n"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("}")]),t._v("\n")])]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("1")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("2")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("3")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("4")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("5")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("6")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("7")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("8")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("9")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("10")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("11")]),s("br")])]),s("h3",{attrs:{id:"wait"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#wait"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" wait")]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"language-java line-numbers-mode"},[s("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-java"}},[s("code",[s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("*")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("The")]),t._v(" current thread must own "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("this")]),t._v(" object's "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token namespace"}},[t._v("monitor"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")])]),t._v(" The")]),t._v(" thread\n"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("*")]),t._v(" releases ownership of "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("this")]),t._v(" monitor and waits until another thread\n"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("*")]),t._v(" notifies threads waiting on "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("this")]),t._v(" object's monitor "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("to")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token namespace"}},[t._v("wake")]),t._v(" up\n"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("*")]),t._v(" either through a call "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("to")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token namespace"}},[t._v("the")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token annotation punctuation"}},[t._v("@code")]),t._v(" notify"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("}")]),t._v(" method or the\n"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("*")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token annotation punctuation"}},[t._v("@code")]),t._v(" notifyAll"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("}")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token namespace"}},[t._v("method"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")])]),t._v(" The")]),t._v(" thread then waits until it can\n"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("*")]),t._v(" re"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("-")]),t._v("obtain ownership of the monitor and resumes execution"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),t._v("\n")])]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("1")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("2")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("3")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("4")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("5")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("6")]),s("br")])]),s("p",[s("code",[t._v("wait()")]),t._v(" 的作用是让当前线程进入等待状态, 同时,让当前线程释放它所持有 object 对象锁。")]),t._v(" "),s("h3",{attrs:{id:"notify-notifyall"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#notify-notifyall"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" notify/notifyAll")]),t._v(" "),s("blockquote",[s("p",[t._v("Wakes up all threads that are waiting on this object's monitor. A thread waits on an object's monitor by calling one of the {@code wait} methods.\nThis method should only be called by a thread that is the owner\nof this object's monitor.")])]),t._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[t._v("唤醒此对象监视器上所有的等待的线程。"),s("RText",{attrs:{text:"一旦一个对象调用了 wait 方法, 必须要采用 notify()和 notifyAll()方法唤醒该线程"}})],1),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("notify()和 notifyAll()的作用, 则是唤醒在此对象监视器上等待的单个/全部线程。")])]),t._v(" "),s("h3",{attrs:{id:"join"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#join"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" "),s("a",{attrs:{href:"http://www.cnblogs.com/techyc/p/3286678.html",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("join"),s("OutboundLink")],1)]),t._v(" "),s("p",[s("code",[t._v("join()")]),t._v(" 方法的作用, 是等待这个线程结束;\n"),s("code",[t._v("t.join()")]),t._v(" 方法阻塞调用此方法的线程(calling thread), 直到线程 t 完成, 此线程再继续;通常用于在 main()主线程内, 等待其它线程完成再结束 main()主线程。")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("源码中:")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("Join 方法实现是通过 wait(小提示: Object 提供的方法)。 当 main 线程调用 t.join 时候, main 线程会获得线程对象 t 的锁(wait 意味着拿到该对象的锁),调用该对象的 wait(等待时间), 直到该对象唤醒 main 线程 , 比如退出后。这就意味着 main 线程调用 t.join 时, 必须能够拿到线程 t 对象的锁。")]),t._v(" "),s("h3",{attrs:{id:"wait-和-yield-或-sleep-的区别"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#wait-和-yield-或-sleep-的区别"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" wait 和 yield(或 sleep)的区别?")]),t._v(" "),s("blockquote",[s("p",[t._v('wait()是让线程由"运行状态"进入到"等待(阻塞)状态"\nyield()是让线程由"运行状态"进入到"就绪状态", 从而让其它具有相同优先级的等待线程有机会获取执行权;'),s("strong",[t._v("但是, 并不能保证在当前线程调用 yield()之后, 其它具有相同优先级的线程就一定能获得执行权。")]),t._v(" "),s("strong",[t._v("wait()是会在线程释放它所持有对象的同步锁, 而 yield()方法不会释放锁。")]),t._v("\nThread.sleep(long millis)和 Thread.sleep(long millis, int nanos)静态方法强制当前正在执行的线程休眠.当线程睡眠时, 它入睡在某个地方, 在苏醒之前不会返回到可运行状态。当睡眠时间到期, 则返回到可运行状态(就绪)。")])]),t._v(" "),s("h3",{attrs:{id:"线程死锁-如何避免线程死锁"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#线程死锁-如何避免线程死锁"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 线程死锁, 如何避免线程死锁?")]),t._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[t._v("什么是死锁: 多个线程因竞争资源而造成的一种僵局(互相等待), 若无外力作用, 这些进程都将无法向前推进。")])]),t._v(" "),s("h2",{attrs:{id:"同步-异步"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#同步-异步"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 同步/异步")]),t._v(" "),s("h3",{attrs:{id:"_1-object-的-wait-和-notify-notifyall-synchronized-如何实现线程同步"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#_1-object-的-wait-和-notify-notifyall-synchronized-如何实现线程同步"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 1.Object 的 wait 和 notify/notifyAll/synchronized 如何实现线程同步?")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("以 android 中的 HandlerThread (Handy class for starting a new thread that has a looper) 的源码为例说明")]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"language-java line-numbers-mode"},[s("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-java"}},[s("code",[s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token annotation punctuation"}},[t._v("@Override")]),t._v("\n"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("public")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("void")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("run")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),t._v("\n mTid "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("=")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("Process")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("myTid")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v("\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("Looper")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("prepare")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token 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栈和堆的区别")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★★★★")])]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[s._v("**申请方式: **栈是系统自动分配, 堆是程序员主动申请。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("**申请后系统响应: **分配栈空间, 如果剩余空间大于申请空间则分配成功, 否则分配失败栈溢出;申请堆空间, 堆在内存中呈现的方式类似于链表(记录空闲地址空间的链表), 在链表上寻找第一个大于申请空间的节点分配给程序, 将该节点从链表中删除, 大多数系统中该块空间的首地址存放的是本次分配空间的大小, 便于释放, 将该块空间上的剩余空间再次连接在空闲链表上。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("strong",[s._v("栈在内存中是连续的一块空间")]),s._v("(向低地址扩展)最大容量是系统预定好的, 堆在内存中的空间(向高地址扩展)是不连续的。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("**申请效率: **栈是有系统自动分配, 申请效率高, 但程序员无法控制;堆是由程序员主动申请, 效率低, 使用起来方便但是容易产生碎片。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("**存放的内容: **栈中存放的是局部变量, 函数的参数;堆中存放的内容由程序员控制。")])]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"变量的区别"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#变量的区别"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 变量的区别")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★★☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("全局变量、局部变量、静态全局变量、静态局部变量的区别")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("C++ 变量根据定义的位置的不同的生命周期, 具有不同的作用域, 作用域可分为 6 种: 全局作用域, 局部作用域, 语句作用域, 类作用域, 命名空间作用域和文件作用域。")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("从作用域看:")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[s._v("**全局变量: **具有全局作用域。全局变量只需在一个源文件中定义, 就可以作用于所有的源文件。当然, 其他不包含全局变量定义的源文件需要用 extern 关键字再次声明这个全局变量。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("**静态全局变量: **具有文件作用域。它与全局变量的区别在于如果程序包含多个文件的话, 它作用于定义它的文件里, 不能作用到其它文件里, 即被 static 关键字修饰过的变量具有文件作用域。这样即使两个不同的源文件都定义了相同名字的静态全局变量, 它们也是不同的变量。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("**局部变量: **具有局部作用域。它是自动对象(auto), 在程序运行期间不是一直存在, 而是只在函数执行期间存在, 函数的一次调用执行结束后, 变量被撤销, 其所占用的内存也被收回。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("**静态局部变量: **具有局部作用域。它只被初始化一次, 自从第一次被初始化直到程序运行结束都一直存在, 它和全局变量的区别在于全局变量对所有的函数都是可见的, 而静态局部变量只对定义自己的函数体始终可见。")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("从分配内存空间看:")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[s._v("静态存储区: 全局变量, 静态局部变量, 静态全局变量。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("栈: 局部变量。")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("说明:")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[s._v("静态变量和栈变量(存储在栈中的变量)、堆变量(存储在堆中的变量)的区别: 静态变量会被放在程序的静态数据存储区(.data 段)中(静态变量会自动初始化), 这样可以在下一次调用的时候还可以保持原来的赋值。而栈变量或堆变量不能保证在下一次调用的时候依然保持原来的值。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("静态变量和全局变量的区别: 静态变量用 static 告知编译器, 自己仅仅在变量的作用范围内可见。")])]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"全局变量定义在头文件中有什么问题"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#全局变量定义在头文件中有什么问题"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 全局变量定义在头文件中有什么问题?")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★☆☆☆☆")]),s._v("\n如果在头文件中定义全局变量, 当该头文件被多个文件 include 时, 该头文件中的全局变量就会被定义多次, 导致重复定义, 因此不能再头文件中定义全局变量。")]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"对象创建限制在堆或栈"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#对象创建限制在堆或栈"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 对象创建限制在堆或栈")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★★☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("如何限制类的对象只能在堆上创建?如何限制对象只能在栈上创建?")]),s._v("\n说明: C++ 中的类的对象的建立分为两种: 静态建立、动态建立。")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[s._v("**静态建立: **由编译器为对象在栈空间上分配内存, 直接调用类的构造函数创建对象。例如: A a;")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("**动态建立: **使用 new 关键字在堆空间上创建对象, 底层首先调用 operator new() 函数, 在堆空间上寻找合适的内存并分配;然后, 调用类的构造函数创建对象。例如: A *p = new A();")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("**限制对象只能建立在堆上: **")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("最直观的思想: 避免直接调用类的构造函数, 因为对象静态建立时, 会调用类的构造函数创建对象。但是直接将类的构造函数设为私有并不可行, 因为当构造函数设置为私有后, 不能在类的外部调用构造函数来构造对象, 只能用 new 来建立对象。但是由于 new 创建对象时, 底层也会调用类的构造函数, 将构造函数设置为私有后, 那就无法在类的外部使用 new 创建对象了。因此, 这种方法不可行。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("解决方法 1:")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("将析构函数设置为私有。原因: 静态对象建立在栈上, 是由编译器分配和释放内存空间, 编译器为对象分配内存空间时, 会对类的非静态函数进行检查, 即编译器会检查析构函数的访问性。当析构函数设为私有时, 编译器创建的对象就无法通过访问析构函数来释放对象的内存空间, 因此, 编译器不会在栈上为对象分配内存。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("class A\n{\npublic:\n A() {}\n void destory()\n {\n delete this;\n }\n\nprivate:\n ~A()\n {\n }\n};\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),n("br")])])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("用 new 创建的对象, 通常会使用 delete 释放该对象的内存空间, 但此时类的外部无法调用析构函数, 因此类内必须定义一个 destory() 函数, 用来释放 new 创建的对象。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("无法解决继承问题, 因为如果这个类作为基类, 析构函数要设置成 virtual, 然后在派生类中重写该函数, 来实现多态。但此时, 析构函数是私有的, 派生类中无法访问。")])])])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("解决方法 2:")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("构造函数设置为 protected, 并提供一个 public 的静态函数来完成构造, 而不是在类的外部使用 new 构造;将析构函数设置为 protected。原因: 类似于单例模式, 也保证了在派生类中能够访问析构函数。通过调用 create() 函数在堆上创建对象。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("class A\n{\nprotected:\n A() {}\n ~A() {}\n\npublic:\n static A *create()\n {\n return new A();\n }\n void destory()\n {\n delete this;\n }\n};\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("15")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("16")]),n("br")])])])])])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("**限制对象只能建立在栈上: **")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("解决方法: 将 operator new() 设置为私有。原因: 当对象建立在堆上时, 是采用 new 的方式进行建立, 其底层会调用 operator new() 函数, 因此只要对该函数加以限制, 就能够防止对象建立在堆上。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("class A\n{\nprivate:\n void *operator new(size_t t) {} // 注意函数的第一个参数和返回值都是固定的\n void operator delete(void *ptr) {} // 重载了 new 就需要重载 delete\npublic:\n A() {}\n ~A() {}\n};\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br")])])])]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"内存对齐"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#内存对齐"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 内存对齐")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★☆☆☆")]),s._v(" "),n("strong",[s._v("什么是内存对齐?内存对齐的原则?为什么要进行内存对齐, 有什么优点?")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v('内存对齐: 编译器将程序中的每个"数据单元"安排在字的整数倍的地址指向的内存之中\n内存对齐的原则:')]),s._v(" "),n("ol",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("结构体变量的首地址能够被其最宽基本类型成员大小与对齐基数中的较小者所整除;")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("结构体每个成员相对于结构体首地址的偏移量 (offset) 都是该成员大小与对齐基数中的较小者的整数倍, 如有需要编译器会在成员之间加上填充字节 (internal padding);")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("结构体的总大小为结构体最宽基本类型成员大小与对齐基数中的较小者的整数倍, 如有需要编译器会在最末一个成员之后加上填充字节 (trailing padding)。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("实例:")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("/*\n说明: 程序是在 64 位编译器下测试的\n*/\n#include \n\nusing namespace std;\n\nstruct A\n{\n short var; // 2 字节\n int var1; // 8 字节 (内存对齐原则: 填充 2 个字节) 2 (short) + 2 (填充) + 4 (int)= 8\n long var2; // 12 字节 8 + 4 (long) = 12\n char var3; // 16 字节 (内存对齐原则: 填充 3 个字节)12 + 1 (char) + 3 (填充) = 16\n string s; // 48 字节 16 + 32 (string) = 48\n};\n\nint main()\n{\n short var;\n int var1;\n long var2;\n char var3;\n string s;\n A ex1;\n cout << sizeof(var) << endl; // 2 short\n cout << sizeof(var1) << endl; // 4 int\n cout << sizeof(var2) << endl; // 4 long\n cout << sizeof(var3) << endl; // 1 char\n cout << sizeof(s) << endl; // 32 string\n cout << sizeof(ex1) << endl; // 48 struct\n return 0;\n}\n")])]),s._v(" 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(主要是硬件设备方面的问题)")]),s._v(" "),n("ol",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("某些硬件设备只能存取对齐数据, 存取非对齐的数据可能会引发异常;")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("某些硬件设备不能保证在存取非对齐数据的时候的操作是原子操作;")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("相比于存取对齐的数据, 存取非对齐的数据需要花费更多的时间;")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("某些处理器虽然支持非对齐数据的访问, 但会引发对齐陷阱(alignment trap);")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("某些硬件设备只支持简单数据指令非对齐存取, 不支持复杂数据指令的非对齐存取。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("内存对齐的优点:")]),s._v(" "),n("ol",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("便于在不同的平台之间进行移植, 因为有些硬件平台不能够支持任意地址的数据访问, 只能在某些地址处取某些特定的数据, 否则会抛出异常;")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("提高内存的访问效率, 因为 CPU 在读取内存时, 是一块一块的读取。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"类的大小"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#类的大小"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 类的大小")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★☆☆☆")]),s._v(" "),n("strong",[s._v("类大小的计算")]),s._v("\n说明: 类的大小是指类的实例化对象的大小, 用 sizeof 对类型名操作时, 结果是该类型的对象的大小。\n计算原则:")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("遵循结构体的对齐原则。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("与普通成员变量有关, 与成员函数和静态成员无关。即普通成员函数, 静态成员函数, 静态数据成员, 静态常量数据成员均对类的大小无影响。因为静态数据成员被类的对象共享, 并不属于哪个具体的对象。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("虚函数对类的大小有影响, 是因为虚函数表指针的影响。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("虚继承对类的大小有影响, 是因为虚基表指针带来的影响。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("空类的大小是一个特殊情况, 空类的大小为 1, 当用 new 来创建一个空类的对象时, 为了保证不同对象的地址不同, 空类也占用存储空间。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("实例")]),s._v(":\n简单情况和空类情况")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("/*\n说明: 程序是在 64 位编译器下测试的\n*/\n#include \n\nusing namespace std;\n\nclass A\n{\nprivate:\n static int s_var; // 不影响类的大小\n const int c_var; // 4 字节\n int var; // 8 字节 4 + 4 (int) = 8\n char var1; // 12 字节 8 + 1 (char) + 3 (填充) = 12\npublic:\n A(int temp) : c_var(temp) {} // 不影响类的大小\n ~A() {} // 不影响类的大小\n};\n\nclass B\n{\n};\nint main()\n{\n A ex1(4);\n B ex2;\n cout << sizeof(ex1) << endl; // 12 字节\n cout << sizeof(ex2) << endl; // 1 字节\n return 0;\n}\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("15")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("16")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("17")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("18")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("19")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("20")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("21")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("22")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("23")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("24")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("25")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("26")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("27")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("28")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("29")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("30")]),n("br")])]),n("p",[s._v("带有虚函数的情况: (注意: 虚函数的个数并不影响所占内存的大小, 因为类对象的内存中只保存了指向虚函数表的指针。)")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v('/*\n说明: 程序是在 64 位编译器下测试的\n*/\n#include \n\nusing namespace std;\n\nclass A\n{\nprivate:\n static int s_var; // 不影响类的大小\n const int c_var; // 4 字节\n int var; // 8 字节 4 + 4 (int) = 8\n char var1; // 12 字节 8 + 1 (char) + 3 (填充) = 12\npublic:\n A(int temp) : c_var(temp) {} // 不影响类的大小\n ~A() {} // 不影响类的大小\n virtual void f() { cout << "A::f" << endl; }\n\n virtual void g() { cout << "A::g" << endl; }\n\n virtual void h() { cout << "A::h" << endl; } // 24 字节 12 + 4 (填充) + 8 (指向虚函数的指针) = 24\n};\n\nint main()\n{\n A ex1(4);\n A *p;\n cout << sizeof(p) << endl; // 8 字节 注意: 指针所占的空间和指针指向的数据类型无关\n cout << sizeof(ex1) << endl; // 24 字节\n return 0;\n}\n')])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("15")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("16")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("17")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("18")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("19")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("20")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("21")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("22")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("23")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("24")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("25")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("26")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("27")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("28")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("29")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("30")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("31")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("32")]),n("br")])]),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"什么是内存泄露"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#什么是内存泄露"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 什么是内存泄露")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★★★☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("内存泄漏")]),s._v(": 由于疏忽或错误导致的程序未能释放已经不再使用的内存。\n进一步解释:")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("并非指内存从物理上消失, 而是指程序在运行过程中, 由于疏忽或错误而失去了对该内存的控制, 从而造成了内存的浪费。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("常指堆内存泄漏, 因为堆是动态分配的, 而且是用户来控制的, 如果使用不当, 会产生内存泄漏。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("使用 malloc、calloc、realloc、new 等分配内存时, 使用完后要调用相应的 free 或 delete 释放内存, 否则这块内存就会造成内存泄漏。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("指针重新赋值")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("char *p = (char *)malloc(10);\nchar *p1 = (char *)malloc(10);\np = np;\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br")])]),n("p",[s._v("开始时, 指针 "),n("code",[s._v("p")]),s._v(" 和 "),n("code",[s._v("p1")]),s._v(" 分别指向一块内存空间, 但指针 "),n("code",[s._v("p")]),s._v(" 被重新赋值, 导致 "),n("code",[s._v("p")]),s._v(" 初始时指向的那块内存空间无法找到, 从而发生了内存泄漏。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"怎么防止内存泄漏-内存泄漏检测工具的原理"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#怎么防止内存泄漏-内存泄漏检测工具的原理"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 怎么防止内存泄漏?内存泄漏检测工具的原理?")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★★☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("**防止内存泄漏的方法: **")]),s._v(" "),n("ol",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("**内部封装: **将内存的分配和释放封装到类中, 在构造的时候申请内存, 析构的时候释放内存。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v('#include \n#include \n\nusing namespace std;\n\nclass A\n{\nprivate:\n char *p;\n unsigned int p_size;\n\npublic:\n A(unsigned int n = 1) // 构造函数中分配内存空间\n {\n p = new char[n];\n p_size = n;\n };\n ~A() // 析构函数中释放内存空间\n {\n if (p != NULL)\n {\n delete[] p; // 删除字符数组\n p = NULL; // 防止出现野指针\n }\n };\n char *GetPointer()\n {\n return p;\n };\n};\nvoid fun()\n{\n A ex(100);\n char *p = ex.GetPointer();\n strcpy(p, "Test");\n cout << p << endl;\n}\nint main()\n{\n fun();\n return 0;\n}\n')])]),s._v(" 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但这样做并不是最佳的做法, 在类的对象复制时, 程序会出现同一块内存空间释放两次的情况, 请看如下程序:")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v('void fun1()\n{\n A ex(100);\n A ex1 = ex;\n char *p = ex.GetPointer();\n strcpy(p, "Test");\n cout << p << endl;\n}\n')])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br")])]),n("p",[s._v("简单解释: 对于 fun1 这个函数中定义的两个类的对象而言, 在离开该函数的作用域时, 会两次调用析构函数来释放空间, 但是这两个对象指向的是同一块内存空间, 所以导致同一块内存空间被释放两次, 可以通过增加计数机制来避免这种情况, 看如下程序:")]),s._v(" 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char *p = ex.GetPointer();\n strcpy(p, "Test");\n cout << p << endl;\n\n A ex1 = ex; // 此时计数变量会 +1\n cout << "ex1.p = " << ex1.GetPointer() << endl;\n }\n int main()\n {\n fun();\n return 0;\n }\n')])]),s._v(" 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"),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("count is : 1\nTest\ncount is : 2\nex1.p = Test\ncount is : 1\ncount is : 0\nbuf is deleted\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br")])])])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("解释下: 程序运行结果的倒数 2、3 行是调用两次析构函数时进行的操作, 在第二次调用析构函数时, 进行内存空间的释放, 从而会有倒数第 1 行的输出结果。")]),s._v(" "),n("ol",{attrs:{start:"2"}},[n("li",[n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("智能指针")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("智能指针是 C++ 中已经对内存泄漏封装好了一个工具, 可以直接拿来使用, 将在下一个问题中对智能指针进行详细的解释。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("**内存泄漏检测工具的实现原理: **\n内存检测工具有很多, 这里重点介绍下 valgrind 。")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("img",{attrs:{src:"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/jacky1234/picArchieve@master/uPic/20230522_135513_6SuS1v.png",alt:"20230522_135513_6SuS1v"}})]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("valgrind 是一套 Linux 下, 开放源代码(GPL V2)的仿真调试工具的集合, 包括以下工具:")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[s._v("Memcheck: 内存检查器(valgrind 应用最广泛的工具), 能够发现开发中绝大多数内存错误的使用情况, 比如: 使用未初始化的内存, 使用已经释放了的内存, 内存访问越界等。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("Callgrind: 检查程序中函数调用过程中出现的问题。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("Cachegrind: 检查程序中缓存使用出现的问题。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("Helgrind: 检查多线程程序中出现的竞争问题。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("Massif: 检查程序中堆栈使用中出现的问题。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("Extension: 可以利用 core 提供的功能, 自己编写特定的内存调试工具。")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("Memcheck 能够检测出内存问题, 关键在于其建立了两个全局表:")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[s._v("Valid-Value 表: 对于进程的整个地址空间中的每一个字节(byte), 都有与之对应的 8 个 bits ;对于 CPU 的每个寄存器, 也有一个与之对应的 bit 向量。这些 bits 负责记录该字节或者寄存器值是否具有有效的、已初始化的值。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("Valid-Address 表: 对于进程整个地址空间中的每一个字节(byte), 还有与之对应的 1 个 bit, 负责记录该地址是否能够被读写。")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("检测原理:")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[s._v("当要读写内存中某个字节时, 首先检查这个字节对应的 Valid-Address 表中对应的 bit。如果该 bit 显示该位置是无效位置, Memcheck 则报告读写错误。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("内核(core)类似于一个虚拟的 CPU 环境, 这样当内存中的某个字节被加载到真实的 CPU 中时, 该字节在 Valid-Value 表对应的 bits 也被加载到虚拟的 CPU 环境中。一旦寄存器中的值, 被用来产生内存地址, 或者该值能够影响程序输出, 则 Memcheck 会检查 Valid-Value 表对应的 bits, 如果该值尚未初始化, 则会报告使用未初始化内存错误。")])]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"智能指针的实现原理"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#智能指针的实现原理"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 智能指针的实现原理")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"custom-block tip"},[n("p",{staticClass:"custom-block-title"},[s._v("提示")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★★★★\n智能指针是为了解决动态内存分配时带来的内存泄漏以及多次释放同一块内存空间而提出的。C++11 中封装在了 "),n("code",[s._v("memory")]),s._v(" 头文件中。")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("C++11 中智能指针包括以下三种:")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[s._v("**共享指针(shared_ptr): **资源可以被多个指针共享, 使用计数机制表明资源被几个指针共享。通过 use_count() 查看资源的所有者的个数, 可以通过 unique_ptr、weak_ptr 来构造, 调用 release() 释放资源的所有权, 计数减一, 当计数减为 0 时, 会自动释放内存空间, 从而避免了内存泄漏。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("**独占指针(unique_ptr): **独享所有权的智能指针, 资源只能被一个指针占有, 该指针不能拷贝构造和赋值。但可以进行移动构造和移动赋值构造(调用 move() 函数), 即一个 unique_ptr 对象赋值给另一个 unique_ptr 对象, 可以通过该方法进行赋值。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("**弱指针(weak_ptr): **指向 share_ptr 指向的对象, 能够解决由 shared_ptr 带来的循环引用问题。")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("智能指针的实现原理: 计数原理。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("#include \n#include \n\ntemplate \nclass SmartPtr\n{\nprivate :\n T *_ptr;\n size_t *_count;\n\npublic:\n SmartPtr(T *ptr = nullptr) : _ptr(ptr)\n {\n if (_ptr)\n {\n _count = new size_t(1);\n }\n else\n {\n _count = new size_t(0);\n }\n }\n\n ~SmartPtr()\n {\n (*this->_count)--;\n if (*this->_count == 0)\n {\n delete this->_ptr;\n delete this->_count;\n }\n }\n\n SmartPtr(const SmartPtr &ptr) // 拷贝构造: 计数 +1\n {\n if (this != &ptr)\n {\n this->_ptr = ptr._ptr;\n this->_count = ptr._count;\n (*this->_count)++;\n }\n }\n\n SmartPtr &operator=(const SmartPtr &ptr) // 赋值运算符重载\n {\n if (this->_ptr == ptr._ptr)\n {\n return *this;\n }\n if (this->_ptr) // 将当前的 ptr 指向的原来的空间的计数 -1\n {\n (*this->_count)--;\n if (this->_count == 0)\n {\n delete this->_ptr;\n delete this->_count;\n }\n }\n this->_ptr = ptr._ptr;\n this->_count = ptr._count;\n (*this->_count)++; // 此时 ptr 指向了新赋值的空间, 该空间的计数 +1\n return *this;\n }\n\n T &operator*()\n {\n assert(this->_ptr == nullptr);\n return *(this->_ptr);\n }\n\n T *operator->()\n {\n assert(this->_ptr == nullptr);\n return this->_ptr;\n }\n\n size_t use_count()\n {\n return *this->count;\n }\n};\n")])]),s._v(" 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一个 unique_ptr 怎么赋值给另一个 unique_ptr 对象?")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★☆☆☆")]),s._v(" "),n("strong",[s._v("借助 std::move() 可以实现将一个 unique_ptr 对象赋值给另一个 unique_ptr 对象, 其目的是实现所有权的转移。")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("// A 作为一个类\nstd::unique_ptr ptr1(new A());\nstd::unique_ptr ptr2 = std::move(ptr1);\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br")])]),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"使用智能指针会出现什么问题-怎么解决"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#使用智能指针会出现什么问题-怎么解决"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 使用智能指针会出现什么问题?怎么解决?")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★★★★")]),s._v(" "),n("strong",[s._v("智能指针可能出现的问题: 循环引用")]),s._v("\n在如下例子中定义了两个类 Parent、Child, 在两个类中分别定义另一个类的对象的共享指针, 由于在程序结束后, 两个指针相互指向对方的内存空间, 导致内存无法释放。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("#include \n#include \n\nusing namespace std;\n\nclass Child;\nclass Parent;\n\nclass Parent {\nprivate:\n shared_ptr ChildPtr;\npublic:\n void setChild(shared_ptr child) {\n this->ChildPtr = child;\n }\n\n void doSomething() {\n if (this->ChildPtr.use_count()) {\n\n }\n }\n\n ~Parent() {\n }\n};\n\nclass Child {\nprivate:\n shared_ptr ParentPtr;\npublic:\n void setPartent(shared_ptr parent) {\n this->ParentPtr = parent;\n }\n void doSomething() {\n if (this->ParentPtr.use_count()) {\n\n }\n }\n ~Child() {\n }\n};\n\nint main() {\n weak_ptr wpp;\n weak_ptr wpc;\n {\n shared_ptr p(new Parent);\n shared_ptr c(new Child);\n p->setChild(c);\n c->setPartent(p);\n wpp = p;\n wpc = c;\n cout << p.use_count() << endl; // 2\n cout << c.use_count() << endl; // 2\n }\n cout << wpp.use_count() << endl; // 1\n cout << wpc.use_count() << endl; // 1\n return 0;\n}\n")])]),s._v(" 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** "),n("code",[s._v("weak_ptr")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("循环引用: 该被调用的析构函数没有被调用, 从而出现了内存泄漏。")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("weak_ptr 对被 shared_ptr 管理的对象存在 非拥有性(弱)引用, 在访问所引用的对象前必须先转化为 shared_ptr;")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("weak_ptr 用来打断 shared_ptr 所管理对象的循环引用问题, 若这种环被孤立(没有指向环中的外部共享指针), shared_ptr 引用计数无法抵达 0, 内存被泄露;令环中的指针之一为弱指针可以避免该情况;")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("weak_ptr 用来表达临时所有权的概念, 当某个对象只有存在时才需要被访问, 而且随时可能被他人删除, 可以用 weak_ptr 跟踪该对象;需要获得所有权时将其转化为 shared_ptr, 此时如果原来的 shared_ptr 被销毁, 则该对象的生命期被延长至这个临时的 shared_ptr 同样被销毁。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("#include \n#include \n\nusing namespace std;\n\nclass Child;\nclass Parent;\n\nclass Parent {\nprivate:\n //shared_ptr ChildPtr;\n weak_ptr ChildPtr;\npublic:\n void setChild(shared_ptr child) {\n this->ChildPtr = child;\n }\n\n void doSomething() {\n //new shared_ptr\n if (this->ChildPtr.lock()) {\n\n }\n 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语言对比")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("本章主要介绍下编程语言之间的区别, 涉及到 C++、Python、Java, 并对 C++ 11 的新特性进行了总结。主要考虑到面试时, 面试者熟悉 C++ 的同时, 或许会对其他语言有一定的了解, 那面试官就不可避免的会问到不同语言之间的区别。")]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"c-11-新特性"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#c-11-新特性"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" C++ 11 新特性")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★★★☆")]),s._v("\n说明: C++11 的新特性有很多, 从面试的角度来讲, 如果面试官问到该问题, 常以该问题作为引子, 对面试者提到的知识点进行深入展开提问。面试者尽可能的列举常用的并且熟悉的特性, 尽可能的掌握相关原理, 下文只是对相关知识点进行了简单的阐述, 有关细节还需要结合相关知识点的相关问题。")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("下面对常用的做一下总结:")]),s._v(" "),n("ol",[n("li",[n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("auto 类型推导")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("auto 关键字: 自动类型推导, 编译器会在 编译期间 通过初始值推导出变量的类型, 通过 auto 定义的变量必须有初始值。auto 关键字基本的使用语法如下:")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("auto var = val1 + val2; // 根据 val1 和 val2 相加的结果推断出 var 的类型, \n")])]),s._v(" 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"),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("auto 要求变量必须初始化, 因为它是根据初始化的值推导出变量的类型, 而 decltype 不要求, 定义变量的时候可初始化也可以不初始化。")])])])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[n("strong",[n("code",[s._v("lambda")]),s._v(" 表达式")]),s._v(" "),n("code",[s._v("lambda")]),s._v(" 表达式, 又被称为 "),n("code",[s._v("lambda")]),s._v(" 函数或者 "),n("code",[s._v("lambda")]),s._v(" 匿名函数。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("[capture list] (parameter list) -> return type\n{\n function body;\n};\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br")])]),n("p",[s._v("其中:")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[s._v("capture list: 捕获列表, 指 lambda 所在函数中定义的局部变量的列表, 通常为空。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("return type、parameter list、function body: 分别表示返回值类型、参数列表、函数体, 和普通函数一样。")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("举例:")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v('#include \n#include \nusing namespace std;\n\nint main()\n{\n int arr[4] = {4, 2, 3, 1};\n //对 a 数组中的元素进行升序排序\n sort(arr, arr+4, [=](int x, int y) -> bool{ return x < y; } );\n for(int n : arr){\n cout << n << " ";\n }\n return 0;\n}\n')])]),s._v(" 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"),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("for (declaration : expression){\n statement\n}\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br")])]),n("p",[s._v("参数的含义:")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("expression: 必须是一个序列, 例如用花括号括起来的初始值列表、数组、vector , string 等, 这些类型的共同特点是拥有能返回迭代器的 beign、end 成员。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("declaration: 此处定义一个变量, 序列中的每一个元素都能转化成该变量的类型, 常用 auto 类型说明符。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("实例:")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v('#include \n#include \nusing namespace std;\nint main() {\n char arr[] = "hello world!";\n for (char c : arr) {\n cout << c;\n }\n return 0;\n}\n/*\n程序执行结果为:\nhello 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这里不再重复。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("delete 函数和 default 函数")])]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("delete 函数: = delete 表示该函数不能被调用。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("default 函数: = default 表示编译器生成默认的函数, 例如: 生成默认的构造函数。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("#include \nusing namespace std;\n\nclass A\n{\npublic:\n A() = default; // 表示使用默认的构造函数\n ~A() = default; // 表示使用默认的析构函数\n A(const A &) = delete; // 表示类的对象禁止拷贝构造\n A &operator=(const A &) = delete; // 表示类的对象禁止拷贝赋值\n};\nint main()\n{\n A ex1;\n A ex2 = ex1; // error: use of deleted function 'A::A(const A&)'\n A ex3;\n ex3 = ex1; // error: use of deleted function 'A& A::operator=(const A&)'\n return 0;\n}\n")])]),s._v(" 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"),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"c-和-c-的区别"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#c-和-c-的区别"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" C 和 C++ 的区别")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★★☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("首先说一下面向对象和面向过程:")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("面向过程的思路: 分析解决问题所需的步骤, 用函数把这些步骤依次实现。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("面向对象的思路: 把构成问题的事务分解为各个对象, 建立对象的目的, 不是完成一个步骤, 而是描述某个事务在解决整个问题步骤中的行为。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("区别和联系:")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("语言自身: C 语言是面向过程的编程, 它最重要的特点是函数, 通过 main 函数来调用各个子函数。程序运行的顺序都是程序员事先决定好的。C++ 是面向对象的编程, 类是它的主要特点, 在程序执行过程中, 先由主 main 函数进入, 定义一些类, 根据需要执行类的成员函数, 过程的概念被淡化了(实际上过程还是有的, 就是主函数的那些语句。), 以类驱动程序运行, 类就是对象, 所以我们称之为面向对象程序设计。面向对象在分析和解决问题的时候, 将涉及到的数据和数据的操作封装在类中, 通过类可以创建对象, 以事件或消息来驱动对象执行处理。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("应用领域: C 语言主要用于嵌入式领域, 驱动开发等与硬件直接打交道的领域, C++ 可以用于应用层开发, 用户界面开发等与操作系统打交道的领域。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("C++ 既继承了 C 强大的底层操作特性, 又被赋予了面向对象机制。它特性繁多, 面向对象语言的多继承, 对值传递与引用传递的区分以及 const 关键字, 等等。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v('C++ 对 C 的"增强", 表现在以下几个方面: 类型检查更为严格。增加了面向对象的机制、泛型编程的机制(Template)、异常处理、运算符重载、标准模板库(STL)、命名空间(避免全局命名冲突)。')])])]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"java-和-c-的区别"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#java-和-c-的区别"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" Java 和 C++ 的区别")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★★☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("二者在语言特性上有很大的区别:")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("指针: C++ 可以直接操作指针, 容易产生内存泄漏以及非法指针引用的问题;Java 并不是没有指针, 虚拟机(JVM)内部还是使用了指针, 只是编程人员不能直接使用指针, 不能通过指针来直接访问内存, 并且 Java 增加了内存管理机制。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("多重继承: C++ 支持多重继承, 允许多个父类派生一个类, 虽然功能很强大, 但是如果使用的不当会造成很多问题, 例如: 菱形继承;Java 不支持多重继承, 但允许一个类可以继承多个接口, 可以实现 C++ 多重继承的功能, 但又避免了多重继承带来的许多不便。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("数据类型和类: Java 是完全面向对象的语言, 所有函数和变量部必须是类的一部分。除了基本数据类型之外, 其余的都作为类对象, 包括数组。对象将数据和方法结合起来, 把它们封装在类中, 这样每个对象都可实现自己的特点和行为。而 C++ 允许将函数和变量定义为全局的。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("垃圾回收:")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("Java 语言一个显著的特点就是垃圾回收机制, 编程人员无需考虑内存管理的问题, 可以有效的防止内存泄漏, 有效的使用空闲的内存。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("Java 所有的对象都是用 new 操作符建立在内存堆栈上, 类似于 C++ 中的 new 操作符, 但是当要释放该申请的内存空间时, Java 自动进行内存回收操作, C++ 需要程序员自己释放内存空间, 并且 Java 中的内存回收是以线程的方式在后台运行的, 利用空闲时间。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("应用场景:")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("Java 运行在虚拟机上, 和开发平台无关, C++ 直接编译成可执行文件, 是否跨平台在于用到的编译器的特性是否有多平台的支持。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("C++ 可以直接编译成可执行文件, 运行效率比 Java 高。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("Java 主要用来开发 Web 应用。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("C++ 主要用在嵌入式开发、网络、并发编程的方面。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"python-和-c-的区别"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#python-和-c-的区别"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" Python 和 C++ 的区别")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★★☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("区别:")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("**语言自身: **Python 为脚本语言, 解释执行, 不需要经过编译;C++ 是一种需要编译后才能运行的语言, 在特定的机器上编译后运行。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("**运行效率: **C++ 运行效率高, 安全稳定。原因: Python 代码和 C++ 最终都会变成 CPU 指令来跑, 但一般情况下, 比如反转和合并两个字符串, Python 最终转换出来的 CPU 指令会比 C++ 多很多。首先, Python 中涉及的内容比 C++ 多, 经过了更多层, Python 中甚至连数字都是 object ;其次, Python 是解释执行的, 和物理机 CPU 之间多了解释器这层, 而 C++ 是编译执行的, 直接就是机器码, 编译的时候编译器又可以进行一些优化。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("**开发效率: **Python 开发效率高。原因: Python 一两句代码就能实现的功能, C++ 往往需要更多的代码才能实现。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("**书写格式和语法不同: **Python 的语法格式不同于其 C++ 定义声明才能使用, 而且极其灵活, 完全面向更上层的开发者。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("h1",{attrs:{id:"面向对象"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#面向对象"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 面向对象")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("第三章主要针对 C++ 面向对象展开相关的知识点, 主要涉及对面向对象的理解、三大特性、多态等知识点。本章中涉及的几个问题面试者在回答的时候, 可以了灵活的来回答, 例如: 结合自己的项目经历进行展开的讲解, 说一下在自己的项目中哪里用到了多态、多态是怎么实现的。但是, 一定要在准确表述其基本含义后再结合实战经验进行展开。")]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"什么是面向对象-面向对象的三大特性"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#什么是面向对象-面向对象的三大特性"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 什么是面向对象?面向对象的三大特性")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★★★★")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("面向对象: 对象是指具体的某一个事物, 这些事物的抽象就是类, 类中包含数据(成员变量)和动作(成员方法)。")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("面向对象的三大特性:")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("封装: 将具体的实现过程和数据封装成一个函数, 只能通过接口进行访问, 降低耦合性。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("继承: 子类继承父类的特征和行为, 子类有父类的非 private 方法或成员变量, 子类可以对父类的方法进行重写, 增强了类之间的耦合性, 但是当父类中的成员变量、成员函数或者类本身被 final 关键字修饰时, 修饰的类不能继承, 修饰的成员不能重写或修改。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("多态: 多态就是不同继承类的对象, 对同一消息做出不同的响应, 基类的指针指向或绑定到派生类的对象, 使得基类指针呈现不同的表现方式。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"重载、重写、隐藏的区别"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#重载、重写、隐藏的区别"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 重载、重写、隐藏的区别")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★★★★")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("概念解释:")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("重载: 是指同一可访问区内被声明几个具有不同参数列(参数的类型、个数、顺序)的同名函数, 根据参数列表确定调用哪个函数, 重载不关心函数返回类型。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("class A\n{\npublic:\n void fun(int tmp);\n void fun(float tmp); // 重载 参数类型不同(相对于上一个函数)\n void fun(int tmp, float tmp1); // 重载 参数个数不同(相对于上一个函数)\n void fun(float tmp, int tmp1); // 重载 参数顺序不同(相对于上一个函数)\n int fun(int tmp); // error: 'int A::fun(int)' cannot be overloaded 错误: 注意重载不关心函数返回类型\n};\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br")])])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("隐藏: 是指派生类的函数屏蔽了与其同名的基类函数, 主要只要同名函数, 不管参数列表是否相同, 基类函数都会被隐藏。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v('#include \nusing namespace std;\n\nclass Base\n{\npublic:\n void fun(int tmp, float tmp1) { cout << "Base::fun(int tmp, float tmp1)" << endl; }\n};\n\nclass Derive : public Base\n{\npublic:\n void fun(int tmp) { cout << "Derive::fun(int tmp)" << endl; } // 隐藏基类中的同名函数\n};\n\nint main()\n{\n Derive ex;\n ex.fun(1); // Derive::fun(int tmp)\n ex.fun(1, 0.01); // error: candidate expects 1 argument, 2 provided\n return 0;\n}\n')])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("15")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("16")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("17")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("18")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("19")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("20")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("21")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("22")]),n("br")])]),n("p",[s._v("说明: 上述代码中 ex.fun(1, 0.01); 出现错误, 说明派生类中将基类的同名函数隐藏了。若是想调用基类中的同名函数, 可以加上类型名指明 ex.Base::fun(1, 0.01);, 这样就可以调用基类中的同名函数。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("重写(覆盖): 是指派生类中存在重新定义的函数。函数名、参数列表、返回值类型都必须同基类中被重写的函数一致, 只有函数体不同。派生类调用时会调用派生类的重写函数, 不会调用被重写函数。重写的基类中被重写的函数必须有 virtual 修饰。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v('#include \nusing namespace std;\n\nclass Base\n{\npublic:\n virtual void fun(int tmp) { cout << "Base::fun(int tmp) : " << tmp << endl; }\n};\n\nclass Derived : public Base\n{\npublic:\n virtual void fun(int tmp) { cout << "Derived::fun(int tmp) : " << tmp << endl; } // 重写基类中的 fun 函数\n};\nint main()\n{\n Base *p = new Derived();\n p->fun(3); // Derived::fun(int) : 3\n return 0;\n}\n')])]),s._v(" 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"),n("p",[s._v("**重写和重载的区别: **")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[s._v("范围区别: 对于类中函数的重载或者重写而言, 重载发生在同一个类的内部, 重写发生在不同的类之间(子类和父类之间)。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("参数区别: 重载的函数需要与原函数有相同的函数名、不同的参数列表, 不关注函数的返回值类型;重写的函数的函数名、参数列表和返回值类型都需要和原函数相同, 父类中被重写的函数需要有 virtual 修饰。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("virtual 关键字: 重写的函数基类中必须有 virtual 关键字的修饰, 重载的函数可以有 virtual 关键字的修饰也可以没有。")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("**隐藏和重写, 重载的区别: **")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("范围区别: 隐藏与重载范围不同, 隐藏发生在不同类中。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("参数区别: 隐藏函数和被隐藏函数参数列表可以相同, 也可以不同, 但函数名一定相同;当参数不同时, 无论基类中的函数是否被 virtual 修饰, 基类函数都是被隐藏, 而不是重写。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"如何理解-c-是面向对象编程"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#如何理解-c-是面向对象编程"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 如何理解 C++ 是面向对象编程")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★★☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("说明: 该问题最好结合自己的项目经历进行展开解释, 或举一些恰当的例子, 同时对比下面向过程编程。")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("面向过程编程: 一种以执行程序操作的过程或函数为中心编写软件的方法。程序的数据通常存储在变量中, 与这些过程是分开的。所以必须将变量传递给需要使用它们的函数。缺点: 随着程序变得越来越复杂, 程序数据与运行代码的分离可能会导致问题。例如, 程序的规范经常会发生变化, 从而需要更改数据的格式或数据结构的设计。当数据结构发生变化时, 对数据进行操作的代码也必须更改为接受新的格式。查找需要更改的所有代码会为程序员带来额外的工作, 并增加了使代码出现错误的机会。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("面向对象编程(Object-Oriented Programming, OOP): 以创建和使用对象为中心。一个对象(Object)就是一个软件实体, 它将数据和程序在一个单元中组合起来。对象的数据项, 也称为其属性, 存储在成员变量中。对象执行的过程被称为其成员函数。将对象的数据和过程绑定在一起则被称为封装。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("**面向对象编程进一步说明: **")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("面向对象编程将数据成员和成员函数封装到一个类中, 并声明数据成员和成员函数的访问级别(public、private、protected), 以便控制类对象对数据成员和函数的访问, 对数据成员起到一定的保护作用。而且在类的对象调用成员函数时, 只需知道成员函数的名、参数列表以及返回值类型即可, 无需了解其函数的实现原理。当类内部的数据成员或者成员函数发生改变时, 不影响类外部的代码。")]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"什么是多态-多态如何实现"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#什么是多态-多态如何实现"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 什么是多态?多态如何实现?")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★★★★")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("**多态: **多态就是不同继承类的对象, 对同一消息做出不同的响应, 基类的指针指向或绑定到派生类的对象, 使得基类指针呈现不同的表现方式。在基类的函数前加上 virtual 关键字, 在派生类中重写该函数, 运行时将会根据对象的实际类型来调用相应的函数。如果对象类型是派生类, 就调用派生类的函数;如果对象类型是基类, 就调用基类的函数。")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("**实现方法: **多态是通过虚函数实现的, 虚函数的地址保存在虚函数表中, 虚函数表的地址保存在含有虚函数的类的实例对象的内存空间中。")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("**实现过程: **")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[s._v("在类中用 virtual 关键字声明的函数叫做虚函数;")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("存在虚函数的类都有一个虚函数表, 当创建一个该类的对象时, 该对象有一个指向虚函数表的虚表指针(虚函数表和类对应的, 虚表指针是和对象对应);")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("当基类指针指向派生类对象, 基类指针调用虚函数时, 基类指针指向派生类的虚表指针, 由于该虚表指针指向派生类虚函数表, 通过遍历虚表, 寻找相应的虚函数。")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("举例:")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v('#include \nusing namespace std;\n\nclass Base\n{\npublic:\n virtual void fun() { cout << "Base::fun()" << endl; }\n\n virtual void fun1() { cout << "Base::fun1()" << endl; }\n\n virtual void fun2() { cout << "Base::fun2()" << endl; }\n};\nclass Derive : public Base\n{\npublic:\n void fun() { cout << "Derive::fun()" << endl; }\n\n virtual void D_fun1() { cout << "Derive::D_fun1()" << endl; }\n\n virtual void D_fun2() { cout << "Derive::D_fun2()" << endl; }\n};\nint main()\n{\n Base *p = new Derive();\n p->fun(); // Derive::fun() 调用派生类中的虚函数\n return 0;\n}\n')])]),s._v(" 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关键字库函数")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("第四章主要讲解关键字和库函数相关的内容, 重点是对比功能上相似的一些关键字、库函数的区别, 或者是名称上相似的关键字、库函数的区别, 还对对一些关键字的用法进行讲解。")]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"sizeof-和-strlen-的区别"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#sizeof-和-strlen-的区别"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" sizeof 和 strlen 的区别")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★★☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("ol",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("strlen 是头文件 "),n("code",[s._v("")]),s._v(" 中的函数, sizeof 是 C++ 中的运算符。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("strlen 测量的是字符串的实际长度(其源代码如下), 以 \\0 结束。而 sizeof 测量的是字符数组的分配大小。")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("strlen 源代码:")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("size_t strlen(const char *str) {\n size_t length = 0;\n while (*str++)\n ++length;\n return length;\n}\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br")])]),n("p",[s._v("举例:")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v('#include \n#include \n\nusing namespace std;\n\nint main()\n{\n char arr[10] = "hello";\n cout << strlen(arr) << endl; // 5\n cout << sizeof(arr) << endl; // 10\n return 0;\n}\n')])]),s._v(" 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line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("#include \n#include \n\nusing namespace std;\n\nvoid size_of(char arr[])\n{\n cout << sizeof(arr) << endl; // warning: 'sizeof' on array function parameter 'arr' will return size of 'char*' .\n cout << strlen(arr) << endl;\n}\n\nint main()\n{\n char arr[20] = \"hello\";\n size_of(arr);\n return 0;\n}\n/*\n输出结果:\n8\n5\n*/\n")])]),s._v(" 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"),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("strlen 本身是库函数, 因此在程序运行过程中, 计算长度;而 sizeof 在编译时, 计算长度;")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("sizeof 的参数可以是类型, 也可以是变量;strlen 的参数必须是 char* 类型的变量。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"lambda-表达式-匿名函数-的具体应用和使用场景"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#lambda-表达式-匿名函数-的具体应用和使用场景"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" lambda 表达式(匿名函数)的具体应用和使用场景")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★★☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("code",[s._v("lambda")]),s._v(" 表达式的定义形式如下:")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("[capture list] (parameter list) -> reurn type\n{\n function body\n}\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br")])]),n("p",[s._v("其中:")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("capture list: 捕获列表, 指 lambda 表达式所在函数中定义的局部变量的列表, 通常为空, 但如果函数体中用到了 lambda 表达式所在函数的局部变量, 必须捕获该变量, 即将此变量写在捕获列表中。捕获方式分为: 引用捕获方式 [&]、值捕获方式 [=]。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("return type、parameter list、function body: 分别表示返回值类型、参数列表、函数体, 和普通函数一样。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("举例:\nlambda 表达式常搭配排序算法使用。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v('#include \n#include \n#include \nusing namespace std;\n\nint main()\n{\n vector arr = {3, 4, 76, 12, 54, 90, 34};\n sort(arr.begin(), arr.end(), [](int a, int b) { return a > b; }); // 降序排序\n for (auto a : arr)\n {\n cout << a << " ";\n }\n return 0;\n}\n/*\n运行结果: 90 76 54 34 12 4 3\n*/\n')])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("15")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("16")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("17")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("18")]),n("br")])]),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"explicit-的作用-如何避免编译器进行隐式类型转换"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#explicit-的作用-如何避免编译器进行隐式类型转换"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" explicit 的作用(如何避免编译器进行隐式类型转换)")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★★☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("作用: 用来声明类构造函数是显示调用的, 而非隐式调用, 可以阻止调用构造函数时进行隐式转换。只可用于修饰单参构造函数, 因为无参构造函数和多参构造函数本身就是显示调用的, 再加上 explicit 关键字也没有什么意义。")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("隐式转换:")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("#include \n#include \nusing namespace std;\n\nclass A\n{\npublic:\n int var;\n A(int tmp)\n {\n var = tmp;\n }\n};\nint main()\n{\n A ex = 10; // 发生了隐式转换\n return 0;\n}\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("15")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("16")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("17")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("18")]),n("br")])]),n("p",[s._v("上述代码中, A ex = 10; 在编译时, 进行了隐式转换, 将 10 转换成 A 类型的对象, 然后将该对象赋值给 ex, 等同于如下操作:")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("为了避免隐式转换, 可用 explicit 关键字进行声明:")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("#include \n#include \nusing namespace std;\n\nclass A\n{\npublic:\n int var;\n explicit A(int tmp)\n {\n var = tmp;\n cout << var << endl;\n }\n};\nint main()\n{\n A ex(100);\n A ex1 = 10; // error: conversion from 'int' to non-scalar type 'A' requested\n return 0;\n}\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("15")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("16")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("17")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("18")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("19")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("20")]),n("br")])]),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"c-和-c-static-的区别"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#c-和-c-static-的区别"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" C 和 C++ static 的区别")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★☆☆☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[s._v("在 C 语言中, 使用 static 可以定义局部静态变量、外部静态变量、静态函数")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("在 C++ 中, 使用 static 可以定义局部静态变量、外部静态变量、静态函数、静态成员变量和静态成员函数。因为 C++ 中有类的概念, 静态成员变量、静态成员函数都是与类有关的概念。")])]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"static-的作用"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#static-的作用"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" static 的作用")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★★★☆")]),s._v("\n作用:\nstatic 定义静态变量, 静态函数。")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("保持变量内容持久: static 作用于局部变量, 改变了局部变量的生存周期, 使得该变量存在于定义后直到程序运行结束的这段时间。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v('#include \nusing namespace std;\n\nint fun(){\n static int var = 1; // var 只在第一次进入这个函数的时初始化\n var += 1;\n return var;\n}\n\nint main()\n{\n for(int i = 0; i < 10; ++i)\n cout << fun() << " "; // 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11\n return 0;\n}\n')])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("15")]),n("br")])])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("隐藏: static 作用于全局变量和函数, 改变了全局变量和函数的作用域, 使得全局变量和函数只能在定义它的文件中使用, 在源文件中不具有全局可见性。(注: 普通全局变量和函数具有全局可见性, 即其他的源文件也可以使用。)")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("static 作用于类的成员变量和类的成员函数, 使得类变量或者类成员函数和类有关, 也就是说可以不定义类的对象就可以通过类访问这些静态成员。注意: 类的静态成员函数中只能访问静态成员变量或者静态成员函数, 不能将静态成员函数定义成虚函数。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("#include\nusing namespace std;\n\nclass A\n{\nprivate:\n int var;\n static int s_var; // 静态成员变量\npublic:\n void show()\n {\n cout << s_var++ << endl;\n }\n static void s_show()\n {\n cout << s_var << endl;\n // cout << var << endl; // error: invalid use of member 'A::a' in static member function. 静态成员函数不能调用非静态成员变量。无法使用 this.var\n // show(); // error: cannot call member function 'void A::show()' without object. 静态成员函数不能调用非静态成员函数。无法使用 this.show()\n }\n};\nint A::s_var = 1; // 静态成员变量在类外进行初始化赋值, 默认初始化为 0\n\nint main()\n{\n\n // cout << A::sa << endl; // error: 'int A::sa' is private within this context\n A ex;\n ex.show();\n A::s_show();\n}\n")])]),s._v(" 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"),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"static-在类中使用的注意事项-定义、初始化和使用"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#static-在类中使用的注意事项-定义、初始化和使用"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" static 在类中使用的注意事项(定义、初始化和使用)")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★★★★")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("**static 静态成员变量: **")]),s._v(" "),n("ol",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("静态成员变量是在类内进行声明, 在类外进行定义和初始化, 在类外进行定义和初始化的时候不要出现 static 关键字和 private、public、protected 访问规则。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("静态成员变量相当于类域中的全局变量, 被类的所有对象所共享, 包括派生类的对象。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("静态成员变量可以作为成员函数的参数, 而普通成员变量不可以。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("#include \nusing namespace std;\n\nclass A\n{\npublic:\n static int s_var;\n int var;\n void fun1(int i = s_var); // 正确, 静态成员变量可以作为成员函数的参数\n void fun2(int i = var); // error: invalid use of non-static data member 'A::var'\n};\nint main()\n{\n return 0;\n}\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("15")]),n("br")])])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("静态数据成员的类型可以是所属类的类型, 而普通数据成员的类型只能是该类类型的指针或引用。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("#include \nusing namespace std;\n\nclass A\n{\npublic:\n static A s_var; // 正确, 静态数据成员\n A var; // error: field 'var' has incomplete type 'A'\n A *p; // 正确, 指针\n A &var1; // 正确, 引用\n};\n\nint main()\n{\n return 0;\n}\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("15")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("16")]),n("br")])])])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("**static 静态成员函数: **")]),s._v(" "),n("ol",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("静态成员函数不能调用非静态成员变量或者非静态成员函数, 因为静态成员函数没有 this 指针。静态成员函数做为类作用域的全局函数。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("静态成员函数不能声明成虚函数(virtual)、const 函数和 volatile 函数。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"static-全局变量和普通全局变量的异同"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#static-全局变量和普通全局变量的异同"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" static 全局变量和普通全局变量的异同")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★★☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("相同点:")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[s._v("存储方式: 普通全局变量和 static 全局变量都是静态存储方式。")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("不同点:")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("作用域: 普通全局变量的作用域是整个源程序, 当一个源程序由多个源文件组成时, 普通全局变量在各个源文件中都是有效的;静态全局变量则限制了其作用域, 即只在定义该变量的源文件内有效, 在同一源程序的其它源文件中不能使用它。由于静态全局变量的作用域限于一个源文件内, 只能为该源文件内的函数公用, 因此可以避免在其他源文件中引起错误。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("初始化: 静态全局变量只初始化一次, 防止在其他文件中使用。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"const-作用及用法"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#const-作用及用法"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" const 作用及用法")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★★☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("**作用: **")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[s._v("const 修饰成员变量, 定义成 const 常量, 相较于宏常量, 可进行类型检查, 节省内存空间, 提高了效率。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("const 修饰函数参数, 使得传递过来的函数参数的值不能改变。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("const 修饰成员函数, 使得成员函数不能修改任何类型的成员变量(mutable 修饰的变量除外), 也不能调用非 const 成员函数, 因为非 const 成员函数可能会修改成员变量。")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("**在类中的用法: **")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("const 成员变量:")]),s._v(" "),n("ol",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("const 成员变量只能在类内声明、定义, 在构造函数初始化列表中初始化。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("const 成员变量只在某个对象的生存周期内是常量, 对于整个类而言却是可变的, 因为类可以创建多个对象, 不同类的 const 成员变量的值是不同的。因此不能在类的声明中初始化 const 成员变量, 类的对象还没有创建, 编译器不知道他的值。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("const 成员函数:")]),s._v(" "),n("ol",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("不能修改成员变量的值, 除非有 mutable 修饰;只能访问成员变量。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("不能调用非常量成员函数, 以防修改成员变量的值。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("#include \nusing namespace std;\n\nclass A\n{\npublic:\n int var;\n A(int tmp) : var(tmp) {}\n void c_fun(int tmp) const // const 成员函数\n {\n var = tmp; // error: assignment of member 'A::var' in read-only object. 在 const 成员函数中, 不能修改任何类成员变量。\n fun(tmp); // error: passing 'const A' as 'this' argument discards qualifiers. const 成员函数不能调用非 const 成员函数, 因为非 const 成员函数可能会修改成员变量。\n }\n\n void fun(int tmp)\n {\n var = tmp;\n }\n};\n\nint main()\n{\n return 0;\n}\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("15")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("16")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("17")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("18")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("19")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("20")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("21")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("22")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("23")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("24")]),n("br")])]),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"define-和-const-的区别"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#define-和-const-的区别"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" define 和 const 的区别")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★★☆☆")]),s._v("\n区别:")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[s._v("编译阶段: define 是在编译预处理阶段进行替换, const 是在编译阶段确定其值。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("安全性: define 定义的宏常量没有数据类型, 只是进行简单的替换, 不会进行类型安全的检查;const 定义的常量是有类型的, 是要进行判断的, 可以避免一些低级的错误。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("内存占用: define 定义的宏常量, 在程序中使用多少次就会进行多少次替换, 内存中有多个备份, 占用的是代码段的空间;const 定义的常量占用静态存储区的空间, 程序运行过程中只有一份。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("调试: define 定义的宏常量不能调试, 因为在预编译阶段就已经进行替换了;const 定义的常量可以进行调试。")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("const 的优点:")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("有数据类型, 在定义式可进行安全性检查。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("可调式。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("占用较少的空间。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"define-和-typedef-的区别"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#define-和-typedef-的区别"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" define 和 typedef 的区别")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★☆☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("原理: #define 作为预处理指令, 在编译预处理时进行替换操作, 不作正确性检查, 只有在编译已被展开的源程序时才会发现可能的错误并报错。typedef 是关键字, 在编译时处理, 有类型检查功能, 用来给一个已经存在的类型一个别名, 但不能在一个函数定义里面使用 typedef 。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("功能: typedef 用来定义类型的别名, 方便使用。#define 不仅可以为类型取别名, 还可以定义常量、变量、编译开关等。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("作用域: #define 没有作用域的限制, 只要是之前预定义过的宏, 在以后的程序中都可以使用, 而 typedef 有自己的作用域。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("指针的操作: typedef 和 #define 在处理指针时不完全一样")])])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("#include \n#define INTPTR1 int *\ntypedef int * INTPTR2;\n\nusing namespace std;\n\nint main()\n{\n INTPTR1 p1, p2; // p1: int *; p2: int\n INTPTR2 p3, p4; // p3: int *; p4: int *\n\n int var = 1;\n const INTPTR1 p5 = &var; // 相当于 const int * p5; 常量指针, 即不可以通过 p5 去修改 p5 指向的内容, 但是 p5 可以指向其他内容。\n const INTPTR2 p6 = &var; // 相当于 int * const p6; 指针常量, 不可使 p6 再指向其他内容。\n\n return 0;\n}\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("15")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("16")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("17")]),n("br")])]),n("p",[s._v("注: 对于指针常量和常量指针的区别, 可查阅第六章。")]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"用宏实现比较大小-以及两个数中的最小值"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#用宏实现比较大小-以及两个数中的最小值"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 用宏实现比较大小, 以及两个数中的最小值")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★☆☆☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("具体代码如下:")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("#include \n#define MAX(X, Y) ((X)>(Y)?(X):(Y))\n#define MIN(X, Y) ((X)<(Y)?(X):(Y))\nusing namespace std;\n\nint main ()\n{\n int var1 = 10, var2 = 100;\n cout << MAX(var1, var2) << endl;\n cout << MIN(var1, var2) << endl;\n return 0;\n}\n/*\n程序运行结果:\n100\n10\n*/\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("15")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("16")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("17")]),n("br")])]),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"inline-作用及使用方法"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#inline-作用及使用方法"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" inline 作用及使用方法")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★★☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("**作用: **\ninline 是一个关键字, 可以用于定义内联函数。内联函数, 像普通函数一样被调用, 但是在调用时并不通过函数调用的机制而是直接在调用点处展开, 这样可以大大减少由函数调用带来的开销, 从而提高程序的运行效率。")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("**使用方法: **")]),s._v(" "),n("ol",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("类内定义成员函数默认是内联函数")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("在类内定义成员函数, 可以不用在函数头部加 inline 关键字, 因为编译器会自动将类内定义的函数(构造函数、析构函数、普通成员函数等)声明为内联函数, 代码如下:")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("#include \nusing namespace std;\n\nclass A{\npublic:\n int var;\n A(int tmp){\n var = tmp;\n }\n void fun(){\n cout << var << endl;\n }\n};\n\nint main()\n{\n return 0;\n}\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("15")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("16")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("17")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("18")]),n("br")])])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("类外定义成员函数, 若想定义为内联函数, 需用关键字声明\n当在类内声明函数, 在类外定义函数时, 如果想将该函数定义为内联函数, 则可以在类内声明时不加 inline 关键字, 而在类外定义函数时加上 inline 关键字。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("#include \nusing namespace std;\n\nclass A{\npublic:\n int var;\n A(int tmp){\n var = tmp;\n }\n void fun();\n};\n\ninline void A::fun(){\n cout << var << endl;\n}\n\nint main()\n{\n return 0;\n}\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("15")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("16")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("17")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("18")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("19")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("20")]),n("br")])])])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("另外, 可以在声明函数和定义函数的同时加上 inline;也可以只在函数声明时加 inline, 而定义函数时不加 inline。只要确保在调用该函数之前把 inline 的信息告知编译器即可。")]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"inline-函数工作原理"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#inline-函数工作原理"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" inline 函数工作原理")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★☆☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("内联函数不是在调用时发生控制转移关系, 而是在编译阶段将函数体嵌入到每一个调用该函数的语句块中, 编译器会将程序中出现内联函数的调用表达式用内联函数的函数体来替换。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("普通函数是将程序执行转移到被调用函数所存放的内存地址, 当函数执行完后, 返回到执行此函数前的地方。转移操作需要保护现场, 被调函数执行完后, 再恢复现场, 该过程需要较大的资源开销。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"宏定义-define-和内联函数-inline-的区别"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#宏定义-define-和内联函数-inline-的区别"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 宏定义(define)和内联函数(inline)的区别")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★☆☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[s._v("内联函数是在编译时展开, 而宏在编译预处理时展开;在编译的时候, 内联函数直接被嵌入到目标代码中去, 而宏只是一个简单的文本替换。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("内联函数是真正的函数, 和普通函数调用的方法一样, 在调用点处直接展开, 避免了函数的参数压栈操作, 减少了调用的开销。而宏定义编写较为复杂, 常需要增加一些括号来避免歧义。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("宏定义只进行文本替换, 不会对参数的类型、语句能否正常编译等进行检查。而内联函数是真正的函数, 会对参数的类型、函数体内的语句编写是否正确等进行检查。")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("使用举例:")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("#include \n\n#define MAX(a, b) ((a) > (b) ? (a) : (b))\n\nusing namespace std;\n\ninline int fun_max(int a, int b)\n{\n return a > b ? a : b;\n}\n\nint main()\n{\n int var = 1;\n cout << MAX(var, 5) << endl;\n cout << fun_max(var, 0) << endl;\n return 0;\n}\n/*\n程序运行结果:\n5\n1\n\n*/\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("15")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("16")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("17")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("18")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("19")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("20")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("21")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("22")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("23")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("24")]),n("br")])]),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"new-的作用"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#new-的作用"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" new 的作用?")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★☆☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("code",[s._v("new")]),s._v(" 是 C++ 中的关键字, 用来动态分配内存空间, 实现方式如下:")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("int *p = new int[5];\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br")])]),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"new-和-malloc-如何判断是否申请到内存"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#new-和-malloc-如何判断是否申请到内存"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" new 和 malloc 如何判断是否申请到内存?")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★☆☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[s._v("malloc : 成功申请到内存, 返回指向该内存的指针;分配失败, 返回 NULL 指针。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("new : 内存分配成功, 返回该对象类型的指针;分配失败, 抛出 bac_alloc 异常。")])]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"delete-实现原理-delete-和-delete-的区别"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#delete-实现原理-delete-和-delete-的区别"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" delete 实现原理?delete 和 delete[] 的区别?")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★★☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("delete 的实现原理:")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[s._v("首先执行该对象所属类的析构函数;")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("进而通过调用 operator delete 的标准库函数来释放所占的内存空间。")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("delete 和 delete [] 的区别:")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("delete 用来释放单个对象所占的空间, 只会调用一次析构函数;")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("delete [] 用来释放数组空间, 会对数组中的每个成员都调用一次析构函数。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"new-和-malloc-的区别-delete-和-free-的区别"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#new-和-malloc-的区别-delete-和-free-的区别"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" new 和 malloc 的区别, delete 和 free 的区别")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★★★☆")]),s._v("\n在使用的时候 new、delete 搭配使用, malloc、free 搭配使用。")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[s._v("malloc、free 是库函数, 而 new、delete 是关键字。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("-new 申请空间时, 无需指定分配空间的大小, 编译器会根据类型自行计算;malloc 在申请空间时, 需要确定所申请空间的大小。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("new 申请空间时, 返回的类型是对象的指针类型, 无需强制类型转换, 是类型安全的操作符;malloc 申请空间时, 返回的是 void* 类型, 需要进行强制类型的转换, 转换为对象类型的指针。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("new 分配失败时, 会抛出 bad_alloc 异常, malloc 分配失败时返回空指针。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("对于自定义的类型, new 首先调用 operator new() 函数申请空间(底层通过 malloc 实现), 然后调用构造函数进行初始化, 最后返回自定义类型的指针;delete 首先调用析构函数, 然后调用 operator delete() 释放空间(底层通过 free 实现)。malloc、free 无法进行自定义类型的对象的构造和析构。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("new 操作符从自由存储区上为对象动态分配内存, 而 malloc 函数从堆上动态分配内存。(自由存储区不等于堆)")])]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"malloc-的原理-malloc-的底层实现"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#malloc-的原理-malloc-的底层实现"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" malloc 的原理?malloc 的底层实现?")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★☆☆☆")]),s._v("\nmalloc 的原理:")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("当开辟的空间小于 128K 时, 调用 brk() 函数, 通过移动 _enddata 来实现;")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("当开辟空间大于 128K 时, 调用 mmap() 函数, 通过在虚拟地址空间中开辟一块内存空间来实现。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("malloc 的底层实现:")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("brk() 函数实现原理: 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"),n("li",[n("p",[n("code",[s._v("class")]),s._v(" 可以用于定义模板参数, "),n("code",[s._v("struct")]),s._v(" 不能用于定义模板参数。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"volatile-的作用-是否具有原子性-对编译器有什么影响"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#volatile-的作用-是否具有原子性-对编译器有什么影响"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" volatile 的作用?是否具有原子性, 对编译器有什么影响?")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★☆☆☆")]),s._v("\nvolatile 的作用: 当对象的值可能在程序的控制或检测之外被改变时, 应该将该对象声明为 volatile, 告知编译器不应对这样的对象进行优化。")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("volatile 不具有原子性。")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("volatile 对编译器的影响: 使用该关键字后, 编译器不会对相应的对象进行优化, 即不会将变量从内存缓存到寄存器中, 防止多个线程有可能使用内存中的变量, 有可能使用寄存器中的变量, 从而导致程序错误。")]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"什么情况下一定要用-volatile-能否和-const-一起使用"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#什么情况下一定要用-volatile-能否和-const-一起使用"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 什么情况下一定要用 volatile, 能否和 const 一起使用?")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★☆☆☆")]),s._v("\n使用 volatile 关键字的场景:")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[s._v("当多个线程都会用到某一变量, 并且该变量的值有可能发生改变时, 需要用 volatile 关键字对该变量进行修饰;")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("中断服务程序中访问的变量或并行设备的硬件寄存器的变量, 最好用 volatile 关键字修饰。")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("volatile 关键字和 const 关键字可以同时使用, 某种类型可以既是 volatile 又是 const , 同时具有二者的属性。")]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"返回函数中静态变量的地址会发生什么"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#返回函数中静态变量的地址会发生什么"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 返回函数中静态变量的地址会发生什么?")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★☆☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("#include \nusing namespace std;\n\nint * fun(int tmp){\n static int var = 10;\n var *= tmp;\n return &var;\n}\n\nint main() {\n cout << *fun(5) << endl;\n return 0;\n}\n\n/*\n运行结果:\n50\n*/\n")])]),s._v(" 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上述代码中在函数 fun 中定义了静态局部变量 var, 使得离开该函数的作用域后, 该变量不会销毁, 返回到主函数中, 该变量依然存在, 从而使程序得到正确的运行结果。但是, 该静态局部变量直到程序运行结束后才销毁, 浪费内存空间。")]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"extern-c-的作用"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#extern-c-的作用"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" extern C 的作用?")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★☆☆☆")]),s._v('\n当 C++ 程序 需要调用 C 语言编写的函数, C++ 使用链接指示, 即 extern "C" 指出任意非 C++ 函数所用的语言。')]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("举例:")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v('// 可能出现在 C++ 头文件中的链接指示\nextern "C"{\n int strcmp(const char*, const char*);\n}\n')])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br")])]),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"sizeof-1-1-在-c-和-c-中分别是什么结果"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#sizeof-1-1-在-c-和-c-中分别是什么结果"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" sizeof(1==1) 在 C 和 C++ 中分别是什么结果?")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★☆☆☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("C 语言代码:")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v('#include\n\nvoid main(){\n printf("%d\\n", sizeof(1==1));\n}\n\n/*\n运行结果:\n4\n*/\n')])]),s._v(" 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"),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br")])]),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"memcpy-函数的底层原理"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#memcpy-函数的底层原理"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" memcpy 函数的底层原理?")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★★☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("void *memcpy(void *dst, const void *src, size_t size)\n{\n char *psrc;\n char *pdst;\n\n if (NULL == dst || NULL == src)\n {\n return NULL;\n }\n\n if ((src < dst) && (char *)src + size > (char *)dst) // 出现地址重叠的情况, 自后向前拷贝\n {\n psrc = (char *)src + size - 1;\n pdst = (char *)dst + size - 1;\n while (size--)\n {\n *pdst-- = *psrc--;\n }\n }\n else\n {\n psrc = (char *)src;\n pdst = (char *)dst;\n while (size--)\n {\n *pdst++ = *psrc++;\n }\n }\n\n return dst;\n}\n")])]),s._v(" 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strcpy 函数有什么缺陷?")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★☆☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("strcpy 函数的缺陷: strcpy 函数不检查目的缓冲区的大小边界, 而是将源字符串逐一的全部赋值给目的字符串地址起始的一块连续的内存空间, 同时加上字符串终止符, 会导致其他变量被覆盖。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v('#include \n#include \nusing namespace std;\n\nint main()\n{\n int var = 0x11112222;\n char arr[10];\n cout << "Address : var " << &var << endl;\n cout << "Address : arr " << &arr << endl;\n strcpy(arr, "hello world!");\n cout << "var:" << hex << var << endl; // 将变量 var 以 16 进制输出\n cout << "arr:" << arr << endl;\n return 0;\n}\n\n/*\nAddress : var 0x23fe4c\nAddress : arr 0x23fe42\nvar:11002164\narr:hello world!\n*/\n')])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("15")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("16")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("17")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("18")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("19")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("20")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("21")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("22")]),n("br")])]),n("p",[s._v('说明: 从上述代码中可以看出, 变量 var 的后六位被字符串 "hello world!" 的 "d!\\0" 这三个字符改变, 这三个字符对应的 ascii 码的十六进制为: \\0(0x00), !(0x21), d(0x64)。\n原因: 变量 arr 只分配的 10 个内存空间, 通过上述程序中的地址可以看出 arr 和 var 在内存中是连续存放的, 但是在调用 strcpy 函数进行拷贝时, 源字符串 "hello world!" 所占的内存空间为 13, 因此在拷贝的过程中会占用 var 的内存空间, 导致 var 的后六位被覆盖。')]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"auto-类型推导的原理"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#auto-类型推导的原理"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" auto 类型推导的原理")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★☆☆☆")]),s._v("\nauto 类型推导的原理:\n编译器根据初始值来推算变量的类型, 要求用 auto 定义变量时必须有初始值。编译器推断出来的 auto 类型有时和初始值类型并不完全一样, 编译器会适当改变结果类型使其更符合初始化规则。")]),s._v(" "),n("h1",{attrs:{id:"类相关"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#类相关"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 类相关")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("第五章主要讲解类相关的知识点, 涉及到虚函数、继承、构造函数、析构函数、深拷贝、浅拷贝等知识点, 本章的内容十分重要, 同时也是面试过程中的高频问题。")]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"什么是虚函数-什么是纯虚函数"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#什么是虚函数-什么是纯虚函数"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 什么是虚函数?什么是纯虚函数?")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★★★★")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("虚函数")]),s._v(": 被 "),n("code",[s._v("virtual")]),s._v(" 关键字修饰的成员函数, 就是虚函数。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v('#include \nusing namespace std;\n\nclass A\n{\npublic:\n virtual void v_fun() // 虚函数\n {\n cout << "A::v_fun()" << endl;\n }\n};\nclass B : public A\n{\npublic:\n void v_fun()\n {\n cout << "B::v_fun()" << endl;\n }\n};\nint main()\n{\n A *p = new B();\n p->v_fun(); // B::v_fun()\n return 0;\n}\n')])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("15")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("16")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("17")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("18")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("19")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("20")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("21")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("22")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("23")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("24")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("25")]),n("br")])]),n("p",[s._v("**纯虚函数: **")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("纯虚函数在类中声明时, 加上 =0;")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("含有纯虚函数的类称为抽象类(只要含有纯虚函数这个类就是抽象类), 类中只有接口, 没有具体的实现方法;")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("继承纯虚函数的派生类, 如果没有完全实现基类纯虚函数, 依然是抽象类, 不能实例化对象。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("说明:")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("抽象类对象不能作为函数的参数, 不能创建对象, 不能作为函数返回类型;")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("可以声明抽象类指针, 可以声明抽象类的引用;")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("子类必须继承父类的纯虚函数, 并全部实现后, 才能创建子类的对象。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"虚函数和纯虚函数的区别"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#虚函数和纯虚函数的区别"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 虚函数和纯虚函数的区别?")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★★☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[s._v("虚函数和纯虚函数可以出现在同一个类中, 该类称为抽象基类。(含有纯虚函数的类称为抽象基类)")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("使用方式不同: 虚函数可以直接使用, 纯虚函数必须在派生类中实现后才能使用;")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("定义形式不同: 虚函数在定义时在普通函数的基础上加上 virtual 关键字, 纯虚函数定义时除了加上 virtual 关键字还需要加上 =0;")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("虚函数必须实现, 否则编译器会报错;")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("对于实现纯虚函数的派生类, 该纯虚函数在派生类中被称为虚函数, 虚函数和纯虚函数都可以在派生类中重写;")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("析构函数最好定义为虚函数, 特别是对于含有继承关系的类;析构函数可以定义为纯虚函数, 此时, 其所在的类为抽象基类, 不能创建实例化对象。")])]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"虚函数的实现机制"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#虚函数的实现机制"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 虚函数的实现机制")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★★★★")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v('**实现机制: **虚函数通过虚函数表来实现。虚函数的地址保存在虚函数表中, 在类的对象所在的内存空间中, 保存了指向虚函数表的指针(称为"虚表指针"), 通过虚表指针可以找到类对应的虚函数表。虚函数表解决了基类和派生类的继承问题和类中成员函数的覆盖问题, 当用基类的指针来操作一个派生类的时候, 这张虚函数表就指明了实际应该调用的函数。')]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("**虚函数表相关知识点: **")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[s._v("虚函数表存放的内容: 类的虚函数的地址。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("虚函数表建立的时间: 编译阶段, 即程序的编译过程中会将虚函数的地址放在虚函数表中。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("虚表指针保存的位置: 虚表指针存放在对象的内存空间中最前面的位置, 这是为了保证正确取到虚函数的偏移量。")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("注: 虚函数表和类绑定, 虚表指针和对象绑定。即类的不同的对象的虚函数表是一样的, 但是每个对象都有自己的虚表指针, 来指向类的虚函数表。")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("**实例: **")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("无虚函数覆盖的情况:")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v('#include \nusing namespace std;\n\nclass Base\n{\npublic:\n virtual void B_fun1() { cout << "Base::B_fun1()" << endl; }\n virtual void B_fun2() { cout << "Base::B_fun2()" << endl; }\n virtual void B_fun3() { cout << "Base::B_fun3()" << endl; }\n};\n\nclass Derive : public Base\n{\npublic:\n virtual void D_fun1() { cout << "Derive::D_fun1()" << endl; }\n virtual void D_fun2() { cout << "Derive::D_fun2()" << endl; }\n virtual void D_fun3() { cout << "Derive::D_fun3()" << endl; }\n};\nint main()\n{\n Base *p = new Derive();\n p->B_fun1(); // Base::B_fun1()\n return 0;\n}\n')])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("15")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("16")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("17")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("18")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("19")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("20")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("21")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("22")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("23")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("24")]),n("br")])]),n("p",[s._v("基类和派生类的继承关系:")]),s._v(" "),n("img",{staticStyle:{zoom:"80%"},attrs:{src:"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/jacky1234/picArchieve@master/uPic/20230522_135412_pIKwGE.png",alt:"20230522_135412_pIKwGE"}}),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("基类的虚函数表:")]),s._v(" "),n("img",{staticStyle:{zoom:"80%"},attrs:{src:"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/jacky1234/picArchieve@master/uPic/20230522_135155_4LwCrT.png",alt:"20230522_135155_4LwCrT"}}),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("主函数中基类的指针 "),n("code",[s._v("p")]),s._v(" 指向了派生类的对象, 当调用函数 "),n("code",[s._v("B_fun1()")]),s._v(" 时, 通过派生类的虚函数表找到该函数的地址, 从而完成调用。")]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"单继承和多继承的虚函数表结构"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#单继承和多继承的虚函数表结构"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 单继承和多继承的虚函数表结构")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★★★☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("**编译器处理虚函数表: **")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[s._v("编译器将虚函数表的指针放在类的实例对象的内存空间中, 该对象调用该类的虚函数时, 通过指针找到虚函数表, 根据虚函数表中存放的虚函数的地址找到对应的虚函数。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("如果派生类没有重新定义基类的虚函数 A, 则派生类的虚函数表中保存的是基类的虚函数 A 的地址, 也就是说基类和派生类的虚函数 A 的地址是一样的。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("如果派生类重写了基类的某个虚函数 B, 则派生的虚函数表中保存的是重写后的虚函数 B 的地址, 也就是说虚函数 B 有两个版本, 分别存放在基类和派生类的虚函数表中。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("如果派生类重新定义了新的虚函数 C, 派生类的虚函数表保存新的虚函数 C 的地址。")])]),s._v(" "),n("ol",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("单继承无虚函数覆盖的情况:")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v('#include \nusing namespace std;\n\nclass Base\n{\npublic:\n virtual void B_fun1() { cout << "Base::B_fun1()" << endl; }\n virtual void B_fun2() { cout << "Base::B_fun2()" << endl; }\n virtual void B_fun3() { cout << "Base::B_fun3()" << endl; }\n};\n\nclass Derive : public Base\n{\npublic:\n virtual void D_fun1() { cout << "Derive::D_fun1()" << endl; }\n virtual void D_fun2() { cout << "Derive::D_fun2()" << endl; }\n virtual void D_fun3() { cout << "Derive::D_fun3()" << endl; }\n};\nint main()\n{\n Base *p = new Derive();\n p->B_fun1(); // Base::B_fun1()\n return 0;\n}\n')])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("15")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("16")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("17")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("18")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("19")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("20")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("21")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("22")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("23")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("24")]),n("br")])]),n("p",[s._v("基类和派生类的继承关系:")]),s._v(" "),n("img",{staticStyle:{zoom:"80%"},attrs:{src:"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/jacky1234/picArchieve@master/uPic/20230522_135412_pIKwGE.png",alt:"20230522_135412_pIKwGE"}}),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v('#include \nusing namespace std;\n\nclass Base\n{\npublic:\n virtual void fun1() { cout << "Base::fun1()" << endl; }\n virtual void B_fun2() { cout << "Base::B_fun2()" << endl; }\n virtual void B_fun3() { cout << "Base::B_fun3()" << endl; }\n};\n\nclass Derive : public Base\n{\npublic:\n virtual void fun1() { cout << "Derive::fun1()" << endl; }\n virtual void D_fun2() { cout << "Derive::D_fun2()" << endl; }\n virtual void D_fun3() { cout << "Derive::D_fun3()" << endl; }\n};\nint main()\n{\n Base *p = new Derive();\n p->fun1(); // Derive::fun1()\n return 0;\n}\n')])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("15")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("16")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("17")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("18")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("19")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("20")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("21")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("22")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("23")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("24")]),n("br")])]),n("p",[s._v("派生类的虚函数表:")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("img",{attrs:{src:"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/jacky1234/picArchieve@master/uPic/20230522_134819_ymDbht.png",alt:""}})])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("多继承无虚函数覆盖的情况:")])])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v('#include \nusing namespace std;\n\nclass Base1\n{\npublic:\n virtual void B1_fun1() { cout << "Base1::B1_fun1()" << endl; }\n virtual void B1_fun2() { cout << "Base1::B1_fun2()" << endl; }\n virtual void B1_fun3() { cout << "Base1::B1_fun3()" << endl; }\n};\nclass Base2\n{\npublic:\n virtual void B2_fun1() { cout << "Base2::B2_fun1()" << endl; }\n virtual void B2_fun2() { cout << "Base2::B2_fun2()" << endl; }\n virtual void B2_fun3() { cout << "Base2::B2_fun3()" << endl; }\n};\nclass Base3\n{\npublic:\n virtual void B3_fun1() { cout << "Base3::B3_fun1()" << endl; }\n virtual void B3_fun2() { cout << "Base3::B3_fun2()" << endl; }\n virtual void B3_fun3() { cout << "Base3::B3_fun3()" << endl; }\n};\n\nclass Derive : public Base1, public Base2, public Base3\n{\npublic:\n virtual void D_fun1() { cout << "Derive::D_fun1()" << endl; }\n virtual void D_fun2() { cout << "Derive::D_fun2()" << endl; }\n virtual void D_fun3() { cout << "Derive::D_fun3()" << endl; }\n};\n\nint main(){\n Base1 *p = new Derive();\n p->B1_fun1(); // Base1::B1_fun1()\n return 0;\n}\n')])]),s._v(" 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cout << "Base2::B2_fun3()" << endl; }\n};\nclass Base3\n{\npublic:\n virtual void fun1() { cout << "Base3::fun1()" << endl; }\n virtual void B3_fun2() { cout << "Base3::B3_fun2()" << endl; }\n virtual void B3_fun3() { cout << "Base3::B3_fun3()" << endl; }\n};\n\nclass Derive : public Base1, public Base2, public Base3\n{\npublic:\n virtual void fun1() { cout << "Derive::fun1()" << endl; }\n virtual void D_fun2() { cout << "Derive::D_fun2()" << endl; }\n virtual void D_fun3() { cout << "Derive::D_fun3()" << endl; }\n};\n\nint main(){\n Base1 *p1 = new Derive();\n Base2 *p2 = new Derive();\n Base3 *p3 = new Derive();\n p1->fun1(); // Derive::fun1()\n p2->fun1(); // Derive::fun1()\n p3->fun1(); // Derive::fun1()\n return 0;\n}\n')])]),s._v(" 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"),n("img",{staticStyle:{zoom:"80%"},attrs:{src:"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/jacky1234/picArchieve@master/uPic/20230522_135227_T0cW2G.png",alt:"20230522_135227_T0cW2G"}}),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("派生类的虚函数表:")]),s._v(" "),n("img",{staticStyle:{zoom:"80%"},attrs:{src:"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/jacky1234/picArchieve@master/uPic/20230522_135452_Z2oBZ3.png",alt:"20230522_135452_Z2oBZ3"}})])]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"如何禁止构造函数的使用"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#如何禁止构造函数的使用"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 如何禁止构造函数的使用?")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★☆☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("为类的构造函数增加 "),n("code",[s._v("= delete")]),s._v(" 修饰符, 可以达到虽然声明了构造函数但禁止使用的目的。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("#include \n\nusing namespace std;\n\nclass A {\npublic:\n int var1, var2;\n A(){\n var1 = 10;\n var2 = 20;\n }\n A(int tmp1, int tmp2) = delete;\n};\n\nint main()\n{\n A ex1;\n A ex2(12,13); // error: use of deleted function 'A::A(int, int)'\n return 0;\n}\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("15")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("16")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("17")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("18")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("19")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("20")]),n("br")])]),n("p",[s._v("说明: 上述代码中, 使用了已经删除 "),n("code",[s._v("delete")]),s._v(" 的构造函数, 程序出现错误。")]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"什么是类的默认构造函数"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#什么是类的默认构造函数"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 什么是类的默认构造函数?")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★★☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("默认构造函数: 未提供任何实参, 来控制默认初始化过程的构造函数称为默认构造函数。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("#include \n\nusing namespace std;\n\nclass A\n{\npublic:\n A(){ // 类的默认构造函数\n var = 10;\n c = 'q';\n }\n int var;\n char c;\n};\n\nint main()\n{\n A ex;\n cout << ex.c << endl << ex.var << endl;\n return 0;\n}\n/*\n运行结果:\nq\n10\n*/\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("15")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("16")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("17")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("18")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("19")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("20")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("21")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("22")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("23")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("24")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("25")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("26")]),n("br")])]),n("p",[s._v("说明: 上述程序中定义变量 "),n("code",[s._v("ex")]),s._v(" 时, 未提供任何实参, 程序运行时会调用默认的构造函数。")]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"构造函数、析构函数是否需要定义成虚函数-为什么"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#构造函数、析构函数是否需要定义成虚函数-为什么"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 构造函数、析构函数是否需要定义成虚函数?为什么?")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★★★☆")]),s._v("\n构造函数一般不定义为虚函数, 原因:")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("从存储空间的角度考虑: 构造函数是在实例化对象的时候进行调用, 如果此时将构造函数定义成虚函数, 需要通过访问该对象所在的内存空间才能进行虚函数的调用(因为需要通过指向虚函数表的指针调用虚函数表, 虽然虚函数表在编译时就有了, 但是没有虚函数的指针, 虚函数的指针只有在创建了对象才有), 但是此时该对象还未创建, 便无法进行虚函数的调用。所以构造函数不能定义成虚函数。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("从使用的角度考虑: 虚函数是基类的指针指向派生类的对象时, 通过该指针实现对派生类的虚函数的调用, 构造函数是在创建对象时自动调用的。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("从实现上考虑: 虚函数表是在创建对象之后才有的, 因此不能定义成虚函数。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("从类型上考虑: 在创建对象时需要明确其类型。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("析构函数一般定义成虚函数, 原因:\n析构函数定义成虚函数是为了防止内存泄漏, 因为当基类的指针或者引用指向或绑定到派生类的对象时, 如果未将基类的析构函数定义成虚函数, 会调用基类的析构函数, 那么只能将基类的成员所占的空间释放掉, 派生类中特有的就会无法释放内存空间导致内存泄漏。")]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"如何避免拷贝"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#如何避免拷贝"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 如何避免拷贝?")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★☆☆☆")]),s._v("\n最直观的想法是: 将类的拷贝构造函数和赋值构造函数声明为私有 private, 但对于类的成员函数和友元函数依然可以调用, 达不到完全禁止类的对象被拷贝的目的, 而且程序会出现错误, 因为未对函数进行定义。")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("解决方法: 声明一个基类, 具体做法如下。")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("定义一个基类, 将其中的拷贝构造函数和赋值构造函数声明为私有 private")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("派生类以私有 private 的方式继承基类")])])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("class Uncopyable\n{\npublic:\n Uncopyable() {}\n ~Uncopyable() {}\n\nprivate:\n Uncopyable(const Uncopyable &); // 拷贝构造函数\n Uncopyable &operator=(const Uncopyable &); // 赋值构造函数\n};\nclass A : private Uncopyable // 注意继承方式\n{\n};\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),n("br")])]),n("p",[s._v("简单解释:")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("能够保证, 在派生类 A 的成员函数和友元函数中无法进行拷贝操作, 因为无法调用基类 Uncopyable 的拷贝构造函数或赋值构造函数。同样, 在类的外部也无法进行拷贝操作。")]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"如何减少构造函数开销"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#如何减少构造函数开销"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 如何减少构造函数开销?")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★☆☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v('在构造函数中使用类初始化列表, 会减少调用默认的构造函数产生的开销, 具体原因可以参考本章"为什么用成员初始化列表会快些?"这个问题。')]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v('class A\n{\nprivate:\n int val;\npublic:\n A()\n {\n cout << "A()" << endl;\n }\n A(int tmp)\n {\n val = tmp;\n cout << "A(int " << val << ")" << endl;\n }\n};\nclass Test1\n{\nprivate:\n A ex;\n\npublic:\n Test1() : ex(1) // 成员列表初始化方式\n {\n }\n};\n')])]),s._v(" 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多重继承时会出现什么状况?如何解决?")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★★★☆")]),s._v("\n多重继承(多继承): 是指从多个直接基类中产生派生类。")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("多重继承容易出现的问题: 命名冲突和数据冗余问题。")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("举例:")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("#include \nusing namespace std;\n\n// 间接基类\nclass Base1\n{\npublic:\n int var1;\n};\n\n// 直接基类\nclass Base2 : public Base1\n{\npublic:\n int var2;\n};\n\n// 直接基类\nclass Base3 : public Base1\n{\npublic:\n int var3;\n};\n\n// 派生类\nclass Derive : public Base2, public Base3\n{\npublic:\n void set_var1(int tmp) { var1 = tmp; } // error: reference to 'var1' is ambiguous. 命名冲突\n void set_var2(int tmp) { var2 = tmp; }\n void set_var3(int tmp) { var3 = tmp; }\n void set_var4(int tmp) { var4 = tmp; }\n\nprivate:\n int var4;\n};\n\nint main()\n{\n Derive d;\n return 0;\n}\n")])]),s._v(" 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(菱形继承)")]),s._v(" "),n("img",{staticStyle:{zoom:"80%"},attrs:{src:"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/jacky1234/picArchieve@master/uPic/20230522_135250_JKrFCr.png",alt:"20230522_135250_JKrFCr"}}),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("上述代码中存的问题:\n对于派生类 Derive 上述代码中存在直接继承关系和间接继承关系。")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("直接继承: Base2 、Base3")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("间接继承: Base1")])])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("对于派生类中继承的的成员变量 var1 , 从继承关系来看, 实际上保存了两份, 一份是来自基类 Base2, 一份来自基类 Base3。因此, 出现了命名冲突。")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("**解决方法 1: ** 声明出现冲突的成员变量来源于哪个类")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("#include \nusing namespace std;\n\n// 间接基类\nclass Base1\n{\npublic:\n int var1;\n};\n\n// 直接基类\nclass Base2 : public Base1\n{\npublic:\n int var2;\n};\n\n// 直接基类\nclass Base3 : public Base1\n{\npublic:\n int var3;\n};\n\n// 派生类\nclass Derive : public Base2, public Base3\n{\npublic:\n void set_var1(int tmp) { Base2::var1 = tmp; } // 这里声明成员变量来源于类 Base2, 当然也可以声明来源于类 Base3\n void set_var2(int tmp) { var2 = tmp; }\n void set_var3(int tmp) { var3 = tmp; }\n void set_var4(int tmp) { var4 = tmp; }\n\nprivate:\n int var4;\n};\n\nint main()\n{\n Derive d;\n return 0;\n}\n")])]),s._v(" 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2: ** 虚继承")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("使用虚继承的目的: 保证存在命名冲突的成员变量在派生类中只保留一份, 即使间接基类中的成员在派生类中只保留一份。在菱形继承关系中, 间接基类称为虚基类, 直接基类和间接基类之间的继承关系称为虚继承。")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("实现方式: 在继承方式前面加上 virtual 关键字。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("#include \nusing namespace std;\n\n// 间接基类, 即虚基类\nclass Base1\n{\npublic:\n int var1;\n};\n\n// 直接基类\nclass Base2 : virtual public Base1 // 虚继承\n{\npublic:\n int var2;\n};\n\n// 直接基类\nclass Base3 : virtual public Base1 // 虚继承\n{\npublic:\n int var3;\n};\n\n// 派生类\nclass Derive : public Base2, public Base3\n{\npublic:\n void set_var1(int tmp) { var1 = tmp; }\n void set_var2(int tmp) { var2 = tmp; }\n void set_var3(int tmp) { var3 = tmp; }\n void set_var4(int tmp) { var4 = tmp; }\n\nprivate:\n int var4;\n};\n\nint main()\n{\n Derive d;\n return 0;\n}\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("15")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("16")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("17")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("18")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("19")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("20")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("21")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("22")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("23")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("24")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("25")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("26")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("27")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("28")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("29")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("30")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("31")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("32")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("33")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("34")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("35")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("36")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("37")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("38")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("39")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("40")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("41")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("42")]),n("br")])]),n("p",[s._v("类之间的继承关系:")]),s._v(" "),n("img",{staticStyle:{zoom:"80%"},attrs:{src:"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/jacky1234/picArchieve@master/uPic/20230522_135322_yU5rkI.png",alt:"20230522_135322_yU5rkI"}}),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"空类占多少字节-c-编译器会给一个空类自动生成哪些函数"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#空类占多少字节-c-编译器会给一个空类自动生成哪些函数"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 空类占多少字节?C++ 编译器会给一个空类自动生成哪些函数?")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★★☆☆")]),s._v("\n**空类声明时编译器不会生成任何成员函数: **")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("对于空类, 声明编译器不会生成任何的成员函数, 只会生成 1 个字节的占位符。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v('#include \nusing namespace std;\n\nclass A\n{\n};\n\nint main()\n{\n cout << "sizeof(A):" << sizeof(A) << endl; // sizeof(A):1\n return 0;\n}\n')])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br")])]),n("p",[s._v("**空类定义时编译器会生成 6 个成员函数: **")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("当空类 A 定义对象时, sizeof(A) 仍是为 1, 但编译器会生成 6 个成员函数: 缺省的构造函数、拷贝构造函数、析构函数、赋值运算符、两个取址运算符。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v('#include \nusing namespace std;\n/*\nclass A\n{}; 该空类的等价写法如下:\n*/\nclass A\n{\npublic:\n A(){}; // 缺省构造函数\n A(const A &tmp){}; // 拷贝构造函数\n ~A(){}; // 析构函数\n A &operator=(const A &tmp){}; // 赋值运算符\n A *operator&() { return this; }; // 取址运算符\n const A *operator&() const { return this; }; // 取址运算符(const 版本)\n};\n\nint main()\n{\n A *p = new A();\n cout << "sizeof(A):" << sizeof(A) << endl; // sizeof(A):1\n delete p;\n return 0;\n}\n')])]),s._v(" 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1: ex2 = ex1; 和 A ex3 = ex1; 为什么调用的函数不一样?\n对象 ex2 已经实例化了, 不需要构造, 此时只是将 ex1 赋值给 ex2, 只会调用赋值函数;但是 ex3 还没有实例化, 因此调用的是拷贝构造函数, 构造出 ex3, 而不是赋值函数, 这里涉及到构造函数的隐式调用。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("说明 2: 如果拷贝构造函数中形参不是引用类型, A ex3 = ex1;会出现什么问题?\n构造 ex3, 实质上是 ex3.A(ex1);, 假如拷贝构造函数参数不是引用类型, 那么将使得 ex3.A(ex1); 相当于 ex1 作为函数 A(const A tmp)的形参, 在参数传递时相当于 A tmp = ex1, 因为 tmp 没有被初始化, 所以在 A tmp = ex1 中继续调用拷贝构造函数, 接下来的是构造 tmp, 也就是 tmp.A(ex1) , 必然又会有 ex1 作为函数 A(const A tmp); 的形参, 在参数传递时相当于即 A tmp = ex1, 那么又会触发拷贝构造函数, 就这下永远的递归下去。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("说明 3: 为什么 ex2.fun(ex1); 会调用拷贝构造函数?\nex1 作为参数传递给 fun 函数, 即 A tmp = ex1;, 这个过程会调用拷贝构造函数进行初始化。")])]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"c-类对象的初始化顺序"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#c-类对象的初始化顺序"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" C++ 类对象的初始化顺序")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★★☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("构造函数调用顺序:")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("按照派生类继承基类的顺序, 即派生列表中声明的顺序, 依次调用基类的构造函数;")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("按照派生类中成员变量的声名顺序, 依次调用派生类中成员变量所属类的构造函数;")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("执行派生类自身的构造函数。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("综上可以得出, 类对象的初始化顺序: 基类构造函数–>派生类成员变量的构造函数–>自身构造函数\n注:")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("基类构造函数的调用顺序与派生类的派生列表中的顺序有关;")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("成员变量的初始化顺序与声明顺序有关;")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("析构顺序和构造顺序相反。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v('#include \nusing namespace std;\n\nclass A\n{\npublic:\n A() { cout << "A()" << endl; }\n ~A() { cout << "~A()" << endl; }\n};\n\nclass B\n{\npublic:\n B() { cout << "B()" << endl; }\n ~B() { cout << "~B()" << endl; }\n};\n\nclass Test : public A, public B // 派生列表\n{\npublic:\n Test() { cout << "Test()" << endl; }\n ~Test() { cout << "~Test()" << endl; }\n\nprivate:\n B ex1;\n A ex2;\n};\n\nint main()\n{\n Test ex;\n return 0;\n}\n/*\n运行结果:\nA()\nB()\nB()\nA()\nTest()\n~Test()\n~A()\n~B()\n~B()\n~A()\n*/\n')])]),s._v(" 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"),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("首先调用基类 A 和 B 的构造函数, 按照派生列表 public A, public B 的顺序构造;")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("然后调用派生类 Test 的成员变量 ex1 和 ex2 的构造函数, 按照派生类中成员变量声明的顺序构造;")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("最后调用派生类的构造函数;")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("接下来调用析构函数, 和构造函数调用的顺序相反。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"如何禁止一个类被实例化"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#如何禁止一个类被实例化"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 如何禁止一个类被实例化?")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★☆☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("方法一:")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("在类中定义一个纯虚函数, 使该类成为抽象基类, 因为不能创建抽象基类的实例化对象;")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("#include \n\nusing namespace std;\n\n\nclass A {\npublic:\n int var1, var2;\n A(){\n var1 = 10;\n var2 = 20;\n }\n virtual void fun() = 0; // 纯虚函数\n};\n\nint main()\n{\n A ex1; // error: cannot declare variable 'ex1' to be of abstract type 'A'\n return 0;\n}\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("15")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("16")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("17")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("18")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("19")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("20")]),n("br")])])])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("方法二:")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[s._v("将类的构造函数声明为私有 "),n("code",[s._v("private")])])]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"为什么用成员初始化列表会快一些"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#为什么用成员初始化列表会快一些"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 为什么用成员初始化列表会快一些?")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★★☆☆")]),s._v("\n说明: 数据类型可分为内置类型和用户自定义类型(类类型), 对于用户自定义类型, 利用成员初始化列表效率高。")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("原因: 用户自定义类型如果使用类初始化列表, 直接调用该成员变量对应的构造函数即完成初始化;如果在构造函数中初始化, 因为 C++ 规定, 对象的成员变量的初始化动作发生在进入构造函数本体之前, 那么在执行构造函数的函数体之前首先调用默认的构造函数为成员变量设初值, 在进入函数体之后, 调用该成员变量对应的构造函数。因此, 使用列表初始化会减少调用默认的构造函数的过程, 效率高。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v('#include \nusing namespace std;\nclass A\n{\nprivate:\n int val;\npublic:\n A()\n {\n cout << "A()" << endl;\n }\n A(int tmp)\n {\n val = tmp;\n cout << "A(int " << val << ")" << endl;\n }\n};\n\nclass Test1\n{\nprivate:\n A ex;\n\npublic:\n Test1() : ex(1) // 成员列表初始化方式\n {\n }\n};\n\nclass Test2\n{\nprivate:\n A ex;\n\npublic:\n Test2() // 函数体中赋值的方式\n {\n ex = A(2);\n }\n};\nint main()\n{\n Test1 ex1;\n cout << endl;\n Test2 ex2;\n return 0;\n}\n/*\n运行结果:\nA(int 1)\n\nA()\nA(int 2)\n*/\n')])]),s._v(" 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使用成员列表初始化的方式会省去调用默认的构造函数的过程。")]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"实例化一个对象需要哪几个阶段"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#实例化一个对象需要哪几个阶段"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 实例化一个对象需要哪几个阶段")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★★☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("ol",[n("li",[s._v("分配空间\n创建类对象首先要为该对象分配内存空间。不同的对象, 为其分配空间的时机未必相同。全局对象、静态对象、分配在栈区域内的对象, 在编译阶段进行内存分配;存储在堆空间的对象, 是在运行阶段进行内存分配。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("初始化\n首先明确一点: 初始化不同于赋值。初始化发生在赋值之前, 初始化随对象的创建而进行, 而赋值是在对象创建好后, 为其赋上相应的值。这一点可以联想下上一个问题中提到: 初始化列表先于构造函数体内的代码执行, 初始化列表执行的是数据成员的初始化过程, 这个可以从成员对象的构造函数被调用看的出来。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("赋值\n对象初始化完成后, 可以对其进行赋值。对于一个类的对象, 其成员变量的赋值过程发生在类的构造函数的函数体中。当执行完该函数体, 也就意味着类对象的实例化过程完成了。(总结: 构造函数实现了对象的初始化和赋值两个过程, 对象的初始化是通过初始化列表来完成, 而对象的赋值则才是通过构造函数的函数体来实现。)")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("注: 对于拥有虚函数的类的对象, 还需要给虚表指针赋值。")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[s._v("没有继承关系的类, 分配完内存后, 首先给虚表指针赋值, 然后再列表初始化以及执行构造函数的函数体, 即上述中的初始化和赋值操作。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("有继承关系的类, 分配内存之后, 首先进行基类的构造过程, 然后给该派生类的虚表指针赋值, 最后再列表初始化以及执行构造函数的函数体, 即上述中的初始化和赋值操作。")])]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"友元函数的作用及使用场景"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#友元函数的作用及使用场景"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 友元函数的作用及使用场景")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★☆☆☆")]),s._v("\n作用: 友元提供了不同类的成员函数之间、类的成员函数与一般函数之间进行数据共享的机制。通过友元, 一个不同函数或另一个类中的成员函数可以访问类中的私有成员和保护成员。")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("使用场景:")]),s._v(" "),n("ol",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("普通函数定义为友元函数, 使普通函数能够访问类的私有成员。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("#include \n\nusing namespace std;\n\nclass A\n{\n friend ostream &operator<<(ostream &_cout, const A &tmp); // 声明为类的友元函数\n\npublic:\n A(int tmp) : var(tmp)\n {\n }\n\nprivate:\n int var;\n};\n\nostream &operator<<(ostream &_cout, const A &tmp)\n{\n _cout << tmp.var;\n return _cout;\n}\n\nint main()\n{\n A ex(4);\n cout << ex << endl; // 4\n return 0;\n}\n")])]),s._v(" 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"),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("友元类: 类之间共享数据。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v('#include \n\nusing namespace std;\n\nclass A\n{\n friend class B;\n\npublic:\n A() : var(10){}\n A(int tmp) : var(tmp) {}\n void fun()\n {\n cout << "fun():" << var << endl;\n }\n\nprivate:\n int var;\n};\n\nclass B\n{\npublic:\n B() {}\n void fun()\n {\n cout << "fun():" << ex.var << endl; // 访问类 A 中的私有成员\n }\n\nprivate:\n A ex;\n};\n\nint main()\n{\n B ex;\n ex.fun(); // fun():10\n return 0;\n}\n')])]),s._v(" 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"),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"静态绑定和动态绑定是怎么实现的"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#静态绑定和动态绑定是怎么实现的"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 静态绑定和动态绑定是怎么实现的?")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★★☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("静态类型和动态类型:")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("静态类型: 变量在声明时的类型, 是在编译阶段确定的。静态类型不能更改。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("动态类型: 目前所指对象的类型, 是在运行阶段确定的。动态类型可以更改。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("静态绑定和动态绑定:")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("静态绑定是指程序在 编译阶段 确定对象的类型(静态类型)。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("动态绑定是指程序在 运行阶段 确定对象的类型(动态类型)。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("静态绑定和动态绑定的区别:")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("发生的时期不同: 如上。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("对象的静态类型不能更改, 动态类型可以更改。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("注: 对于类的成员函数, 只有虚函数是动态绑定, 其他都是静态绑定。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v('#include \n\nusing namespace std;\n\nclass Base\n{\npublic:\n virtual void fun() { cout << "Base::fun()" << endl;\n }\n};\nclass Derive : public Base\n{\npublic:\n void fun() { cout << "Derive::fun()";\n }\n};\n\n\nint main()\n{\n Base *p = new Derive(); // p 的静态类型是 Base*, 动态类型是 Derive*\n p->fun(); // fun 是虚函数, 运行阶段进行动态绑定\n return 0;\n}\n/*\n运行结果:\nDerive::fun()\n*/\n')])]),s._v(" 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深拷贝和浅拷贝的区别")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★★★★")]),s._v("\n如果一个类拥有资源, 该类的对象进行复制时, 如果资源重新分配, 就是深拷贝, 否则就是浅拷贝。")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("深拷贝: 该对象和原对象占用不同的内存空间, 既拷贝存储在栈空间中的内容, 又拷贝存储在堆空间中的内容。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("浅拷贝: 该对象和原对象占用同一块内存空间, 仅拷贝类中位于栈空间中的内容。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("当类的成员变量中有指针变量时, 最好使用深拷贝。因为当两个对象指向同一块内存空间, 如果使用浅拷贝, 当其中一个对象的删除后, 该块内存空间就会被释放, 另外一个对象指向的就是垃圾内存。")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("浅拷贝实例")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v('#include \n\nusing namespace std;\n\nclass Test\n{\nprivate:\n int *p;\n\npublic:\n Test(int tmp)\n {\n this->p = new int(tmp);\n cout << "Test(int tmp)" << endl;\n }\n ~Test()\n {\n if (p != NULL)\n {\n delete p;\n }\n cout << "~Test()" << endl;\n }\n};\n\nint main()\n{\n Test ex1(10);\n Test ex2 = ex1;\n return 0;\n}\n/*\n运行结果:\nTest(int tmp)\n~Test()\n*/\n')])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("15")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("16")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("17")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("18")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("19")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("20")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("21")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("22")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("23")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("24")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("25")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("26")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("27")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("28")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("29")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("30")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("31")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("32")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("33")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("34")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("35")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("36")]),n("br")])]),n("p",[s._v("说明: 上述代码中, 类对象 ex1、ex2 实际上是指向同一块内存空间, 对象析构时, ex2 先将内存释放了一次, 之后 析构对象 ex1 时又将这块已经被释放过的内存再释放一次。对同一块内存空间释放了两次, 会导致程序崩溃。")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("**深拷贝实例: **")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v('#include \n\nusing namespace std;\n\nclass Test\n{\nprivate:\n int *p;\n\npublic:\n Test(int tmp)\n {\n p = new int(tmp);\n cout << "Test(int tmp)" << endl;\n }\n ~Test()\n {\n if (p != NULL)\n {\n delete p;\n }\n cout << "~Test()" << endl;\n }\n Test(const Test &tmp) // 定义拷贝构造函数\n {\n p = new int(*tmp.p);\n cout << "Test(const Test &tmp)" << endl;\n }\n\n};\n\nint main()\n{\n Test ex1(10);\n Test ex2 = ex1;\n return 0;\n}\n/*\nTest(int tmp)\nTest(const Test &tmp)\n~Test()\n~Test()\n*/\n')])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("15")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("16")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("17")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("18")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("19")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("20")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("21")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("22")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("23")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("24")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("25")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("26")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("27")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("28")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("29")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("30")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("31")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("32")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("33")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("34")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("35")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("36")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("37")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("38")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("39")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("40")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("41")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("42")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("43")]),n("br")])]),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"编译时多态和运行时多态的区别"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#编译时多态和运行时多态的区别"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 编译时多态和运行时多态的区别")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★★☆☆")]),s._v("\n编译时多态: 在程序编译过程中出现, 发生在模板和函数重载中(泛型编程)。\n运行时多态: 在程序运行过程中出现, 发生在继承体系中, 是指通过基类的指针或引用访问派生类中的虚函数。")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("编译时多态和运行时多态的区别:")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("时期不同: 编译时多态发生在程序编译过程中, 运行时多态发生在程序的运行过程中;")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("实现方式不同: 编译时多态运用泛型编程来实现, 运行时多态借助虚函数来实现。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"实现一个类成员函数-要求不允许修改类的成员变量"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#实现一个类成员函数-要求不允许修改类的成员变量"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 实现一个类成员函数, 要求不允许修改类的成员变量?")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★☆☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("如果想达到一个类的成员函数不能修改类的成员变量, 只需用 const 关键字来修饰该函数即可。\n该问题本质是考察 const 关键字修饰成员函数的作用, 只不过以实例的方式来考察, 面试者应熟练掌握 const 关键字的作用。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("#include \n\nusing namespace std;\n\nclass A\n{\npublic:\n int var1, var2;\n A()\n {\n var1 = 10;\n var2 = 20;\n }\n void fun() const // 不能在 const 修饰的成员函数中修改成员变量的值, 除非该成员变量用 mutable 修饰\n {\n var1 = 100; // error: assignment of member 'A::var1' in read-only object\n }\n};\n\nint main()\n{\n A ex1;\n return 0;\n}\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("15")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("16")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("17")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("18")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("19")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("20")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("21")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("22")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("23")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("24")]),n("br")])]),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"如何让类不能被继承"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#如何让类不能被继承"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 如何让类不能被继承?")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★★☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("解决方法一: 借助 "),n("code",[s._v("final")]),s._v(" 关键字, 用该关键字修饰的类不能被继承。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("#include \n\nusing namespace std;\n\nclass Base final\n{\n};\n\nclass Derive: public Base{ // error: cannot derive from 'final' base 'Base' in derived type 'Derive'\n\n};\n\nint main()\n{\n Derive ex;\n return 0;\n}\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("15")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("16")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("17")]),n("br")])]),n("p",[s._v("解决方法二: 借助友元、虚继承和私有构造函数来实现")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v('#include \nusing namespace std;\n\ntemplate \nclass Base{\n friend T;\nprivate:\n Base(){\n cout << "base" << endl;\n }\n ~Base(){}\n};\n\nclass B:virtual public Base{ //一定注意 必须是虚继承\npublic:\n B(){\n cout << "B" << endl;\n }\n};\n\nclass C:public B{\npublic:\n C(){} // error: \'Base::Base() [with T = B]\' is private within this context\n};\n\n\nint main(){\n B b;\n return 0;\n}\n')])]),s._v(" 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在上述代码中 B 类是不能被继承的类。\n具体原因:")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[s._v("虽然 Base 类构造函数和析构函数被声明为私有 private, 在 B 类中, 由于 B 是 Base 的友元, 因此可以访问 Base 类构造函数, 从而正常创建 B 类的对象;")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("B 类继承 Base 类采用虚继承的方式, 创建 C 类的对象时, C 类的构造函数要负责 Base 类的构造, 但是 Base 类的构造函数私有化了, C 类没有权限访问。因此, 无法创建 C 类的对象, B 类是不能被继承的类。")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("注意: 在继承体系中, 友元关系不能被继承, 虽然 C 类继承了 B 类, B 类是 Base 类的友元, 但是 C 类和 Base 类没有友元关系。")]),s._v(" "),n("h1",{attrs:{id:"语言特性相关"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#语言特性相关"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 语言特性相关")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("第六章重点介绍和 C++ 语言特性相关的知识点, 涉及到指针、引用、强制类型转换等。在本章中也增加了设计模式相关知识点, 重点对单例模式进行介绍, 包括其实现思想, 应用场景, 代码实现等。")]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"左值和右值的区别-左值引用和右值引用的区别-如何将左值转换成右值"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#左值和右值的区别-左值引用和右值引用的区别-如何将左值转换成右值"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 左值和右值的区别?左值引用和右值引用的区别, 如何将左值转换成右值?")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★★★☆")]),s._v("\n左值: 指表达式结束后依然存在的持久对象。")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("右值: 表达式结束就不再存在的临时对象。")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("左值和右值的区别: 左值持久, 右值短暂")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("右值引用和左值引用的区别:")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("左值引用不能绑定到要转换的表达式、字面常量或返回右值的表达式。右值引用恰好相反, 可以绑定到这类表达式, 但不能绑定到一个左值上。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("右值引用必须绑定到右值的引用, 通过 && 获得。右值引用只能绑定到一个将要销毁的对象上, 因此可以自由地移动其资源。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("std::move 可以将一个左值强制转化为右值, 继而可以通过右值引用使用该值, 以用于移动语义。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("#include \nusing namespace std;\n\nvoid fun1(int& tmp)\n{\n cout << \"fun1(int& tmp):\" << tmp << endl;\n}\n\nvoid fun2(int&& tmp)\n{\n cout << \"fun2(int&& tmp)\" << tmp << endl;\n}\n\nint main()\n{\n int var = 11;\n fun1(12); // error: cannot bind non-const lvalue reference of type 'int&' to an rvalue of type 'int'\n fun1(var);\n fun2(1);\n}\n")])]),s._v(" 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std::move() 函数的实现原理")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★★☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("code",[s._v("std::move()")]),s._v(" 函数原型:")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("template \ntypename remove_reference::type&& move(T&& t)\n{\n return static_cast::type &&>(t);\n}\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br")])]),n("p",[s._v("说明: 引用折叠原理")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("右值传递给上述函数的形参 T&& 依然是右值, 即 T&& && 相当于 T&&。\n左值传递给上述函数的形参 T&& 依然是左值, 即 T&& & 相当于 T&。\n小结: 通过引用折叠原理可以知道, move() 函数的形参既可以是左值也可以是右值。")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("remove_reference 具体实现:")]),s._v(" 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"),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("int var = 10;\n\n转化过程:\n1. std::move(var) => std::move(int&& &) => 折叠后 std::move(int&)\n\n2. 此时: T 的类型为 int&, typename remove_reference::type 为 int, 这里使用 remove_reference 的左值引用的特例化版本\n\n3. 通过 static_cast 将 int& 强制转换为 int&&\n\n整个std::move被实例化如下\nstring&& move(int& t)\n{\n    return static_cast(t); \n}\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),n("br")])]),n("p",[s._v("总结:\nstd::move() 实现原理:")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("利用引用折叠原理将右值经过 T&& 传递类型保持不变还是右值, 而左值经过 T&& 变为普通的左值引用, 以保证模板可以传递任意实参, 且保持类型不变;\n然后通过 remove_refrence 移除引用, 得到具体的类型 T;\n最后通过 static_cast<> 进行强制类型转换, 返回 T&& 右值引用。")]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"什么是指针-指针的大小及用法"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#什么是指针-指针的大小及用法"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 什么是指针?指针的大小及用法?")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★☆☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("**指针: ** 指向另外一种类型的复合类型。")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("**指针的大小: ** 在 64 位计算机中, 指针占 8 个字节空间。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("#include\n\nusing namespace std;\n\nint main(){\n int *p = nullptr;\n cout << sizeof(p) << endl; // 8\n\n char *p1 = nullptr;\n cout << sizeof(p1) << endl; // 8\n return 0;\n}\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br")])]),n("p",[s._v("**指针的用法: **")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("指向普通对象的指针")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("#include \n\nusing namespace std;\n\nclass A\n{\n};\n\nint main()\n{\n A *p = new A();\n return 0;\n}\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),n("br")])]),n("p",[s._v("指向常量对象的指针: 常量指针")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("#include \nusing namespace std;\n\nint main(void)\n{\n const int c_var = 10;\n const int * p = &c_var;\n cout << *p << endl;\n return 0;\n}\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br")])]),n("p",[s._v("指向函数的指针: 函数指针")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("#include \nusing namespace std;\n\nint add(int a, int b){\n return a + b;\n}\n\nint main(void)\n{\n int (*fun_p)(int, int);\n fun_p = add;\n cout << fun_p(1, 6) << endl;\n return 0;\n}\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),n("br")])]),n("p",[s._v("指向对象成员的指针, 包括指向对象成员函数的指针和指向对象成员变量的指针。\n特别注意: 定义指向成员函数的指针时, 要标明指针所属的类。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("#include \n\nusing namespace std;\n\nclass A\n{\npublic:\n int var1, var2;\n int add(){\n return var1 + var2;\n }\n};\n\nint main()\n{\n A ex;\n ex.var1 = 3;\n ex.var2 = 4;\n int *p = &ex.var1; // 指向对象成员变量的指针\n cout << *p << endl;\n\n int (A::*fun_p)();\n fun_p = A::add; // 指向对象成员函数的指针 fun_p\n cout << (ex.*fun_p)() << endl;\n return 0;\n}\n")])]),s._v(" 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指针: 指向类的当前对象的指针常量。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v('#include \n#include \nusing namespace std;\n\nclass A\n{\npublic:\n void set_name(string tmp)\n {\n this->name = tmp;\n }\n void set_age(int tmp)\n {\n this->age = age;\n }\n void set_sex(int tmp)\n {\n this->sex = tmp;\n }\n void show()\n {\n cout << "Name: " << this->name << endl;\n cout << "Age: " << this->age << endl;\n cout << "Sex: " << this->sex << endl;\n }\n\nprivate:\n string name;\n int age;\n int sex;\n};\n\nint main()\n{\n A *p = new A();\n p->set_name("Alice");\n p->set_age(16);\n p->set_sex(1);\n p->show();\n\n return 0;\n}\n')])]),s._v(" 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什么是野指针和悬空指针?")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★★☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("**悬空指针: **")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v('若指针指向一块内存空间, 当这块内存空间被释放后, 该指针依然指向这块内存空间, 此时, 称该指针为"悬空指针"。\n举例:')]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("void *p = malloc(size);\nfree(p);\n// 此时, p 指向的内存空间已释放, p 就是悬空指针。\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br")])]),n("p",[s._v("**野指针: **")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v('"野指针"是指不确定其指向的指针, 未初始化的指针为"野指针"。')]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v('void *p;\n// 此时 p 是"野指针"。\n')])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br")])]),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"c-11-nullptr-比-null-优势"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#c-11-nullptr-比-null-优势"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" C++ 11 nullptr 比 NULL 优势")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★☆☆☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[s._v("NULL: 预处理变量, 是一个宏, 它的值是 0, 定义在头文件 "),n("code",[s._v("")]),s._v(" 中, 即 #define NULL 0。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("nullptr: C++ 11 中的关键字, 是一种特殊类型的字面值, 可以被转换成任意其他类型。")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("**nullptr 的优势: **")]),s._v(" "),n("ol",[n("li",[s._v("有类型, 类型是 typdef decltype(nullptr) nullptr_t;, 使用 nullptr 提高代码的健壮性。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("函数重载: 因为 NULL 本质上是 0, 在函数调用过程中, 若出现函数重载并且传递的实参是 NULL, 可能会出现, 不知和哪一个函数匹配的情况;但是传递实参 nullptr 就不会出现这种情况。")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v('#include \n#include \nusing namespace std;\n\nvoid fun(char const *p)\n{\n cout << "fun(char const *p)" << endl;\n}\n\nvoid fun(int tmp)\n{\n cout << "fun(int tmp)" << endl;\n}\n\nint main()\n{\n fun(nullptr); // fun(char const *p)\n /*\n fun(NULL); // error: call of overloaded \'fun(NULL)\' is ambiguous\n */\n return 0;\n}\n')])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("15")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("16")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("17")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("18")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("19")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("20")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("21")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("22")]),n("br")])]),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"指针和引用的区别"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#指针和引用的区别"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 指针和引用的区别?")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★★★☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[s._v("指针所指向的内存空间在程序运行过程中可以改变, 而引用所绑定的对象一旦绑定就不能改变。(是否可变)")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("指针本身在内存中占有内存空间, 引用相当于变量的别名, 在内存中不占内存空间。(是否占内存)")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("指针可以为空, 但是引用必须绑定对象。(是否可为空)")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("指针可以有多级, 但是引用只能一级。(是否能为多级)")])]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"常量指针和指针常量的区别"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#常量指针和指针常量的区别"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 常量指针和指针常量的区别")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★★★☆")]),s._v("\n**常量指针: **\n常量指针本质上是个指针, 只不过这个指针指向的对象是常量。\n特点: const 的位置在指针声明运算符 "),n("em",[s._v("的左侧。只要 const 位于")]),s._v(" 的左侧, 无论它在类型名的左边或右边, 都表示指向常量的指针。(可以这样理解, * 左侧表示指针指向的对象, 该对象为常量, 那么该指针为常量指针。)")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("const int * p;\nint const * p;\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br")])]),n("p",[s._v("注意 1: 指针指向的对象不能通过这个指针来修改, 也就是说常量指针可以被赋值为变量的地址, 之所以叫做常量指针, 是限制了通过这个指针修改变量的值。\n例如:")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("#include \nusing namespace std;\n\nint main()\n{\n const int c_var = 8;\n const int *p = &c_var;\n *p = 6; // error: assignment of read-only location '* p'\n return 0;\n}\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br")])]),n("p",[s._v("注意 2: 虽然常量指针指向的对象不能变化, 可是因为常量指针本身是一个变量, 因此, 可以被重新赋值。\n例如:")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("#include \nusing namespace std;\n\nint main()\n{\n const int c_var1 = 8;\n const int c_var2 = 8;\n const int *p = &c_var1;\n p = &c_var2;\n return 0;\n}\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br")])]),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"指针常量"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#指针常量"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 指针常量")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("指针常量的本质上是个常量, 只不过这个常量的值是一个指针。\n特点: const 位于指针声明操作符右侧, 表明该对象本身是一个常量, "),n("em",[s._v("左侧表示该指针指向的类型, 即以")]),s._v(" 为分界线, 其左侧表示指针指向的类型, 右侧表示指针本身的性质。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("const int var;\nint * const c_p = &var;\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br")])]),n("p",[s._v("注意 1: 指针常量的值是指针, 这个值因为是常量, 所以指针本身不能改变。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("#include \nusing namespace std;\n\nint main()\n{\n int var, var1;\n int * const c_p = &var;\n c_p = &var1; // error: assignment of read-only variable 'c_p'\n return 0;\n}\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br")])]),n("p",[s._v("注意 2: 指针的内容可以改变。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("#include \nusing namespace std;\n\nint main()\n{\n int var = 3;\n int * const c_p = &var;\n *c_p = 12;\n return 0;\n}\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br")])]),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"函数指针和指针函数的区别"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#函数指针和指针函数的区别"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 函数指针和指针函数的区别")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★★★☆")]),s._v("\n**指针函数: **\n指针函数本质是一个函数, 只不过该函数的返回值是一个指针。相对于普通函数而言, 只是返回值是指针。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("#include \nusing namespace std;\n\nstruct Type\n{\n int var1;\n int var2;\n};\n\nType * fun(int tmp1, int tmp2){\n Type * t = new Type();\n t->var1 = tmp1;\n t->var2 = tmp2;\n return t;\n}\n\nint main()\n{\n Type *p = fun(5, 6);\n return 0;\n}\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("15")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("16")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("17")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("18")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("19")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("20")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("21")]),n("br")])]),n("p",[s._v("**函数指针: **\n函数指针本质是一个指针变量, 只不过这个指针指向一个函数。函数指针即指向函数的指针。")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("举例:")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("#include \nusing namespace std;\nint fun1(int tmp1, int tmp2)\n{\n return tmp1 * tmp2;\n}\nint fun2(int tmp1, int tmp2)\n{\n return tmp1 / tmp2;\n}\n\nint main()\n{\n int (*fun)(int x, int y);\n fun = fun1;\n cout << fun(15, 5) << endl;\n fun = fun2;\n cout << fun(15, 5) << endl;\n return 0;\n}\n/*\n运行结果:\n75\n3\n*/\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("15")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("16")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("17")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("18")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("19")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("20")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("21")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("22")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("23")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("24")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("25")]),n("br")])]),n("p",[s._v("函数指针和指针函数的区别:")]),s._v(" "),n("ol",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("本质不同")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("指针函数本质是一个函数, 其返回值为指针。")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("函数指针本质是一个指针变量, 其指向一个函数。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("定义形式不同")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("指针函数: int"),n("em",[s._v("fun(int tmp1, int tmp2); , 这里")]),s._v(" 表示函数的返回值类型是指针类型。")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("函数指针: int ("),n("em",[s._v("fun)(int tmp1, int tmp2);, 这里")]),s._v(" 表示变量本身是指针类型。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("用法不同")])])]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"强制类型转换有哪几种"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#强制类型转换有哪几种"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 强制类型转换有哪几种?")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★★★☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("static_cast: 用于数据的强制类型转换, 强制将一种数据类型转换为另一种数据类型。")]),s._v(" "),n("ol",[n("li",[s._v("用于基本数据类型的转换。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("用于类层次之间的基类和派生类之间 指针或者引用 的转换(不要求必须包含虚函数, 但必须是有相互联系的")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("用于类层次之间的基类和派生类之间 指针或者引用 的转换(不要求必须包含虚函数, 但必须是有相互联系的类), 进行上行转换(派生类的指针或引用转换成基类表示)是安全的;进行下行转换(基类的指针或引用转换成派生类表示)由于没有动态类型检查, 所以是不安全的, 最好用 dynamic_cast 进行下行转换。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("可以将空指针转化成目标类型的空指针。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("可以将任何类型的表达式转化成 void 类型。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("const_cast: 强制去掉常量属性, 不能用于去掉变量的常量性, 只能用于去除指针或引用的常量性, 将常量指针转化为非常量指针或者将常量引用转化为非常量引用(注意: 表达式的类型和要转化的类型是相同的)。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("reinterpret_cast: 改变指针或引用的类型、将指针或引用转换为一个足够长度的整型、将整型转化为指针或引用类型。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("dynamic_cast:")]),s._v(" "),n("ol",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("其他三种都是编译时完成的, 动态类型转换是在程序运行时处理的, 运行时会进行类型检查。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("只能用于带有虚函数的基类或派生类的指针或者引用对象的转换, 转换成功返回指向类型的指针或引用, 转换失败返回 NULL;不能用于基本数据类型的转换。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("在向上进行转换时, 即派生类类的指针转换成基类类的指针和 static_cast 效果是一样的, (注意: 这里只是改变了指针的类型, 指针指向的对象的类型并未发生改变)。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v('#include \n#include \n\nusing namespace std;\n\nclass Base\n{\n};\n\nclass Derive : public Base\n{\n};\n\nint main()\n{\n Base *p1 = new Derive();\n Derive *p2 = new Derive();\n\n //向上类型转换\n p1 = dynamic_cast(p2);\n if (p1 == NULL)\n {\n cout << "NULL" << endl;\n }\n else\n {\n cout << "NOT NULL" << endl; //输出\n }\n\n return 0;\n}\n')])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("15")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("16")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("17")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("18")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("19")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("20")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("21")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("22")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("23")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("24")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("25")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("26")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("27")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("28")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("29")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("30")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("31")]),n("br")])])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("在下行转换时, 基类的指针类型转化为派生类类的指针类型, 只有当要转换的指针指向的对象类型和转化以后的对象类型相同时, 才会转化成功。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v('#include \n#include \n\nusing namespace std;\n\nclass Base\n{\npublic:\n virtual void fun()\n {\n cout << "Base::fun()" << endl;\n }\n};\n\nclass Derive : public Base\n{\npublic:\n virtual void fun()\n {\n cout << "Derive::fun()" << endl;\n }\n};\n\nint main()\n{\n Base *p1 = new Derive();\n Base *p2 = new Base();\n Derive *p3 = new Derive();\n\n //转换成功\n p3 = dynamic_cast(p1);\n if (p3 == NULL)\n {\n cout << "NULL" << endl;\n }\n else\n {\n cout << "NOT NULL" << endl; // 输出\n }\n\n //转换失败\n p3 = dynamic_cast(p2);\n if (p3 == NULL)\n {\n cout << "NULL" << endl; // 输出\n }\n else\n {\n cout << "NOT NULL" << endl;\n }\n\n return 0;\n}\n')])]),s._v(" 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"),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"如何判断结构体是否相等-能否用-memcmp-函数判断结构体相等"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#如何判断结构体是否相等-能否用-memcmp-函数判断结构体相等"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 如何判断结构体是否相等?能否用 memcmp 函数判断结构体相等?")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★☆☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("需要重载操作符 == 判断两个结构体是否相等, 不能用函数 memcmp 来判断两个结构体是否相等, 因为 memcmp 函数是逐个字节进行比较的, 而结构体存在内存空间中保存时存在字节对齐, 字节对齐时补的字节内容是随机的, 会产生垃圾值, 所以无法比较。")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("利用运算符重载来实现结构体对象的比较:")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("#include \n\nusing namespace std;\n\nstruct A\n{\n char c;\n int val;\n A(char c_tmp, int tmp) : c(c_tmp), val(tmp) {}\n\n friend bool operator==(const A &tmp1, const A &tmp2); // 友元运算符重载函数\n};\n\nbool operator==(const A &tmp1, const A &tmp2)\n{\n return (tmp1.c == tmp2.c && tmp1.val == tmp2.val);\n}\n\nint main()\n{\n A ex1('a', 90), ex2('b', 80);\n if (ex1 == ex2)\n cout << \"ex1 == ex2\" << endl;\n else\n cout << \"ex1 != ex2\" << endl; // 输出\n return 0;\n}\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("15")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("16")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("17")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("18")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("19")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("20")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("21")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("22")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("23")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("24")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("25")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("26")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("27")]),n("br")])]),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"参数传递时-值传递、引用传递、指针传递的区别"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#参数传递时-值传递、引用传递、指针传递的区别"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 参数传递时, 值传递、引用传递、指针传递的区别?")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★☆☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("**参数传递的三种方式: **")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[s._v("值传递: 形参是实参的拷贝, 函数对形参的所有操作不会影响实参。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("指针传递: 本质上是值传递, 只不过拷贝的是指针的值, 拷贝之后, 实参和形参是不同的指针, 通过指针可以间接的访问指针所指向的对象, 从而可以修改它所指对象的值。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("引用传递: 当形参是引用类型时, 我们说它对应的实参被引用传递。")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v('#include \nusing namespace std;\n\nvoid fun1(int tmp){ // 值传递\n cout << &tmp << endl;\n}\n\nvoid fun2(int * tmp){ // 指针传递\n cout << tmp << endl;\n}\n\nvoid fun3(int &tmp){ // 引用传递\n cout << &tmp << endl;\n}\n\nint main()\n{\n int var = 5;\n cout << "var 在主函数中的地址: " << &var << endl;\n\n cout << "var 值传递时的地址: ";\n fun1(var);\n\n cout << "var 指针传递时的地址: ";\n fun2(&var);\n\n cout << "var 引用传递时的地址: ";\n fun3(var);\n return 0;\n}\n\n/*\n运行结果:\nvar 在主函数中的地址: 0x23fe4c\nvar 值传递时的地址: 0x23fe20\nvar 指针传递时的地址: 0x23fe4c\nvar 引用传递时的地址: 0x23fe4c\n*/\n')])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("15")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("16")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("17")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("18")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("19")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("20")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("21")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("22")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("23")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("24")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("25")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("26")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("27")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("28")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("29")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("30")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("31")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("32")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("33")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("34")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("35")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("36")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("37")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("38")]),n("br")])]),n("p",[s._v("说明: 从上述代码的运行结果可以看出, 只有在值传递时, 形参和实参的地址不一样, 在函数体内操作的不是变量本身。引用传递和指针传递, 在函数体内操作的是变量本身。")]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"什么是模板-如何实现"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#什么是模板-如何实现"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 什么是模板?如何实现?")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★★☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("模板: 创建类或者函数的蓝图或者公式, 分为函数模板和类模板。\n实现方式: 模板定义以关键字 template 开始, 后跟一个模板参数列表。")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[s._v("模板参数列表不能为空;")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("模板类型参数前必须使用关键字 class 或者 typename, 在模板参数列表中这两个关键字含义相同, 可互换使用。")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("template \n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br")])]),n("p",[s._v("函数模板: 通过定义一个函数模板, 可以避免为每一种类型定义一个新函数。")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("对于函数模板而言, 模板类型参数可以用来指定返回类型或函数的参数类型, 以及在函数体内用于变量声明或类型转换。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("函数模板实例化: 当调用一个模板时, 编译器用函数实参来推断模板实参, 从而使用实参的类型来确定绑定到模板参数的类型。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("#include\n\nusing namespace std;\n\ntemplate \nT add_fun(const T & tmp1, const T & tmp2){\n return tmp1 + tmp2;\n}\n\nint main(){\n int var1, var2;\n cin >> var1 >> var2;\n cout << add_fun(var1, var2);\n\n double var3, var4;\n cin >> var3 >> var4;\n cout << add_fun(var3, var4);\n return 0;\n}\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("15")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("16")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("17")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("18")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("19")]),n("br")])]),n("p",[s._v("类模板: 类似函数模板, 类模板以关键字 template 开始, 后跟模板参数列表。但是, 编译器不能为类模板推断模板参数类型, 需要在使用该类模板时, 在模板名后面的尖括号中指明类型。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v('#include \n\nusing namespace std;\n\ntemplate \nclass Complex\n{\npublic:\n //构造函数\n Complex(T a, T b)\n {\n this->a = a;\n this->b = b;\n }\n\n //运算符重载\n Complex operator+(Complex &c)\n {\n Complex tmp(this->a + c.a, this->b + c.b);\n cout << tmp.a << " " << tmp.b << endl;\n return tmp;\n }\n\nprivate:\n T a;\n T b;\n};\n\nint main()\n{\n Complex a(10, 20);\n Complex b(20, 30);\n Complex c = a + b;\n\n return 0;\n}\n')])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("15")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("16")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("17")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("18")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("19")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("20")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("21")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("22")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("23")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("24")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("25")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("26")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("27")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("28")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("29")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("30")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("31")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("32")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("33")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("34")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("35")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("36")]),n("br")])]),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"函数模板和类模板的区别"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#函数模板和类模板的区别"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 函数模板和类模板的区别?")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★☆☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[s._v("实例化方式不同: 函数模板实例化由编译程序在处理函数调用时自动完成, 类模板实例化需要在程序中显式指定。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("实例化的结果不同: 函数模板实例化后是一个函数, 类模板实例化后是一个类。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("默认参数: 类模板在模板参数列表中可以有默认参数。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("特化: 函数模板只能全特化;而类模板可以全特化, 也可以偏特化。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("调用方式不同: 函数模板可以隐式调用, 也可以显式调用;类模板只能显式调用。")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("函数模板调用方式举例:")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("#include\n\nusing namespace std;\n\ntemplate \nT add_fun(const T & tmp1, const T & tmp2){\n return tmp1 + tmp2;\n}\n\nint main(){\n int var1, var2;\n cin >> var1 >> var2;\n cout << add_fun(var1, var2); // 显式调用\n\n double var3, var4;\n cin >> var3 >> var4;\n cout << add_fun(var3, var4); // 隐式调用\n return 0;\n}\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("15")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("16")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("17")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("18")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("19")]),n("br")])]),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"什么是可变参数模板"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#什么是可变参数模板"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 什么是可变参数模板?")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★☆☆☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("可变参数模板: 接受可变数目参数的模板函数或模板类。将可变数目的参数被称为参数包, 包括模板参数包和函数参数包。")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[s._v("模板参数包: 表示零个或多个模板参数;")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("函数参数包: 表示零个或多个函数参数。")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("用省略号来指出一个模板参数或函数参数表示一个包, 在模板参数列表中, class... 或 typename... 指出接下来的参数表示零个或多个类型的列表;一个类型名后面跟一个省略号表示零个或多个给定类型的非类型参数的列表。当需要知道包中有多少元素时, 可以使用 sizeof... 运算符。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("template // Args 是模板参数包\nvoid foo(const T &t, const Args&... rest); // 可变参数模板, rest 是函数参数包\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br")])]),n("p",[s._v("实例:")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v('#include \n\nusing namespace std;\n\ntemplate \nvoid print_fun(const T &t)\n{\n cout << t << endl; // 最后一个元素\n}\n\ntemplate \nvoid print_fun(const T &t, const Args &...args)\n{\n cout << t << " ";\n print_fun(args...);\n}\n\nint main()\n{\n print_fun("Hello", "wolrd", "!");\n return 0;\n}\n/*运行结果:\nHello wolrd !\n\n*/\n')])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("15")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("16")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("17")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("18")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("19")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("20")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("21")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("22")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("23")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("24")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("25")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("26")]),n("br")])]),n("p",[s._v("说明: 可变参数函数通常是递归的, 第一个版本的 print_fun 负责终止递归并打印初始调用中的最后一个实参。第二个版本的 print_fun 是可变参数版本, 打印绑定到 t 的实参, 并用来调用自身来打印函数参数包中的剩余值。")]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"什么是模板特化-为什么特化"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#什么是模板特化-为什么特化"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 什么是模板特化?为什么特化?")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★★☆☆")]),s._v("\n模板特化的原因: 模板并非对任何模板实参都合适、都能实例化, 某些情况下, 通用模板的定义对特定类型不合适, 可能会编译失败, 或者得不到正确的结果。因此, 当不希望使用模板版本时, 可以定义类或者函数模板的一个特例化版本。")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("模板特化: 模板参数在某种特定类型下的具体实现。分为函数模板特化和类模板特化")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("函数模板特化: 将函数模板中的全部类型进行特例化, 称为函数模板特化。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("类模板特化: 将类模板中的部分或全部类型进行特例化, 称为类模板特化。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("特化分为全特化和偏特化:")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("全特化: 模板中的模板参数全部特例化。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("偏特化: 模板中的模板参数只确定了一部分, 剩余部分需要在编译器编译时确定。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("说明: 要区分下函数重载与函数模板特化\n定义函数模板的特化版本, 本质上是接管了编译器的工作, 为原函数模板定义了一个特殊实例, 而不是函数重载, 函数模板特化并不影响函数匹配。")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("实例:")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v('#include \n#include \n\nusing namespace std;\n//函数模板\ntemplate \nbool compare(T t1, T t2)\n{\n cout << "通用版本: ";\n return t1 == t2;\n}\n\ntemplate <> //函数模板特化\nbool compare(char *t1, char *t2)\n{\n cout << "特化版本: ";\n return strcmp(t1, t2) == 0;\n}\n\nint main(int argc, char *argv[])\n{\n char arr1[] = "hello";\n char arr2[] = "abc";\n cout << compare(123, 123) << endl;\n cout << compare(arr1, arr2) << endl;\n\n return 0;\n}\n/*\n运行结果:\n通用版本: 1\n特化版本: 0\n*/\n')])]),s._v(" 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include " " 和 <> 的区别')]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★☆☆☆☆")]),s._v('\ninclude<文件名> 和 #include"文件名" 的区别:')]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v('查找文件的位置: include<文件名> 在标准库头文件所在的目录中查找, 如果没有, 再到当前源文件所在目录下查找;#include"文件名" 在当前源文件所在目录中进行查找, 如果没有;再到系统目录中查找。\n使用习惯: 对于标准库中的头文件常用 include<文件名>, 对于自己定义的头文件, 常用 #include"文件名"')]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"switch-的-case-里为何不能定义变量"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#switch-的-case-里为何不能定义变量"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" switch 的 case 里为何不能定义变量")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★☆☆☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("switch 下面的这个花括号表示一块作用域, 而不是每一个 case 表示一块作用域。如果在某一 case 中定义了变量, 其作用域在这块花括号内, 按理说在另一个 case 内可以使用该变量, 但是在实际使用时, 每一个 case 之间互不影响, 是相对封闭的, 参考如下实例。")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("实例:")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("下述代码中, 在 switch 的 case 中定义的变量, 没有实际意义, 仅为了解释上述原因。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("#include \nusing namespace std;\n\nint main()\n{\n // 局部变量声明\n char var = 'D';\n\n switch (var)\n {\n case 'A':\n int cnt = 0; // 定义变量\n cout << \"Excellent.\" << endl\n << cnt;\n break;\n case 'B':\n case 'C':\n ++cnt;\n cout << \"Good.\" << endl\n << cnt;\n break;\n case 'D':\n cout << \"Not bad.\" << endl\n << cnt;\n break;\n case 'F':\n cout << \"Bad.\" << endl\n << cnt;\n break;\n default:\n cout << \"Bad.\" << endl\n << cnt;\n }\n\n return 0;\n}\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("15")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("16")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("17")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("18")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("19")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("20")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("21")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("22")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("23")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("24")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("25")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("26")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("27")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("28")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("29")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("30")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("31")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("32")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("33")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("34")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("35")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("36")]),n("br")])]),n("p",[s._v("简单解释: 上述代码中在符合 A 的条件下定义了变量, 当符合 B 或者 C 的条件时, 对该变量进行自增操作, 但是因为不符合条件 A 未对变量进行定义, 该变量无法使用。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"迭代器的作用"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#迭代器的作用"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 迭代器的作用?")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★☆☆☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("迭代器: 一种抽象的设计概念, 在设计模式中有迭代器模式, 即提供一种方法, 使之能够依序寻访某个容器所含的各个元素, 而无需暴露该容器的内部表述方式。")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("作用: 在无需知道容器底层原理的情况下, 遍历容器中的元素。")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("实例:")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v('#include \n#include \nusing namespace std;\n\nint main()\n{\n vector arr = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0};\n vector::iterator iter = arr.begin(); // 定义迭代器\n for (; iter != arr.end(); ++iter)\n {\n cout << *iter << " ";\n }\n return 0;\n}\n/*\n运行结果:\n1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0\n*/\n')])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("15")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("16")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("17")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("18")]),n("br")])]),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"泛型编程如何实现"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#泛型编程如何实现"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 泛型编程如何实现?")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★☆☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("泛型编程实现的基础: 模板。模板是创建类或者函数的蓝图或者说公式, 当时用一个 vector 这样的泛型, 或者 find 这样的泛型函数时, 编译时会转化为特定的类或者函数。")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("泛型编程涉及到的知识点较广, 例如: 容器、迭代器、算法等都是泛型编程的实现实例。面试者可选择自己掌握比较扎实的一方面进行展开。")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("容器: 涉及到 STL 中的容器, 例如: vector、list、map 等, 可选其中熟悉底层原理的容器进行展开讲解。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("迭代器: 在无需知道容器底层原理的情况下, 遍历容器中的元素。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("模板: 可参考本章节中的模板相关问题。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"什么是类型萃取"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#什么是类型萃取"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 什么是类型萃取?")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★☆☆☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("类型萃取使用模板技术来萃取类型(包含自定义类型和内置类型)的某些特性, 用以判断该类型是否含有某些特性, 从而在泛型算法中来对该类型进行特殊的处理用来提高效率或者其他。")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("C++ 类型萃取一般用于模板中, 当我们定义一个模板函数后, 需要知道模板类型形参并加以运用时就可以用类型萃取。\n比如我们需要在函数中进行拷贝, 通常我们可以用内置函数 memcpy 或者自己写一个 for 循环来进行拷贝。")]),s._v(" "),n("h1",{attrs:{id:"设计模式"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#设计模式"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 设计模式")]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"了解哪些设计模式"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#了解哪些设计模式"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 了解哪些设计模式?")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★★★☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("《大话设计模式》一书中提到 24 种设计模式, 这 24 种设计模式没必要面面俱到, 但一定要深入了解其中的几种, 最好结合自己在实际开发过程中的例子进行深入的了解。")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("**设计模式有 6 大设计原则: **")]),s._v(" "),n("ol",[n("li",[s._v("**单一职责原则: **就一个类而言, 应该仅有一个引起它变化的原因。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("**开放封闭原则: **软件实体可以扩展, 但是不可修改。即面对需求, 对程序的改动可以通过增加代码来完成, 但是不能改动现有的代码。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("**里氏代换原则: **一个软件实体如果使用的是一个基类, 那么一定适用于其派生类。即在软件中, 把基类替换成派生类, 程序的行为没有变化。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("**依赖倒转原则: **抽象不应该依赖细节, 细节应该依赖抽象。即针对接口编程, 不要对实现编程。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("**迪米特原则: **如果两个类不直接通信, 那么这两个类就不应当发生直接的相互作用。如果一个类需要调用另一个类的某个方法的话, 可以通过第三个类转发这个调用。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("**接口隔离原则: **每个接口中不存在派生类用不到却必须实现的方法, 如果不然, 就要将接口拆分, 使用多个隔离的接口。")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("**设计模式分为三类: **")]),s._v(" "),n("ol",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("创造型模式: 单例模式、工厂模式、建造者模式、原型模式")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("结构型模式: 适配器模式、桥接模式、外观模式、组合模式、装饰模式、享元模式、代理模式")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("行为型模式: 责任链模式、命令模式、解释器模式、迭代器模式、中介者模式、备忘录模式、观察者模式、状态模式、策略模式、模板方法模式、访问者模式")])])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("下面介绍常见的几种设计模式:")]),s._v(" "),n("ol",[n("li",[s._v("单例模式: 保证一个类仅有一个实例, 并提供一个访问它的全局访问点。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("工厂模式: 包括简单工厂模式、抽象工厂模式、工厂方法模式\n"),n("ul",[n("li",[s._v("简单工厂模式: 主要用于创建对象。用一个工厂来根据输入的条件产生不同的类, 然后根据不同类的虚函数得到不同的结果。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("工厂方法模式: 修正了简单工厂模式中不遵守开放封闭原则。把选择判断移到了客户端去实现, 如果想添加新功能就不用修改原来的类, 直接修改客户端即可。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("抽象工厂模式: 定义了一个创建一系列相关或相互依赖的接口, 而无需指定他们的具体类。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("观察者模式: 定义了一种一对多的关系, 让多个观察对象同时监听一个主题对象, 主题对象发生变化时, 会通知所有的观察者, 使他们能够更新自己。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("装饰模式: 动态地给一个对象添加一些额外的职责, 就增加功能来说, 装饰模式比生成派生类更为灵活。")])]),s._v(" "),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"什么是单例模式-如何实现-应用场景"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#什么是单例模式-如何实现-应用场景"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 什么是单例模式?如何实现?应用场景?")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★★★★")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("**单例模式: **保证类的实例化对象仅有一个, 并且提供一个访问他的全局访问点。")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("**应用场景: **")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[s._v("表示文件系统的类, 一个操作系统一定是只有一个文件系统, 因此文件系统的类的实例有且仅有一个。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("打印机打印程序的实例, 一台计算机可以连接好几台打印机, 但是计算机上的打印程序只有一个, 就可以通过单例模式来避免两个打印作业同时输出到打印机。")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("**实现方式: **\n单例模式可以通过全局或者静态变量的形式实现, 这样比较简单, 但是这样会影响封装性, 难以保证别的代码不会对全局变量造成影响。")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("默认的构造函数、拷贝构造函数、赋值构造函数声明为私有的, 这样禁止在类的外部创建该对象;")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("全局访问点也要定义成 静态类型的成员函数, 没有参数, 返回该类的指针类型。因为使用实例化对象的时候是通过类直接调用该函数, 并不是先创建一个该类的对象, 通过对象调用。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("**不安全的实现方式: **\n原因: 考虑当两个线程同时调用 getInstance 方法, 并且同时检测到 instance 是 NULL, 两个线程会同时实例化对象, 不符合单例模式的要求。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("class Singleton{\nprivate:\n static Singleton * instance;\n Singleton(){}\n Singleton(const Singleton& tmp){}\n Singleton& operator=(const Singleton& tmp){}\npublic:\n static Singleton* getInstance(){\n if(instance == NULL){\n instance = new Singleton();\n }\n return instance;\n }\n};\nSingleton* Singleton::instance = NULL;\n")])]),s._v(" 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直到第一次用到类的实例时才去实例化, 上面是懒汉实现。")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("饿汉模式: 类定义的时候就实例化。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("**线程安全的懒汉模式实现: **\n方法: 加锁\n存在的问题: 每次判断实例对象是否为空, 都要被锁定, 如果是多线程的话, 就会造成大量线程阻塞。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("class Singleton{\nprivate:\n static pthread_mutex_t mutex;\n static Singleton * instance;\n Singleton(){\n pthread_mutex_init(&mutex, NULL);\n }\n Singleton(const Singleton& tmp){}\n Singleton& operator=(const Singleton& tmp){}\npublic:\n static Singleton* getInstance(){\n pthread_mutex_lock(&mutex);\n if(instance == NULL){\n instance = new Singleton();\n }\n pthread_mutex_unlock(&mutex);\n return instance;\n }\n};\nSingleton* Singleton::instance = NULL;\npthread_mutex_t Singleton::mutex;\n")])]),s._v(" 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"),n("strong",[s._v("内部静态变量")]),s._v(", 在全局访问点 "),n("code",[s._v("getInstance")]),s._v(" 中定义静态实例。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("class Singleton{\nprivate:\n static pthread_mutex_t mutex;\n Singleton(){\n pthread_mutex_init(&mutex, NULL);\n }\n Singleton(const Singleton& temp){}\n Singleton& operator=(const Singleton& temp){}\npublic:\n static Singleton* getInstance(){\n static Singleton instance;\n return &instance;\n }\n};\npthread_mutex_t Singleton::mutex;\n")])]),s._v(" 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"),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("class Singleton{\nprivate:\n static Singleton* instance;\n Singleton(const Singleton& temp){}\n Singleton& operator=(const Singleton& temp){}\nprotected:\n Singleton(){}\npublic:\n static Singleton* getInstance(){\n return instance;\n }\n};\nSingleton* Singleton::instance = new Singleton();\n")])]),s._v(" 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"),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★★☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("工厂模式: 包括简单工厂模式、抽象工厂模式、工厂方法模式")])]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[s._v("简单工厂模式: 主要用于创建对象。用一个工厂来根据输入的条件产生不同的类, 然后根据不同类的虚函数得到不同的结果。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("工厂方法模式: 修正了简单工厂模式中不遵守开放封闭原则。把选择判断移到了客户端去实现, 如果想添加新功能就不用修改原来的类, 直接修改客户端即可。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("抽象工厂模式: 定义了一个创建一系列相关或相互依赖的接口, 而无需指定他们的具体类。")])]),s._v(" "),n("ol",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("简单工厂模式")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("主要用于创建对象。用一个工厂来根据输入的条件产生不同的类, 然后根据不同类的虚函数得到不同的结果。")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("应用场景:")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("适用于针对不同情况创建不同类时, 只需传入工厂类的参数即可, 无需了解具体实现方法。例如: 计算器中对于同样的输入, 执行不同的操作: 加、减、乘、除。")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("实现方式:")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language- line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("#include \n#include \nusing namespace std;\n\n// Here is the product class\nclass Operation\n{\npublic:\n int var1, var2;\n virtual double GetResult()\n {\n double res = 0;\n return res;\n }\n};\n\nclass Add_Operation : public Operation\n{\npublic:\n virtual double GetResult()\n {\n return var1 + var2;\n }\n};\n\nclass Sub_Operation : public Operation\n{\npublic:\n virtual double GetResult()\n {\n return var1 - var2;\n }\n};\n\nclass Mul_Operation : public Operation\n{\npublic:\n virtual double GetResult()\n {\n return var1 * var2;\n }\n};\n\nclass Div_Operation : public Operation\n{\npublic:\n virtual double GetResult()\n {\n return var1 / var2;\n }\n};\n\n// Here is the Factory class\nclass Factory\n{\npublic:\n static Operation *CreateProduct(char op)\n {\n switch (op)\n {\n case '+':\n return new Add_Operation();\n\n case '-':\n return new Sub_Operation();\n\n case '*':\n return new Mul_Operation();\n\n case '/':\n return new Div_Operation();\n\n default:\n return new Add_Operation();\n }\n }\n};\n\nint main()\n{\n int a, b;\n cin >> a >> b;\n Operation *p = Factory::CreateProduct('+');\n p->var1 = a;\n p->var2 = b;\n cout << p->GetResult() << endl;\n\n p = Factory::CreateProduct('*');\n p->var1 = a;\n p->var2 = b;\n cout << p->GetResult() << endl;\n\n return 0;\n}\n")])]),s._v(" 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"),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("工厂方法模式")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("修正了简单工厂模式中不遵守开放封闭原则。把选择判断移到了客户端去实现, 如果想添加新功能就不用修改原来的类, 直接修改客户端即可。")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("应用场景")]),s._v(":")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[s._v("一个类不知道它所需要的对象的类: 在工厂方法模式中, 客户端不需要知道具体产品类的类名, 只需要知道所对应的工厂即可, 具体的产品对象由具体工厂类创建;客户端需要知道创建具体产品的工厂类。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("一个类通过其派生类来指定创建哪个对象: 在工厂方法模式中, 对于抽象工厂类只需要提供一个创建产品的接口, 而由其派生类来确定具体要创建的对象, 利用面向对象的多态性和里氏代换原则, 在程序运行时, 派生类对象将覆盖父类对象, 从而使得系统更容易扩展。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("将创建对象的任务委托给多个工厂派生类中的某一个, 客户端在使用时可以无须关心是哪一个工厂派生类创建产品派生类, 需要时再动态指定, 可将具体工厂类的类名存储在配置文件或数据库中。")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("**实现方式: **")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("#include \n#include \nusing namespace std;\n\n// Here is the product class\nclass Operation\n{\npublic:\n int var1, var2;\n virtual double GetResult()\n {\n double res = 0;\n return res;\n }\n};\n\nclass Add_Operation : public 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"),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("抽象工厂模式")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("定义了一个创建一系列相关或相互依赖的接口, 而无需指定他们的具体类。")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("**应用场景: **")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[s._v("一个系统不应当依赖于产品类实例如何被创建、组合和表达的细节, 这对于所有类型的工厂模式都是重要的。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("系统中有多于一个的产品族, 而每次只使用其中某一产品族。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("属于同一个产品族的产品将在一起使用, 这一约束必须在系统的设计中体现出来。")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("产品等级结构稳定, 设计完成之后, 不会向系统中增加新的产品等级结构或者删除已有的")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("产品等级结构。")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("**实现方式: **")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("#include \n#include \nusing namespace std;\n\n// Here is the product class\nclass Operation_Pos\n{\npublic:\n int var1, var2;\n virtual double GetResult()\n {\n double res = 0;\n return res;\n }\n};\n\nclass Add_Operation_Pos : public Operation_Pos\n{\npublic:\n virtual double GetResult()\n {\n return var1 + var2;\n }\n};\n\nclass Sub_Operation_Pos : public Operation_Pos\n{\npublic:\n virtual double GetResult()\n {\n return var1 - var2;\n }\n};\n\nclass Mul_Operation_Pos : public Operation_Pos\n{\npublic:\n virtual double GetResult()\n {\n return var1 * var2;\n }\n};\n\nclass Div_Operation_Pos : public Operation_Pos\n{\npublic:\n virtual double GetResult()\n {\n return var1 / var2;\n }\n};\n/*********************************************************************************/\nclass Operation_Neg\n{\npublic:\n int var1, var2;\n virtual double GetResult()\n {\n double res = 0;\n return res;\n }\n};\n\nclass Add_Operation_Neg : public Operation_Neg\n{\npublic:\n virtual double GetResult()\n {\n return -(var1 + var2);\n }\n};\n\nclass Sub_Operation_Neg : public Operation_Neg\n{\npublic:\n virtual double GetResult()\n {\n return -(var1 - var2);\n }\n};\n\nclass Mul_Operation_Neg : public Operation_Neg\n{\npublic:\n virtual double GetResult()\n {\n return -(var1 * var2);\n }\n};\n\nclass Div_Operation_Neg : public Operation_Neg\n{\npublic:\n virtual double GetResult()\n {\n return -(var1 / var2);\n }\n};\n/*****************************************************************************************************/\n\n// Here is the Factory class\nclass Factory\n{\npublic:\n virtual Operation_Pos *CreateProduct_Pos() = 0;\n virtual Operation_Neg *CreateProduct_Neg() = 0;\n};\n\nclass Add_Factory : public Factory\n{\npublic:\n Operation_Pos *CreateProduct_Pos()\n {\n return new Add_Operation_Pos();\n }\n Operation_Neg *CreateProduct_Neg()\n {\n return new Add_Operation_Neg();\n }\n};\n\nclass Sub_Factory : public Factory\n{\npublic:\n Operation_Pos *CreateProduct_Pos()\n {\n return new Sub_Operation_Pos();\n }\n Operation_Neg *CreateProduct_Neg()\n {\n return new Sub_Operation_Neg();\n }\n};\n\nclass Mul_Factory : public Factory\n{\npublic:\n Operation_Pos *CreateProduct_Pos()\n {\n return new Mul_Operation_Pos();\n }\n Operation_Neg *CreateProduct_Neg()\n {\n return new Mul_Operation_Neg();\n }\n};\n\nclass Div_Factory : public 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"),n("h2",{attrs:{id:"什么是观察者模式-如何实现-应用场景"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#什么是观察者模式-如何实现-应用场景"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 什么是观察者模式?如何实现?应用场景?")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("面试高频指数: ★★★☆☆")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("**观察者模式: **定义一种一(被观察类)对多(观察类)的关系, 让多个观察对象同时监听一个被观察对象, 被观察对象状态发生变化时, 会通知所有的观察对象, 使他们能够更新自己的状态。")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("**观察者模式中存在两种角色: **")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[s._v("观察者: 内部包含被观察者对象, 当被观察者对象的状态发生变化时, 更新自己的状态。(接收通知更新状态)")]),s._v(" "),n("li",[s._v("被观察者: 内部包含了所有观察者对象, 当状态发生变化时通知所有的观察者更新自己的状态。(发送通知)")])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("**应用场景: **")]),s._v(" "),n("ul",[n("li",[n("p",[s._v("当一个对象的改变需要同时改变其他对象, 且不知道具体有多少对象有待改变时, 应该考虑使用观察者模式;")])]),s._v(" "),n("li",[n("p",[s._v("一个抽象模型有两个方面, 其中一方面依赖于另一方面, 这时可以用观察者模式将这两者封装在独立的对象中使它们各自独立地改变和复用。")])])]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("**实现方式: **")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-c++ line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v('#include \n#include \n#include \nusing 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"),a("td",[t._v("它可以帮助你编写个人陈述,包括申请大学、研究生、博士生、奖学金、工作等的个人陈述。它可以帮助你展现你的优势和价值观,并提供专业的写作建议。")])]),t._v(" "),a("tr",[a("td",{staticStyle:{"text-align":"center"}},[t._v("简历和求职信")]),t._v(" "),a("td",[t._v("它可以帮助你编写简历和求职信,帮助你突出你的技能和经验,并为你提供吸引雇主和 HR 的技巧和建议。")])]),t._v(" "),a("tr",[a("td",{staticStyle:{"text-align":"center"}},[t._v("广告文案")]),t._v(" "),a("td",[t._v("它可以编写各种类型的广告文案,包括产品广告、服务广告、品牌广告、活动宣传等。它可以为你编写具有吸引力、清晰明了的广告文案,让你的目标受众更容易接受你的产品或服务。")])]),t._v(" "),a("tr",[a("td",{staticStyle:{"text-align":"center"}},[t._v("SEO 优化")]),t._v(" "),a("td",[t._v("它可以帮助你优化你的网站、文章或其他内容的 SEO。它可以使用关键词研究、内容优化等技术,帮助你提高排名、获得更多的流量和转换率。")])]),t._v(" "),a("tr",[a("td",{staticStyle:{"text-align":"center"}},[t._v("社交媒体")]),t._v(" "),a("td",[t._v("它可以为你编写社交媒体内容,包括微博、脸书、Instagram 等。它可以帮助你设计吸引人的标题、内容和图片,并为你提供有用的社交媒体营销策略。")])]),t._v(" "),a("tr",[a("td",{staticStyle:{"text-align":"center"}},[t._v("新闻稿")]),t._v(" "),a("td",[t._v("它可以帮助你编写新闻稿,包括公司新闻、产品发布、重大事件等。它可以为你编写新闻稿、编辑和发布,以吸引媒体关注并提高品牌知名度。")])]),t._v(" "),a("tr",[a("td",{staticStyle:{"text-align":"center"}},[t._v("多语言翻译")]),t._v(" "),a("td",[t._v("它可以提供各种语言之间的翻译服务,包括英文、中文、法文、德文、西班牙文、俄文等。它可以翻译各种类型的文件,包括技术文档、商务合同、宣传资料、学术论文等。")])]),t._v(" "),a("tr",[a("td",{staticStyle:{"text-align":"center"}},[t._v("电子商务")]),t._v(" "),a("td",[t._v("它可以编写各种类型的电子商务内容,包括产品描述、产品说明书、电子商务博客文章等。它可以帮助你编写吸引人的产品描述,以及建立与客户的信任和忠诚度。")])]),t._v(" "),a("tr",[a("td",{staticStyle:{"text-align":"center"}},[t._v("旅游文案")]),t._v(" "),a("td",[t._v("它可以帮助你编写旅游文案,包括旅游目的地介绍、旅游路线规划、旅游攻略、旅游博客等。它可以帮助你为你的读者提供有用的信息和建议,帮助他们计划自己的旅行。")])]),t._v(" "),a("tr",[a("td",{staticStyle:{"text-align":"center"}},[t._v("医疗文案")]),t._v(" "),a("td",[t._v("它可以帮助你编写医疗文案,包括医疗产品说明、疾病预防、健康知识、医疗博客等。它可以帮助你使用专业的术语和语言,使你的文案更易于理解和接受。")])]),t._v(" "),a("tr",[a("td",{staticStyle:{"text-align":"center"}},[t._v("儿童读物")]),t._v(" "),a("td",[t._v("它可以帮助你编写儿童读物,包括故事书、绘本、启蒙读物、课外阅读等。它可以使用有趣、生动的语言和图片,吸引孩子们的注意力,并帮助他们学习和成长。")])]),t._v(" "),a("tr",[a("td",{staticStyle:{"text-align":"center"}},[t._v("小说")]),t._v(" "),a("td",[t._v("它可以帮助你编写小说,包括各种类型的小说,如言情、悬疑、恐怖、科幻等。它可以帮助你创造有趣、引人入胜的情节和角色,并为你提供专业的写作技巧和建议。")])])])]),t._v(" "),a("h2",{attrs:{id:"中文"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#中文"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 中文")]),t._v(" "),a("h3",{attrs:{id:"充当-linux-终端"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#充当-linux-终端"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 充当 Linux 终端")]),t._v(" "),a("blockquote",[a("p",[t._v("我想让你充当 Linux 终端。我将输入命令,您将回复终端应显示的内容。我希望您只在一个唯一的代码块内回复终端输出,而不是其他任何内容。不要写解释。除非我指示您这样做,否则不要键入命令。当我需要用英语告诉你一些事情时,我会把文字放在中括号内[就像这样]。我的第一个命令是 pwd")])]),t._v(" "),a("h3",{attrs:{id:"充当英语翻译和改进者"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#充当英语翻译和改进者"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 充当英语翻译和改进者")]),t._v(" "),a("blockquote",[a("p",[t._v('我希望你能担任英语翻译、拼写校对和修辞改进的角色。我会用任何语言和你交流,你会识别语言,将其翻译并用更为优美和精炼的英语回答我。请将我简单的词汇和句子替换成更为优美和高雅的表达方式,确保意思不变,但使其更具文学性。请仅回答更正和改进的部分,不要写解释。我的第一句话是"how are you ?",请翻译它。')])]),t._v(" "),a("h3",{attrs:{id:"充当论文润色者-拿摘要部分举例"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#充当论文润色者-拿摘要部分举例"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 充当论文润色者(拿摘要部分举例)")]),t._v(" "),a("blockquote",[a("p",[t._v("请你充当一名论文编辑专家,在论文评审的角度去修改论文摘要部分,使其更加流畅,优美。下面是具体要求:")])]),t._v(" "),a("ol",[a("li",[t._v("能让读者快速获得文章的要点或精髓,让文章引人入胜;能让读者了解全文中的重要信息、分析和论点;帮助读者记住论文的要点")]),t._v(" "),a("li",[t._v("字数限制在 300 字以下")]),t._v(" "),a("li",[t._v("请你在摘要中明确指出您的模型和方法的创新点,强调您的贡献。")]),t._v(" "),a("li",[t._v("用简洁、明了的语言描述您的方法和结果,以便评审更容易理解论文\n"),a("blockquote",[a("p",[t._v("下文是论文的摘要部分,请你修改它:")])])])]),t._v(" "),a("h3",{attrs:{id:"充当英翻中"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#充当英翻中"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 充当英翻中")]),t._v(" "),a("blockquote",[a("p",[t._v('下面我让你来充当翻译家,你的目标是把任何语言翻译成中文,请翻译时不要带翻译腔,而是要翻译得自然、流畅和地道,使用优美和高雅的表达方式。请翻译下面这句话:"how are you ?"')])]),t._v(" "),a("h3",{attrs:{id:"充当英英词典-附中文解释"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#充当英英词典-附中文解释"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 充当英英词典(附中文解释)")]),t._v(" "),a("blockquote",[a("p",[t._v('将英文单词转换为包括中文翻译、英文释义和一个例句的完整解释。请检查所有信息是否准确,并在回答时保持简洁,不需要任何其他反馈。第一个单词是"Hello"')])]),t._v(" "),a("h3",{attrs:{id:"充当前端智能思路助手"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#充当前端智能思路助手"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 充当前端智能思路助手")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[a("strong",[t._v("替代")]),t._v(": 百度、谷歌人工搜索")]),t._v(" "),a("blockquote",[a("p",[t._v('我想让你充当前端开发专家。我将提供一些关于 Js、Node 等前端代码问题的具体信息,而你的工作就是想出为我解决问题的策略。这可能包括建议代码、代码逻辑思路策略。我的第一个请求是"我需要能够动态监听某个元素节点距离当前电脑设备屏幕的左上角的 X 和 Y 轴,通过拖拽移动位置浏览器窗口和改变大小浏览器窗口。"')])]),t._v(" "),a("h3",{attrs:{id:"担任面试官"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#担任面试官"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 担任面试官")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[a("strong",[t._v("示例")]),t._v(":Java 后端开发工程师、React 前端开发工程师、全栈开发工程师、iOS 开发工程师、Android 开发工程师等。 "),a("a",{attrs:{href:"./pic/p2.png"}},[t._v("回复截图请看这里")])]),t._v(" "),a("blockquote",[a("p",[t._v('我想让你担任 Android 开发工程师面试官。我将成为候选人,您将向我询问 Android 开发工程师职位的面试问题。我希望你只作为面试官回答。不要一次写出所有的问题。我希望你只对我进行采访。问我问题,等待我的回答。不要写解释。像面试官一样一个一个问我,等我回答。我的第一句话是"面试官你好"')])]),t._v(" "),a("h3",{attrs:{id:"文字冒险游戏"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#文字冒险游戏"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 文字冒险游戏")]),t._v(" "),a("blockquote",[a("p",[t._v("我想让你扮演一个基于文本的冒险游戏。我在这个基于文本的冒险游戏中扮演一个角色。请尽可能具体地描述角色所看到的内容和环境,并在游戏输出的唯一代码块中回复,而不是其他任何区域。我将输入命令来告诉角色该做什么,而你需要回复角色的行动结果以推动游戏的进行。我的第一个命令是'醒来',请从这里开始故事")])]),t._v(" "),a("h3",{attrs:{id:"担任产品经理"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#担任产品经理"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 担任产品经理")]),t._v(" "),a("blockquote",[a("p",[t._v("请确认我的以下请求。请您作为产品经理回复我。我将会提供一个主题,您将帮助我编写一份包括以下章节标题的 PRD 文档: 主题、简介、问题陈述、目标与目的、用户故事、技术要求、收益、KPI 指标、开发风险以及结论。我的需求是: 做一个赛博朋克的网站首页。")])]),t._v(" "),a("h3",{attrs:{id:"做表格"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#做表格"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 做表格")]),t._v(" "),a("blockquote",[a("p",[t._v("请你充当表格生成器。您只会回复我一个包含 10 行的表格。我会告诉你在单元格中写入什么,你只会以 markdown 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Authorities")])]),t._v(" "),a("h3",{attrs:{id:"magiskhidepropsconf-使用"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#magiskhidepropsconf-使用"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" MagiskHidePropsConf 使用")]),t._v(" "),a("blockquote",[a("p",[a("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/Magisk-Modules-Repo/MagiskHidePropsConf/blob/master/README.md",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("MagiskHidePropsConf"),a("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(" 可以修改系统的配置属性, 比如设置全局设置 app debuggable。 但是作者截止 2023 年一月份, 不再维护此项目了")])]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("一、首先从"),a("a",{attrs:{href:"https://forum.xda-developers.com/t/module-deprecated-magiskhide-props-config-safetynet-prop-edits-and-more-v6-1-2.3789228/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("网站"),a("OutboundLink")],1),t._v("下载 6.1.2 版本的 MagiskHidePropsConf 模块包二、设置 debuggale 过程如下")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("这一步主要的步骤是设置 "),a("code",[t._v("ro.debuggable 1")]),t._v(", 这样所有的 app 就都可以调试了。步骤如下:")]),t._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"language-shell line-numbers-mode"},[a("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-shell"}},[a("code",[t._v("adb shell "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("#adb 进入命令行模式")]),t._v("\n"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("su")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("#切换至超级用户")]),t._v("\nmagisk resetprop ro.debuggable "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[t._v("1")]),t._v("\nstop"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v("start"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("#一定要通过该方式重启")]),t._v("\n")])]),t._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("1")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("2")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("3")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("4")]),a("br")])]),a("p",[t._v("至此重启手机后, 你的手机里面的应用应该就可以全局 debug 了.")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("如下图:")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[a("img",{attrs:{src:"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/jacky1234/picArchieve@master/uPic/20230606_203711_lH345Z.png",alt:""}})]),t._v(" "),a("h3",{attrs:{id:"magiskfrida"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#magiskfrida"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" MagiskFrida")]),t._v(" "),a("blockquote",[a("p",[t._v("MagiskFrida lets you run frida-server on boot with Magisk。 如果你想使用最新的 frida-server 版本, 可以尝试更新 MagiskFrida 模块. 点击"),a("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/ViRb3/magisk-frida",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("magisk-frida"),a("OutboundLink")],1),t._v("查看")])]),t._v(" "),a("h2",{attrs:{id:"frida"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#frida"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" frida")]),t._v(" "),a("blockquote",[a("p",[t._v("Frida: Dynamic instrumentation toolkit for developers, reverse-engineers, and security researchers.\n个人非常喜欢 frida 平台, 不仅是因为功能的强大, 还提供了实时交互工具 "),a("code",[t._v("objection")])])]),t._v(" "),a("h2",{attrs:{id:"gadget"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#gadget"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Gadget")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("Frida Gadget 是 Frida 框架的一个组件, 它用于在目标应用程序中注入 Frida 运行时, 从而实现对应用程序的动态分析和修改。")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("Frida 是一个功能强大的动态代码注入和调试工具, 可以用于在运行时修改和监视应用程序的行为。它支持多种操作系统和架构, 并提供了丰富的 API, 使得开发人员能够在应用程序运行时进行代码注入、函数挂钩、数据修改等操作。")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("Frida Gadget 是 Frida 框架的一部分, 它是一个特殊的库, 被注入到目标应用程序中。注入 Frida Gadget 后, Frida 可以与目标应用程序交互, 监视和修改其运行时行为。Frida Gadget 允许开发人员在应用程序的上下文中执行 JavaScript 代码, 从而实现各种功能, 如函数跟踪、API 调用监视、数据修改等。")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("使用 Frida Gadget, 开发人员可以进行以下操作:")]),t._v(" "),a("ul",[a("li",[t._v("动态函数跟踪: 可以跟踪目标应用程序中的函数调用, 并获取参数、返回值等信息, 用于分析应用程序的执行流程和内部逻辑。")]),t._v(" "),a("li",[t._v("API 调用监视: 可以监视目标应用程序对特定 API 的调用, 包括系统级 API 和应用程序特定的 API, 用于分析应用程序的行为和检测潜在的安全问题。")]),t._v(" "),a("li",[t._v("数据修改和重定向: 可以在运行时修改目标应用程序的内存数据, 包括修改变量的值、修改函数的实现等, 用于实现应用程序的动态修改和调试。")]),t._v(" "),a("li",[t._v("密码破解和漏洞分析: 可以通过 Frida Gadget 对目标应用程序进行动态分析, 帮助发现潜在的安全漏洞和进行密码破解。")])]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("总之, Frida Gadget 是 Frida 框架中的一个关键组件, 它为开发人员提供了强大的动态分析和修改目标应用程序的能力, 帮助他们进行应用程序的逆向工程、安全分析和调试等任务。")]),t._v(" "),a("h2",{attrs:{id:"stalker"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#stalker"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" stalker")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("Frida Stalker 是 Frida 框架的一个特性, 它提供了一种高级的动态分析技术, 用于跟踪目标应用程序的执行流程。")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("Stalker 基于 Frida 框架的动态代码注入能力, 通过在目标应用程序中注入代码, 并在运行时跟踪其指令的执行, 从而实现对应用程序的静态和动态分析。Stalker 的主要目标是捕获和分析目标应用程序的控制流, 包括函数调用、基本块的执行顺序、分支跳转等。")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("使用 Frida Stalker, 开发人员可以进行以下操作:")]),t._v(" "),a("ul",[a("li",[t._v("函数调用跟踪: Stalker 可以跟踪目标应用程序中的函数调用, 记录函数的入口、返回地址和参数, 以及函数的执行时间和频率。这对于分析应用程序的执行路径、理解函数之间的调用关系和参数传递非常有帮助。")]),t._v(" "),a("li",[t._v("基本块跟踪: Stalker 可以跟踪目标应用程序中的基本块(一组连续的指令), 记录基本块的执行顺序和频率, 以及基本块之间的跳转关系。这有助于分析应用程序的控制流, 包括条件分支、循环和函数调用。")]),t._v(" "),a("li",[t._v("动态分析和调试: Stalker 可以在运行时对目标应用程序进行动态分析和调试, 例如捕获函数调用的参数和返回值、监视特定的 API 调用、跟踪内存访问等。这使得开发人员能够深入了解应用程序的行为, 快速定位问题和漏洞, 并进行动态修改和调试。")]),t._v(" "),a("li",[t._v("逆向工程: Stalker 可以用于逆向工程任务, 如反编译、恢复数据结构和算法等。通过跟踪目标应用程序的执行流程, 开发人员可以还原出应用程序的逻辑和算法, 帮助理解其内部工作原理。")])]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("总之, Frida Stalker 是 Frida 框架中的一个重要功能, 它提供了强大的动态分析能力, 帮助开发人员深入理解和分析目标应用程序的执行流程, 从而实现应用程序的逆向工程、安全分析和调试等任务。")]),t._v(" "),a("h2",{attrs:{id:"tutorials"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#tutorials"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Tutorials")]),t._v(" "),a("h3",{attrs:{id:"founctions"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#founctions"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Founctions")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("解释官方示例的 "),a("a",{attrs:{href:"https://frida.re/docs/functions/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("Injecting Strings and Calling a Function"),a("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(" 的一段 snippet code")]),t._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"language-python line-numbers-mode"},[a("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-python"}},[a("code",[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("import")]),t._v(" frida\n"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("import")]),t._v(" sys\n\nsession "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("=")]),t._v(" frida"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),t._v("attach"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[t._v('"hi"')]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),t._v("\nscript "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("=")]),t._v(" session"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),t._v("create_script"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token triple-quoted-string string"}},[t._v('"""\nconst st = Memory.allocUtf8String("TESTMEPLZ!");\nconst f = new NativeFunction(ptr("%s"), \'int\', [\'pointer\']);\n // In NativeFunction param 2 is the return value type,\n // and param 3 is an array of input types\nf(st);\n"""')]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("%")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token builtin"}},[t._v("int")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),t._v("sys"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),t._v("argv"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("[")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[t._v("1")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("]")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[t._v("16")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),t._v("\n"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token 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punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),t._v("\nscript"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),t._v("load"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),t._v("\n")])]),t._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("1")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("2")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("3")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("4")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("5")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("6")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("7")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("8")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("9")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("10")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("11")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("12")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("13")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("14")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("15")]),a("br")])]),a("p",[t._v('这段代码使用 Frida 进行动态插桩, 目标应用程序是名为 "hi" 的进程。')]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v('首先, 你导入了 frida 和 sys 模块。然后, 使用 frida.attach 方法附加到目标应用程序 "hi", 创建了一个 Frida 会话(session)。')]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("接下来, 你使用 session.create_script 创建了一个脚本对象, 并将 JavaScript 代码作为参数传递给它。这个 JavaScript 代码块使用了 Frida 的 Memory.allocUtf8String 方法来分配一个 UTF-8 字符串的内存, 并将其赋值给变量 st。然后, 使用 NativeFunction 创建了一个函数对象 f, 该函数对象会调用一个地址为 %s 的函数, 返回值类型为整数, 参数类型为指针。")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[a("code",[t._v('ptr("%s")')]),t._v(" 是一个占位符, 将在代码中的字符串中被实际的地址值替换。 "),a("code",[t._v("int(sys.argv[1], 16)")]),t._v(" 用于获取命令行参数并将其解析为十六进制的整数值。")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("然后, 你定义了一个 "),a("code",[t._v("on_message")]),t._v(" 函数作为消息处理程序, 用于处理来自 Frida 脚本的消息。")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("接下来, 使用 "),a("code",[t._v("script.on('message', on_message)")]),t._v(" 注册了消息处理程序。当 Frida 脚本收到消息时, "),a("code",[t._v("on_message")]),t._v(" 函数将被调用。")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("然后, 调用 "),a("code",[t._v("script.load()")]),t._v(" 加载 Frida 脚本, 使其开始在目标应用程序中执行。")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("最后, 通过 "),a("code",[t._v("print(message)")]),t._v(" 将收到的消息打印出来, 以便你查看和处理。")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v('请确保在运行此代码之前, 已经正确配置 Frida 环境, 并且目标应用程序 "hi" 已经运行并可附加。你还需要根据你的具体需求定义 '),a("code",[t._v("on_message")]),t._v(" 函数, 并根据代码中的占位符 %s 提供实际的地址值。")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("运行脚本后, 当 Frida 脚本收到消息时, on_message 函数会将消息打印出来, 供你查看和处理。")]),t._v(" "),a("h3",{attrs:{id:"message"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#message"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Message")]),t._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"custom-block tip"},[a("p",{staticClass:"custom-block-title"},[t._v("提示")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("这块内容主要包含了如下内容, 更多详情可见"),a("a",{attrs:{href:"https://frida.re/docs/messages/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("文档"),a("OutboundLink")],1)]),t._v(" "),a("ul",[a("li",[t._v("Sending messages from a target process")]),t._v(" "),a("li",[t._v("Receiving messages in a target process")]),t._v(" "),a("li",[t._v("Blocking receives in the target process: 监听目标进程调用方法参数, 通过 python 客户端修改调用参数示例")])])]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("一、Sending messages from a target 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的模板引擎使得前后端的分离更加清晰,同时也使得模板代码的维护和管理更加方便。")]),t._v(" "),s("h3",{attrs:{id:"模版解析源码"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#模版解析源码"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 模版解析源码")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("以下摘自 "),s("code",[t._v("Template#parse")]),t._v(" 方法")]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"language-php line-numbers-mode"},[s("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-php"}},[s("code",[s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("public")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("function")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function-definition function"}},[t._v("parse")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("&")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[t._v("$content")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),t._v("\n"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token 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50 表示扩张, 低于 50 表示收缩。距离 50 越远, 变化水平越大。")]),t._v(" "),_("h3",{attrs:{id:"降息对黄金的影响"}},[_("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#降息对黄金的影响"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 降息对黄金的影响")]),t._v(" "),_("blockquote",[_("p",[t._v("对美联储有降息预期, 是否应该投资黄金?")])]),t._v(" "),_("p",[t._v("黄金通常被视为一种避险资产, 当投资者对经济前景感到不确定或担忧时, 他们可能会倾向于购买黄金作为一种保值手段。如果有降息预期,意味着市场上的流动资金预期会变多,可能会引发对经济增长放缓或不稳定的担忧, 这可能会导致投资者寻求避险资产, 其中包括黄金。")]),t._v(" "),_("p",[t._v("然而, 投资黄金也存在风险和不确定性。黄金价格受多种因素影响, 包括"),_("RText",{attrs:{text:"经济状况、通货膨胀预期、货币政策、地缘政治风险",color:"red"}}),t._v("等。预测黄金价格的走势是困难的, 市场变化时常不可预测")],1),t._v(" "),_("p",[t._v("在做出投资决策之前, 建议你考虑以下几点:")]),t._v(" "),_("ol",[_("li",[t._v("研究和了解黄金市场: 了解黄金市场的基本知识和趋势, 包括历史表现、市场因素和风险。")]),t._v(" "),_("li",[t._v("多样化投资组合: 不要将所有资金都投资于黄金或单一资产类别。考虑将资金分散投资于多个资产类别, 以降低风险。")]),t._v(" "),_("li",[t._v("评估自己的投资目标和风险承受能力: 确定自己的投资目标、时间范围和风险承受能力。不同的人有不同的投资目标和风险偏好, 因此投资策略也会有所不同。")]),t._v(" "),_("li",[t._v("寻求专业意见: 如果你不确定应该如何进行投资, 考虑咨询金融顾问或专业投资人士, 以获取个性化的投资建议。")])]),t._v(" "),_("h3",{attrs:{id:"除权除息"}},[_("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#除权除息"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 除权除息")]),t._v(" "),_("p",[t._v("除权除息是指股票交易过程中, 股票的权益发生变化, 例如分红、送股、配股等。一般来说, 除权除息对股票投资者来说是一个正常的市场操作, 具体是否是好事取决于具体情况和投资者的策略。")]),t._v(" "),_("p",[t._v("在某些情况下, 除权除息可能被视为好事。例如, 如果公司宣布分红, 投资者将获得额外的现金回报, 这可以提高投资者的收益。此外, 配股可能给投资者提供购买额外股份的机会, 从而增加其持股量。")]),t._v(" "),_("p",[t._v("然而, 除权除息对每个股票和每个投资者可能具有不同的影响。有时, 除权除息可能会导致股价下跌, 因为市场预期股票权益变动后的价格调整。此外, 除权除息也可能会影响投资者的持股比例和股权结构。")]),t._v(" "),_("p",[t._v("因此, 判断除权除息是否是好事需要综合考虑许多因素, 包括公司的财务状况、市场环境、投资者的投资目标和时间段等。投资者应该仔细研究和评估相关信息, 并根据自己的投资策略做出决策。此外, 建议在进行股票投资之前咨询专业的金融顾问或进行充分的研究, 以便做出明智的投资决策。")]),t._v(" "),_("h3",{attrs:{id:"tradingview"}},[_("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#tradingview"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" tradingView")]),t._v(" "),_("blockquote",[_("p",[_("a",{attrs:{href:"https://www.tradingview.com/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("https://www.tradingview.com/"),_("OutboundLink")],1)])]),t._v(" "),_("p",[_("code",[t._v("tradingView")]),t._v("是一款广受欢迎的在线金融图表分析平台, 它提供了丰富的技术分析工具和图表, 帮助交易者进行市场分析和决策。尽管 TradingView 是一个功能强大的平台, 但它并不直接支持自动化交易。但是, 你可以将 TradingView 与一些支持自动化交易的交易平台(如 MetaTrader、NinjaTrader 等)或自己编写的程序进行集成, 以实现量化交易策略。")]),t._v(" "),_("p",[t._v("以下是一种使用 TradingView 进行量化交易的基本流程:")]),t._v(" "),_("ol",[_("li",[_("p",[t._v("创建交易策略: 在 TradingView 上使用图表和技术指标进行市场分析, 开发和测试你的交易策略。你可以使用 TradingView 的 Pine 脚本编程语言编写自定义指标和策略。")])]),t._v(" "),_("li",[_("p",[t._v("设置警报: 使用 TradingView 的警报功能, 在你的交易策略满足特定条件时触发警报。这些条件可以是技术指标的交叉、价格水平的突破等。")])]),t._v(" "),_("li",[_("p",[t._v("集成交易平台: 选择一个支持自动化交易的交易平台, 并将其与 TradingView 进行集成。一些交易平台提供与 TradingView 的 API 连接, 使你可以接收来自 TradingView 的警报, 并执行相应的交易操作。")])]),t._v(" "),_("li",[_("p",[t._v("自动执行交易: 一旦 TradingView 触发警报并将其发送到交易平台, 交易平台将执行你预先设置的交易指令, 如市价单、限价单等。这样, 你的交易策略就能自动化地执行。")])])]),t._v(" "),_("p",[t._v("需要注意的是, 具体的集成步骤和可用的交易平台取决于你选择的交易平台和相关的 API。你可以在 TradingView 的官方网站上查找有关 API 和交易平台集成的更多信息, 或者咨询交易平台的支持团队以获取帮助。")]),t._v(" "),_("h3",{attrs:{id:"lpr"}},[_("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#lpr"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" LPR")]),t._v(" "),_("p",[t._v("LPR 是 "),_("code",[t._v("Loan Prime Rate")]),t._v("(贷款市场报价利率)的缩写, 是中国银行系统对商业贷款利率的参考利率。LPR 的设定由中国人民银行(中国的央行)主导, 用于引导和调控商业银行的贷款利率水平。")]),t._v(" "),_("p",[t._v("LPR 是一种利率框架, 采用基准利率加点的方式确定实际贷款利率。基准利率是由中国人民银行公布的, 而加点部分则由商业银行根据借款人的信用状况和风险评估确定。")]),t._v(" "),_("p",[t._v("利率是指在一定时间内借款人向贷款提供者支付的费用, 以获取使用贷款资金的权益。利率的高低直接影响到借款成本和借款人的还款负担。通常情况下, 贷款利率越低, 借款成本越低, 借款人的还款压力也相对较小。")]),t._v(" "),_("p",[t._v("利率的设定受多种因素影响, 包括货币政策、市场供求关系、经济形势、通胀预期等。央行通过调整政策利率, 如 LPR, 来影响市场利率水平, 以实现宏观经济调控的目标, 如促进经济增长、稳定金融市场等。")]),t._v(" "),_("p",[t._v("需要注意的是, 利率是根据市场情况和监管政策调整的, 会有一定的浮动性和调整周期, 不同类型的贷款产品和借款人可能会适用不同的利率标准。借款人在选择贷款时应留意不同利率产品之间的区别, 并根据自身情况选择适合的贷款利率。")]),t._v(" "),_("h3",{attrs:{id:"债券和利率的关系"}},[_("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#债券和利率的关系"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 债券和利率的关系")]),t._v(" "),_("blockquote",[_("p",[t._v("思考: 美联储如何通过国债操控利率")])]),t._v(" "),_("p",[t._v("利率是一个势利眼, 美国国债是最安全的一种借贷, 美国国债的实际收益率就是借贷市场的一个参考标准, 一个基准线。10 年国债利率由于到期时间适中, 被交易的概率和次数就比较大了。内容参考: "),_("a",{attrs:{href:"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u_TtGdl2d9A",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u_TtGdl2d9A"),_("OutboundLink")],1)]),t._v(" "),_("p",[t._v("一、利率")]),t._v(" "),_("ul",[_("li",[t._v("名义利率, 票面利率 (coupon rate)。")]),t._v(" "),_("li",[t._v("实际利率, effective rate 就是 yield。实际利率是指扣除通货膨胀率后的实际收益率, 而国债收益率通常是指名义利率, 即未经调整的利率。")])]),t._v(" "),_("RText",{attrs:{text:"债券价格和利率是负相关的",color:"green"}}),t._v("。这里说的价格指的是购买价格。 比如: 你购买的债券价格低了, 投资成本就低, 赚到的就多了, 实际的利率就高了。 相反, 购买的债券价格高了, 投资成本就高, 赚到的就少了, 实际的利率就少了。所以, 如果你能控制债券的交易价格, 就可以控制实际利率了。\n"),_("p",[t._v("二、影响债券价格的因素: 如")]),t._v(" "),_("ul",[_("li",[t._v("供需关系: 中间银行主要通过此方法来影响债券价格。open market operation\n"),_("ul",[_("li",[t._v("降低利率: 到市场买入债券, 市场上流通的债券就少了。债券的价格就高了, 因此利率就会降低")]),t._v(" "),_("li",[t._v("提高利率: 到市场抛售/(停止购买)债券, 市场上流通的债券就多了。债券的价格就低了, 因此利率就会升高")])])]),t._v(" "),_("li",[t._v("债券到期时间")]),t._v(" "),_("li",[t._v("债券发行人的信用评级")]),t._v(" "),_("li",[t._v("政策\n"),_("ul",[_("li",[t._v("银行储备金等等")])])])]),t._v(" "),_("p",[t._v("三、通胀对实际利率的影响")]),t._v(" "),_("p",[t._v("通货膨胀对实际利率有着直接的影响, 这是因为实际利率是指扣除通货膨胀率后的实际收益率, 也可以理解为投资者在实际情况下获得的利润。以下是通货膨胀对实际利率的影响:")]),t._v(" "),_("p",[t._v("通货膨胀对名义利率的影响: 通常情况下, 随着通货膨胀的上升, 中央银行可能会采取紧缩货币政策, 提高基准利率以抑制通胀。这会导致名义利率上升, 因为银行贷款利率和债券利率通常会随着基准利率的变化而变化。")]),t._v(" "),_("p",[t._v("实际利率的计算: 实际利率是名义利率减去通货膨胀率后的结果。如果通货膨胀率高于名义利率, 那么实际利率就会为负数, 表示投资者的实际购买力在下降。这种情况下, 即使名义利率很高, 投资者仍然可能面临实际负收益的情况。")]),t._v(" "),_("p",[t._v("投资者的考虑: 通常情况下, 投资者会考虑通货膨胀对实际利率的影响。如果通货膨胀率高, 投资者可能会更倾向于选择能够保值或者超过通胀率的投资方式, 以保护其资产不受通胀侵蚀。")]),t._v(" "),_("p",[t._v("总体来说, 通货膨胀对实际利率的影响可以影响投资者的决策和资产配置, 因为它直接关系到投资的实际收益和购买力。")]),t._v(" "),_("h3",{attrs:{id:"cro、cmo、cdmo"}},[_("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#cro、cmo、cdmo"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" CRO、CMO、CDMO")]),t._v(" "),_("ul",[_("li",[t._v("CRO(医药合同研发机构, 英文: Contract Research Organization): 是指通过合同形式为制药企业和研发机构在药物研发过程中提供专业化服务的机构。CRO 企业服务于药物研发的整个阶段, 负责药物开发过程所涉及的全部或部分活动, 其基本目的在于协助制药企业进行科学或医学研究, 主要提供的服务包括新药发现、安全性评价研究服务、药代动力学、药理毒理学等临床前研究及临床数据管理、新药注册申请等。代表的企业有:\n"),_("ul",[_("li",[t._v("药明康德: 业务和盈利主要在美国")])])]),t._v(" "),_("li",[t._v("CMO(医药合同生产机构,英文: Contract Manufacturing Organization ): 是指以合同定制形式为制药企业提供中间体、原料药、制剂的生产以及包装等服务的企业。")]),t._v(" "),_("li",[t._v("CDMO 企业(医药合同研发生产机构, 英文: Contract Development and Manufacturing Organization): 是指以合同定制形式为制药企业提供制药工艺的开发、设计及优化服务, 并在此基础上提供从公斤级到吨级的定制生产服务。CDMO 企业利用自身技术优势及生产能力, 承接了制药企业的工艺开发和生产职能, 从而使制药企业可以更专注于药物的研发。")])]),t._v(" "),_("h3",{attrs:{id:"存款准备金比率"}},[_("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#存款准备金比率"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 存款准备金比率")]),t._v(" "),_("p",[t._v("银行存款准备金比率(英语: Required Reserve Ratio), 也译作存款准备金比率、现金准备比例、准备金比例、准备金要求、存款准备率, 指商业银行的初级存款中不能用于放贷的部分的比例。")]),t._v(" "),_("p",[t._v("为保障存款人的利益, 银行机构不能将吸纳的存款全部用于发放贷款或者是进行炒股票等金融投资, 必须保留一定的资金, 存放在银行内(如美国)或缴存在中央银行(如台湾), 以备客户提款的需要, 这部分的存款就叫做存款准备金。而"),_("RText",{attrs:{text:"存款准备金与存款总额的比例, 就是银行存款准备金比率",color:"green"}}),t._v("。")],1),t._v(" "),_("h3",{attrs:{id:"slf、mlf、slo、psl"}},[_("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#slf、mlf、slo、psl"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" SLF、MLF、SLO、PSL")]),t._v(" "),_("p",[t._v("SLF、MLF、SLO、PSL 就是央行调节货币供应量和利率的工具。"),_("a",{attrs:{href:"https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/510931751",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("参考"),_("OutboundLink")],1)]),t._v(" "),_("RText",{attrs:{text:"SLF 酸辣粉"}}),t._v(" "),_("p",[t._v('SLF: (Standing Lending Facility), 中文名为"常备借贷便利工具", 俗称是"酸辣粉"。是央行在 2013 年创设的流动性调节工具。2013 年初, 中国人民银行创设了常备借贷便利, 并在部分省市试点, 是所有创新流动性工具最早的类别。2015 年 2 月 11 日, 央行在全国推广分支机构常备借贷便利。SLF 可以用来调节市场的短期货币供应量和利率。')]),t._v(" "),_("p",[t._v("特点方面:")]),t._v(" "),_("ol",[_("li",[t._v("发放对象主要为政策性银行和全国性商业银行")]),t._v(" "),_("li",[t._v("SLF 的贷款利率一般是 1-3 个月, 贷款的利率由央行根据货币政策的需要、引导市场利率的需要制定。")]),t._v(" "),_("li",[t._v("审批流程较快, 甚至期限较短的可以做到当天放款 (由于 SLF 是为了平抑短期利率水平)")])]),t._v(" "),_("RText",{attrs:{text:"MLF 麻辣粉"}}),t._v(" "),_("p",[t._v("MLF(Medium-term Lending Facility)即中期借贷便利。中期借贷便利是中央银行提供中期基础货币的货币政策工具, 对象为符合宏观审慎管理要求的商业银行、政策性银行, 采取质押方式发放, 并需提供国债、央行票据、政策性金融债、高等级信用债等优质债券作为合格质押品。简而言之, MLF 是指央行借钱给商业银行, 让他贷款给三农企业和小微企业。相对其他政策工具而言, MLF 算得上是一个新型的非常规货币工具, 属中国人民银行首创之物。")]),t._v(" "),_("p",[t._v("期限方面, MLF, M 是 Mid-term 的意思, 即虽然期限是 3 个月, 临近到期可能会重新约定利率并展期, 各借款行可以通过质押利率债和信用债获取借贷便利工具的投放。例如央行在 8.19 日宣布对 14 家金融机构开展了中期借贷便利(MLF)操作共 1100 亿元, 期限 6 个月, 利率 3.35%。")]),t._v(" "),_("p",[t._v("资金去向方面, MLF 要求各行投放三农和小微贷款。目前来看, 央行放水是希望推动贷款回升, 并对三农和小微贷款有所倾斜。相对之前的 SLF, 它们在某种程度上有不少相似之处, 都是让商业银行提交一部分金融资产作为抵押, 然后给这个商业银行发放贷款。")]),t._v(" "),_("p",[t._v("中期借贷便利是什么中期借贷便利是中央银行提供中期基础货币的货币政策工具。2014 年 9 月, 中国人民银行创设了中期借贷便利, 对象为符合宏观审慎管理要求的商业银行、政策性银行, 采取质押方式发放, 并需提供国债、央行票据、政策性金融债、高等级信用债等优质债券作为合格质押品。")]),t._v(" "),_("p",[t._v("SLF 也就是常备借贷便利可以放在一起说, 这两个东西的作用都是让商业银行提交一部分的金融资产作为抵押, 然后给这个商业银行的发放贷款, 而它们之间不同的地方在于贷款期限上的不同。这种行为的意义在于, 当一个银行获得了 MLF 后, 它就可以从央行获得一笔贷款, 期限是 3 个月, 利率是央行规定的利率。这样一来商业银行有钱了, 可以拿着这笔钱去发放贷款。当贷款期限到了之后, 商业银行还可以根据新的利率来获得同样额度的贷款。这种做法的目的就是刺激商业银行向特定的行业和产业发放贷款。由 SLF 向 MLF 转变, 标志着央行货币政策正从数量型为主向价格型为主转变。")]),t._v(" "),_("h3",{attrs:{id:"加息"}},[_("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#加息"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 加息")]),t._v(" "),_("p",[t._v("加息(即提高利率)通常会对进出口产生一定的影响, 但具体影响因素会受到多种因素的影响, 包括国家经济状况、货币政策、国际贸易环境等。以下是加息对进出口可能产生的影响:")]),t._v(" "),_("ol",[_("li",[t._v("汇率影响:")])]),t._v(" "),_("ul",[_("li",[t._v("加息可能会导致本国货币汇率升值, 因为更高的利率会吸引更多外资流入, 增加本币需求, 进而推高汇率。")]),t._v(" "),_("li",[t._v("对出口商来说, 本币升值可能使得出口产品在国际市场上变得更昂贵, 降低了出口竞争力, 从而影响出口量。")])]),t._v(" "),_("ol",{attrs:{start:"2"}},[_("li",[t._v("国内需求变化:")])]),t._v(" "),_("ul",[_("li",[t._v("加息通常会导致国内消费和投资减少, 因为借贷成本增加, 企业和个人更倾向于储蓄而非支出。")]),t._v(" "),_("li",[t._v("如果国内需求减少, 可能会导致国内产能过剩, 出口商可能会增加出口以弥补国内市场不足。")])]),t._v(" "),_("ol",{attrs:{start:"3"}},[_("li",[t._v("全球经济环境:")])]),t._v(" "),_("ul",[_("li",[t._v("加息政策可能会对全球经济环境产生连锁反应, 尤其是对于出口导向型经济体。")]),t._v(" "),_("li",[t._v("如果全球主要经济体普遍加息, 可能导致全球经济增长放缓, 国际贸易活动减少, 对出口国造成负面影响。")])]),t._v(" "),_("ol",{attrs:{start:"4"}},[_("li",[t._v("资本流动和投资:")])]),t._v(" "),_("ul",[_("li",[t._v("高利率可能会吸引更多资本流入, 提高了本国的资本市场吸引力, 但也可能导致热钱流入和资产泡沫。")]),t._v(" "),_("li",[t._v("对于进口国来说, 加息可能会使得进口商品成本上升, 影响进口需求和进口量。")])]),t._v(" "),_("p",[t._v("总体来说, 加息对进出口的影响取决于多种因素的综合作用, 包括国内经济状况、国际经济环境、货币政策稳定性等。政府和央行通常会综合考虑这些因素来制定合适的货币政策, 以平衡国内经济增长和外部经济影响之间的关系。")]),t._v(" "),_("p",[t._v("todo: 日本加息")]),t._v(" "),_("h3",{attrs:{id:"静态、动态市盈率-以及-ttm、市净率"}},[_("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#静态、动态市盈率-以及-ttm、市净率"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 静态、动态市盈率 以及 TTM、市净率")]),t._v(" "),_("p",[t._v("首先介绍下 PE 的公式 "),_("code",[t._v("PE=股价/每股收益率=总市值/净利润")]),t._v("。市盈率是股票估值和定价最常用的指标, 反映投资者对每一元净利润所愿支付的价格。")]),t._v(" "),_("RText",{attrs:{text:"静态市盈率:"}}),t._v(" "),_("p",[t._v("静态市盈率用来看的股票的过去")]),t._v(" "),_("ul",[_("li",[t._v("静态 PE=股票价格 / 每股收益")]),t._v(" "),_("li",[t._v("静态 PE=当前股票的总市值 / 上一年净利润")])]),t._v(" "),_("RText",{attrs:{text:"动态市盈率:"}}),t._v(" "),_("p",[t._v("动态市盈率则是预测该股票的未来。 比如说该股票已经发布第一季度财报, 这时我们的公式分母就要 ×4, 半年度财报, 这时我们的公式分母就要 ×2, 三季度财报, 这时我们的公式分母就要 ×4/3。")]),t._v(" "),_("p",[t._v("如果动态市盈率>静态市盈率。说明这只股票该季度或者一段时间公司的净利润降低了, 公司发展有些担忧。")]),t._v(" "),_("p",[t._v("假设一个公司的静态市盈率为-24, 动态市盈率为-48. 则表示, 预计未来的亏损变得小了, 经营改观, 后续有可能盈利。假设每股上市 48 元, 则每一股实际亏损-2 元。 未来亏损-1 元。 此种情况, 静态市盈率 > 动态市盈率, 发展有所改善。可能盈利")]),t._v(" "),_("RText",{attrs:{text:"TTM:"}}),t._v(" "),_("p",[t._v("滚动市盈率也叫市盈率 TTM(Trailing Twelve Month), 是以最近报告的 12 个月(四个季度)的净利润或者每股收益为基础来计算的, 我们分别用 PE3 和 PE4 来表示: 滚动市盈率(PE3)=当前股价 ÷ 最近 4 个季度基本每股收益之和, 或者是: 滚动市盈率(PE4)=当前市值 ÷ 最近 4 个季度归属于上市公司股东的净利润。 所以"),_("strong",[t._v("TTM 市盈率看的也是过去")])]),t._v(" "),_("RText",{attrs:{text:"市净率:"}}),t._v(" "),_("p",[t._v("市净率定义: Price-to-Book Value, 简称 P/B. 市净率指的是每股股价与每股净资产的比率(市值除以净资产)。净资产是公司账上属于股东的东西, 是真正的干货。一般来说市净率较低的股票, 投资价值较高, 相反, 则投资价值较低;在判断投资价值时还要考虑当时的市场环境以及公司经营情况、盈利能力等因素")]),t._v(" "),_("p",[t._v('通常情况下, 市净率的大小并不能简单地用"越大越好"或"越小越好"来概括, 而需要结合具体情况进行分析。')]),t._v(" "),_("ol",[_("li",[t._v("市净率越大越好的情况:")])]),t._v(" "),_("p",[t._v("对于成长性较高、盈利稳定、资产负债表健康的公司来说, 较高的市净率可能是正常现象。这反映了市场对公司未来盈利和资产增长的乐观预期, 投资者愿意支付较高的价格来购买这样的股票。\n在行业竞争中, 市净率较高的公司可能拥有良好的品牌价值、技术优势或者市场垄断地位, 因此投资者更愿意为其支付溢价。")]),t._v(" "),_("ol",{attrs:{start:"2"}},[_("li",[t._v("市净率越小越好的情况:")])]),t._v(" "),_("p",[t._v("对于价值投资者来说, 较低的市净率可能意味着投资机会。如果一个公司的市净率较低, 但具有稳定的盈利和良好的资产基础, 可能被认为是被低估的投资对象。\n一些行业或公司可能由于暂时的困境或市场误解而导致市净率偏低, 但具备改善和复苏的潜力, 这时候低市净率可能是投资机会的信号。")]),t._v(" "),_("p",[t._v("总体来说, 市净率的合理性要综合考虑公司的经营状况、行业特点、未来增长前景等因素。不能简单地以市净率大小来断定股票是好还是坏, 需要结合更多的财务指标、经营数据和市场环境来进行综合分析。")]),t._v(" "),_("h3",{attrs:{id:"股利支付率"}},[_("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#股利支付率"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 股利支付率")]),t._v(" "),_("p",[t._v("股利支付率,也称股息发放率,是指净利润中分红总额所占的比重,简单说,股利支付率=税前每股股利/当年每股收益。它反映公司的股利分配政策和股利支付能力。股利支付水平高,则该公司盈利能力强,股东回报高。例如,2019 年格力电器的每股股利为 1.2 元,每股收益为 4.11 元,则股利支付率=1.2/4.11=29.20%")]),t._v(" "),_("h3",{attrs:{id:"分红率"}},[_("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#分红率"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 分红率")]),t._v(" "),_("p",[t._v("分红率这个指标经常被滥用,一会指股利支付率,一会指股息率,其实人家是有自己的定义的。实际上这个指标用得比较少。分红率是指在一个考察期(通常为 12 个月的时间)内,股票的每股股利除以股权登记日当天的收盘价格的百分比。此指标用来衡量一家上市公司管理层的赢利能力和回报能力。例如,2019 年格力电器的每股股利为 1.2 元,股权登记日为 2020 年 6 月 10 日,当天的收盘价为 61.33 元,则分红率=1.2/61.33=1.96%")]),t._v(" "),_("h2",{attrs:{id:"转融通数据"}},[_("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#转融通数据"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 转融通数据")]),t._v(" "),_("ul",[_("li",[_("a",{attrs:{href:"http://www.csf.com.cn",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("中国证券金融股份有限公司"),_("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(" 中的·市场数据与研究·标签")]),t._v(" "),_("li",[_("a",{attrs:{href:"https://www.sse.com.cn/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("上交所官网"),_("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(" 60,68 开头. 在市场数据、其他数据里面")]),t._v(" "),_("li",[_("a",{attrs:{href:"https://www.szse.cn/index/index.html",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("深交所官网"),_("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(" 00,30 开头")])]),t._v(" "),_("h2",{attrs:{id:"call-put"}},[_("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#call-put"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" call/put")]),t._v(" "),_("blockquote",[_("p",[_("a",{attrs:{href:"https://xueqiu.com/2084411539/201851303",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("买入CALL和卖出PUT的区别"),_("OutboundLink")],1)])]),t._v(" "),_("p",[t._v("期权call和put是什么? 期权call是什么意思CALL期权是看涨期权的意思,又叫认购期权,是指在某一时间以协定价格买入某一资产的权利。 期权PUT是指看跌期权,又称认沽期权。")]),t._v(" "),_("p",[t._v("1、买入call是获得了一种权利,可以用固定价格购买股票;所以需要支付这种权利的价格;\n2、卖出call是承担一种义务,需要以固定价格给对方规定数量的股票;所以你可以为这种义务收取服务费;\n3、买入put也是为了获取权利,就是可以以固定价格卖股票,也要为这种权利支付费用;\n4、卖出put也是承担义务,到时候要以规定价格把别人的股票买过来;所以可以收取服务费。这里买入call和卖出put的很相似,到时候你都是得到股票;不同的是你买入call是你的选择权,可以买可以不买;但卖出put是义务,到时候你必须买")]),t._v(" "),_("h2",{attrs:{id:"参考"}},[_("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#参考"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 参考")]),t._v(" "),_("ul",[_("li",[_("a",{attrs:{href:"https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/134100342",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("市盈率(静态市盈率, 动态市盈率, TTM 市盈率)你了解吗?"),_("OutboundLink")],1)]),t._v(" "),_("li",[_("a",{attrs:{href:"https://edu.howbuy.com/news/smsmlfll.html",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("什么是 MLF 利率?MLF 操作又是什么意思?"),_("OutboundLink")],1)]),t._v(" "),_("li",[t._v("分析资源\n"),_("ul",[_("li",[_("a",{attrs:{href:"https://stcn.com/article/detail/1136406.html",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("长端利率再探低点, 这类债基被拖累, 债牛格局下如何应对冲击?"),_("OutboundLink")],1)])])])])],1)}),[],!1,null,null,null);_.default=a.exports}}]); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/assets/js/127.8ab1e977.js b/assets/js/127.8ab1e977.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b1f8608616 --- /dev/null +++ b/assets/js/127.8ab1e977.js @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +(window.webpackJsonp=window.webpackJsonp||[]).push([[127],{443:function(t,s,a){"use strict";a.r(s);var r=a(4),e=Object(r.a)({},(function(){var t=this,s=t._self._c;return 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次法则我们可以得知, 通常第四次的上冲会冲出箱体。按照我个人长期使用的趋势跟踪系统来看, 只要市场整理的幅度与我的趋势跟踪尺度正好吻合的话, 那么我的系统就会出现使我亏损的假信号, 而通常来说超过四次的假信号非常少见。当以逆势的敢死队思维进行高抛低吸的交易者已经出现获利效应的时候, 你跟他们学只能是为他们来买单。通常我会使用相反的方法来应对这种情况。这方面的内容, 我们在后面的"学习效应"中再进行探讨。这里我要说的是, 当一种现象已经成为一种定式的时候, 往往巨变就会随之而来。')]),a._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"恐龙效应"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#恐龙效应"}},[a._v("#")]),a._v(" 恐龙效应")]),a._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"钟摆效应"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#钟摆效应"}},[a._v("#")]),a._v(" 钟摆效应")]),a._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"高低错觉"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#高低错觉"}},[a._v("#")]),a._v(" 高低错觉")]),a._v(" "),t("blockquote",[t("p",[a._v("强加给观众一个参照物,那么观众就会得出一个你所需要的高低评价。 ——金融帝国")])]),a._v(" "),t("p",[a._v('在我看来,更多的交易者都不是趋势思维的信徒。他们不甘心当"傻子",而在任何一笔买卖当中都要考虑所谓高低的问题。这本身就是一个误区,高低根本就不应该作为买卖的理由!对于我这样的趋势信徒而言: 只要上涨还在继续,那么多高都不嫌高;只要下跌还在继续,那么多低都不嫌低。')]),a._v(" "),t("p",[a._v("也许市场除了有趋势特征以外,确实还存在整理特征。这就是所谓的负反馈,涨多了就要跌,跌多了就要涨。那好,我们就同历史比较,来迁就整理思维的信徒吧。")]),a._v(" 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"),t("ul",[t("li",[a._v("对错的评价不应该是基于结果,而应该是基于原因。——金融帝国")]),a._v(" "),t("li",[a._v('如果一位交易者学不会如何正确区分"对与错",那么他将永远原地转圈而毫无进展。 ——金融帝国')]),a._v(" "),t("li",[a._v("在交易之路上,我们走的再慢都没有关系,但是我们必须确认自己是在向前走。 ——金融帝国")])]),a._v(" "),t("p",[a._v('在我看来,交易者能否取得成功,从某种意义上来说就是取决于坚持"错误"与改正错误的能力。其中第一个"错误"代表自身交易策略带来的合理亏损,而第二个错误代表交易方向错误而出现的亏损。这就是庄子所说的"外化而内不化"。这方面的内容我们稍后再详细探讨,这里我希望读者朋友们明白的是: 对于对错的评价应该是基于交易策略而不是基于结果。')]),a._v(" "),t("p",[a._v("对于任何交易者来说,都必须找到自己应该承担的东西。交易绝对不是没有成本的不劳而获,所以我们必须首先确定我们能够承担的成本是什么?然后,找到一种合理的策略来一致性的实现全部交易。这就是每一位交易者成长中找到的基石!")]),a._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"学习效应"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#学习效应"}},[a._v("#")]),a._v(" 学习效应")]),a._v(" "),t("blockquote",[t("p",[a._v("市场是一位狡诈的老师,而交易这是一位愚钝的学生。 ——金融帝国")])]),a._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"超市原理"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#超市原理"}},[a._v("#")]),a._v(" 超市原理")]),a._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"复利悖论"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#复利悖论"}},[a._v("#")]),a._v(" 复利悖论")]),a._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"鸵鸟现象"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#鸵鸟现象"}},[a._v("#")]),a._v(" 鸵鸟现象")]),a._v(" "),t("blockquote",[t("p",[a._v("我是一位知道自己是在赌博的交易者, 而更多的人是自以为在作交易的赌徒! ——金融帝国")])]),a._v(" "),t("p",[a._v("我们忌讳的通常都是真实存在事物, 只不过我们不愿意接受所以才忌讳。那么这里就说一下大多数股民们忌讳什么吧。")]),a._v(" "),t("p",[a._v('首先, 是"怕亏情结"。大多的股民都不乐意于面对亏损, 很少有股民在交易之初就计划好亏损、更不用说把亏损设计为交易策略的一部分。无论你是否承认, 只要是做交易就有可能亏损!"盈利兑现、亏损挂起"虽然能够暂时的对亏损视而不见, 但通常未来都要承受更大的代价。既然与亏损对抗不会有什么结果, 那么我就想办法包容亏损, 用利润来对冲亏损。反正怎么交易都要亏损, 那么我与其被动的接受亏损, 还不如主动的、有计划的、有步骤的去亏损。当我完成买入(开仓)交易以后, 全部的工作就是对亏损的控制。盈利嘛, 不用管它、随它去吧, 它会自己照顾好自己。现在的我真得很轻松, 回头看看那些忌讳亏损的人, 他们活得真得很辛苦。一天我在股市里等人, 看到一位股民十分钟向他的同伴问了八遍"你说过两天能不亏损吗?"这种亏不起的心态, 最终的结果只能是上涨没他事, 下跌他肯定跑不了。其实学会止损只是初级标准, 然后要不忌讳亏损。当你明白"'),t("RText",{attrs:{text:"盈亏同源"}}),a._v('"后, 你就知道亏损本身就是最好的风险释放过程, 这时你会爱上你的亏损。如果亏损是你永远也不能征服的敌人, 那么为什么不将亏损包容、然后和他做朋友呢?我们可以不用同利润亲密接触, 但对于亏损我们必须形影不离的对他照顾有加。我绝对不是开玩笑, '),t("RText",{attrs:{text:"交易的真谛就在于像常人对待利润那样对待你的亏损。"}})],1),a._v(" "),t("p",[a._v('其次, 是"怕隔夜情结"。在期货市场上, 由于很多品种的定价中心在欧美, 所以晚上外盘的大幅度波动就很可能对交易者的隔夜持仓造成很大的风险。这种隔夜风险是确实存在的, 而且我至今也没有找到这种隔夜跳动任何概率上的偏向。这样一来, 在期货公司的怂恿下, 更多的交易者都把不持有隔夜单作为自己的交易规则。道理很简单, 很多交易者都曾经受到过隔夜跳空的伤害, 自然就不愿再涉及这块伤心之地, 而是陷入日内和重仓的误区。在日内的有限时间内, 交易者基本上不可能靠放长利润来实现大赔率。自然他们就只能掩耳盗铃的追求高正确率了, 通常最终的结果就是"领取整存"。事实上, 我曾经也经常受到隔夜跳空的伤害(一夜亏损 6 位数), 而且我深信以后也无法避免受到这种伤害。在我看来, 隔夜跳空只不过是一种噪音, 使得价格走势并非呈现连续波动的特征。那么理论上来讲, 止损幅度就应该有一个下限, 过小的止损幅度就是没有意义的。大的止损幅度自然就决定了仓位不能太重, 这样一来我就用'),t("RText",{attrs:{text:"轻仓的策略来包容这种隔夜风险"}}),a._v("。")],1),a._v(" "),t("p",[a._v('再次, 是"怕赌情结"。一般来说, 我同别人聊交易都是挺受人欢迎的。但是几乎所有的人都反感我将交易同赌博.相提并论。如果市场上、甚至是现实世界中根本就不存在确定性的话, 那么我们该如何应对呢?两种选择, 要不我们就自己来制造确定性的幻觉, 从而生活在虚假的信念中;要不我们就正视不确定性、承认不确定性、接受不确定性、研究不确定性、合理的控制不确定性。遗憾的是, 更多的交易者宁愿活在幻觉中, 也不愿意面对不确定性。他们宁愿将自己的交易技术弄得模糊不清也在所不惜。这时交易者就不能使用确定的一致性交易方法, 毕竟任何确定下来的交易方法都会立刻被证实不具有确定性。所以交易者只好毫无章法、随心所欲的完成交易行为。交易者天真的以为, 众多具有不确定性的交易方法混合、搅拌在一起就能具有确定性。'),t("RText",{attrs:{text:"在我看来, 我是一位知道自己是在赌博的交易者, 而更多的人是自以为在作交易的赌徒!"}})],1),a._v(" "),t("p",[a._v('最后, 是"怕错情结"。如果谁能不犯任何错误, 那么他将会快速的赚取整个世界。犯错并不可耻, 逃避错误才是最可耻的!所谓"怕错情结"是指, 不愿意主动承担责任的倾向。很多交易者在还没有行动之前, 就找好了推卸错误的借口。其实明明已经做好了不可能改变的决定, 但还要征求别人的意见。如果得不到他人的支持, 那么就会继续征求其他人的意见, 直到有人能够支持他的观点为止。这样的好处在于, 当结果真的证实犯了错时, 即使不能少亏一分钱, 也能找到一个可以指责的对象。似乎对于他来说, 自尊心比钞票更重要!')]),a._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"圆木桶理论"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#圆木桶理论"}},[a._v("#")]),a._v(" 圆木桶理论")]),a._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"点球原理"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#点球原理"}},[a._v("#")]),a._v(" 点球原理")]),a._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"小蝴蝶的故事"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#小蝴蝶的故事"}},[a._v("#")]),a._v(" 小蝴蝶的故事")]),a._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"损耗原理"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#损耗原理"}},[a._v("#")]),a._v(" 损耗原理")]),a._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"依赖现象"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#依赖现象"}},[a._v("#")]),a._v(" 依赖现象")]),a._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"绿草坪效应"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#绿草坪效应"}},[a._v("#")]),a._v(" 绿草坪效应")]),a._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"焦虑原理"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#焦虑原理"}},[a._v("#")]),a._v(" 焦虑原理")]),a._v(" "),t("blockquote",[t("p",[a._v("人的一生总是在追逐确定性, 认为只有得到确定性才能使自己感到安全。事实上, 确定性是不可能追求得到的。而只有意识到确定性并不存在时, 我们才能使自己的内心得到安宁。 ——摘自《短线交易大师: 工具与策略》")])]),a._v(" "),t("p",[a._v("人通常真的是不符合逻辑的。如果一个交易者不能战胜自己的心灵, 那么他的行为可能更注重确定性而不是利润。人的一生总是在追逐确定性, 认为只有得到确定性才能使自己感到安全。事实上, 确定性是不可能追求得到的。而只有意识到确定性并不存在时, 我们才能使自己的内心得到安宁。"),t("RText",{attrs:{text:"焦虑原理最为主要的一个提示就是, 建议交易者放弃对不真实的确定性的追求"}}),a._v("。")],1),a._v(" "),t("p",[a._v('这种"焦虑原理"通常能够形成一种巨大的恐惧, 从而使得交易者可能无法挺过交易系统中付出成本的阶段。即使我们的交易系统是采用保守性原则, 来设计出合理的资金管理模块, 从而保证账户资金的长期安全性。但是我们仍旧不知道成本具体需要付出到什么时候, 或者说还需要亏损多少钱才能熬过"交易的冬天"。这时交易者有可能在焦虑中, 放弃未来能够给自己带来巨大利润的交易系统。正是这种也许明天就能够开始下一次的辉煌, 也可能还要继续亏损一段时间的不确定, 使得交易者心力交瘁。我们可以很轻松的在历史走势中测试系统的有效性, 但可惜我们无法测试出心理反应对"按系统操作"可能带来的影响。当我们作系统测试时, 可以问自己是否能够承受 30%的资金回撤幅度, 但我们无法设想那一时点上可能出现的心理问题。')]),a._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"赌博原理"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#赌博原理"}},[a._v("#")]),a._v(" 赌博原理")]),a._v(" "),t("blockquote",[t("p",[a._v("对于赌场而言, 赌博的结果具有微观不确定性, 以及宏观确定性。 ——金融帝国")])]),a._v(" "),t("p",[a._v("对于赌场而言, 他与每位赌客的赌博结果是不确定的。但当他与足够多的赌客进行赌博后, 就能产生必然的利润。这种利润来自于赌博规则对于赌场略微的概率优势。也就是说, 对于赌场而言, 赌博的结果具有微观不确定性, 以及宏观确定性。甚至, 当赌场与足够多的人次进行赌博后, 最后收益率都能够通过数学公式计算出来。并且赌博的次数越多, 计算得出的理论数字就与最终的实际结果越接近。")]),a._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"第三章-基本分析"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#第三章-基本分析"}},[a._v("#")]),a._v(" 第三章 基本分析")]),a._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"价格、价值与价值观"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#价格、价值与价值观"}},[a._v("#")]),a._v(" 价格、价值与价值观")]),a._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[a._v("世界因观察者的不同而不同。 ——金融帝国")]),a._v(" "),t("li",[a._v("股市的上涨与其说是经济的好转,不如说是交易者更乐意于看到好的一面。 ——金融帝国")])]),a._v(" "),t("p",[a._v('有意思的是,所谓价值是一个非常广义的概念。他不仅包括能够被经济理论认可的内在价值,而且还包括一些"上不了台面"的价值。比如,炒作价值。1999 年小盘基金被炒作到净资产的数倍; 2007 年的认沽权证再度上演"废纸也疯狂"的一幕; 2000 年转配股上市被当作一种题材炒作……,有时我在想,什么是真理?任何事情被多次重复后都能成为真理!在大牛市中,配股被当作一种可以低价购买更多廉价股票的题材而被炒作;在大熊市中,配股被当作一种上市公司"圈钱"的手段而使投资者避之不及。配股这种现象的好坏并不重要,重要的是投资者会用什么样的思维来理解。由此看来,坐庄的成败并不取决于对价格的操控能力,而是取决于对市场参与者价值观的影响能力。')]),a._v(" "),t("p",[a._v("这时的价值规律将变为: 价格是所有参与者价值观的综合反映,绝对正确的价值观并不存在。价格作用于所有参与者的价值观,而所有参与者的价值观又会反作用于价格。所谓价值不过是每个参与者根据自己对市场不完全认识而形成的信念,在头脑中形成的观点。")]),a._v(" "),t("p",[a._v('难道价值观真的没有优劣之分吗?毕竟巴菲特通过其独特的价值观创造出庞大的利润。如果价值观绝对没有优劣之分,那么基本分析就没有任何意义;如果价值观存在绝对正确的标准,那么基本分析就能必然的预知未来。有时我在想,是巴菲特的价值观最终战胜了资本市场,还是资本市场的现实迎合了巴菲特的价值观。为什么巴菲特出现在美国,而不是经济泡沫破灭后的日本?假设在大牛市中,某交易者使用一种"独特"的交易策略,每当价格从高点下跌10%就买入。结果震荡中的牛市总是迎合这个交易者的交易策略,而使其获利丰厚。这样一来,与其说是这个交易者的交易策略战胜了市场,不如说是市场迎合了这个交易者的交易策略。也许在巴西、墨西哥、日本,都存在着同巴菲特做着同样事情的交易者,可他们不但没有脱颖而出,反而亏损累累。')]),a._v(" "),t("p",[a._v("如果说巴菲特能够必然的战胜市场,我觉得有些牵强;但如果说巴菲特的成绩完全来自于偶然,我同样也觉得牵强。毕竟巴菲特的庞大利润是真实存在的。那么我们妥协一下,没有绝对正确的价值观;但可能存在具有优势的价值观。而这种具有优势的价值观也绝对不是一成不变的,甚至也不是事先可知的。")]),a._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"价值投资不等于-占便宜"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#价值投资不等于-占便宜"}},[a._v("#")]),a._v(' 价值投资不等于"占便宜"')]),a._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[a._v("价值投资不是买入好的股票,甚至不是买入将会变好的股票,而是应该买入比大众预期更好的股票。——金融帝国")]),a._v(" "),t("li",[a._v("如果你无法获得大众无法得知的信息,同时又没有与众不同的价值观,那么基本分析对于你来说将永远是一场自欺欺人的骗局。——金融帝国")]),a._v(" "),t("li",[a._v("单凭市盈率高低,无法判断到底应该买入或卖出股票。在多数情况下,一档股票不会因市盈率很低,即大幅涨升,不要只因为市盈率看起来很划算,即买入一档股票。一档股票之所以看起来便宜,时常有他的道理。——奥尼尔")])]),a._v(" "),t("hr"),a._v(" "),t("p",[a._v('上一节我们探讨了价值的问题,那么我们由此想到: 所谓价值投资比拼的并不是股票的价值,而是参与者的价值观。前面我已经说了,价值只存在于每个人的头脑里,而且可以是因人而异的。但这和我们通常所理解的价值似乎不同,在市场上似乎还存在一种"市场公认"的价值。往往"市场公认"价值,通常都是与价格呈现背离状态的。')]),a._v(" "),t("p",[a._v('通常"市场公认"价值包括股票的业绩报告、主流市场评论观点等等。似乎这时每股收益等基本面数据已经成为了不受观察着角度不同而不同的绝对数据。而市场权威研发机构之间的观点也通常是相互受到影响,并且融合成一种市场主流预期。')]),a._v(" "),t("p",[a._v('很多交易者就在这里陷入了一个严重的误区!当市场价格远低于"市场公认"价值的时候,那种符合本能的"占便宜"的念头就油然而生。更可笑的是,还美其名曰价值投资。他们一厢情愿的认为,基本分析大师也是在做同样的事情。那么,请看看历史上最为有名的基本分析大师的投资案例吧。')]),a._v(" "),t("p",[a._v("彼得•林奇是美国家喻户晓的基本分析大师。他分散投资的风格有些独树一帜,他在其职业生涯之中,轮番持有过1400 多只股票,远远超过同一时期的巴菲特。上个世纪八十年代,他将旗下麦哲伦基金5%(这是证监会所允许的最大持股比例)的资产。按照林奇的说法,如果法律允许的话。他会把基金资产的10%到20%全投入进去。大家知道林奇罕见的重仓行为买入的是一只什么样的股票吗?那是一个持续低迷的汽车行业中,一只濒临破产的股票——克莱斯勒!最终管理巨子卡特让克莱斯勒起死回生,而林奇先生在克莱斯勒上投资获得了50 多倍的投资收益。")]),a._v(" "),t("p",[a._v('20 世纪60 年代初,巴菲特所做的一个重大决策,便是大力投资美国运通公司。在该公司爆出"安东尼•迪•安杰里斯色拉油丑闻"时,产生了数十亿美元损失的责任。这次危机的爆发有可能卷走全部的股东权益,使公司的净资产变成负值。而巴菲特将巴菲特合伙公司40%的净资产、价值约1300 万美元投资于美国运通公司,买下了美国运通公司5%的股份。如此一来,巴菲特打破了他在一次性投资中使用其合伙公司资金不超过25%这一原则,据说巴菲特合伙公司卖掉这些股票净赚2000 万美元的利润。我记得,巴菲特曾经戏称: "如果有什么好消息不必对我讲,但如果有什么坏消息请一定要告诉我。"')]),a._v(" "),t("p",[a._v("我想告诉大家,一只股票正在下跌并不可怕,但如果市场上没有人知道该股为什么下跌才是最可怕的事情。无论是巴菲特还是林奇,他们买入的股票是经过大幅下跌的股票。但请注意,市场上几乎没有人不知道这些股票为什么而下\n跌!几年后我听到一个故事,一位老大爷在达尔曼跌到6 元附近时,用全部几十万的资金买入了这只业绩优良并且跌破净资产的股票。这让我想起经常在马路上出现的一幕,一些外地人拿着一部崭新的价值2000 元的手机,向路人以200元的价格出售。不知道你遇到这样的事情后会作何感想呢?是认为这种事情不符合常理而肯定是一个骗局,还是认为这正是占这个傻子便宜的好时候呢?")]),a._v(" "),t("p",[a._v('请记住!价值投资根本不是一种投资理念,而是一种投资能力。基本分析大师能够大获全胜并非因为价值的优势,而是因为价值观的优势。我的意思是说,基本分析大师必然是那些价值观不同于"市场公认"价值的交易者。如果你的价值观与"市场公认"价值并没有任何不同的话,那么千万不要自欺欺人的去进行什么所谓的价值投资。')]),a._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"基本分析与自欺欺人"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#基本分析与自欺欺人"}},[a._v("#")]),a._v(" 基本分析与自欺欺人")]),a._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[a._v("对于大多数的股民而言,只有亏损的股票才会进行长期投资。 ——金融帝国")]),a._v(" "),t("li",[a._v("如果你找到的所有原因都能指向同一个结论的话,那么这通常说明你已经失去了客观。 ——金融帝国")])]),a._v(" "),t("hr"),a._v(" "),t("p",[a._v('在我看来,善于进行基本分析的交易者,通常都是敢于为单一理由而下注的人。某香港人看到中国报纸关于越南问题的报道中出现"是可忍,孰不可忍"的标题后,预期中越战争的爆发而大量买入黄金;巴菲特考虑到运通仍旧垄断全国旅行支票业务,而大量吃进该股……,道理很简单,也许你确实能够找到了一个被市场暂时忽略的重要因素,但如果说你找到了 N 个被市场所忽略的重要因素就显得有些天方夜谭了!')]),a._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"基本分析更适合谁"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#基本分析更适合谁"}},[a._v("#")]),a._v(" 基本分析更适合谁?")]),a._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[a._v("对于分析方法而言,并没有所谓的优劣之分,重要的是这种方法是否适合你? ——金融帝国")]),a._v(" "),t("li",[a._v("投资想赚大钱,必须有耐性。换句话说,预测股价会达到什么水准,往往比预测多久才会到达那种水平容易。 ——费雪")])]),a._v(" "),t("p",[a._v("在我看来,所有能够被运用于交易的方法都不存在绝对的优劣之分。如果我们把交易的方法看作为砖块的话,那么你建立起来的系统大厦的好坏并不取决于砖块,而是取决于砖块的组合。那么,本节我们就来看看什么样的交易者更适合使用基本分析。")]),a._v(" "),t("p",[a._v("从国外的基金业来看,资金量越大的交易者越重视基本分析;操作周期越长的交易者越重视基本分析;基本分析大师通常产生于股市而不是期货市场。从某种意义上来讲,资金量的大小与操作周期的长短也是相辅相成的。我们很难想象用几百个亿的资金,在市场中玩抢帽子的游戏。越大的资金量,在市场中翻身所需要的波动幅度也就越大,并且市场波动幅度又同持有时间成正比的。在期货市场由于保证金制度和合约有效期的问题,使得基本分析大师很难施展拳脚。")]),a._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"基本分析与技术分析的兼容性"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#基本分析与技术分析的兼容性"}},[a._v("#")]),a._v(" 基本分析与技术分析的兼容性")]),a._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"消息面与未来走势"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#消息面与未来走势"}},[a._v("#")]),a._v(" 消息面与未来走势")]),a._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"_08-年业绩仍将是主线"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#_08-年业绩仍将是主线"}},[a._v("#")]),a._v(" 08 年业绩仍将是主线")]),a._v(" "),t("blockquote",[t("p",[a._v("从宏观上来说, 业绩好的股票通常是价格高的股票, 但并不等于是未来会上涨的股票。 ——金融帝国")])]),a._v(" "),t("p",[a._v('我承认, 对于股票未来的业绩如何, 我基本上是无能为力的。所谓以业绩为主线, 是指以当时业绩优良的股票为主线。有一点我要说明, "绩优股"与"绩差股"只不过是一种按照业绩好坏的分类。他们同"大盘股"与"小盘股"的分类一样, 从宏观上来看对未来走势并没有任何的指引作用。能够左右未来走势的是未来的(超出预期的)业绩。我的意思是说, 市场在某一阶段绩优股会表现出众, 而另一段时间绩差股又会表现喜人。')]),a._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"第四章-技术分析"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#第四章-技术分析"}},[a._v("#")]),a._v(" 第四章 技术分析")]),a._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"技术分析的基石"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#技术分析的基石"}},[a._v("#")]),a._v(" 技术分析的基石")]),a._v(" "),t("p",[a._v("技术分析是从市场的真实走势入手, 而对未来的走势进行一定程度的研判。如果说, 价格是由众多原因影响后形成的结果。那么基本分析就是用现在的原因, 推导未来的原因, 从而推导出未来的结果;而技术分析则是用现在的结果推导未来的结果。似乎, 技术分析来的更直接一些。下面, 我们先来看看技术分析的三大假设。")]),a._v(" "),t("p",[a._v('第一, 市场行为涵盖一切信息。确切的说, 这个假设是不完全正确的。按照"冰山原理"的说法, 能够影响到市场的信息是无限的, 那么无限的信息又如何被唯一、并且真实的价格所包容呢?被(全部参与者)市场考虑到的信息是有限的, 而未被市场考虑到的信息是无限的。那么应该是, 市场行为涵盖了被全部交易者考虑到的一切信息。按照"巨变效应"中的说法, 信息是可以被封存起来的。也就是说, 一则消息当时并没有被市场所全部反映, 而是被市场封存起来。当达到临界状态后, 这种被封存的因素又会被快速释放。')]),a._v(" "),t("p",[a._v("第二, 价格呈趋势运行。这一点应该是毫无疑问的。过去两年上证指数从 998 点上涨至 4336 点, 这种现象很难用漫步随机来解释。如果真的是每天抛一次硬币, 然后根据正反面来绘制一种图形的话, 那么可能一万年也无法绘制出类似股市走势的图形来。期货市场存在的价值就在于为套期保值者提供场所。如果商品价格不存在大幅度的趋势波动, 那么期货市场就失去了存在的意义。无论从任何角度来看, 价格呈趋势运行都是无懈可击的。")]),a._v(" "),t("p",[a._v("第三, 历史会重演。世界上没有两片树叶是相同的, 所以历史和未来也不会绝对的相同。但是人性是相同的, 同时又是很难改变的。如果说市场是人性的一面镜子的话, 那么历史与未来会有某些趋同性, 就丝毫不会让人感到奇怪。无论是荷兰郁金香狂潮、还是英国南海泡沫、或者是美国佛罗里达泡沫, 我们都能从中看到人性的轨迹。已有的事, 后必再有;已行的事, 后必再行。日光之下, 并无新事。也许事务的表面在不断的变化, 但是通常事物的本质是很难改变的。")]),a._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"技术指标"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#技术指标"}},[a._v("#")]),a._v(" 技术指标")]),a._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"形态指标"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#形态指标"}},[a._v("#")]),a._v(" 形态指标")]),a._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"k线分析"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#k线分析"}},[a._v("#")]),a._v(" K线分析")]),a._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"缺口理论"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#缺口理论"}},[a._v("#")]),a._v(" 缺口理论")]),a._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"波浪理论"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#波浪理论"}},[a._v("#")]),a._v(" 波浪理论")]),a._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"江恩理论"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#江恩理论"}},[a._v("#")]),a._v(" 江恩理论")]),a._v(" "),t("blockquote",[t("p",[a._v('在应对无参数的市场时, 我采用的是有参数的趋势跟踪系统。我很肯定这并非最好的方法, 也许最好的方法是由这三大理论设计出的基于"形态"与"时空关系"而产生的无参数系统。——金融帝国')])]),a._v(" "),t("p",[a._v("江恩的理论体系从根本上说就是在看似无序的市场中建立严格的交易秩序。请注意, 是交易秩序而不是行情预测。江恩理论的技术分析方法, 把价格与时间巧妙的加以结合乃是独一无二的。下面我就粗略的谈一下, 我眼中的江恩理论。")]),a._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"第五章-雕虫小技"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#第五章-雕虫小技"}},[a._v("#")]),a._v(" 第五章 雕虫小技")]),a._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"第六章-系统之路"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#第六章-系统之路"}},[a._v("#")]),a._v(" 第六章 系统之路")]),a._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"第七章-资金管理"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#第七章-资金管理"}},[a._v("#")]),a._v(" 第七章 资金管理")]),a._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"第八章-杂谈"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#第八章-杂谈"}},[a._v("#")]),a._v(" 第八章 杂谈")]),a._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"附录"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#附录"}},[a._v("#")]),a._v(" 附录")]),a._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"link"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#link"}},[a._v("#")]),a._v(" 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+(window.webpackJsonp=window.webpackJsonp||[]).push([[130],{446:function(e,t,r){"use strict";r.r(t);var a=r(4),o=Object(a.a)({},(function(){var e=this,t=e._self._c;return t("ContentSlotsDistributor",{attrs:{"slot-key":e.$parent.slotKey}},[t("blockquote",[t("p",[e._v("音视频基础")])]),e._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"base"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#base"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" base")]),e._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"m3u8"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#m3u8"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" m3u8")]),e._v(" "),t("blockquote",[t("p",[t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://cloud.tencent.com/developer/article/2302011",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("https://cloud.tencent.com/developer/article/2302011"),t("OutboundLink")],1)])]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("M3U8 视频格式是一种基于"),t("code",[e._v("HTTP Live Streaming(HLS)")]),e._v("协议的视频文件格式。它是苹果公司开发的, 目前广泛应用于 iOS、macOS 和 tvOS 等系统中。与传统的视频格式不同,M3U8 视频格式将整个视频分成多个小片段进行传输,这些小片段可以根据网络情况自动调节其质量和大小。这种方式使得 M3U8 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"),t("li",[t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://mp.weixin.qq.com/mp/appmsgalbum?__biz=MzA4MjU1MDk3Ng==&action=getalbum&album_id=1337187910394920960&scene=173&from_msgid=2451531032&from_itemidx=1&count=3&nolastread=1#wechat_redirect",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("微信-音视频杂谈专题"),t("OutboundLink")],1)]),e._v(" "),t("li",[t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://www.jianshu.com/u/f717b78f593b",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("简书-yabin 小站-音视频开发之旅"),t("OutboundLink")],1)]),e._v(" "),t("li",[t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://source.android.com/docs/core/graphics?hl=zh-cn",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("Android-图形架构概述"),t("OutboundLink")],1)]),e._v(" "),t("li",[t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/google/ExoPlayer",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("google-exoplayer"),t("OutboundLink")],1)]),e._v(" "),t("li",[t("RouterLink",{attrs:{to:"/pages/a3d44e/"}},[e._v("ffmpeg 传送")])],1),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("other\n"),t("ul",[t("li",[t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://developer.aliyun.com/article/53792",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("音视频封装格式和编码格式"),t("OutboundLink")],1)]),e._v(" "),t("li",[t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://www.jianshu.com/p/5f3495d7b76b",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("SurfaceView 与 TextureView"),t("OutboundLink")],1)])])]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("tool\n"),t("ul",[t("li",[t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://blog.luckly-mjw.cn/tool-show/m3u8-downloader/index.html",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("m3u8 视频在线提取工具"),t("OutboundLink")],1)])])])])],1)}),[],!1,null,null,null);t.default=o.exports}}]); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/assets/js/131.6afc1134.js b/assets/js/131.6afc1134.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f82b1169fe --- /dev/null +++ b/assets/js/131.6afc1134.js @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +(window.webpackJsonp=window.webpackJsonp||[]).push([[131],{447:function(t,r,a){"use strict";a.r(r);var e=a(4),s=Object(e.a)({},(function(){var t=this,r=t._self._c;return r("ContentSlotsDistributor",{attrs:{"slot-key":t.$parent.slotKey}},[r("h2",{attrs:{id:"常用"}},[r("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#常用"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 常用")]),t._v(" "),r("h3",{attrs:{id:"谢谢"}},[r("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#谢谢"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 谢谢")]),t._v(" "),r("p",[t._v("一、委婉的客套, 表达自己的荣幸")]),t._v(" "),r("p",[t._v("如: 我本来挺无聊的, 幸好你来找我帮忙, 让我有些事情可做, 正好打发时间。并且我也正好喜欢干这个事, 你不用客气, 顺手的事情。")]),t._v(" "),r("p",[t._v("二、大方接受, 拉近关系")]),t._v(" "),r("p",[t._v("没事, 咱们两个什么关系, 你别跟我客气, 有啥事情尽管吩咐。只要我能够办到的, 我二话不说, 肯定会帮你的")]),t._v(" "),r("p",[t._v("三、主动吸引, 大胆追求")]),t._v(" "),r("p",[t._v("正好我帮了你, 明天我们一起去看电影吧")]),t._v(" "),r("h2",{attrs:{id:"链接"}},[r("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#链接"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 链接")]),t._v(" "),r("ul",[r("li",[r("a",{attrs:{href:"https://www.163.com/dy/article/G7VM2ACI0528D2LL.html",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener 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旨在提供有关计算机科学、创业、科技和相关领域的新闻、文章和讨论。这个网站的用户主要是来自科技行业、创业者、开发者和对技术感兴趣的人。")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[e("strong",[t._v("主要特点")])]),t._v(" "),e("ul",[e("li",[t._v("投票和排序: Hacker News 的用户可以投票对他们认为有价值的新闻和评论。这些投票决定了内容在页面上的排名, 从而使用户可以看到最有趣和受欢迎的内容。")]),t._v(" "),e("li",[t._v("评论系统: 每篇新闻都有一个评论区, 用户可以在这里讨论和分享他们的观点。Hacker News 的评论区通常充满了高质量的技术和行业相关的讨论。")]),t._v(" "),e("li",[t._v("每日和每周最佳: Hacker News 社区会每天和每周评选出最佳的新闻和讨论, 这些内容通常反映了最新的技术趋势和有趣的见解。")]),t._v(" "),e("li",[t._v("无广告和质量控制: Hacker News 没有广告, 这有助于保持用户体验的清爽和聚焦在内容上。此外, 网站还采取了措施来防止滥用和垃圾信息的出现, 以确保内容的质量。")])]),t._v(" "),e("p",[e("strong",[t._v("投票")]),t._v("\nHacker News 采用了一种投票衰减机制。这意味着新闻和文章的排名会随着时间的推移逐渐下降, 而每天并不会重新进行投票。然而, 用户可以随时投票支持他们认为有价值的内容, 并通过评论和讨论来影响话题的发展。这种机制旨在确保新的和有趣的内容能够在网站上持续受到关注, 同时避免过度重视旧的内容")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("Hacker News 成为了一个受欢迎的平台, 吸引了广大的技术社区, 并且提供了丰富的技术和行业信息。无论您是想了解最新的科技新闻、寻找有关创业的见解, 还是与其他技术爱好者进行交流, Hacker News 都是一个值得关注和参与的社区。")])])}),[],!1,null,null,null);e.default=a.exports}}]); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/assets/js/133.c05f1290.js b/assets/js/133.c05f1290.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ee304ba8db --- /dev/null +++ b/assets/js/133.c05f1290.js @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +(window.webpackJsonp=window.webpackJsonp||[]).push([[133],{449:function(s,t,a){"use strict";a.r(t);var n=a(4),e=Object(n.a)({},(function(){var s=this,t=s._self._c;return t("ContentSlotsDistributor",{attrs:{"slot-key":s.$parent.slotKey}},[t("div",{staticClass:"custom-block tip"},[t("p",{staticClass:"custom-block-title"},[s._v("提示")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("设计模式是在软件开发中常用的解决问题的方法和经验总结。它们提供了一套被广泛认可的解决方案, 用于解决在软件设计和开发过程中常见的问题。设计模式通过定义了一些通用的架构模式、结构模式和行为模式, 帮助开发人员更好地组织和管理代码, 并提高代码的可维护性、可扩展性和重用性。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("另外可以看看 "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://coolshell.cn/articles/21672.html",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[s._v("我做系统架构的一些原则"),t("OutboundLink")],1),s._v(" 很有思考深度")])]),s._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"看懂-uml-类图和时序图"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#看懂-uml-类图和时序图"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 看懂 UML 类图和时序图")]),s._v(" "),t("blockquote",[t("p",[s._v("更多内容可见: "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://design-patterns.readthedocs.io/zh_CN/latest/read_uml.html",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[s._v("https://design-patterns.readthedocs.io/zh_CN/latest/read_uml.html"),t("OutboundLink")],1)])]),s._v(" "),t("p",[t("strong",[s._v("示例")]),s._v(" "),t("img",{attrs:{src:"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jacky1234/picArchieve/master/uPic/shrpmn.jpg",alt:"uml_class_struct"}})]),s._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[s._v("车的类图结构为"),t("code",[s._v("<>")]),s._v(", 表示车是一个抽象类;")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[s._v("它有两个继承类: 小汽车和自行车;它们之间的关系为实现关系, 使用带空心箭头的虚线表示;")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[s._v("小汽车为与 SUV 之间也是继承关系, 它们之间的关系为泛化关系, 使用带空心箭头的实线表示;")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[s._v("小汽车与发动机之间是组合关系, 使用带实心箭头的实线表示;")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[s._v("学生与班级之间是聚合关系, 使用带空心箭头的实线表示;")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[s._v("学生与身份证之间为关联关系, 使用一根实线表示;")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[s._v("学生上学需要用到自行车, 与自行车是一种依赖关系, 使用带箭头的虚线表示;")])]),s._v(" "),t("p",[t("strong",[t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://www.kancloud.cn/digest/xing-designpattern/143734",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[s._v("说明"),t("OutboundLink")],1)])]),s._v(" "),t("ol",[t("li",[s._v("可见性表示该属性对于类外的元素而言是否可见, 包括公有(public)、私有(private)和受保护(protected)三种, 在类图中分别用符号+、- 和 # 表示。")])]),s._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"聚合与组合"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#聚合与组合"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 聚合与组合")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v('在 UML(统一建模语言)中, "聚合"(Aggregation)和"组合"(Composition)是用来表示类之间的关联关系的两个术语。')]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("聚合表示类之间的一种关联关系, 其中一个类(整体)包含另一个类(部分)。聚合关系是一种弱关系, 意味着整体对象和部分对象可以存在独立于彼此的生命周期。聚合关系通常使用一个带空心菱形的线表示, 该菱形指向整体对象。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("组合表示类之间的一种关联关系, 其中一个类(整体)包含另一个类(部分)。组合关系是一种强关系, 意味着整体对象和部分对象的生命周期是紧密相连的, 部分对象不能独立存在。如果整体对象被销毁, 部分对象也将被销毁。组合关系通常使用一个带实心菱形的线表示, 该菱形指向整体对象。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v('简而言之, 聚合关系表示"整体-部分"的关系, 而组合关系表示"整体-部分"的强关系, 部分对象与整体对象有更紧密的依赖关系。')]),s._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"设计模式的六大原则"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#设计模式的六大原则"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 设计模式的六大原则")]),s._v(" "),t("blockquote",[t("p",[s._v("更多内容可见: "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://www.kancloud.cn/digest/xing-designpattern/143718",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[s._v("https://www.kancloud.cn/digest/xing-designpattern/143718"),t("OutboundLink")],1)])]),s._v(" "),t("ol",[t("li",[s._v("单一职责原则")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[s._v("开闭原则\n"),t("blockquote",[t("p",[s._v("对于扩展是开放的, 但是对于修改是封闭的。")])])]),s._v(" "),t("li",[s._v("里氏替换原则\n"),t("blockquote",[t("p",[s._v("里氏替换原则是继承复用的基石。只有当衍生类可以替换掉基类, 软件单位的功能不会受到影响时, 基类才能真正的被复用, 而衍生类也才能够在基类的基础上增加新的行为。")])])]),s._v(" "),t("li",[s._v("依赖倒置原则\n"),t("blockquote",[t("p",[s._v("在 java 中的表现是: 模块间的依赖通过抽象发生, 实体类之间不发生直接的依赖关系, 其依赖关系是通过接口或抽象类产生。")])])]),s._v(" "),t("li",[s._v("接口隔离原则\n"),t("blockquote",[t("p",[s._v("接口隔离的目的是系统解开耦合, 从而容易重构, 更改和重新部署 。")])])]),s._v(" "),t("li",[s._v("迪米特原则")])]),s._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"spi"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#spi"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" SPI")]),s._v(" "),t("blockquote",[t("p",[s._v("SPI 是 Java 平台提供的一种机制, 允许应用程序在运行时动态加载和发现实现某个接口的服务提供者\n通常我们会使用 google 的 "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/google/auto/tree/main/service",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[s._v("AutoService"),t("OutboundLink")],1),s._v(" 来简化整个过程 SPI 过程.")])]),s._v(" "),t("p",[t("strong",[s._v("maven 版本")])]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("你可以在 "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/google/auto/tree/main/service",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[s._v("mvnrepository"),t("OutboundLink")],1),s._v(" 查看最新的 AutoService 版本")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[t("strong",[s._v("Google Autoservice 的原理")]),s._v(":")]),s._v(" "),t("ol",[t("li",[t("p",[s._v("定义服务接口: 首先, 您需要定义一个服务接口, 该接口定义了所需的功能或行为。接口通常在一个单独的库或模块中定义, 并作为提供者和使用者之间的契约。")])]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("p",[s._v("实现服务提供者: 接下来, 您需要实现服务接口的一个或多个具体实现。每个实现都需要提供一个无参数的构造函数, 并且通常在独立的模块中实现。")])]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("p",[s._v("创建 SPI 配置文件: 为了将服务提供者注册到应用程序中, 您需要创建一个 SPI 配置文件。该配置文件是一个文本文件, 位于 META-INF/services 目录下, 文件名与服务接口的全限定名相同。在配置文件中, 每一行包含一个服务提供者的完全限定名。")])]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("p",[s._v("使用 Google Autoservice 注解: 为了简化服务提供者的注册过程, 您可以使用 Google Autoservice 库中提供的"),t("code",[s._v("@AutoService")]),s._v(" 注解。将此注解应用于服务提供者的实现类上, 它将自动生成 SPI 配置文件, 并将服务提供者自动注册到应用程序中。")])]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("p",[s._v("加载和使用服务提供者: 在应用程序中, 您可以使用 Java 的 ServiceLoader 类来加载和使用服务提供者。ServiceLoader 类允许您动态加载服务提供者的实现, 并在运行时获取它们的实例。")])])]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("通过使用 Google Autoservice 库, 您可以简化 SPI 的使用过程, 自动注册和发现服务提供者, 从而实现更灵活和可扩展的应用程序架构。")]),s._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"aop"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#aop"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" AOP")]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"custom-block tip"},[t("p",{staticClass:"custom-block-title"},[s._v("提示")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("AOP 它提倡的是针对同一类问题的统一处理.\n那么 AOP 这种编程思想有什么用呢, 一般来说, 主要用于不想侵入原有代码的场景中, 例如 SDK 需要无侵入的在宿主中插入一些代码, 做日志埋点、性能监控、动态权限控制、甚至是代码调试等等。")])]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("Spring DI(依赖注入) IOC(控制反转)")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://juejin.im/entry/589fd852128fe100659443b8",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[s._v("面向切面编程。"),t("OutboundLink")],1)]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("有一些工具和库帮助我们使用 AOP:")]),s._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[s._v("AspectJ: 一个 JavaTM 语言的面向切面编程的无缝扩展(适用 Android)。")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[s._v("Jake 大神的 Hugo,"),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/JakeWharton/hugo",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[s._v("https://github.com/JakeWharton/hugo"),t("OutboundLink")],1)]),s._v(" "),t("li",[s._v("Javassist for Android: 用于字节码操作的知名 java 类库 Javassist 的 Android 平台移植版。")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[s._v("DexMaker: Dalvik 虚拟机上, 在编译期或者运行时生成代码的 Java API。")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[s._v("ASMDEX: 一个类似 ASM 的字节码操作库, 运行在 Android 平台, 操作 Dex 字节码。")])]),s._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"结构型设计模式"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#结构型设计模式"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 结构型设计模式")]),s._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"mvc-mvp-mvvm"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#mvc-mvp-mvvm"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" MVC MVP MVVM")]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"custom-block tip"},[t("p",{staticClass:"custom-block-title"},[s._v("提示")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("MVC(Model-View-Controller), MVP(Model-View-Presenter)和 MVVM(Model-View-ViewModel)是三种常见的架构模式。它们被广泛应用于各种编程语言和框架中, 以帮助开发人员组织和管理代码, 并实现良好的可维护性和可扩展性。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("他们间的区别可以参考:")]),s._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/38108311",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[s._v("MVC, MVP 和 MVVM 模式如何选择?"),t("OutboundLink")],1)]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/difference-between-mvc-mvp-and-mvvm-architecture-pattern-in-android/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[s._v("difference-between-mvc-mvp-and-mvvm-architecture-pattern-in-android"),t("OutboundLink")],1)])])]),s._v(" "),t("h4",{attrs:{id:"mvc"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#mvc"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" MVC")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("MVC 是一种经典的设计模式, 用于将应用程序的逻辑、数据和用户界面相互分离。它包括以下三个核心组件:")]),s._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[s._v("视图(View): It is the UI(User Interface) layer that holds components that are visible on the screen")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[s._v("控制器(Controller): This component establishes the relationship between the View and the Model")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[s._v("模型(Model): This component stores the application data.")])]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("在传统的 MVC 模式中, View 和 Controller 是紧密耦合的, 它们之间存在双向的交互。然而, 在 Android 中, 通常使用了一种变种的 MVC 模式, 称为 Passive View。在 Passive View 中, View 不直接与 Model 进行交互, 而是通过 Controller 来间接操作和更新 Model。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("一、mvc 的结构")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[t("img",{attrs:{src:"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jacky1234/picArchieve/master/uPic/OxN8jk.jpg",alt:"mvc"}})]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("二、MVC 的调用关系")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("用户的对 View 操作以后, View 捕获到这个操作, 会把处理的权利交移给 Controller(Pass calls);Controller 接着会执行相关的业务逻辑, 这些业务逻辑可能需要对 Model 进行相应的操作;当 Model 变更了以后, 会通过观察者模式(Observer Pattern)通知 View;View 通过观察者模式收到 Model 变更的消息以后, 会向 Model 请求最新的数据, 然后重新更新界面。")]),s._v(" "),t("h5",{attrs:{id:"优缺点"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#优缺点"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 优缺点")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("一、优点")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("1、把业务逻辑全部分离到 Controller 中, 模块化程度高")]),s._v(" "),t("blockquote",[t("p",[s._v("当业务逻辑变更的时候, 不需要变更 View 和 Model, 只需要 Controller 换成另外一个 Controller 就行了(Swappable Controller)。")])]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("2、观察者模式可以做到多视图同时更新")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("二、缺点")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("1、Controller 测试困难")]),s._v(" "),t("blockquote",[t("p",[s._v("因为视图同步操作是由 View 自己执行, 而 View 只能在有 UI 的环境下运行。在没有 UI 环境下对 Controller 进行单元测试的时候, Controller 业务逻辑的正确性是无法验证的: Controller 更新 Model 的时候, 无法对 View 的更新操作进行断言。")])]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("2、View 无法组件化")]),s._v(" "),t("blockquote",[t("p",[s._v("View 是强依赖特定的 Model 的, 如果需要把这个 View 抽出来作为一个另外一个应用程序可复用的组件就困难了。因为不同程序的的 Domain Model 是不一样的")])]),s._v(" "),t("h4",{attrs:{id:"mvp"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#mvp"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" MVP")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[t("strong",[s._v("MVP 由以下三个组件组成")])]),s._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[s._v("Model(模型): 用于存储数据的层。它负责处理领域逻辑(现实世界的业务规则)并与数据库和网络层进行通信。")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[s._v("View(视图): 用户界面(UI)层。它提供数据的可视化, 并跟踪用户的操作, 以便通知 Presenter。")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[s._v("Presenter(展示者): 从模型中获取数据并应用 UI 逻辑以决定要显示的内容。它管理视图的状态, 并根据来自视图的用户输入通知采取行动。")])]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("和 MVC 模式一样, 用户对 View 的操作都会从 View 交移给 Presenter。Presenter 同样的会执行相应的业务逻辑, 并且对 Model 进行相应的操作;而这时候 Model 也是通过观察者模式把自己变更的消息传递出去, 但是是传给 Presenter 而不是 View。Presenter 获取到 Model 变更的消息以后, "),t("RText",{attrs:{text:"通过 View 提供的接口更新界面",color:"red"}}),s._v(". 如下图:")],1),s._v(" "),t("p",[t("img",{attrs:{src:"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/jacky1234/picArchieve@master/uPic/20230607_204217_XqBRZI.jpg",alt:"MVP"}})]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("二、特点")]),s._v(" "),t("ol",[t("li",[s._v("各部分之间的通信, 都是双向的。")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[s._v("View 与 Model 不发生联系, 都通过 Presenter 传递。")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[s._v('View 非常薄, 不部署任何业务逻辑, 称为"被动视图"(Passive View), 即没有任何主动性, 而 Presenter 非常厚, 所有逻辑都部署在那里。')])]),s._v(" "),t("h5",{attrs:{id:"优缺点-2"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#优缺点-2"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 优缺点")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("一、优点")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("1、便于测试")]),s._v(" "),t("blockquote",[t("p",[s._v("Presenter 对 View 是通过接口进行, 在对 Presenter 进行不依赖 UI 环境的单元测试的时候。可以通过 Mock 一个 View 对象, 这个对象只需要实现了 View 的接口即可。然后依赖注入到 Presenter 中, 单元测试的时候就可以完整的测试 Presenter 业务逻辑的正确性。这里根据上面的例子给出了 Presenter 的单元测试样例。")])]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("2、View 可以进行组件化")]),s._v(" "),t("blockquote",[t("p",[s._v("在 MVP 当中, View 不依赖 Model。这样就可以让 View 从特定的业务场景中脱离出来, 可以说 View 可以做到对业务逻辑完全无知。它只需要提供一系列接口提供给上层操作。这样就可以做高度可复用的 View 组件。")])]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("二、缺点")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("1、Presenter 中除了业务逻辑以外, 还有大量的 View->Model, Model->View 的手动同步逻辑, 造成 Presenter 比较笨重, 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"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("}")]),s._v("\n\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[s._v("/**\n * 获取对象: 将方法上的synchronized移至内部\n * @return instance 本类的实例\n */")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("public")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("static")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[s._v("DoubleCheckedLockingSingleton")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("getInstance")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(")")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("{")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[s._v("// 先判断实例是否存在")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("if")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token 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"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("getInstance")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(")")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("{")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("return")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[s._v("SingletonHolder")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(".")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token constant"}},[s._v("INSTANCE")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(";")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("}")]),s._v("\n\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[s._v("/** 静态内部类创建单例对象 */")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("private")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("static")]),s._v(" 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没有加锁, 线程安全, 用到时再加载, 并发行能高")]),s._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"建造者模式"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#建造者模式"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 建造者模式")]),s._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"工厂方法模式"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#工厂方法模式"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 工厂方法模式")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("工厂方法模式包含如下角色:")]),s._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[s._v("Product: 抽象产品")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[s._v("ConcreteProduct: 具体产品")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[s._v("Factory: 抽象工厂")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[s._v("ConcreteFactory: 具体工厂")])]),s._v(" "),t("p",[t("img",{attrs:{src:"http://design-patterns.readthedocs.io/zh_CN/latest/_images/FactoryMethod.jpg",alt:"FactoryMethod"}})]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-java line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-java"}},[t("code",[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("public")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("class")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token 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"),i("h2",{attrs:{id:"常用压缩"}},[i("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#常用压缩"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 常用压缩")]),t._v(" "),i("h3",{attrs:{id:"brotli"}},[i("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#brotli"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" brotli")]),t._v(" "),i("blockquote",[i("p",[i("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/google/brotli",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("link"),i("OutboundLink")],1)])]),t._v(" "),i("p",[t._v("Brotli is a generic-purpose lossless compression algorithm that compresses data using a combination of a modern variant of the LZ77 algorithm, Huffman coding and 2nd order context modeling, with a compression ratio comparable to the best currently available general-purpose compression methods. 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\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/assets/js/136.bfb250ce.js b/assets/js/136.bfb250ce.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..bb05057f95 --- /dev/null +++ b/assets/js/136.bfb250ce.js @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +(window.webpackJsonp=window.webpackJsonp||[]).push([[136],{452:function(t,v,_){"use strict";_.r(v);var e=_(4),l=Object(e.a)({},(function(){var t=this,v=t._self._c;return v("ContentSlotsDistributor",{attrs:{"slot-key":t.$parent.slotKey}},[v("RText",{attrs:{text:"什么是灰度?"}}),t._v(" "),v("p",[t._v("要想了解这个问题就要先明白什么是灰度。灰度从字面意思理解就是存在于黑与白之间的一个平滑过渡的区域,所以说对于互联网产品来说,上线和未上线就是黑与白之分,而实现未上线功能平稳过渡的一种方式就叫做灰度发布\n灰度发布又叫金丝雀发布,起源是,矿井工人发现,金丝雀对瓦斯气体很敏感,矿工会在下井之前,先放一只金丝雀到井中,如果金丝雀不叫了,就代表瓦斯浓度高")]),t._v(" "),v("h2",{attrs:{id:"灰度发布和-ab-test-的区别"}},[v("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#灰度发布和-ab-test-的区别"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 灰度发布和 AB Test 的区别")]),t._v(" "),v("p",[t._v("和大部分人一样,我个人之前对灰度发布和 AB Test 存在一定的混淆,认为就是换了一种说法,但实际调研发现两者之间存在着本质上的区别")]),t._v(" "),v("ol",[v("li",[t._v("AB Test")])]),t._v(" "),v("RText",{attrs:{text:"AB 测试一般由产品经理和运营来主导"}}),t._v("。它是把两种功能,或者两个版本,交给相同的用户来使用,看用户喜欢哪种功能\n"),v("p",[t._v("要点是,AB 的两种功能都是可用的, 投放的用户群体无差别,让用户选择更受欢迎的功能,后期可能是 A 上线,也可能是 B 上线")]),t._v(" "),v("ol",{attrs:{start:"2"}},[v("li",[t._v("灰度发布")])]),t._v(" "),v("RText",{attrs:{text:"灰度测试一般由研发,测试或运维来主导"}}),t._v(" 。它是把系统的新版本,或者说新功能,以部分上线的方法来上线,验证新版本是否足够可靠\n"),v("p",[t._v("关键要点是,灰度版本未必是可用的,或者说没有严重 bug 的,投放的客户群体可能只是北上广深等一线城市的用户,由监控确定是否有问题,后续可能会继续放量上线")]),t._v(" "),v("h2",{attrs:{id:"灰度发布的优势"}},[v("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#灰度发布的优势"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 灰度发布的优势")]),t._v(" "),v("ol",[v("li",[t._v("提前获得使用反馈,缩减风险影响范围")])]),t._v(" "),v("p",[t._v('因为灰度发布可以通过地域、性别、用户等级、使用客户端等一系列的策略条件对目标用户群进行筛选,所以可以保证验证版本影响的用户在最小可接受的范围内。此外,基于验证版本提前收集用户使用意见,及时完善产品功能,并且根据用户和监控的反馈结果,做到查漏补缺,对于过程中发现的重大问题,甚至可以及时的回滚至"旧版本"')]),t._v(" "),v("ol",{attrs:{start:"2"}},[v("li",[t._v("自定义规则引擎,精准控制内容投放")])]),t._v(" "),v("p",[t._v("此外灰度发布可以作为一个自定义的规则引擎,可按地域、人群、时段等自定义标签对 App 模块或者 Web 页面进行内容的精准投放,满足企业产品的精准化投放发布需要。就像是我们业务组负责人提出的需求,把新上线的活动仅投放给北上广深四个一线城市的高等级用户")]),t._v(" "),v("h2",{attrs:{id:"灰度发布方案分析"}},[v("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#灰度发布方案分析"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 灰度发布方案分析")]),t._v(" "),v("ol",[v("li",[t._v("TestFlight")])]),t._v(" "),v("p",[t._v("对于 iOS 开发者来讲有一个较为方便的灰度测试方案,也是大家使用最多的 —— TestFlight。TestFlight 测试工具允许开发者通过邮件等方式邀请用户测试。TestFlight 在被苹果收购之后,和 AppStoreConnect 进行了深入整合,现在,它可以生成一个公开的链接,用户可以直接安装测试")]),t._v(" "),v("p",[t._v("当用户打开现有版本的 App 后,服务器可以根据当前用户的标签判断是否为灰度用户。如果是的话,需下发 TestFlight 的安装链接,App 端引导用户进入 TestFlight 安装")]),t._v(" "),v("p",[t._v("但 TestFlight 也有一定的不足:")]),t._v(" "),v("ul",[v("li",[t._v("用户必须安装 TestFlight ;")]),t._v(" "),v("li",[t._v("有效测试时间为 60 天,在有效期结束之前需引导用户更新正式版本;")]),t._v(" "),v("li",[t._v("测试用户可以达到最多 10000")])]),t._v(" "),v("ol",{attrs:{start:"2"}},[v("li",[t._v("功能小程序化")])]),t._v(" "),v("p",[t._v("第二种对于很多开发者来讲可能比较陌生,起因是因为公司的 App 较为臃肿,迭代发版非常麻烦,希望功能模块互相解耦实现模块化开发,各业务模块间互不影响,所以计划集成 FinClip SDK ,让整个 App 具备小程序的运行能力,继而把 App 之前的业务功能都小程序化,通过管理后台去实现动态更新与发布")]),t._v(" "),v("p",[t._v("刚好在进行技术体验时发现,FinClip 的小程序是借助部署的 FinClip 管理后台实现上下架,上下架的同时可以进行上架规则的制定。这样一来,相当于有了一个自定义的灰度发布引擎去自由配置地域、性别、用户等级等自定义条件,不需要编写任何复杂的应用逻辑代码,完成上下架的同时就完成了精准的上线发布")]),t._v(" "),v("p",[t._v("相对于 TestFlight ,这种方式的优势在于:")]),t._v(" "),v("ul",[v("li",[t._v("不仅可以用在 iOS 系统中,Android 和桌面端应用也能集成 FinClip SDK ,相当于灰度测试覆盖的范围更加广;")]),t._v(" "),v("li",[t._v("自身的迭代升级,不会影响到宿主 App 运行的稳定性,也无需对 App 进行全回归测试;")]),t._v(" "),v("li",[t._v("小程序业务功能开发可以高度并行;")]),t._v(" "),v("li",[t._v("灰度发布粒度更细致(例如一个小程序是可以仅在测试白名单的范围内试点)")])]),t._v(" "),v("h2",{attrs:{id:"link"}},[v("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#link"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" link")]),t._v(" "),v("ul",[v("li",[v("a",{attrs:{href:"https://cloud.tencent.com/developer/article/2211817",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("灰度发布和AB Test有什么关系?原创"),v("OutboundLink")],1)])])],1)}),[],!1,null,null,null);v.default=l.exports}}]); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/assets/js/137.05adffc9.js b/assets/js/137.05adffc9.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..ab647d00c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/assets/js/137.05adffc9.js @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +(window.webpackJsonp=window.webpackJsonp||[]).push([[137],{453:function(t,e,a){"use strict";a.r(e);var r=a(4),l=Object(r.a)({},(function(){var t=this,e=t._self._c;return e("ContentSlotsDistributor",{attrs:{"slot-key":t.$parent.slotKey}},[e("blockquote",[e("p",[t._v("(sublimetext)[https://www.sublimetext.com/3]")])]),t._v(" "),e("h2",{attrs:{id:"selection"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#selection"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" selection")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("在 macOS 上, Sublime Text 提供了多种选择文本的方式, 其中包括块状选择。下面是一些在 Sublime Text 中选择文本的常见方式:")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("1.基本选择:")]),t._v(" "),e("ul",[e("li",[t._v("单词选择: 双击单词即可选择整个单词")]),t._v(" "),e("li",[t._v("行选择: 点击行号区域, 选中整行")]),t._v(" "),e("li",[t._v("段落选择: 连续按两次 Ctrl(或 Command)键, 并单击鼠标, 即可选择整个段落")])]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("2.块状选择(多光标选择):")]),t._v(" "),e("ul",[e("li",[t._v("垂直选择: 按住 Option(或 Alt)键, 并使用鼠标拖动, 可进行垂直方向上的选择。这样可以创建多个光标, 使得你可以同时编辑多个位置的文本")]),t._v(" "),e("li",[t._v("列选择: 按住 Shift + Option(或 Shift + Alt)键, 并使用鼠标拖动, 可进行块状选择。这种选择方式可用于选择多行中相同列位置的文本, 非常适用于进行批量编辑")])]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("3.快速选择:")]),t._v(" "),e("ul",[e("li",[t._v("多重选择: 按住 Ctrl(或 Command)键, 并单击想要选择的文本, 可以进行多重选择")]),t._v(" "),e("li",[t._v("选择相同内容: 选中文本后, 按下快捷键 Ctrl + D, Sublime Text 将自动选择下一个相同的内容。可以多次按下该快捷键以选择所有相同内容")]),t._v(" "),e("li",[t._v("选择括号内容: 将光标放在括号上, 按下快捷键 Ctrl + Shift + M, Sublime Text 将选择括号内的内容。可以多次按下该快捷键以逐级选择外层的括号")])]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("4.正则表达式选择:")]),t._v(" "),e("ul",[e("li",[t._v("按下快捷键 Ctrl + F(或 Command + F), 在查找框中输入正则表达式, 然后按下快捷键 Alt + Enter(或 Option + Enter), Sublime Text 将会选择所有与正则表达式匹配的文本")])]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("这些选择方式可以帮助你在 Sublime Text 中高效地选择和编辑文本。通过灵活运用这些技巧, 你可以快速准确地选择并修改所需的文本内容")]),t._v(" "),e("h2",{attrs:{id:"批量插入"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#批量插入"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 批量插入")]),t._v(" "),e("blockquote",[e("p",[t._v("【背景】在每一行前添加字符#, 下面的图片是需求背景")])]),t._v(" "),e("p",[e("img",{attrs:{src:"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/jacky1234/picArchieve@master/uPic/20230723_111201_1lWVVE.png",alt:"demo"}})]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("一、操作步骤")]),t._v(" "),e("ol",[e("li",[t._v("首先使用款选择器, 按住 alt 键, 选择区域,如下\n"),e("img",{attrs:{src:"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/jacky1234/picArchieve@master/uPic/20230723_111431_zNGEYU.png",alt:""}})]),t._v(" "),e("li",[t._v("按下 "),e("code",[t._v("Shift + Command + L")]),t._v(" 快捷键, 或者在菜单栏选择 Selection -> Split into Lines。这将把每个多重光标限制在每一行的开头")]),t._v(" "),e("li",[t._v("在键盘上按下 "),e("code",[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 键。这将在每个多重光标所在行的开头插入 "),e("code",[t._v("#")])])]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("二、总结:")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("本质上, 上面的方式使用了, 多重光标(Multiple Cursors)的功能来在每一行的开头添加 #")]),t._v(" "),e("h2",{attrs:{id:"plugin"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#plugin"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" plugin")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("Package Control 是 Sublime Text 插件包管理器。 简单的说,也就是 sublime Text 只有安装了 Package control 组件,后期才能安装各种不同的插件")]),t._v(" "),e("h3",{attrs:{id:"安装package-control-组件"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#安装package-control-组件"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 安装Package Control 组件")]),t._v(" "),e("blockquote",[e("p",[e("a",{attrs:{href:"https://packagecontrol.io/installation",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("https://packagecontrol.io/installation"),e("OutboundLink")],1)])]),t._v(" "),e("ul",[e("li",[t._v("Click the "),e("code",[t._v("Preferences > Browse Packages…")]),t._v(" menu")]),t._v(" "),e("li",[t._v("Browse up a folder and then into the "),e("code",[t._v("Installed Packages/")]),t._v(" folder (浏览上一级文件夹)")]),t._v(" "),e("li",[t._v("Download Package Control.sublime-package and copy it into the "),e("code",[t._v("Installed Packages/")]),t._v(" directory")]),t._v(" "),e("li",[t._v("Restart Sublime Text")])]),t._v(" "),e("h3",{attrs:{id:"installation-options"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#installation-options"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Installation Options")]),t._v(" "),e("ul",[e("li",[t._v("手动方式: 下载完整的插件包后解压,放入Packages 目录下,以达到安装插件的目的")])]),t._v(" "),e("h3",{attrs:{id:"hexviewer"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#hexviewer"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" HexViewer")]),t._v(" "),e("blockquote",[e("p",[e("a",{attrs:{href:"https://packagecontrol.io/packages/HexViewer",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("HexViewer"),e("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(", 二进制查看. 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+(window.webpackJsonp=window.webpackJsonp||[]).push([[138],{455:function(t,s,a){"use strict";a.r(s);var n=a(4),e=Object(n.a)({},(function(){var t=this,s=t._self._c;return s("ContentSlotsDistributor",{attrs:{"slot-key":t.$parent.slotKey}},[s("h2",{attrs:{id:"反向-正向代理"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#反向-正向代理"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 反向/正向代理")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("在 IT 行业中, 反向代理(Reverse Proxy)是一种网络代理服务器的配置方式, 它充当了服务器和客户端之间的中间人。与传统的正向代理(Forward Proxy)不同, "),s("RText",{attrs:{text:"正向代理是为客户端提供代理服务, 而反向代理是为服务器提供代理服务。"}})],1),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("反向代理的工作原理是将客户端的请求转发到后端服务器, 并将服务器的响应返回给客户端。客户端发送请求时, 先与反向代理建立连接, 然后反向代理根据配置的规则将请求转发到后端的真实服务器上。后端服务器处理请求并返回响应, 然后反向代理将响应返回给客户端, 客户端则认为响应是直接来自于反向代理。")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("反向代理的主要作用有以下几个方面:")]),t._v(" "),s("ol",[s("li",[t._v("负载均衡: 反向代理可以根据预设的负载均衡算法将客户端请求分发到多个后端服务器, 从而平衡服务器的负载, 提高系统的性能和可靠性。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("缓存静态内容: 反向代理可以缓存静态资源, 如图片、CSS 文件等, 以减轻后端服务器的负担, 提高响应速度。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("SSL/TLS 加密: 反向代理可以作为 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是一种软件开发和运维的实践方法")]),t._v(", 旨在通过加强开发团队和运维团队之间的协作和沟通, 实现快速、可靠的软件交付和部署。")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("DevOps 的目标是通过自动化、持续集成和持续交付等实践, 将软件开发、测试、部署和运维的过程整合起来, 从而加快软件的交付速度、提高质量, 并增强系统的稳定性和可扩展性。")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("DevOps 强调以下几个关键概念和实践:")]),t._v(" "),s("ol",[s("li",[t._v("自动化: 通过自动化工具和流程, 减少人工操作, 提高效率和一致性。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("持续集成: 将代码频繁地集成到共享的代码库中, 通过自动化构建、测试和静态代码分析等环节, 确保代码质量和稳定性。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("持续交付: 在持续集成的基础上, 将软件交付到生产环境中, 实现快速的软件发布和部署。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("基础设施即代码: 使用代码和自动化工具来管理和配置基础设施, 以便快速、可靠地创建、部署和管理基础设施资源。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("监控和日志: 通过实时监控和日志记录, 及时发现和解决系统问题, 提高系统的可用性和性能。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("跨团队协作: 强调开发团队和运维团队之间的协作和沟通, 打破组织内的隔阂, 促进快速响应和问题解决。")])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("DevOps 的目标是通过整合开发和运维流程, 加强团队协作, 实现更高效、更可靠的软件交付和运维。它可以帮助组织更快速地响应市场需求、降低软件交付的风险和成本, 并提供更好的用户体验。")]),t._v(" "),s("h2",{attrs:{id:"数据库系统"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#数据库系统"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 数据库系统")]),t._v(" "),s("blockquote",[s("p",[t._v("MongoDB、Redis 和关系型数据库是常见的数据库系统, 它们在数据存储和访问方面具有不同的特点和适用场景。")])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("MongoDB、Redis 和关系型数据库是常见的数据库系统, 它们在数据存储和访问方面具有不同的特点和适用场景。")]),t._v(" "),s("ol",[s("li",[t._v("关系型数据库(如 MySQL、PostgreSQL):")])]),t._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[t._v("结构化数据存储: 关系型数据库使用表格(表)来组织和存储数据, 数据以行和列的形式呈现, 并且需要定义表的结构(模式)。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("强一致性: 关系型数据库提供强一致性, 即数据的读取和写入操作是同步和可靠的。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("SQL 查询语言: 关系型数据库使用 SQL(Structured Query Language)进行数据查询和操作。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("适用场景: 适合存储结构化数据, 如订单、用户信息等, 并需要进行复杂的事务处理和关系查询。")])]),t._v(" "),s("ol",{attrs:{start:"2"}},[s("li",[t._v("MongoDB:")])]),t._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[t._v("非结构化数据存储: MongoDB 是一种面向文档的数据库, 数据以类似 JSON 的 BSON 格式存储, 不需要预定义模式, 可以灵活地存储非结构化数据。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("高可扩展性: MongoDB 支持水平扩展, 可以轻松处理大规模数据和高并发请求。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("分布式数据库: MongoDB 可以作为分布式数据库, 通过副本集和分片技术实现数据的冗余备份和水平切分。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("适用场景: 适合存储大量非结构化数据, 如日志、用户行为记录等, 并需要灵活性和可扩展性。")])]),t._v(" "),s("ol",{attrs:{start:"3"}},[s("li",[t._v("Redis:")])]),t._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[t._v("键值存储: Redis 是一种键值存储数据库, 数据以键值对的形式存储, 可以存储多种类型的值, 如字符串、列表、哈希表等。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("内存数据库: Redis 将数据存储在内存中, 因此读取和写入速度非常快, 适合高速缓存和需要快速访问的应用场景。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("高性能: Redis 具有高并发性能和低延迟, 适合处理实时数据和高频读写操作。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("适用场景: 适合缓存、会话管理、排行榜、发布/订阅等场景, 以及需要高性能、低延迟的应用程序。")])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("总结:\n关系型数据库适合存储结构化数据和复杂的关系查询, MongoDB 适合存储非结构化数据和需要灵活性、可扩展性的场景, 而 Redis 适合高速缓存和需要快速访问的应用场景。选择合适的数据库取决于数据的特性、应用程序的需求以及性能和可扩展性的要求。在某些情况下, 这些数据库系统也可以结合使用, 以满足不同的需求。")]),t._v(" "),s("h2",{attrs:{id:"服务熔断"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#服务熔断"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 服务熔断")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("服务器的熔断机制是一种用于保护系统和服务稳定性的机制。它是一种自动化的故障处理机制, 旨在避免系统由于故障或异常情况而崩溃或无法正常工作。")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("熔断机制通常在分布式系统和微服务架构中使用, 用于处理服务间的通信和依赖关系。当一个服务发生故障或异常时, 熔断机制会自动断开对该服务的调用, 并在一段时间内阻止对该服务的进一步请求。这样可以避免故障服务的连锁反应, 保护系统的稳定性和可靠性。")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("熔断机制的主要目标是:")]),t._v(" "),s("ol",[s("li",[t._v("快速失败: 在服务发生故障或异常时, 立即中断对该服务的调用, 而不是等待超时或无限等待响应。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("避免资源浪费: 停止对故障服务的请求可以释放资源, 避免浪费服务器资源和网络带宽。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("快速恢复: 熔断机制通常会有一个恢复时间窗口, 在该时间窗口内尝试重新调用故障服务, 以验证其是否已经恢复正常。如果故障服务恢复正常, 则继续正常的请求转发。")])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("熔断机制的实现通常通过设置一些 "),s("strong",[t._v("阈值和监控机制")]),t._v(" 来触发熔断和恢复。例如, 可以设置对服务的请求失败率、响应时间超过阈值等指标进行监控, 当这些指标超过预设的阈值时, 触发熔断操作。")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("熔断机制的好处是可以提高系统的稳定性和可用性, 避免故障服务对整个系统的影响。它还可以减少客户端对故障服务的等待时间, 提供更好的用户体验。同时, 熔断机制也可以提供实时的故障监控和告警信息, 帮助运维人员及时发现和解决问题。")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("总而言之, 服务器的熔断机制是一种自动化的故障处理机制, 用于保护系统和服务的稳定性。通过快速失败、避免资源浪费和快速恢复等措施, 它可以防止故障服务对整个系统造成连锁反应, 并提供更好的用户体验和系统可靠性。")]),t._v(" "),s("h2",{attrs:{id:"uv-vv-pv-dau-gmv-tr"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#uv-vv-pv-dau-gmv-tr"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" uv/vv/pv/dau/gmv/tr")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("在互联网和网站分析领域中, UV、PV 和 VV 是常用的指标, 用于衡量网站流量和用户活跃度。")]),t._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[t._v("UV(Unique Visitor)表示独立访客数, 即在一段时间内(通常是一天), 访问网站的不同用户数量。UV 指标用于计算网站的用户数量和覆盖范围, 每个独立访客只计算一次, 无论其在该时间段内访问了多少次。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("PV(Page View)表示页面浏览量, 即网站在一段时间内的页面浏览次数。每当用户访问一个页面, PV 就会增加一次。PV 指标用于衡量网站的流量和页面受欢迎程度, 高 PV 值通常表示用户对网站内容的浏览兴趣。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("VV(Visit View)表示访问次数, 即在一段时间内的访问次数。VV 指标统计了用户对网站的不同访问行为, 每次用户进入网站算作一次访问, 无论期间有多少页面浏览。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("DAU(Daily Active User)日活跃用户数量")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("MAU(monthly active users)月活跃用户人数")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("GMV(Gross Merchandise Volume,网站成交金额) 通常称为网站成交金额, 属于电商平台企业成交类指标, 主要指拍下订单的总金额, 包含付款和未付款两部分")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("TR(Through Rate 或 True Reach):\n"),s("ul",[s("li",[t._v("Through Rate: 指点击率(CTR - Click Through Rate),即广告被展示后用户点击的比例。这个指标常用于评估广告的吸引力和效果。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("True Reach: 也可能指实际覆盖人数,表示广告或内容真正到达了多少独立的用户,这通常用来评估广告的实际传播范围")])])])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("这些指标在网站分析中被广泛使用, 可以帮助分析师和网站管理员了解网站的流量情况、用户活跃度和用户行为, 从而进行数据分析和优化网站策略。")]),t._v(" "),s("h2",{attrs:{id:"faas"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#faas"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" FaaS")]),t._v(" "),s("blockquote",[s("p",[t._v("FaaS(Function as a Service)。 更多介绍 "),s("a",{attrs:{href:"https://cloud.tencent.com/developer/article/2218051?from=15425",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("点击"),s("OutboundLink")],1)])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("FaaS 模型使研发人员能够将更多的精力集中在编写业务逻辑上, 而不必担心底层基础设施的维护。这种模型的弹性和自动化能力也使其适用于各种不同类型的应用, 尤其是需要应对波动负载的应用。")]),t._v(" "),s("RText",{attrs:{text:"FaaS 具有如下特性"}}),t._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[t._v("编码简单、轻量 - 可基于平台为各语言(Node.js、Python、Shell、Java )定义的规范编写代码, 快速开发业务逻辑")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("扩展性好 - 支持自定义运行时(Custom Runtime), 并通过层, 可方便植入业务依赖, 无须自定义镜像")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("内置基础组件 - 内置 Dubbo、HTTP、MySQL、Redis、Leo 等基础组件访问, 按需使用")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("较高的资源利用率 - 接入弹性系统, 可按需扩容计算资源, 一些场景下支持服务资源缩容到 0 实例")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("安全可靠 - 支持在不同可用区部署, 支持跨区跨云容灾, 提供极高的容错性")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("支持 HTTP 触发 - 支持各类 LB 触发, 流量配置策略灵活")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("MQ 消息触发 - 支持 Tiger 消息触发, 无须关注消息系统的连接配置细节, 天然跨语言")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("开发工具支持 - 支持在线代码编辑和 IDE 插件(VSCode \\ Intellij), 并通过 faas-cli 支持常用组件(如)的配置自动生产")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("和常用基础服务联通 - 如水滴, ABTest, 华山, 衡山等")])]),t._v(" "),s("RText",{attrs:{text:"调用和启动流程"}}),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("FaaS(Function as a Service)调用和启动流程通常包括以下步骤:")]),t._v(" "),s("ol",[s("li",[s("p",[t._v("事件触发: FaaS 函数的启动通常是由外部事件触发的。这些事件可以来自各种来源, 例如 HTTP 请求、消息队列、存储桶的变化、定时触发器等。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[t._v("事件传递: 当事件触发时, 相应的事件数据将传递给 FaaS 平台。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[t._v('函数初始化: 如果尚未有活动的函数实例(或者函数实例被回收了), FaaS 平台将启动新的函数实例。这个过程被称为 "冷启动"。在冷启动过程中, 平台会初始化函数的运行时环境, 加载函数代码, 配置运行环境等。这一过程的时间在通常情况下很短, 但在某些情况下可能会有延迟。')])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[t._v("执行函数: 一旦函数实例启动并初始化完成, 平台将事件数据传递给函数的处理程序(handler)。函数的处理程序开始执行业务逻辑, 根据事件数据进行处理。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[t._v("返回结果: 函数执行完成后, 可以生成响应并将其返回给触发事件的来源。响应可以是 HTTP 响应、消息队列消息、存储桶的变化等, 具体取决于事件的类型。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[t._v('回收函数实例: 在某些 FaaS 平台上, 函数实例可以在一段时间后回收, 以节省资源。这个过程被称为 "回收"。如果函数实例被回收, 下次触发事件时需要再次进行初始化。')])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[t._v("日志和监控: FaaS 平台通常提供了日志和监控功能, 以便开发人员可以跟踪函数的执行情况, 诊断问题并监视性能。")])])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("整个过程是自动的, 开发人员只需关注编写函数的业务逻辑, 而不必担心底层的服务器、容器或虚拟机的管理。这种模型具有高度的弹性, 适用于需要快速响应事件的应用程序, 同时可以根据负载自动扩展和回收资源。")]),t._v(" "),s("h2",{attrs:{id:"染色概念"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#染色概念"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 染色概念")]),t._v(" "),s("blockquote",[s("p",[t._v("uid 染色")])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("通过 UID(User ID)染色是一种常见的技术手段, 用于在公司的平台或系统中对用户进行标识、分组或定制化处理。UID 是唯一标识用户的标识符, 每个用户在系统中都有一个唯一的 UID。")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("UID 染色的过程通常包括以下几个步骤:")]),t._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[s("p",[t._v("用户注册或登录: 当用户在公司的平台上注册或登录时, 系统会为其分配一个唯一的 UID。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[t._v("UID 绑定: 在用户注册或登录后, 系统将 UID 与用户的个人信息进行绑定, 以便后续识别和操作。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[t._v("UID 映射: 公司的平台会根据业务需求, 将特定的功能、服务或内容与特定的 UID 进行映射。这样可以针对不同的用户群体进行个性化处理。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[t._v("染色规则定义: 在 UID 染色过程中, 公司会定义一系列染色规则或条件。这些规则可能基于用户的属性、行为、偏好等信息, 用于将用户划分为不同的群体或标签。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[t._v("个性化处理: 通过 UID 染色, 公司可以根据染色规则将用户分配到相应的群体或标签中, 并针对不同群体提供个性化的功能、服务或内容。例如, 向特定群体的用户展示特定的推荐内容、定制化的界面布局等。")])])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("UID 染色可以帮助公司更好地理解和满足用户的需求, 提供更个性化、精准的用户体验。它可以用于用户分析、精准营销、A/B 测试等场景, 帮助公司优化产品和服务, 提升用户满意度和业务效果。")]),t._v(" "),s("h2",{attrs:{id:"websocket-vs-socket"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#websocket-vs-socket"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" websocket VS socket")]),t._v(" "),s("blockquote",[s("p",[t._v("WebSocket 和 Socket 都是用于在网络上进行通信的技术, 但它们在工作方式和应用场景上有很大的区别")])]),t._v(" "),s("RText",{attrs:{text:"WebSocke"}}),t._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[t._v("WebSocket 是一种基于 HTTP 协议的通信协议, 它允许客户端和服务器之间建立持久连接, 以便双向实时通信。(应用层(Application Layer)的通信协议)")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("WebSocket 协议是一种高级协议, 构建在 HTTP 协议之上, 因此可以穿越大多数防火墙和代理服务器。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("WebSocket 通信是事件驱动的, 它允许服务器主动向客户端发送消息, 而不需要客户端发起请求。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("WebSocket 通信通常用于实时性要求高的应用, 如在线游戏、在线聊天、实时监控等。")])]),t._v(" "),s("RText",{attrs:{text:"Socket"}}),t._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[t._v("Socket 是一种低级别的通信协议, 它提供了一种在网络上建立连接并进行数据传输的通用方式。(位于传输层(Transport Layer))")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("Socket 通信需要在客户端和服务器之间建立连接, 然后通过套接字发送和接收数据。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("Socket 通信可以用于各种类型的应用, 包括文件传输、远程控制、数据采集等。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("Socket 通信通常需要客户端主动发起连接, 服务器接受连接请求, 因此它通常是一种请求响应型的通信。")])]),t._v(" "),s("RText",{attrs:{text:"总结"}}),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("WebSocket 适用于实时性要求高的应用, 它提供了一种高级别、事件驱动的通信方式, 适用于构建实时互动性应用。Socket 通信更灵活, 适用于各种不同类型的应用, 但它通常需要更多的管理和处理, 适用于构建自定义通信协议或处理特定的通信需求。选择 WebSocket 还是 Socket 取决于您的应用需求和设计。")]),t._v(" "),s("h2",{attrs:{id:"websocket-的实现方式"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#websocket-的实现方式"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" websocket 的实现方式")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("从 "),s("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/xkcoding/spring-boot-demo/tree/master/demo-websocket",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("demo-websocket"),s("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(" 示例中看出.")]),t._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[t._v("前端可以基于 sockJs(浏览器中处理 WebSocket 连接) 使用 "),s("a",{attrs:{href:"https://juejin.cn/post/7025162016985710599",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("STOMP"),s("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(" 协议进行")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("后端使用 "),s("code",[t._v("org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-websocket")]),t._v(" 来实现")])]),t._v(" "),s("h2",{attrs:{id:"dao-data-access-object"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#dao-data-access-object"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Dao(Data Access Object)")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("是一种模式, 用于在应用程序和数据存储之间提供一个抽象层, 以简化数据存储访问。它通常是用于创建、更新、检索和删除数据的方法的集合, 并且它涵盖了数据存储的所有细节, 以便应用程序可以专注于业务逻辑。因此, 它是数据操作层的重要组成部分。")]),t._v(" "),s("h2",{attrs:{id:"mapper"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#mapper"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" mapper")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v('在 Java 中, "Mapper" 是一个常见的术语, 通常用于描述一种用于将数据从一种形式映射到另一种形式的工具或组件。在不同的上下文中, "Mapper" 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jwt")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("JWT(JSON Web Token)是一种用于在网络应用之间安全传输信息的开放标准(RFC 7519)。它通过使用数字签名或加密来验证信息的可信性, 通常用于实现用户身份验证和授权。JWT 认证的工作原理如下:")]),t._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[t._v("用户登录: 用户通过提供有效的凭证(通常是用户名和密码)来登录应用程序。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("生成 JWT: 一旦用户成功登录, 服务器将生成一个 JWT。JWT 通常包含以下信息:\n"),s("ul",[s("li",[t._v("用户标识(例如用户 ID 或用户名)")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("过期时间(JWT 的有效期)")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("其他自定义的声明(例如用户角色、权限等)\n服务器使用一个密钥来签名 JWT, 以确保它的完整性和真实性。")])])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("将 JWT 发送给客户端: 生成的 JWT 将被发送回客户端, 通常存储在客户端的 Cookie 或本地存储中。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("客户端请求受保护资源: 当客户端尝试访问需要身份验证的资源时, 它将在请求中包含 JWT。通常, JWT 放在请求的授权头(Authorization Header)中, 以 Bearer Token 的形式传递。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("服务器验证 JWT: 服务器收到包含 JWT 的请求后, 将验证 JWT 的签名以确保其完整性和真实性。如果 JWT 有效且未过期, 则服务器将允许访问受保护的资源。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("响应受保护资源: 如果 JWT 有效, 服务器将响应客户端请求并提供受保护资源。")])]),t._v(" "),s("hr"),t._v(" "),s("RText",{attrs:{text:"JWT 认证的优点包括"}}),t._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[t._v("无状态: JWT 本身包含了所有必要的信息, 服务器不需要存储用户的会话信息。这使得应用程序更容易扩展, 因为它不需要依赖于特定的会话存储机制。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("安全性: JWT 可以使用数字签名来保护数据的完整性, 也可以使用加密来保护数据的隐私。这使得它非常适合在不信任的网络中进行安全通信。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("跨域支持: JWT 可以轻松地在不同域之间传递, 因为它可以通过 HTTP 请求头进行传递。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("可扩展性: JWT 允许包含自定义声明, 可以用于存储用户角色、权限和其他自定义信息。")])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("需要注意的是, JWT 也有一些潜在的安全风险, 例如, 如果密钥丢失或泄露, 攻击者可能会伪造有效的 JWT。因此, 在实施 JWT 认证时, 必须采取适当的安全措施来保护密钥和令牌。此外, JWT 通常不适用于存储大量敏感信息, 因为它们可以在客户端解码。")]),t._v(" "),s("h2",{attrs:{id:"swagger3"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#swagger3"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Swagger3")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("Swagger 3.0 是一种用于定义、构建和文档化 RESTful API 的规范。它使开发人员能够创建具有可读性和易于理解的 API 文档, 同时还提供了工具和库来自动生成客户端 SDK 和服务器存根。以下是如何使用 Swagger 3.0 来定义和文档化 Java 中的 RESTful API 的基本步骤:")]),t._v(" "),s("ol",[s("li",[s("strong",[t._v("添加 Swagger 依赖")]),t._v(":")])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("首先, 您需要在 Java 项目中添加 Swagger 的依赖库。这通常包括 "),s("code",[t._v("swagger-core")]),t._v(" 和 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"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("AppConfig")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),t._v("\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// 其他配置...")]),t._v("\n"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("}")]),t._v("\n")])]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("1")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("2")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("3")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("4")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("5")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("6")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("7")]),s("br")])]),s("ol",{attrs:{start:"4"}},[s("li",[s("p",[s("strong",[t._v("在目标 Bean 上应用切面")]),t._v(": 确保您的切面生效, 需要在目标 Bean 上应用切面。您可以使用 "),s("code",[t._v("@Component")]),t._v(" 或其他 Spring 组件扫描注解来确保目标 Bean 被 Spring 管理。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[s("strong",[t._v("运行应用程序")]),t._v(": 启动您的 Spring 应用程序。AspectJ 将会自动拦截匹配切点表达式的方法, 并在适当的时候执行通知。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[s("strong",[t._v("验证 AOP 效果")]),t._v(": 调用目标 Bean 上的方法, 然后检查切面的通知是否按预期执行。")])])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("这些是使用 AspectJ 在 Spring 中实现 AOP 的一般步骤。您可以根据具体的需求和场景定义不同类型的通知(前置、后置、环绕等)以及切点表达式来捕获不同的横切关注点。AspectJ 提供了丰富的语法和功能, 以满足各种 AOP 需求。")]),t._v(" "),s("hr"),t._v(" "),s("p",[s("strong",[t._v("AspectJ 的工作原理涉及以下几个关键概念和组件")])]),t._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[s("p",[t._v("切面(Aspect): 切面是一个模块, 它包含了一组通知(Advice)和切点(Pointcut)。通知定义了在何时和何地执行横切关注点, 而切点定义了在何处执行通知。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[t._v("通知(Advice): 通知是切面的具体行为。AspectJ 支持多种类型的通知, 包括前置通知(Before)、后置通知(After)、环绕通知(Around)等。通知是在切点处执行的代码片段。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[t._v("切点(Pointcut): 切点是一个表达式, 它定义了在程序中的哪些位置执行通知。切点可以使用 AspectJ 的切点表达式语言来定义, 例如, 执行某个包中的所有方法或者执行某个特定注解标记的方法。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[t._v("连接点(Join Point): 连接点是程序执行过程中的一个具体点, 例如方法的调用、方法的执行、对象的创建等。连接点是切点的实际实例, 它是通知实际执行的地方。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[t._v("织入(Weaving): 织入是将切面与应用程序的目标代码连接在一起的过程。在编译时、类加载时或运行时, AspectJ 可以将切面织入到目标代码中, 以执行通知。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[t._v("目标对象(Target Object): 目标对象是应用程序中的原始对象, 它可能包含横切关注点。切面可以通过通知来影响目标对象的行为。")])])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[s("strong",[t._v("AspectJ 的工作原理可以概括为以下几个步骤")])]),t._v(" "),s("ol",[s("li",[s("p",[t._v("定义切面: 开发人员定义一个切面, 其中包含了通知和切点的定义。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[t._v("编写切点表达式: 开发人员编写切点表达式, 以指定在何处执行通知。切点表达式可以选择性地使用各种条件, 如方法名称、方法参数、注解等。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[t._v("织入切面: AspectJ 在适当的时机将切面织入到目标代码中。这可以在编译时、类加载时或运行时进行。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[t._v("执行通知: 当程序执行达到切点时, AspectJ 执行与切点相关联的通知。通知可以在切点之前、之后或代替切点执行。")])])]),t._v(" "),s("h2",{attrs:{id:"cdn-p2p-和-pcdn"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#cdn-p2p-和-pcdn"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" CDN, p2p 和 PCDN")]),t._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[s("code",[t._v("CDN")]),t._v(": 即 Content Delivery Network, 中文全称为内容分发网络。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("code",[t._v("P2P")]),t._v(": 即 Peer-To-Peer, 应用于互联网上, 是指一种点对点传输的网络结构, 形象地描述为图1这样一个搭档式的组织结构。如同人与人之间的交流, 每个节点(也就是搭档)之间地位相同, 又相互独立, 处于对等状态, 不以个人为中心")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("code",[t._v("PCDN")]),t._v(": 在 CDN 产品的基础上融合新一代 P2P 技术, 充分利用边缘网络海量碎片化的计算、存储、网络等闲置资源构建低成本、高质量的内容分发网络服务。通过创新的分发网络优化技术和精准的智能调度系统, 在为用户提供稳定、高质量的分发加速服务的同时, 显著降低分发成本。")])]),t._v(" "),s("h2",{attrs:{id:"常用依赖"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#常用依赖"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 常用依赖")]),t._v(" "),s("h2",{attrs:{id:"lombok"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#lombok"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" lombok")]),t._v(" "),s("blockquote",[s("p",[s("code",[t._v("org.projectlombok:lombok")]),t._v(":Lombok 是一个 Java 库, 它通过使用注解来减少 Java 代码的样板代码, 从而简化 Java 开发")])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[s("code",[t._v("@Data")]),t._v("注解是 Lombok 库中的一个注解, 它可以自动生成 Java 类的通用方法, 如 toString、equals、hashCode 和"),s("code",[t._v("Getter/Setter")]),t._v("方法等。然而, 如果您想要使用"),s("code",[t._v("@Data")]),t._v("注解生成 Getter 方法, 但不生成 Setter 方法, 可以使用@Getter 注解来实现这一目标。以下是示例:")]),t._v(" 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"),s("p",[t._v("这样, 对于 field1, "),s("code",[t._v("@Data")]),t._v("会生成 Getter 和 Setter 方法, 而对于 field2, 只会生成 Getter 方法。")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("请确保您已经将 Lombok 库添加到项目的依赖中, 以便使用这些注解。通常, 您需要在项目的 build.gradle 或 pom.xml 文件中添加 Lombok 的依赖。")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[s("strong",[t._v("声明")])]),t._v(" "),s("code-group",[s("code-block",{attrs:{title:"gradle",active:""}},[s("div",{staticClass:"language-groovy line-numbers-mode"},[s("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-groovy"}},[s("code",[t._v("implementation "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[t._v("'org.projectlombok:lombok:1.18.22'")]),t._v("\nannotationProcessor "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[t._v("'org.projectlombok:lombok:1.18.22'")]),t._v("\n")])]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("1")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("2")]),s("br")])])]),t._v(" "),s("code-block",{attrs:{title:"maven"}},[s("div",{staticClass:"language-groovy 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operator"}},[t._v("/")]),t._v("artifactId"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v(">")]),t._v("\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("<")]),t._v("optional"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v(">")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token boolean"}},[t._v("true")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("<")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("/")]),t._v("optional"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v(">")]),t._v("\n"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("<")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("/")]),t._v("dependency"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v(">")]),t._v("\n")])]),t._v(" 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是一个功能强大且易于使用的日志框架, 它可以帮助您在 Java 应用程序中进行灵活和高性能的日志记录。通过合适的配置和日志级别, 您可以控制日志的详细程度, 并轻松地跟踪和调试应用程序。")]),t._v(" "),s("h2",{attrs:{id:"mybatis"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#mybatis"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" mybatis")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[s("strong",[t._v("链接:")])]),t._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[t._v("Mybatis 官方文档: "),s("a",{attrs:{href:"http://www.mybatis.org/mybatis-3/zh/index.html",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("http://www.mybatis.org/mybatis-3/zh/index.html"),s("OutboundLink")],1)]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("Mybatis 官方脚手架文档: "),s("a",{attrs:{href:"http://www.mybatis.org/spring-boot-starter/mybatis-spring-boot-autoconfigure/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("http://www.mybatis.org/spring-boot-starter/mybatis-spring-boot-autoconfigure/"),s("OutboundLink")],1)]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("Mybatis 整合 Spring Boot 官方 demo: "),s("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/mybatis/spring-boot-starter/tree/master/mybatis-spring-boot-samples",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("https://github.com/mybatis/spring-boot-starter/tree/master/mybatis-spring-boot-samples"),s("OutboundLink")],1)])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[s("strong",[t._v("原理简述:")])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("MyBatis 是一个流行的 Java 持久性框架, 它提供了一种将 Java 对象映射到数据库表的方法, 同时还支持灵活的 SQL 查询。下面是 MyBatis 的一些核心原理和工作方式:")]),t._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[s("p",[s("strong",[t._v("SQL 映射文件")])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("MyBatis 的核心是 SQL 映射文件, 这些文件包含了 SQL 语句和映射规则, 将 Java 对象与数据库表进行映射。每个映射文件通常对应一个数据库表, 并定义了如何将数据从数据库表映射到 Java 对象以及反之。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[s("strong",[t._v("配置文件")])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("MyBatis 需要一个配置文件来初始化和配置框架。该配置文件指定了数据库连接信息、映射文件的位置、缓存策略等配置选项。这个配置文件通常是 mybatis-config.xml。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[s("strong",[t._v("SqlSessionFactory")])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("SqlSessionFactory 是 MyBatis 的核心接口之一, 它是用于创建 SqlSession 的工厂。SqlSession 是 MyBatis 中用于执行 SQL 操作的主要接口。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[s("strong",[t._v("SqlSession")])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("SqlSession 表示与数据库的一次会话, 它提供了执行 SQL 语句、提交事务、关闭会话等操作。通常, 每个数据库操作都需要创建一个 SqlSession 实例。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[s("strong",[t._v("Mapper 接口")])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("MyBatis 支持将 SQL 映射文件中的 SQL 语句绑定到 Java 接口的方法上。开发者可以创建 Mapper 接口, 并使用注解或 XML 配置将接口方法与 SQL 语句进行绑定。MyBatis 会自动生成 Mapper 接口的实现类, 用于执行 SQL 操作。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[s("strong",[t._v("执行 SQL 查询")])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("当应用程序调用 Mapper 接口的方法时, MyBatis 会根据方法的配置找到相应的 SQL 语句, 并将参数传递给 SQL 语句执行。查询结果将被映射到 Java 对象, 并返回给调用方。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[s("strong",[t._v("缓存")])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("MyBatis 支持查询结果的缓存, 以提高性能。它支持两种缓存: 本地缓存(SqlSession 级别)和二级缓存(全局级别)。开发者可以根据需求配置缓存。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[s("strong",[t._v("动态 SQL")])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("MyBatis 允许使用动态 SQL 构建复杂的 SQL 查询。动态 SQL 允许根据条件包含或排除 SQL 语句的一部分, 以实现动态的 SQL 查询。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[s("strong",[t._v("事务管理")])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("MyBatis 支持事务管理, 可以通过配置来启用或禁用事务。开发者可以使用 commit 和 rollback 操作来管理事务。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[s("strong",[t._v("插件机制")])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("MyBatis 提供了一个插件机制, 允许开发者扩展框架的功能。您可以编写自定义插件, 例如自定义拦截器, 来干预 SQL 执行过程。")])])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("总之, MyBatis 的核心原理涉及 SQL 映射文件、配置文件、SqlSessionFactory、SqlSession、Mapper 接口、SQL 执行、缓存、事务管理等组件的协同工作, 使开发者能够轻松地进行数据库访问并进行对象-关系映射。这使得 MyBatis 成为了一个强大且灵活的持久层框架。")]),t._v(" "),s("h2",{attrs:{id:"nginx"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#nginx"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" nginx")]),t._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[s("a",{attrs:{href:"https://www.nginx.com/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("nginx"),s("OutboundLink")],1)]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("a",{attrs:{href:"https://cloud.tencent.com/developer/article/1943958",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("全面了解 Nginx 主要应用场景"),s("OutboundLink")],1)])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v('Nginx(发音为"engine-x")是一个高性能的开源 Web 服务器, 也可以用作反向代理服务器、负载均衡器、HTTP 缓存以及用于处理 HTTP 请求的应用程序服务器。以下是关于 Nginx 的一些重要信息和功能:')]),t._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[s("p",[t._v("高性能: Nginx 以其出色的性能而闻名, 特别适用于高流量的网站和应用程序。它使用异步事件驱动的架构, 能够处理大量并发连接而不消耗太多内存或系统资源。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[t._v("反向代理: Nginx 可以用作反向代理服务器, 将客户端请求转发给后端服务器, 然后将响应返回给客户端。这使得 Nginx 成为构建可伸缩的应用程序架构的重要工具, 可以将流量分发给多个后端服务器。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[t._v("负载均衡: Nginx 支持多种负载均衡算法, 包括轮询、IP 哈希、最小连接数等。这使得它可以均衡地分发请求到多个后端服务器, 提高应用程序的可用性和性能。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[t._v("HTTP 缓存: Nginx 充当 HTTP 缓存代理时, 可以缓存响应数据, 减轻后端服务器的负载, 并加快客户端的响应时间。它支持静态文件缓存以及动态内容的缓存。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[t._v("SSL/TLS 终止: Nginx 可以终止 SSL/TLS 连接, 允许您在 Nginx 服务器上配置和管理 HTTPS 通信。这对于加密 Web 流量非常重要。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[t._v("虚拟主机: Nginx 支持虚拟主机配置, 使得可以在同一台服务器上托管多个域名或应用程序, 同时保持隔离性和安全性。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[t._v("模块化架构: Nginx 的模块化架构允许您根据需要加载不同的功能模块, 因此可以根据特定的用例自定义配置。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[t._v("日志和监控: Nginx 生成详细的访问日志, 可以帮助您监控网站或应用程序的性能, 并进行故障排除。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[t._v("开源和社区支持: Nginx 是一个开源项目, 拥有庞大的社区, 提供了丰富的文档、插件和扩展, 以及活跃的讨论和支持。")])])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("总的来说, Nginx 是一个强大而灵活的 Web 服务器和反向代理服务器, 适用于各种用例, 从简单的静态网站托管到大规模的应用程序负载均衡。它是许多现代 Web 架构的关键组件之一。")]),t._v(" "),s("h2",{attrs:{id:"kibana"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#kibana"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" kibana")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("Kibana 是一个开源的数据可视化工具, 通常与 Elasticsearch 结合使用, 用于实时地探索、分析和可视化存储在 Elasticsearch 中的数据。Kibana 的主要功能包括:")]),t._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[s("p",[t._v("数据可视化: Kibana 允许用户创建各种类型的数据可视化, 包括折线图、柱状图、饼图、地图、仪表盘等, 以便更直观地理解数据。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[t._v("实时搜索和过滤: 用户可以使用 Kibana 的搜索和过滤功能, 轻松地在大量数据中查找、筛选和定位感兴趣的信息。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[t._v("仪表盘: Kibana 仪表盘是一个可自定义的集合, 可以将多个可视化组件组合到一个页面上, 以创建自己的仪表盘, 以便监控关键性能指标和数据。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[t._v("日志和事件数据分析: Kibana 被广泛用于分析大规模的日志和事件数据, 帮助运维人员、开发人员和安全团队查找问题、追踪日志、发现异常和实施安全监控。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[t._v("地理数据可视化: Kibana 具有地图可视化功能, 可以在地图上显示地理位置相关的数据, 如地理热图、点云图、区域边界等。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[t._v("插件扩展: Kibana 是可扩展的, 可以通过插件和扩展来增强其功能, 满足不同的需求。Elastic 提供了丰富的插件, 同时社区也开发了许多第三方插件。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[t._v("用户管理和访问控制: Kibana 支持用户认证和授权, 可以配置不同用户和角色的访问权限, 以保护敏感数据和控制用户能够执行的操作。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[t._v("集成 Elasticsearch: Kibana 最常与 Elasticsearch 集成使用, Elasticsearch 作为数据存储和检索引擎, Kibana 则负责数据可视化和分析。这个组合通常与 Logstash 一起使用, 形成 ELK 堆栈, 用于处理、存储和可视化日志数据。")])])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("总之, Kibana 是一个功能强大的数据可视化工具, 适用于各种领域, 包括运维监控、应用性能分析、日志分析、安全信息与事件管理(SIEM)等。它可以帮助用户更好地理解和利用其数据, 以做出更明智的决策和行动。")]),t._v(" "),s("h2",{attrs:{id:"kubernetes"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#kubernetes"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Kubernetes")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v('Kubernetes(通常缩写为 K8s)是一个开源的容器编排平台, 用于自动化应用程序的部署、扩展和管理。Kubernetes 服务器开发涉及构建和维护 Kubernetes 的核心组件, 以及为 Kubernetes 编写扩展和插件。在 Kubernetes 中, 最小的可部署和调度单位是 "Pod", 它可以包含一个或多个容器。以下是 Kubernetes 服务器开发的主要方面和任务:')]),t._v(" "),s("ol",[s("li",[s("strong",[t._v("核心组件开发")])])]),t._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[t._v("API 服务器(kube-apiserver): API 服务器是 Kubernetes 集群的控制平面组件之一, 它提供了 Kubernetes API 的端点。开发人员可以扩展 API 服务器以添加自定义 API 资源或自定义控制器。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("控制器管理器(kube-controller-manager): Kubernetes 中的控制器负责保持集群的期望状态。您可以编写自定义控制器来管理自定义资源。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("调度器(kube-scheduler): 调度器决定在哪个节点上运行 Pod。定制调度策略可能需要修改或扩展调度器。")])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[s("strong",[t._v("2. 插件和扩展")])]),t._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[t._v("CRI 插件: Container Runtime Interface(CRI)插件用于与容器运行时交互, 例如 Docker、containerd 等。开发自定义 CRI 插件以支持其他容器运行时。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("CNI 插件: Container Network Interface(CNI)插件用于配置 Pod 之间和 Pod 与外部网络之间的网络连接。您可以开发自定义 CNI 插件以满足特定网络要求。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("扩展 API: Kubernetes 允许您自定义 API 资源和控制器, 以满足应用程序特定的需求。这可以通过 Kubernetes 的自定义资源定义(CRD)来实现。")])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[s("strong",[t._v("3. 安全性和认证")])]),t._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[t._v("确保 Kubernetes 组件的安全性, 并实施适当的身份验证和授权机制以保护集群。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("开发和维护服务账户、角色和角色绑定, 以控制 Pod 对 Kubernetes API 的访问权限。")])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[s("strong",[t._v("4. 版本兼容性")])]),t._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[t._v("跟踪 Kubernetes 的发行版本, 并确保自己的扩展和插件与不同版本的 Kubernetes 兼容。")])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[s("strong",[t._v("5. 测试和调试")])]),t._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[t._v("编写单元测试、集成测试和端到端测试, 以确保自己的代码在 Kubernetes 集群中正常工作。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("开发和使用日志记录和监控工具, 以便追踪和解决问题。")])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[s("strong",[t._v("6. 社区参与")])]),t._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[t._v("Kubernetes 是一个开源项目, 具有活跃的社区。参与社区, 与其他开发人员合作解决问题, 讨论新功能和改进, 参加工作组和会议。")])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[s("strong",[t._v("7. 文档和教育")])]),t._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[t._v("编写文档和教程, 以帮助其他开发人员了解如何使用和扩展 Kubernetes。")])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("Kubernetes 服务器开发是一个复杂的任务, 需要深入了解 Kubernetes 的核心原理和架构。此外, Kubernetes 社区提供了大量的文档和资源, 以帮助开发人员入门和深入研究 Kubernetes 开发。")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[s("strong",[t._v("链接")])]),t._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[s("a",{attrs:{href:"https://www.redhat.com/zh/topics/containers/kubernetes-architecture#%E6%A6%82%E8%BF%B0",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("Kubernetes 架构详解"),s("OutboundLink")],1)])]),t._v(" "),s("h2",{attrs:{id:"openssl"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#openssl"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" openssl")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("OpenSSL 是一个强大的开源密码库, 它提供了一系列的密码学工具和函数, 用于保护通信的安全性。OpenSSL 被广泛用于网络通信、数据加密、数字证书管理以及许多其他领域, 包括安全套接层(SSL)和传输层安全(TLS)协议的实现。")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("以下是 OpenSSL 的一些主要功能和用途:")]),t._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[s("p",[s("strong",[t._v("加密和解密")]),t._v(": OpenSSL 提供了各种密码算法, 包括对称密钥加密(如 AES、DES)、非对称密钥加密(如 RSA、DSA)以及哈希函数(如 SHA-256)。这些算法可以用于加密和解密数据, 确保数据在传输和存储过程中的机密性。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[s("strong",[t._v("数字证书")]),t._v(": OpenSSL 可用于生成和管理数字证书。数字证书是用于验证通信方身份的重要工具, 常用于 HTTPS、电子邮件签名、虚拟专用网络(VPN)等应用中。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[s("strong",[t._v("SSL/TLS 支持")]),t._v(": OpenSSL 实现了安全套接层(SSL)和传输层安全(TLS)协议, 用于安全地传输数据。这是保护网页浏览和网络通信的关键技术。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[s("strong",[t._v("SSL/TLS 证书颁发")]),t._v(": OpenSSL 可用于创建自签名证书或生成证书签名请求(CSR), 这些证书通常用于建立安全的 HTTPS 连接。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[s("strong",[t._v("命令行工具")]),t._v(": OpenSSL 提供了一系列命令行工具, 用于执行各种密码操作, 如生成密钥、创建数字证书、签名和验证数据等。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[s("strong",[t._v("密码学工具库")]),t._v(": OpenSSL 提供了一组密码学函数, 可以集成到各种应用程序中, 用于加密和解密数据、生成随机数、计算哈希值等。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[s("strong",[t._v("跨平台支持")]),t._v(": OpenSSL 被广泛支持, 可以在多个操作系统上使用, 包括 Linux、Windows、macOS 和其他 Unix 类系统。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[s("strong",[t._v("开源和免费")]),t._v(": OpenSSL 是开源项目, 遵循 OpenSSL 许可证, 可以免费使用和分发。")])])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("由于 OpenSSL 的强大功能和广泛应用, 它在网络安全、数据隐私和加密通信方面发挥着关键作用, 被许多应用程序和服务所采用。同时, 它也需要谨慎使用, 以确保正确的配置和维护, 以避免潜在的安全漏洞。")]),t._v(" "),s("h2",{attrs:{id:"函数扩容"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#函数扩容"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 函数扩容")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v('"函数扩容"通常指的是在计算机科学和编程领域中的一个术语, 用来描述函数(或方法)的能力增强或功能的扩展。这可以通过以下几种方式实现:')]),t._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[s("p",[s("strong",[t._v("添加新功能或功能参数")]),t._v(": 在不改变现有代码的前提下, 可以通过向函数添加额外的参数或功能来扩展函数的能力。这样, 函数可以执行更多的任务或适应不同的用例。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[s("strong",[t._v("支持不同的数据类型")]),t._v(": 通过改变函数的输入或输出, 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r("ContentSlotsDistributor",{attrs:{"slot-key":e.$parent.slotKey}},[r("h2",{attrs:{id:"什么是-ruby"}},[r("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#什么是-ruby"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" 什么是 ruby")]),e._v(" "),r("p",[e._v("Ruby 是一种动态、面向对象、通用编程语言, 由日本程序员松本行弘(Yukihiro Matsumoto)于 1995 年首次发布。Ruby 设计之初的目标是将编程变得更简单和更有趣, 强调可读性和开发者友好性。以下是 Ruby 编程语言的一些重要特点和特性:")]),e._v(" "),r("ul",[r("li",[r("p",[r("code",[e._v("简洁和易读的语法")]),e._v(': Ruby 的语法被设计得非常简洁和易读。它采用了一种自然语言的方式来表达代码, 这使得 Ruby 代码易于编写和维护。Ruby 的设计哲学之一是"优美的代码"。')])]),e._v(" "),r("li",[r("p",[r("code",[e._v("面向对象编程")]),e._v(": 在 Ruby 中, 一切都是对象。Ruby 是一种纯粹的面向对象编程语言, 支持类、继承、多态等面向对象编程概念。")])]),e._v(" "),r("li",[r("p",[r("code",[e._v("开发者友好")]),e._v(": Ruby 的设计目标之一是提高开发者的生产力和乐趣。它注重开发者体验, 提供了丰富的内置库和工具, 使编程任务更容易完成。")])]),e._v(" "),r("li",[r("p",[r("code",[e._v("强大的标准库")]),e._v(": Ruby 附带了一个强大的标准库, 包含了大量常用功能的模块和类, 可以加速开发过程。")])]),e._v(" "),r("li",[r("p",[r("code",[e._v("动态类型系统")]),e._v(": Ruby 使用动态类型系统, 变量的类型在运行时确定。这使得 Ruby 非常灵活, 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\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/assets/js/144.effdb7c4.js b/assets/js/144.effdb7c4.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..e089a6a6f2 --- /dev/null +++ b/assets/js/144.effdb7c4.js @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +(window.webpackJsonp=window.webpackJsonp||[]).push([[144],{460:function(e,t,a){"use strict";a.r(t);var v=a(4),_=Object(v.a)({},(function(){var e=this,t=e._self._c;return t("ContentSlotsDistributor",{attrs:{"slot-key":e.$parent.slotKey}},[t("h2",{attrs:{id:"编码"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#编码"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" 编码")]),e._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"url-编码"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#url-编码"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" URL 编码")]),e._v(" "),t("blockquote",[t("p",[t("code",[e._v("%2F")]),e._v(" 与 "),t("code",[e._v("/")]),e._v(" 的编码关系是怎样的?")])]),e._v(" "),t("p",[t("code",[e._v("%2F")]),e._v(" 和 "),t("code",[e._v("/")]),e._v(" 之间存在编码关系。")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("URL 编码是一种将特殊字符转换为 URL 安全格式的过程。在 URL 中, 某些字符具有特殊含义, 如 "),t("code",[e._v("/")]),e._v(" 是用于分隔路径的字符。如果一个字符在 URL 中具有特殊含义, 但需要表示该字符本身而不是其特殊含义, 就需要对其进行编码。")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("在 URL 编码中, 每个字符都可以表示为 "),t("code",[e._v("%")]),e._v(" 加上两个十六进制数字的形式。对于 "),t("code",[e._v("/")]),e._v(" 字符, 其编码是 "),t("code",[e._v("%2F")]),e._v("。")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("当在 URL 中包含 "),t("code",[e._v("/")]),e._v(" 字符时, 为了避免与路径分隔符混淆, 需要对其进行编码, 即将 "),t("code",[e._v("/")]),e._v(" 转换为 "),t("code",[e._v("%2F")]),e._v("。这样可以确保在 URL 中正确传递和解析这个字符。")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("例如, 如果要将路径 "),t("code",[e._v("/path/to/file")]),e._v(" 进行 URL 编码, 编码后的结果将是 "),t("code",[e._v("%2Fpath%2Fto%2Ffile")]),e._v("。在这个编码后的 URL 中, "),t("code",[e._v("%2F")]),e._v(" 代表原始的 "),t("code",[e._v("/")]),e._v(" 字符。")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("总结起来, "),t("code",[e._v("%2F")]),e._v(" 是 "),t("code",[e._v("/")]),e._v(" 字符的 URL 编码表示形式, 用于在 URL 中表示路径分隔符而不引起歧义。")]),e._v(" "),t("hr"),e._v(" "),t("RText",{attrs:{text:"常用 URL 编码"}}),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("URL 编码是一种将特殊字符转换为 URL 安全格式的方法, 通常使用百分号(%)后跟两个十六进制数字表示字符。以下是一些常见的 URL 编码:")]),e._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[e._v('空格: 空格通常被编码为"%20"。')]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v('问号(?): 问号通常被编码为"%3F"。')]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v('等号(=): 等号通常被编码为"%3D"。')]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v('与号(&): 与号通常被编码为"%26"。')]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v('斜杠(/): 斜杠通常被编码为"%2F"。')]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v('冒号(😃: 冒号通常被编码为"%3A"。')]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v('井号(#): 井号通常被编码为"%23"。')]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v('百分号(%): 百分号自身也需要进行编码, 变成"%25"。')]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v('加号(+): 在 URL 查询字符串中, 加号通常用来表示空格, 所以它有时需要编码为"%2B"。')]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("其他特殊字符: 根据需要, 其他特殊字符也可以被编码, 例如: 空格(%20)、双引号(%22)、单引号(%27)、大于号(%3E)、小于号(%3C)等。")])]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("请注意, 不同编程语言和库提供了用于 URL 编码和解码的内置函数或方法, 以便更容易地处理 URL 中的特殊字符。")]),e._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"ascii"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#ascii"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" ASCII")]),e._v(" "),t("blockquote",[t("p",[t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://tool.oschina.net/commons?type=4",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("常用对照表"),t("OutboundLink")],1)])]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("ASCII(American Standard Code for Information Interchange)字符集是一个最初为英语和其他西欧语言设计的字符编码标准。它使用 7 位(或 8 位, 包括一个奇偶校验位)来表示字符, 包括控制字符、数字、字母、标点符号和特殊字符。ASCII 字符集包括以下内容:")]),e._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[t("strong",[e._v("控制字符")]),e._v(": 这些字符通常没有可见的图形表示, 用于控制文本终端和通信设备的行为。例如, 换行符(\\n)、回车符(\\r)和制表符(\\t)等。")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[t("strong",[e._v("可打印字符")]),e._v(": 这些字符具有可见的图形表示, 包括大写字母(A-Z)、小写字母(a-z)、数字(0-9)和常见标点符号(例如逗号、句点、感叹号等)。")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[t("strong",[e._v("特殊字符")]),e._v(": 这些字符包括空格(空格符)、制表符(\\t)、换行符(\\n)、回车符(\\r)以及其他一些特殊用途的字符(例如退格符 \\b)。")])]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("ASCII 字符集总共包含 128 个字符, 编号从 0 到 127。这些字符在计算机和通信中被广泛使用, 尤其是在早期计算机系统和文本通信中。由于它是一个 7 位字符集, 因此只包含 128 个字符, 不包括一些非拉丁字符(例如希腊字母、俄罗斯字母等)。")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("虽然 ASCII 字符集最初是为英语设计的, 但它仍然是计算机系统中最常见的字符编码之一, 并且在许多编程语言、操作系统和通信协议中被广泛使用。然而, 在处理多语言文本和国际化需求时, 通常需要使用更多容纳更多字符的字符编码, 例如 UTF-8、UTF-16 等")]),e._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"base64"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#base64"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" base64")]),e._v(" "),t("blockquote",[t("p",[e._v("Base64(基底64)是一种基于64个可打印字符来表示二进制数据的表示方法. 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定义list")]),s._v(" "),t("ol",[t("li",[s._v("简单值的列表")])]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("如果你想定义一个包含简单值(如字符串、数字、布尔值等)的列表,可以像下面这样定义:")]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-toml line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-toml"}},[t("code",[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token key property"}},[s._v("names")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("[")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[s._v('"Alice"')]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(",")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[s._v('"Bob"')]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(",")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[s._v('"Charlie"')]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("]")]),s._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token key property"}},[s._v("ages")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("[")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[s._v("25")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(",")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[s._v("30")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(",")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[s._v("35")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("]")]),s._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token key property"}},[s._v("is_active")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("[")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token boolean"}},[s._v("true")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(",")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token boolean"}},[s._v("false")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(",")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token boolean"}},[s._v("true")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("]")]),s._v("\n")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),t("br")])]),t("ol",{attrs:{start:"2"}},[t("li",[s._v("对象(表)的列表")])]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("TOML 支持定义一组对象(也称为表)的列表,每个对象可以拥有自己的字段。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("方法一: 使用表数组 ("),t("code",[s._v("[[array_name]]")]),s._v("), "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://toml.io/en/v1.0.0#table",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[s._v("link"),t("OutboundLink")],1)]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("表数组是 TOML 的一种语法,用于定义包含对象的列表。在这种语法中,每个对象用 "),t("code",[s._v("[[array_name]]")]),s._v(" 来定义。")]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-toml line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-toml"}},[t("code",[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("[")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("[")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token table class-name"}},[s._v("users")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("]")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("]")]),s._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token key property"}},[s._v("name")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[s._v('"Alice"')]),s._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token key property"}},[s._v("age")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[s._v("25")]),s._v("\n\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("[")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("[")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token table class-name"}},[s._v("users")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("]")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("]")]),s._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token key property"}},[s._v("name")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[s._v('"Bob"')]),s._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token key property"}},[s._v("age")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[s._v("30")]),s._v("\n\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("[")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("[")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token table class-name"}},[s._v("users")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("]")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("]")]),s._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token key property"}},[s._v("name")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[s._v('"Charlie"')]),s._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token key property"}},[s._v("age")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[s._v("35")]),s._v("\n")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),t("br")])]),t("p",[s._v("这表示 users 是一个表数组,包含 3 个对象,每个对象都有 name 和 age 字段。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("方法二: 对象列表的简写(嵌套对象的数组)")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("如果你需要将对象的定义放在一个数组中,可以直接嵌套对象作为数组的元素。这种方式更简洁,但适合数据量较少且结构较简单的情况。")]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-toml 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"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[s._v('"Charlie"')]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(",")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token key property"}},[s._v("age")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[s._v("35")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("}")]),s._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("]")]),s._v("\n")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),t("br")])]),t("p",[s._v("这与方法一的功能相同,但在 TOML 中更加紧凑。")]),s._v(" "),t("ol",{attrs:{start:"3"}},[t("li",[s._v("嵌套列表")])]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("TOML 还允许定义嵌套的列表,例如一个列表中的每个元素又是一个列表:")]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-toml line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-toml"}},[t("code",[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token key property"}},[s._v("matrix")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("[")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("[")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[s._v("1")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(",")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[s._v("2")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(",")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[s._v("3")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("]")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token 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"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token key atrule"}},[s._v("Age")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(":")]),s._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[s._v("30")]),s._v("\n")])]),s._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),a("br")])]),a("p",[s._v("如果我们想要提取名字和年龄, 并在替换文本中使用它们, 可以使用正则表达式:")]),s._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"language-yaml line-numbers-mode"},[a("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-yaml"}},[a("code",[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token key atrule"}},[s._v("Name")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(":")]),s._v(" (\\w+)"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(",")]),s._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token key atrule"}},[s._v("Age")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(":")]),s._v(" (\\d+)\n")])]),s._v(" 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John"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("!")]),s._v(" You are "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[s._v("30")]),s._v(" years old"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(".")]),s._v("\n")])]),s._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),a("br")])]),a("p",[s._v("请注意, "),a("code",[s._v("$1")]),s._v(" 在正则表达式模式中不是一个有效的匹配, 而是在替换操作中用于引用捕获组的方式")]),s._v(" "),a("h2",{attrs:{id:"link"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#link"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" link")]),s._v(" "),a("ul",[a("li",[a("a",{attrs:{href:"https://www.runoob.com/regexp/regexp-tutorial.html",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[s._v("regex tutorial"),a("OutboundLink")],1)]),s._v(" "),a("li",[a("a",{attrs:{href:"https://c.runoob.com/front-end/854/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[s._v("tool online"),a("OutboundLink")],1)])])],1)}),[],!1,null,null,null);a.default=n.exports}}]); \ No 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+(window.webpackJsonp=window.webpackJsonp||[]).push([[148],{464:function(t,a,r){"use strict";r.r(a);var s=r(4),e=Object(s.a)({},(function(){var t=this,a=t._self._c;return a("ContentSlotsDistributor",{attrs:{"slot-key":t.$parent.slotKey}},[a("blockquote",[a("p",[t._v("娥姐职场分享的提高效率的 5 个关键点, "),a("a",{attrs:{href:"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1JY4y1b7wC?spm_id_from=333.999.0.0",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("原视频链接"),a("OutboundLink")],1)])]),t._v(" "),a("h2",{attrs:{id:"_5-个关键点"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#_5-个关键点"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 5 个关键点")]),t._v(" "),a("h3",{attrs:{id:"一、输出倒逼输入"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#一、输出倒逼输入"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 一、输出倒逼输入")]),t._v(" "),a("h3",{attrs:{id:"二、提炼模型"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#二、提炼模型"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 二、提炼模型")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("从现象中提取模型, 用模型思考问题和解法")]),t._v(" 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n=a(4),t=Object(n.a)({},(function(){var e=this,i=e._self._c;return i("ContentSlotsDistributor",{attrs:{"slot-key":e.$parent.slotKey}},[i("h2",{attrs:{id:"介绍"}},[i("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#介绍"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" 介绍")]),e._v(" "),i("ol",[i("li",[i("p",[i("strong",[e._v("Linux 内核")]),e._v(": Linux 是一个免费、开源的 Unix-like 操作系统内核, 最初由 Linus Torvalds 开发。它负责管理硬件资源、文件系统、进程管理等底层操作系统功能。Linux 内核是操作系统的核心组件, 但它本身不足以构成一个完整的操作系统。")])]),e._v(" "),i("li",[i("p",[i("strong",[e._v("Linux 发行版(Linux Distribution)")]),e._v(": 为了创建一个完整的操作系统, Linux 内核需要与其他组件(如 GNU 工具、库、Shell、图形界面等)集成在一起。这个整合的过程由不同的 Linux 发行版完成。每个 Linux 发行版都基于 Linux 内核, 并添加了其他必要的软件和工具, 以提供一个功能完备的操作系统。Debian、Ubuntu、Fedora、CentOS、Arch Linux 等都是不同的 Linux 发行版。")])]),e._v(" "),i("li",[i("p",[i("strong",[e._v("Debian 和 Linux 的关系")]),e._v(": Debian 是一个基于 Linux 内核的操作系统发行版, 它使用 Linux 内核作为其操作系统内核。Debian 通过将 Linux 内核与其他软件包(如 GNU 工具、桌面环境、应用程序等)整合在一起, 提供了一个完整的 Linux 操作系统。")])])]),e._v(" "),i("p",[e._v('所以, Linux 既指代了操作系统内核, 也用来描述基于该内核的操作系统。一般情况下, 当人们说 "Linux" 时, 他们更可能是指整个操作系统, 而不仅仅是内核。然而, 在严格的技术术语中, "Linux" 是指内核, 而 Linux 发行版是指整个操作系统。')]),e._v(" "),i("h2",{attrs:{id:"发行版"}},[i("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#发行版"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" 发行版")]),e._v(" "),i("h3",{attrs:{id:"debian"}},[i("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#debian"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" Debian")]),e._v(" "),i("p",[e._v("Debian 是一种基于 Linux 内核的操作系统发行版。具体来说, 以下是关于 Debian 和 Linux 之间关系的详细信息:")]),e._v(" "),i("p",[e._v("Debian 是操作系统: Debian 不仅包含了 Linux 内核, 还包括了一个完整的操作系统环境, 包括 GNU 工具(如 Bash shell、Coreutils、GCC 编译器等)以及大量其他软件包。Debian 通过将 Linux 内核与其他软件包和工具集成在一起, 创建了一个功能完备的操作系统。")]),e._v(" "),i("p",[e._v("Debian 使用 Linux 内核: Debian 采用了 Linux 内核作为其操作系统的内核。Linux 是一个开源的 Unix-like 内核, 由 Linus Torvalds 在 1991 年创建。Debian 选择了 Linux 内核作为其默认内核, 因为它具有广泛的硬件支持和强大的性能。")]),e._v(" "),i("p",[e._v('Debian 的多个版本使用不同的 Linux 内核: Debian 的不同版本(如稳定版、测试版、不稳定版等)可能会使用不同版本的 Linux 内核, 以适应不同的需求和硬件架构。例如, Debian 11(代号 "Bullseye")使用了特定版本的 Linux 内核, 而下一个版本可能会使用更新的内核版本。')]),e._v(" "),i("p",[e._v("Debian 的定制内核: 尽管 Debian 默认使用标准的 Linux 内核, 但用户和管理员有时可以选择定制内核以满足特定需求。他们可以使用 Debian 提供的工具来编译和安装自己的内核, 或者使用第三方内核。")]),e._v(" "),i("p",[e._v("总的来说, Debian 是一个基于 Linux 内核的操作系统发行版, 它不仅包含了 Linux 内核, 还包括了许多其他关键组件和软件包, 以提供一个完整的、功能丰富的操作系统环境。 Debian 与 Linux 内核之间的协作和集成使其成为广泛使用的 Linux 发行版之一。")]),e._v(" "),i("h2",{attrs:{id:"other"}},[i("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#other"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" other")]),e._v(" "),i("h3",{attrs:{id:"epoll"}},[i("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#epoll"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" epoll")]),e._v(" "),i("blockquote",[i("p",[e._v("推荐阅读: "),i("a",{attrs:{href:"https://www.jianshu.com/p/31cdfd6f5a48",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("https://www.jianshu.com/p/31cdfd6f5a48"),i("OutboundLink")],1)])]),e._v(" "),i("p",[e._v("Linux 的 epoll(事件轮询)机制是一种高效的事件通知方法, 用于监视文件描述符上的事件并进行异步事件处理。它通常用于构建高性能的网络服务器, 如 Web 服务器, 代理服务器和聊天服务器等, 以处理大量的并发连接。")]),e._v(" "),i("RText",{attrs:{text:"以下是 epoll 机制的一些重要特点和工作原理:"}}),e._v(" "),i("p",[e._v("1.高效的事件通知: epoll 允许应用程序注册多个文件描述符(如套接字)来监视事件, 而不需要阻塞等待事件发生。这降低了 CPU 的负载, 因为应用程序可以等待多个事件而不需要不断轮询。")]),e._v(" "),i("p",[e._v("2.三种事件模式: epoll 支持三种事件触发模式:")]),e._v(" "),i("ul",[i("li",[e._v("EPOLLIN: 当文件描述符可读时触发事件, 如套接字接收数据。")]),e._v(" "),i("li",[e._v("EPOLLOUT: 当文件描述符可写时触发事件, 如套接字可以发送数据。")]),e._v(" "),i("li",[e._v("EPOLLET: 边缘触发模式, 只有在文件描述符状态发生变化时触发事件。这与水平触发模式(默认模式)不同, 后者在文件描述符处于就绪状态时都会触发事件。")])]),e._v(" "),i("p",[e._v("3.注册和注销事件: 应用程序可以使用 epoll_ctl 函数来注册和注销事件, 以及添加或删除文件描述符。这使得应用程序可以在运行时动态管理事件。")]),e._v(" "),i("p",[e._v("4.快速的事件检测: epoll 使用红黑树和双向链表来维护事件列表, 以快速检测和触发事件。这意味着即使有大量的文件描述符, 也能够高效地检测就绪事件。")]),e._v(" "),i("p",[e._v("5.节省系统资源: 与传统的 select 和 poll 模型相比, epoll 更具效率, 因为它避免了遍历所有文件描述符的开销, 仅关注就绪的文件描述符。")]),e._v(" "),i("p",[e._v("6.大规模并发支持: epoll 能够处理大规模并发连接, 这使得它成为构建高性能网络服务器的理想选择。")]),e._v(" "),i("p",[e._v("7.跨平台: 尽管 epoll 是特定于 Linux 的机制, 但类似的机制在其他操作系统上也存在, 如 FreeBSD 的 kqueue 和 Solaris 的 event ports。")]),e._v(" "),i("h3",{attrs:{id:"epoll-机制借助于文件描述符实现。-为什么要这么设计"}},[i("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#epoll-机制借助于文件描述符实现。-为什么要这么设计"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" epoll 机制借助于文件描述符实现。 为什么要这么设计")]),e._v(" "),i("p",[e._v("使用 epoll 机制, 开发者可以编写高效的、可伸缩的网络应用程序, 能够轻松地处理数千甚至数百万的并发连接, 而不会导致性能下降或系统资源耗尽。这使得 epoll 成为构建现代网络服务器和应用程序的重要工具。")]),e._v(" "),i("p",[e._v("Epoll 机制的设计借助于文件描述符, 主要是因为文件描述符是在操作系统中广泛使用的抽象概念, 代表了打开的文件、套接字、管道、设备和其他 I/O 对象。这个设计选择的背后有几个重要原因:")]),e._v(" "),i("ol",[i("li",[i("p",[e._v("统一的接口: 文件描述符提供了一个统一的接口, 用于处理各种类型的 I/O 操作。无论是网络套接字、文件读写还是其他类型的 I/O, 它们都可以用相同的接口来操作。这简化了编程, 使得开发者能够使用相似的方法来管理和处理不同类型的 I/O。")])]),e._v(" "),i("li",[i("p",[e._v("已有的文件描述符系统: 操作系统已经实现了文件描述符管理和事件通知系统。利用这个已有的机制, 内核可以有效地管理文件描述符, 监视它们上面的事件, 并通知应用程序关于事件的信息。这允许应用程序借助操作系统的支持来实现高效的 I/O 操作。")])]),e._v(" "),i("li",[i("p",[e._v("可扩展性: 文件描述符提供了一个可扩展的方法, 因为开发者可以在应用程序中动态打开和关闭文件描述符。这使得 epoll 能够处理大量的文件描述符, 而不需要静态地限制数量, 从而实现了高度可伸缩性。")])]),e._v(" "),i("li",[i("p",[e._v("广泛的应用: 文件描述符的概念不仅适用于网络套接字, 还适用于文件、管道、设备和其他 I/O 对象。因此, 使用文件描述符作为基础, 可以支持多种类型的 I/O 操作, 使 epoll 机制更加通用和灵活。")])])]),e._v(" "),i("p",[e._v("总之, 设计 epoll 机制借助于文件描述符的主要原因是提供了一种通用、可扩展且高效的事件通知机制, 同时与操作系统的已有文件描述符系统相集成, 使得处理 I/O 事件变得更为简单和高效。这种设计有助于构建高性能、可伸缩的网络应用程序, 并广泛用于现代操作系统中。")]),e._v(" "),i("h3",{attrs:{id:"etc-hosts"}},[i("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#etc-hosts"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" "),i("code",[e._v("/etc/hosts/")])]),e._v(" "),i("blockquote",[i("p",[i("code",[e._v("/etc/hosts")]),e._v(" 文件是一个用于静态主机名解析的文件,它在 Unix 和类 Unix 操作系统(如 Linux 和 macOS)中都存在。这个文件可以将主机名映射到 IP 地址,不需要通过 DNS(域名系统)进行查询。它对于小型网络管理或特定主机名到 IP 地址的映射非常有用。")])]),e._v(" "),i("RText",{attrs:{text:"文件的格式"}}),e._v(", 文件的每一行定义一个 IP 地址和一个或多个主机名,格式如下:\n"),i("div",{staticClass:"language-plaintext line-numbers-mode"},[i("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-plaintext"}},[i("code",[e._v("IP_address canonical_hostname [aliases...]\n")])]),e._v(" 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"),s("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("1")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("2")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("3")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("4")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("5")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("6")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("7")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("8")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("9")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("10")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("11")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("12")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("13")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("14")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("15")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("16")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("17")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("18")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("19")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("20")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("21")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("22")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("23")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("24")]),s("br")])]),s("h3",{attrs:{id:"_3-使用bitmapfactory-options进行解码"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#_3-使用bitmapfactory-options进行解码"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 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It could be that SurfaceFlinger did not give enough time for the HAL’s work or it could be that there was a genuine delay in the HAL’s work.\n")])]),e._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[e._v("1")]),a("br")])]),a("p",[e._v('"DisplayHAL jank" 是指 SurfaceFlinger 在规定时间内完成工作并将帧传递给硬件抽象层(DisplayHAL), 但该帧没有在垂直同步期间(vsync)被显示。而是在下一个 vsync 时刻才被显示。这可能是因为 SurfaceFlinger 没有给予 DisplayHAL 充足的时间来完成其工作, 或者可能是 DisplayHAL 的工作出现了真正的延迟。')]),e._v(" "),a("p",[e._v("解释如下:")]),e._v(" "),a("ol",[a("li",[e._v("SurfaceFlinger 是 Android 系统中负责组合和渲染所有应用程序窗口的组件。当 SurfaceFlinger 完成渲染并将帧发送给 DisplayHAL 时, 它需要根据设备的垂直同步信号来准确地显示帧。")]),e._v(" "),a("li",[e._v('垂直同步(vsync)是一个硬件信号, 指示显示器在下一个刷新周期开始时显示帧。设备通常以固定的帧速率刷新显示, 比如 60 Hz。当帧被错过, 会导致显示延迟, 即 "DisplayHAL jank"。')]),e._v(" "),a("li",[e._v('"DisplayHAL jank" 可能是由于 SurfaceFlinger 没有给予 DisplayHAL 充足的时间来完成帧的显示准备。这可能导致帧错过当前的 vsync 时刻, 被推迟到下一个 vsync 时刻。')]),e._v(" "),a("li",[e._v("另一种可能是由于 DisplayHAL 本身的处理过程出现了延迟, 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android.widget.TextView$ChangeWatcher.afterTextChanged(TextView.java:14164)\n at android.text.SpannableStringBuilder.sendAfterTextChanged(SpannableStringBuilder.java:1278)\n at android.text.SpannableStringBuilder.replace(SpannableStringBuilder.java:578)\n at android.text.SpannableStringBuilder.replace(SpannableStringBuilder.java:508)\n at android.text.SpannableStringBuilder.replace(SpannableStringBuilder.java:38)\n at android.view.inputmethod.BaseInputConnection.replaceText(BaseInputConnection.java:941)\n at android.view.inputmethod.BaseInputConnection.commitText(BaseInputConnection.java:219)\n at com.android.internal.inputmethod.EditableInputConnection.commitText(EditableInputConnection.java:201)\n at android.view.inputmethod.InputConnectionWrapper.commitText(InputConnectionWrapper.java:200)\n at X.pks.commitText(SourceFile:33685508)\n at com.android.internal.inputmethod.RemoteInputConnectionImpl.lambda$commitText$16$com-android-internal-inputmethod-RemoteInputConnectionImpl(RemoteInputConnectionImpl.java:569)\n at com.android.internal.inputmethod.RemoteInputConnectionImpl$$ExternalSyntheticLambda34.run(Unknown Source:8)\n at android.os.Handler.handleCallback(Handler.java:942)\n at android.os.Handler.dispatchMessage(Handler.java:99)\n at android.os.Looper.loopOnce(Looper.java:201)\n at android.os.Looper.loop(Looper.java:288)\n at android.app.ActivityThread.main(ActivityThread.java:7898)\n at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Native Method)\n at com.android.internal.os.RuntimeInit$MethodAndArgsCaller.run(RuntimeInit.java:548)\n at com.android.internal.os.ZygoteInit.main(ZygoteInit.java:936)\n------------endFlag:48180395,usedtime:3---------------\n\nEditTextClz: com.ss.android.ugc.aweme.comment.widget.CommentMentionEditText\nViewId: 2131367606\ntext: @1\n------------startFlag:11062723,objectHash:253684777,thread(id:2,name:main),timestamp:1709726438711---------------\nandroid.widget.EditText.setText()\n at android.widget.TextView.setText(Native Method)\n at X.pSN.LIZ(SourceFile:17170465)\n at X.pT1.LIZ(SourceFile:50724951)\n at X.pTY.LIZIZ(SourceFile:50724882)\n at X.pTY.LIZ(SourceFile:50659349)\n at X.pT1.LIZ(SourceFile:17104935)\n at X.pT0.LIZ(SourceFile:178)\n at X.pSA.afterTextChanged(SourceFile:17236285)\n at X.pSL.afterTextChanged(SourceFile:17170432)\n at android.widget.TextView.sendAfterTextChanged(TextView.java:11066)\n at android.widget.TextView$ChangeWatcher.afterTextChanged(TextView.java:14164)\n at android.text.SpannableStringBuilder.sendAfterTextChanged(SpannableStringBuilder.java:1278)\n at android.text.SpannableStringBuilder.replace(SpannableStringBuilder.java:578)\n at android.text.SpannableStringBuilder.delete(SpannableStringBuilder.java:231)\n at android.text.SpannableStringBuilder.delete(SpannableStringBuilder.java:38)\n at kotlin.jvm.internal.ALambdaS661S0100000_34.invoke$28(SourceFile:50528282)\n at kotlin.jvm.internal.ALambdaS661S0100000_34.invoke(Unknown Source:18)\n at X.pUO.LIZ(SourceFile:17039414)\n at kotlin.jvm.internal.ALambdaS575S0100000_34.invoke$507(SourceFile:16973835)\n at kotlin.jvm.internal.ALambdaS575S0100000_34.invoke(Unknown Source:167)\n at X.pUO.LIZ(SourceFile:17104928)\n at X.pUO.LIZJ(SourceFile:196626)\n at com.ss.android.ugc.aweme.social.at.utils.MentionHintHelper$handleOnSelectionChanged$1.invoke(SourceFile:33816629)\n at X.pUO.LIZ(SourceFile:17039414)\n at X.pUO.LIZ(SourceFile:33947682)\n at X.pSD.LIZ(SourceFile:33751054)\n at com.ss.android.ugc.aweme.comment.widget.CommentMentionEditText.onSelectionChanged(SourceFile:33685511)\n at android.widget.TextView.spanChange(TextView.java:11224)\n at android.widget.TextView$ChangeWatcher.onSpanChanged(TextView.java:14176)\n at android.text.SpannableStringBuilder.sendSpanChanged(SpannableStringBuilder.java:1308)\n at android.text.SpannableStringBuilder.sendToSpanWatchers(SpannableStringBuilder.java:652)\n at android.text.SpannableStringBuilder.replace(SpannableStringBuilder.java:581)\n at android.text.SpannableStringBuilder.replace(SpannableStringBuilder.java:508)\n at android.text.SpannableStringBuilder.replace(SpannableStringBuilder.java:38)\n at android.view.inputmethod.BaseInputConnection.replaceText(BaseInputConnection.java:941)\n at android.view.inputmethod.BaseInputConnection.commitText(BaseInputConnection.java:219)\n at com.android.internal.inputmethod.EditableInputConnection.commitText(EditableInputConnection.java:201)\n at android.view.inputmethod.InputConnectionWrapper.commitText(InputConnectionWrapper.java:200)\n at X.pks.commitText(SourceFile:33685508)\n at 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\ No newline at end of file diff --git a/assets/js/195.2ba179e1.js b/assets/js/195.2ba179e1.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..fd258e184e --- /dev/null +++ b/assets/js/195.2ba179e1.js @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +(window.webpackJsonp=window.webpackJsonp||[]).push([[195],{512:function(t,a,r){"use strict";r.r(a);var e=r(4),l=Object(e.a)({},(function(){var t=this,a=t._self._c;return a("ContentSlotsDistributor",{attrs:{"slot-key":t.$parent.slotKey}},[a("blockquote",[a("p",[a("a",{attrs:{href:"https://juejin.cn/post/6981731047855620104",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("颜色值透明度的百分数对应十六进制表"),a("OutboundLink")],1)])]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("ARGB 依次代表透明度(alpha)、红色(red)、绿色(green)、蓝色(blue)。以颜色值 "),a("code",[t._v("#FF66CC99")]),t._v(" 为例, 其中, FF 是透明度, 66 是红色值, CC 是绿色值, 99 是蓝色值。")]),t._v(" "),a("h2",{attrs:{id:"alpha"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#alpha"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" alpha")]),t._v(" "),a("ul",[a("li",[t._v("透明度分为 256 个等级, 即 0 - 256, 0 就是透明, 255 就是不透明, 透明度 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灰度图像公式")]),_._v(" "),v("p",[v("code",[_._v("Gray = (Rx4 + Gx10 + Bx2) >> 8")]),_._v(" 是一个用于将彩色图像转换为灰度图像的公式。这个公式通过计算 RGB 三个通道的加权和来得到灰度值,其中绿色通道的权重较大,表明绿色对灰度值的影响最大。")]),_._v(" "),v("p",[_._v("让我们详细分析一下:")]),_._v(" "),v("RText",{attrs:{text:"公式含义: "}}),_._v(" "),v("ul",[v("li",[_._v("R: 表示红色通道的值。")]),_._v(" "),v("li",[_._v("G: 表示绿色通道的值。")]),_._v(" "),v("li",[_._v("B: 表示蓝色通道的值。")]),_._v(" "),v("li",[_._v("Gray: 表示最终的灰度值。")]),_._v(" "),v("li",[v("code",[_._v(">> 8")]),_._v(": 表示右移 8 位,相当于除以 256。")])]),_._v(" "),v("RText",{attrs:{text:"加权平均: "}}),_._v(" "),v("p",[_._v("这个公式将红色、绿色、蓝色三个通道的值按照不同的权重加在一起:")]),_._v(" "),v("ul",[v("li",[_._v("红色的权重是 4。")]),_._v(" "),v("li",[_._v("绿色的权重是 10,比其他两个通道更高,反映了人眼对绿色更为敏感。")]),_._v(" "),v("li",[_._v("蓝色的权重是 2,相对较低。")])]),_._v(" "),v("p",[_._v("将它们加权后除以 256 来得到一个 0 到 15 的灰度值。")]),_._v(" "),v("RText",{attrs:{text:"具体步骤: "}}),_._v(" "),v("ul",[v("li",[_._v("计算加权值: "),v("code",[_._v("Rx4 + Gx10 + Bx2")]),_._v("。")]),_._v(" "),v("li",[_._v("红色的贡献是 "),v("code",[_._v("Rx4")])]),_._v(" "),v("li",[_._v("绿色的贡献是 "),v("code",[_._v("Gx10")])]),_._v(" "),v("li",[_._v("蓝色的贡献是 "),v("code",[_._v("Bx2")])]),_._v(" "),v("li",[_._v("右移 8 位: "),v("code",[_._v(">> 8")]),_._v(",即将计算结果除以 256。右移操作可以快速实现这种整数除法。")])]),_._v(" "),v("RText",{attrs:{text:"理由: "}}),_._v(" "),v("p",[_._v("使用加权平均是因为人眼对不同颜色的敏感度不同,通常对绿色最敏感,对红色次之,对蓝色最不敏感。这个公式中赋予了绿色较大的权重(10),而红色和蓝色的权重较小(4 和 2)。")]),_._v(" "),v("RText",{attrs:{text:"总结: "}}),_._v(" "),v("ul",[v("li",[_._v("红色、绿色 和 蓝色通道按照不同的权重加在一起,计算得到灰度值。")]),_._v(" "),v("li",[_._v("绿色的权重较高,符合人眼的感知特性。")]),_._v(" "),v("li",[_._v("通过位移操作快速实现除法来缩放结果到 0-255 范围内。")])])],1)}),[],!1,null,null,null);v.default=l.exports}}]); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/assets/js/197.5da50f11.js b/assets/js/197.5da50f11.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..38dc44a926 --- /dev/null +++ b/assets/js/197.5da50f11.js @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +(window.webpackJsonp=window.webpackJsonp||[]).push([[197],{515:function(t,a,s){"use strict";s.r(a);var 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t=this.currentPage;t>1&&this.handleEmit(--t)},goNext(){let t=this.currentPage;t3,expression:"currentPage > 3"}],staticClass:"ellipsis ell-two",attrs:{title:"上两页"},on:{click:function(e){return t.goIndex(t.currentPage-2)}}}),t._v(" "),e("span",{directives:[{name:"show",rawName:"v-show",value:t.currentPage<=3,expression:"currentPage <= 3"}],staticClass:"card-box",class:{active:2===t.currentPage},on:{click:function(e){return t.goIndex(2)}}},[t._v("2")]),t._v(" "),e("span",{staticClass:"card-box",class:{active:t.currentPage>=3&&t.currentPage<=t.pages-2},on:{click:function(e){t.goIndex(t.threeNum())}}},[t._v(t._s(t.threeNum()))]),t._v(" "),e("span",{directives:[{name:"show",rawName:"v-show",value:t.currentPage=t.pages-2,expression:"currentPage >= pages - 2"}],staticClass:"card-box",class:{active:t.currentPage===t.pages-1},on:{click:function(e){return t.goIndex(t.pages-1)}}},[t._v(t._s(t.pages-1))]),t._v(" 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会提前触发后续视频的下载。预加载相当于减少了用户可感知的网络加载和网络连接的耗时。")]),v._v(" "),_("p",[v._v("但是通用的预加载解决方案没有把播放器和网络 IO 进行强紧密的结合, 在预加载时只是基于数据模块触发下载任务, 而此时播放器的实例还没有创建起来。")]),v._v(" "),_("p",[v._v("对于这种情况, 我们在思考能否把播放器创建以及初始化的工作整体前置。")]),v._v(" "),_("p",[v._v("此外, 我们还发现当播放的封面图和首帧差异很大的时候, 用户会感受到明显的跳变。这个跳变有可能会让用户感受到卡顿, 或者是其他不舒适的感觉。所以这一部分也是我们整体的优化目标。")]),v._v(" "),_("p",[v._v("基于以上这些考虑, 就产生了我们的"),_("strong",[v._v("预渲染的解决方案: 当前任务在播放时, 提前起播下一个播放任务, 渲染首帧替代封面, 从而降低首帧耗时")]),v._v("。")]),v._v(" "),_("h3",{attrs:{id:"网络耗时优化-节点优选"}},[_("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#网络耗时优化-节点优选"}},[v._v("#")]),v._v(" 网络耗时优化——节点优选")]),v._v(" "),_("h3",{attrs:{id:"网络耗时优化-解码耗时"}},[_("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#网络耗时优化-解码耗时"}},[v._v("#")]),v._v(" 网络耗时优化——解码耗时")]),v._v(" "),_("p",[v._v("解码耗时的优化是我们相比其他开源播放器在首帧上保持优势的根本原因。")]),v._v(" "),_("p",[v._v("解码本身需要耗时。当一个视频的数据完成准备, 在解码过程中至少会经历以下几个环节:")]),v._v(" "),_("ol",[_("li",[_("p",[_("strong",[v._v("格式解析器和分离器(formater 和 demuxer)")]),v._v(": 首先, 视频文件通常以某种特定的格式(如 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进行相关解码器的复用。在上一个视频完成播放时, 我们把相关的 codec 复用到下一个视频, 这样就省略了两个视频初始化过程中 stop release 到 start 的耗时。这一部分优化的耗时平均在 40+ms 。而 Google 为了优化清晰度无缝切换时的耗时, 在 ExoPlayer 上实现了播放器内的解码器复用。")]),v._v(" "),_("p",[_("strong",[v._v("1. Google 的 ExoPlayer 方案不适合短视频场景")])]),v._v(" "),_("p",[v._v("Google 已经在 ExoPlayer 上进行了解码器复用实践, 那么是否可以将对应方案直接应用到我们的业务呢?答案是不能的。ExoPlayer 是一种播放器内部解码器复用方案, 即"),_("strong",[v._v("解码器和播放器实例绑定")]),v._v("。对于不同分辨率的视频 A、B、C, 下次播放时判断该播放器实例是否可以复用, 如果可以, 进行复用, 否则重新初始化解码器。")]),v._v(" "),_("p",[v._v("总而言之, 基于短视频切换频繁的特点, 直接使用 ExoPlayer 方案会存在以下困难:")]),v._v(" "),_("ul",[_("li",[_("strong",[v._v("无法在 player 之间复用")]),v._v(", 由于有预加载等优化手段, 短视频场景一般不同视频对应不同的 player, 与方案冲突。")]),v._v(" "),_("li",[_("strong",[v._v("复用率低")]),v._v(", 因为 ExoPlayer 方案局限在 player 内部, 多个 player 之间不能共享解码器, 而解码器复用是有条件限制的, 这样会让复用率非常低。")]),v._v(" "),_("li",[_("strong",[v._v("接入困难")]),v._v(", 复用逻辑与播放器逻辑耦合严重。")])]),v._v(" "),_("h5",{attrs:{id:"跨播放器解码器复用方案"}},[_("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#跨播放器解码器复用方案"}},[v._v("#")]),v._v(" 跨播放器解码器复用方案")]),v._v(" "),_("p",[v._v("【短视频复用的特点】")]),v._v(" "),_("ul",[_("li",[v._v("跨播放器复用: 解码器能够在多个播放器之间共享, 适应多 player 场景。")]),v._v(" "),_("li",[v._v("高复用率: 闲置的解码器能够被选择, 需要保证播放器在起播时尽可能的复用解码器。")]),v._v(" 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任何一个移动操作系统中都包含可运行 JavaScript 的容器, 例如 WebView 和 JSCore。所以, 运行 JavaScript 不用像运行其他语言时, 要额外添加运行环境。因此, 基于上面种种原因, JSBridge 应运而生。")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("PhoneGap(Codova 的前身)作为 Hybrid 鼻祖框架, 应该是最先被开发者广泛认知的 JSBridge 的应用场景;而对于 JSBridge 的应用在国内真正兴盛起来, 则是因为杀手级应用微信的出现, 主要用途是在网页中通过 JSBridge 设置分享内容。")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("移动端混合开发中的 JSBridge, 主要被应用在两种形式的技术方案上:")]),t._v(" "),a("ul",[a("li",[t._v("基于 Web 的 Hybrid 解决方案: 例如微信浏览器、各公司的 Hybrid 方案")]),t._v(" "),a("li",[t._v("非基于 Web UI 但业务逻辑基于 JavaScript 的解决方案: 例如 React-Native")])]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("【注】: 微信小程序基于 Web UI, 但是为了追求运行效率, 对 UI 展现逻辑和业务逻辑的 JavaScript 进行了隔离。因此小程序的技术方案介于上面描述的两种方式之间。")]),t._v(" "),a("h3",{attrs:{id:"js-中的-eval-函数"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#js-中的-eval-函数"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" js 中的 eval 函数")]),t._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"language-javascript line-numbers-mode"},[a("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-javascript"}},[a("code",[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("try")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),t._v("\n\t"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("var")]),t._v(" fn "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("=")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("eval")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[t._v("'WebViewJavascriptBridge.'")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("+")]),t._v(" handlerName"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v("\n"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("}")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("catch")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),t._v("e"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),t._v("\n\tconsole"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("log")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),t._v("e"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v("\n"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("}")]),t._v("\n")])]),t._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("1")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("2")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("3")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("4")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("5")]),a("br")])]),a("p",[t._v("这段代码是 JavaScript 中的一个片段, 它尝试通过字符串拼接来构造一个函数名, 然后使用 eval 函数来执行这个函数。具体来说:")]),t._v(" "),a("ul",[a("li",[a("p",[a("code",[t._v("handlerName")]),t._v(' 是一个变量, 它包含一个函数名的字符串, 例如 "myFunction"。')])]),t._v(" "),a("li",[a("p",[a("code",[t._v("eval")]),t._v(' 函数用于将字符串解析为 JavaScript 代码并执行。在这里, 它将字符串 "WebViewJavascriptBridge.myFunction" 解析为一个函数并执行它。')])]),t._v(" "),a("li",[a("p",[a("code",[t._v("try...catch")]),t._v(" 语句用于捕获可能在 eval 执行时发生的异常。如果构造的函数名无效或不存在, eval 会引发一个异常, 该异常将被 catch 块捕获, 并在控制台上记录异常信息。")])])]),t._v(" "),a("h3",{attrs:{id:"什么是双向通道"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#什么是双向通道"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 什么是双向通道")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("JSBridge 就像其名称中的『Bridge』的意义一样, 是 Native 和非 Native 之间的桥梁, 它的核心是 构建 Native 和非 Native 间消息通信的通道, 而且是 双向通信的通道。")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[a("img",{attrs:{src:"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/jacky1234/picArchieve@master/uPic/20230825_162448_7pTr5j.png",alt:""}})]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("所谓 双向通信的通道:")]),t._v(" "),a("ul",[a("li",[t._v("JS 向 Native 发送消息 : 调用相关功能、通知 Native 当前 JS 的相关状态等。")]),t._v(" "),a("li",[t._v("Native 向 JS 发送消息 : 回溯调用结果、消息推送、通知 JS 当前 Native 的状态等。")])]),t._v(" "),a("h2",{attrs:{id:"实现原理"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#实现原理"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 实现原理")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("JavaScript 是运行在一个单独的 JS Context 中(例如, WebView 的 Webkit 引擎、JSCore)。由于这些 Context 与原生运行环境的天然隔离, 我们可以将这种情况与 RPC(Remote Procedure Call, 远程过程调用)通信进行类比, 将 Native 与 JavaScript 的每次互相调用看做一次 RPC 调用。")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("在 JSBridge 的设计中, 可以把前端看做 RPC 的客户端, 把 Native 端看做 RPC 的服务器端, 从而 JSBridge 要实现的主要逻辑就出现了: 通信调用(Native 与 JS 通信) 和 句柄解析调用。(如果你是个前端, 而且并不熟悉 RPC 的话, 你也可以把这个流程类比成 JSONP 的流程)")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("通过以上的分析, 可以清楚地知晓 JSBridge 主要的功能和职责, 接下来就以 Hybrid 方案 为案例从这几点来剖析 JSBridge 的实现原理。")]),t._v(" "),a("h3",{attrs:{id:"js-通信原理"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#js-通信原理"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" js 通信原理")]),t._v(" "),a("h4",{attrs:{id:"javascript-调用-native"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#javascript-调用-native"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" JavaScript 调用 Native")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[a("strong",[t._v("Android")])]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("一、addJavascriptInterface。")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("在 4.2 版本之前 Android 注入 JavaScript 对象的接口是 addJavascriptInterface。 在 4.2 中引入新的接口 @JavascriptInterface(上面代码中使用的)来替代这个接口, 解决安全问题。所以 Android 注入对对象的方式是 有兼容性问题的")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("二、拦截 URL SCHEME")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("Web 端通过某种方式(例如 iframe.src)发送 URL Scheme 请求, 之后 Native 拦截到请求并根据 URL SCHEME(包括所带的参数)进行相关操作。")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("在时间过程中, 这种方式有一定的 缺陷:")]),t._v(" "),a("ul",[a("li",[t._v("使用 iframe.src 发送 URL SCHEME 会有 url 长度的隐患。")]),t._v(" "),a("li",[t._v("创建请求, 需要一定的耗时, 比注入 API 的方式调用同样的功能, 耗时会较长。")])]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("但是之前为什么很多方案使用这种方式呢?因为它 支持 iOS6。")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("【注】: 有些方案为了规避 url 长度隐患的缺陷, 在 iOS 上采用了使用 Ajax 发送同域请求的方式, 并将参数放到 head 或 body 里。这样, 虽然规避了 url 长度的隐患, 但是 WKWebView 并不支持这样的方式。")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("【注 2】: 为什么选择 iframe.src 不选择 locaiton.href ?因为如果通过 location.href 连续调用 Native, 很容易丢失一些调用。")]),t._v(" "),a("h4",{attrs:{id:"native-调用-javascript"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#native-调用-javascript"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Native 调用 JavaScript")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("相比于 JavaScript 调用 Native, Native 调用 JavaScript 较为简单, 毕竟不管是 iOS 的 UIWebView 还是 WKWebView, 还是 Android 的 WebView 组件, 都以子组件的形式存在于 View/Activity 中, 直接调用相应的 API 即可。")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[a("strong",[t._v("Android")])]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("在 Kitkat(4.4)之前并没有提供 iOS 类似的调用方式, 只能用 loadUrl 一段 JavaScript 代码 "),a("code",[t._v('webView.loadUrl("javascript:" + javaScriptString);')]),t._v(". Kitkat 之后的版本, 也可以用 evaluateJavascript 方法实现:")]),t._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"language-java line-numbers-mode"},[a("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-java"}},[a("code",[t._v("webView"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("evaluateJavascript")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),t._v("javaScriptString"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("new")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("ValueCallback")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token generics"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("<")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("String")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(">")])]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),t._v("\n "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token annotation punctuation"}},[t._v("@Override")]),t._v("\n "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("public")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("void")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("onReceiveValue")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("String")]),t._v(" value"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),t._v("\n\n "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("}")]),t._v("\n"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("}")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v("\n")])]),t._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("1")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("2")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("3")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("4")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("5")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("6")]),a("br")])]),a("p",[t._v("【注】: 使用 loadUrl 的方式, 并不能获取 JavaScript 执行后的结果。")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[a("strong",[t._v("iOS")])]),t._v(" "),a("h3",{attrs:{id:"jsbridge-接口实现"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#jsbridge-接口实现"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" JSBridge 接口实现")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("从上面的剖析中, 可以得知, JSBridge 的接口主要功能有两个: 调用 Native(给 Native 发消息) 和 接被 Native 调用(接收 Native 消息)。因此, JSBridge 可以设计如下:")]),t._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"language-javascript line-numbers-mode"},[a("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-javascript"}},[a("code",[t._v("window"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),t._v("JSBridge "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("=")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),t._v("\n\t"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// 调用 Native")]),t._v("\n\t"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function-variable function"}},[t._v("invoke")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("function")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter"}},[t._v("msg")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),t._v("\n\t\t"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// 判断环境, 获取不同的 nativeBridge")]),t._v("\n\t\tnativeBridge"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("postMessage")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),t._v("msg"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v("\n\t"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("}")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v("\n\t"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function-variable function"}},[t._v("receiveMessage")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("function")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter"}},[t._v("msg")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),t._v("\n\t\t"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// 处理 msg")]),t._v("\n\t"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("}")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v("\n"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("}")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v("\n")])]),t._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("1")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("2")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("3")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("4")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("5")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("6")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("7")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("8")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("9")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("10")]),a("br")])]),a("p",[t._v("在上面的文章中, 提到过 RPC 中有一个非常重要的环节是 句柄解析调用 , 这点在 JSBridge 中体现为 句柄与功能对应关系。同时, 我们将句柄抽象为 桥名(BridgeName), 最终演化为 一个 BridgeName 对应一个 Native 功能或者一类 Native 消息。 基于此点, JSBridge 的实现可以优化为如下:")]),t._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"language-javascript line-numbers-mode"},[a("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-javascript"}},[a("code",[t._v("window"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),t._v("JSBridge "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("=")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),t._v("\n\t"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// 调用 Native")]),t._v("\n\t"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function-variable function"}},[t._v("invoke")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("function")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter"}},[t._v("bridgeName"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v(" data")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),t._v("\n\t\t"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// 判断环境, 获取不同的 nativeBridge")]),t._v("\n\t\tnativeBridge"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("postMessage")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),t._v("\n\t\t\t"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token literal-property property"}},[t._v("bridgeName")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" bridgeName"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v("\n\t\t\t"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token literal-property property"}},[t._v("data")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" data "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("||")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("}")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v("\n\t\t"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("}")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v("\n\t"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("}")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v("\n\t"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function-variable function"}},[t._v("receiveMessage")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("function")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter"}},[t._v("msg")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),t._v("\n\t\t"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("var")]),t._v(" bridgeName "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("=")]),t._v(" msg"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),t._v("bridgeName"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v("\n\t\t\tdata "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("=")]),t._v(" msg"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),t._v("data "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("||")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("}")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v("\n\t\t"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// 具体逻辑")]),t._v("\n\t"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token 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功能时 Callback 怎么实现的?")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("对于 JSBridge 的 Callback , 其实就是 RPC 框架的回调机制。当然也可以用更简单的 JSONP 机制解释:")]),t._v(" "),a("blockquote",[a("p",[t._v("当发送 JSONP 请求时, url 参数里会有 callback 参数, 其值是 当前页面唯一 的, 而同时以此参数值为 key 将回调函数存到 window 上, 随后, 服务器返回 script 中, 也会以此参数值作为句柄, 调用相应的回调函数。")])]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("由此可见, callback 参数这个 唯一标识 是这个回调逻辑的关键。这样, 我们可以参照这个逻辑来实现 JSBridge: 用一个自增的唯一 id, 来标识并存储回调函数, 并把此 id 以参数形式传递给 Native, 而 Native 也以此 id 作为回溯的标识。这样, 即可实现 Callback 回调逻辑。")]),t._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"language-javascript line-numbers-mode"},[a("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-javascript"}},[a("code",[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("function")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),t._v("\n 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允许应用程序创建流畅的用户界面效果。")])]),t._v(" "),v("li",[v("p",[v("strong",[t._v("事件处理")]),t._v(": UIKit 管理用户输入和事件处理, 包括触摸事件、键盘事件、手势事件等。开发人员可以使用委托、目标-动作机制或手势识别器来处理这些事件。")])]),t._v(" "),v("li",[v("p",[v("strong",[t._v("文本和字体处理")]),t._v(": UIKit 支持文本渲染、字体管理、文本输入和编辑等文本相关的功能。")])]),t._v(" "),v("li",[v("p",[v("strong",[t._v("图形绘制")]),t._v(": UIKit 提供了 Core Graphics 框架的接口, 允许应用程序进行图形绘制和自定义绘图。")])]),t._v(" "),v("li",[v("p",[v("strong",[t._v("表视图和集合视图")]),t._v(": UIKit 包括 UITableView 和 UICollectionView, 这两个组件用于展示大量数据, 如列表和网格。")])]),t._v(" "),v("li",[v("p",[v("strong",[t._v("导航和视图切换")]),t._v(": UIKit 提供了导航控制器(UINavigationController)和标签栏控制器(UITabBarController)等, 用于管理应用程序的导航和多个视图之间的切换。")])]),t._v(" "),v("li",[v("p",[v("strong",[t._v("设备和屏幕适配")]),t._v(": UIKit 支持不同设备和屏幕尺寸的适配, 以确保应用程序在各种设备上都能正确显示。")])]),t._v(" "),v("li",[v("p",[v("strong",[t._v("主题和外观")]),t._v(": UIKit 支持应用程序外观和主题的自定义, 使开发人员能够创建独特的用户界面。")])])]),t._v(" "),v("p",[t._v("UIKit 是构建 iOS 和 tvOS 应用程序的基础, 提供了广泛的工具和功能, 使开发人员能够创建各种类型的应用程序, 从简单的工具应用到复杂的娱乐应用和生产力工具。")]),t._v(" "),v("h2",{attrs:{id:"其他"}},[v("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#其他"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 其他")]),t._v(" "),v("h3",{attrs:{id:"deriveddata"}},[v("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#deriveddata"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" DerivedData")]),t._v(" "),v("p",[v("code",[t._v("~/Library/Developer/Xcode/DerivedData")]),t._v(" 目录是 Xcode 生成项目派生数据的地方。这些派生数据包括编译生成的文件、构建产物、日志、索引文件等, 用于支持项目的编译和开发过程。")]),t._v(" "),v("p",[t._v("通常, 你不需要手动管理 DerivedData 目录中的文件, 因为 Xcode 会自动进行管理。然而, 有时你可能会遇到问题, 例如构建错误或导入项目时的问题, 需要清理或删除 DerivedData 目录中的数据, 以解决这些问题。")]),t._v(" "),v("p",[t._v("在 DerivedData 目录下, 每个项目都有自己的子目录, 子目录的名称通常是项目的 UUID(Universally Unique Identifier)。这些子目录包含有关项目构建和派生数据的信息。")]),t._v(" "),v("p",[t._v("如果你需要手动删除或清理 DerivedData 目录中的数据, 可以按照以下步骤操作:")]),t._v(" "),v("ol",[v("li",[v("p",[t._v("关闭 Xcode。")])]),t._v(" "),v("li",[v("p",[t._v("打开终端应用程序。")])]),t._v(" "),v("li",[v("p",[t._v("使用以下命令删除整个 DerivedData 目录:")])])]),t._v(" "),v("div",{staticClass:"language-shell line-numbers-mode"},[v("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-shell"}},[v("code",[v("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("rm")]),t._v(" "),v("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[t._v("-rf")]),t._v(" ~/Library/Developer/Xcode/DerivedData\n")])]),t._v(" "),v("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[v("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("1")]),v("br")])]),v("p",[t._v("这将删除整个目录及其内容。")]),t._v(" "),v("ol",{attrs:{start:"4"}},[v("li",[t._v("重新启动 Xcode。")])]),t._v(" "),v("p",[t._v("注意: 清理 "),v("code",[t._v("DerivedData")]),t._v(" 目录会删除构建和派生数据, 但不会影响你的项目源代码。项目源代码通常存储在项目文件夹中, 不会受到清理操作的影响。")]),t._v(" "),v("p",[t._v("清理 DerivedData 目录有助于解决一些与构建或派生数据相关的问题, 例如构建错误、索引问题或导入问题。在执行清理操作后, Xcode 将重新生成所需的数据。如果你遇到了特定的问题, 清理 DerivedData 目录可能会是解决问题的一部分。")]),t._v(" "),v("h3",{attrs:{id:"dyld2-与-dyld3"}},[v("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#dyld2-与-dyld3"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" dyld2 与 dyld3")]),t._v(" "),v("p",[t._v("dyld2 和 dyld3 都是 macOS 和 iOS 系统中的动态链接器(Dynamic Linker), 负责加载和链接应用程序的二进制可执行文件以及相关的共享库(动态链接库)。它们之间的主要区别在于版本和性能优化。")]),t._v(" "),v("p",[t._v("dyld2:")]),t._v(" "),v("ul",[v("li",[t._v("dyld2 是 macOS 和 iOS 早期版本中使用的动态链接器, 它的开发历史相对较长。")]),t._v(" "),v("li",[t._v("dyld2 使用传统的单线程模型, 即一个进程中只有一个线程执行加载和链接操作。")]),t._v(" "),v("li",[t._v("在 dyld2 中, 启动应用程序时加载大量共享库时, 可能会导致较长的启动时间, 特别是在系统上安装了大量共享库的情况下。")]),t._v(" "),v("li",[t._v("dyld2 是纯粹的 in-process, 也就是在程序进程内执行的, 也就意味着只有当应用程序被启动的时候, dyld2 才能开始执行任务。")])]),t._v(" "),v("p",[t._v("dyld3:")]),t._v(" "),v("ul",[v("li",[t._v("dyld3 是苹果公司为了提高动态链接性能而开发的新版本的动态链接器, 最初引入于 macOS High Sierra 和 iOS 11 中。")]),t._v(" "),v("li",[t._v("dyld3 引入了并行加载和链接的概念, 允许多个线程同时加载和链接不同的库, 以提高启动性能。")]),t._v(" "),v("li",[t._v("dyld3 还引入了延迟绑定(Lazy Binding)和新的共享库格式, 以减少启动时的内存占用和加快应用程序的启动速度。")]),t._v(" "),v("li",[t._v("dyld3 则是部分 out-of-process, 部分 in-process。图中, 虚线之上的部分是 out-of-process 的, 在 App 下载安装和版本更新的时候会去执行, out-of-process 会做如下事情:\n"),v("ul",[v("li",[t._v("分析 Mach-o Headers")]),t._v(" "),v("li",[t._v("分析依赖的动态库")]),t._v(" "),v("li",[t._v("查找需要 Rebase & Bind 之类的符号")]),t._v(" "),v("li",[t._v("把上述结果写入缓存")])])])]),t._v(" "),v("p",[t._v("总的来说, dyld3 是为了提高应用程序启动性能而引入的新版本的动态链接器。它引入了并行加载和链接, 延迟绑定等性能优化, 以减少应用程序启动时间并提高整体性能。应用程序的启动时间对于用户体验至关重要, 因此这些改进对于减少启动时间和提高应用程序响应速度非常重要。")]),t._v(" "),v("h3",{attrs:{id:"gcd"}},[v("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#gcd"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" GCD")]),t._v(" "),v("p",[t._v("GCD 是 Grand Central Dispatch 的缩写, 是苹果公司为 iOS 和 macOS 开发的多线程和并发编程的技术之一。它提供了一种方便的方式来执行并发任务, 管理多线程和处理异步操作。GCD 旨在简化多线程编程, 提供了高效的多核处理和 CPU 利用率。")]),t._v(" "),v("p",[t._v("GCD 的主要概念包括以下几点:")]),t._v(" "),v("ul",[v("li",[v("p",[v("strong",[t._v("队列(Dispatch Queues)")]),t._v(": GCD 使用队列来管理任务的执行。它有两种主要类型的队列: 串行队列(Serial Queue)和并行队列(Concurrent Queue)。串行队列一次只执行一个任务, 而并行队列可以同时执行多个任务。")])]),t._v(" "),v("li",[v("p",[v("strong",[t._v("任务(Blocks)")]),t._v(": 任务是以块(Block)的形式定义的, 通常是匿名函数, 包含了要执行的代码。任务可以被提交到队列中, 并由 GCD 负责调度执行。")])]),t._v(" "),v("li",[v("p",[v("strong",[t._v("调度(Dispatching)")]),t._v(": 将任务提交到队列中, 然后 GCD 负责安排它们的执行。任务可以是同步(阻塞当前线程, 等待任务执行完成)或异步(不阻塞当前线程, 立即返回)。")])]),t._v(" "),v("li",[v("p",[v("strong",[t._v("调度组(Dispatch Groups)")]),t._v(": 允许您将多个任务分组, 以便在它们全部完成后执行其他任务。这对于异步操作的协同工作非常有用。")])])]),t._v(" "),v("p",[t._v("GCD 提供了一种相对容易使用的方式来执行多线程编程, 减少了手动管理线程的复杂性。它有助于开发人员更轻松地利用多核处理器和处理并发任务, 以提高应用的性能和响应性。在 iOS 和 macOS 开发中, GCD 是处理并发编程的首选方式之一。")])])}),[],!1,null,null,null);v.default=_.exports}}]); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/assets/js/207.beff272c.js b/assets/js/207.beff272c.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..be0e4bc9f9 --- /dev/null +++ b/assets/js/207.beff272c.js @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +(window.webpackJsonp=window.webpackJsonp||[]).push([[207],{524:function(s,t,a){"use strict";a.r(t);var n=a(4),e=Object(n.a)({},(function(){var s=this,t=s._self._c;return 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这意味着您不能在函数内修改它们的值。但是, 如果将参数声明为 in-out, 函数可以修改该参数的值, 并且这些更改将在函数调用后保持有效。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("要声明 in-out 参数, 您需要在参数类型前面加上 inout 关键字。这是一个示例:")]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-swift line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-swift"}},[t("code",[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("func")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function-definition function"}},[s._v("swapTwoInts")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token omit keyword"}},[s._v("_")]),s._v(" a"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(":")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("inout")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[s._v("Int")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(",")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token omit keyword"}},[s._v("_")]),s._v(" b"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token 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并且它们不能用于不逃逸的闭包。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("使用 in-out 参数时要小心, 因为它们会更改原始值, 可能会导致复杂的代码行为。通常情况下, 最好避免使用 in-out 参数, 而是使用返回值来传递修改后的值。")]),s._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"关键字"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#关键字"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" & 关键字")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("在 Swift 中, & 符号用于多种不同的上下文, 它的含义取决于它的使用方式。以下是 & 符号的一些常见用途:")]),s._v(" "),t("ol",[t("li",[t("strong",[s._v("引用参数(In-Out Parameters)")]),s._v(": 在函数或方法中, 你可以将参数标记为 in-out, 以允许函数修改传递给它的参数。这时, 你需要在参数前面加上 & 符号, 表示你要传递参数的引用。例如:")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-swift line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-swift"}},[t("code",[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("func")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function-definition function"}},[s._v("increment")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token omit keyword"}},[s._v("_")]),s._v(" number"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token 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operator"}},[s._v("&")]),s._v("myNumber"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(")")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[s._v("// 这里需要使用 & 符号传递参数的引用")]),s._v("\n")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),t("br")])]),t("ol",{attrs:{start:"2"}},[t("li",[t("strong",[s._v("取地址(Address Of)")]),s._v(": 在某些情况下, 你可能需要获取一个变量或常量的内存地址。你可以使用 & 符号来获得它。例如:")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-swift line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-swift"}},[t("code",[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("var")]),s._v(" someValue "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[s._v("42")]),s._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("let")]),s._v(" pointerToValue "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("&")]),s._v("someValue "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[s._v("// 获取 someValue 的内存地址")]),s._v("\n")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),t("br")])]),t("ol",{attrs:{start:"3"}},[t("li",[t("strong",[s._v("位操作(Bitwise Operations)")]),s._v(": 在位操作中, & 表示按位与运算, 用于比较两个二进制值的每一位, 只有当两者都为 1 时结果才为 1。例如:")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-swift line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-swift"}},[t("code",[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token 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"),t("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),t("br")])]),t("p",[s._v("这些是 & 符号在 Swift 中的一些常见用途, 其含义会根据上下文的不同而变化。")])])}),[],!1,null,null,null);t.default=e.exports}}]); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/assets/js/208.fb9d220d.js b/assets/js/208.fb9d220d.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..6d3bfb5edd --- /dev/null +++ b/assets/js/208.fb9d220d.js @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +(window.webpackJsonp=window.webpackJsonp||[]).push([[208],{525:function(t,s,a){"use strict";a.r(s);var e=a(4),n=Object(e.a)({},(function(){var t=this,s=t._self._c;return s("ContentSlotsDistributor",{attrs:{"slot-key":t.$parent.slotKey}},[s("h2",{attrs:{id:"基础"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#基础"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 基础")]),t._v(" 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(void)newMethod;\n@end\n\n// MyClass+MyCategory.m\n@implementation MyClass (MyCategory)\n- (void)newMethod {\n NSLog(@"New method");\n}\n@end\n')])]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("1")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("2")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("3")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("4")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("5")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("6")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("7")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("8")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("9")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("10")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("11")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("12")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("13")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("14")]),s("br")])]),s("p",[t._v("现在, MyClass 类有了一个新的方法 newMethod, 而不需要修改 MyClass 类的原始实现。你只需导入 MyClass+MyCategory.h 头文件, 就可以在你的代码中使用 newMethod。")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("注意, 分类允许你扩展现有类的功能, 但不允许你添加新的实例变量。此外, 如果多个分类为同一个类添加同名的方法, 编译器可能无法确定使用哪个实现, 因此要谨慎处理。一般来说, 建议为分类的方法加上自定义前缀, 以避免冲突。")]),t._v(" "),s("h3",{attrs:{id:"pragma-mark-xxx"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#pragma-mark-xxx"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" "),s("code",[t._v("#pragma mark - xxx")])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[s("code",[t._v("#pragma")]),t._v(" 开头的代码是一条编译器指令, 是一个特定于程序或编译器的指令。它们不一定适用于其它编译器或其它环境。如果编译器不能识别该指令, 则会将其忽略。它们告诉 Xcode 编译器, 要在编辑器窗格顶部的方法和函数弹出菜单中将代码分隔开")]),t._v(" "),s("h3",{attrs:{id:"符号"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#符号"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" "),s("code",[t._v("+\\-")]),t._v(" 符号")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[s("code",[t._v("-")]),t._v(" 符号用于实例方法, 而 "),s("code",[t._v("+")]),t._v(" 符号用于类方法,类似于 java 中的 static 方法")]),t._v(" "),s("h3",{attrs:{id:"关键字-no-yes"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#关键字-no-yes"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 关键字 NO/YES")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("在 Objective-C 中, NO 是一个关键字, 表示逻辑假(false)。它是布尔值 false 的等效表示。与之对应的关键字是 YES, 表示逻辑真(true)。")]),t._v(" "),s("h3",{attrs:{id:"字符串"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#字符串"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 字符串")]),t._v(" "),s("blockquote",[s("p",[t._v('@"%p preload model with idx %@ properties %@", self, @(self.context.model.pageIndex), property')])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("在 Objective-C 字符串中, 使用"),s("code",[t._v('@"..."')]),t._v("表示字符串字面量。在这个字符串字面量中, "),s("code",[t._v("%@")]),t._v(" 是一个格式占位符, 通常用于插入对象的值。")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("在你的代码片段中, "),s("code",[t._v('@"%p preload model with idx %@ properties %@"')]),t._v(" 是一个包含了格式占位符的字符串。每个占位符都会在字符串中的相应位置插入一个值, 这些值是由占位符后面的变量提供的。")]),t._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[s("code",[t._v("%p")]),t._v(" 是一个占位符, 表示将一个指针地址插入到字符串中。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("code",[t._v("%@")]),t._v(" 也是一个占位符, 通常用于插入 Objective-C 对象的值。")])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("具体到你的代码片段, self 表示当前对象的指针, "),s("code",[t._v("@(self.context.model.pageIndex)")]),t._v(" 用于将整数值转换为 Objective-C 对象, property 可能是另一个 Objective-C 对象。所以, "),s("code",[t._v("%@")]),t._v(" 占位符用于将这些值插入到字符串中, 以生成一个包含这些值的日志信息。")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("例如, 如果 self 指向的对象的地址是 0x12345678, "),s("code",[t._v("self.context.model.pageIndex")]),t._v(' 的值是 5, property 包含字符串"example", 那么这个字符串字面量就会被格式化为:')]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v('"0x12345678 preload model with idx 5 properties example"')]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("这样的字符串可以用于日志记录或调试目的。")]),t._v(" "),s("h3",{attrs:{id:"iskindofclass"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#iskindofclass"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" isKindOfClass")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("isKindOfClass 方法是 "),s("code",[t._v("NSObject")]),t._v(" 的一个对象方法, 用于检查对象的类是否与指定类相同或是其子类。如果相同或是子类, 该方法返回 "),s("code",[t._v("YES")]),t._v(", 否则返回 "),s("code",[t._v("NO")]),t._v("。")]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"language-objc line-numbers-mode"},[s("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-objc"}},[s("code",[s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("if")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("[")]),t._v("model isKindOfClass"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(":")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("[")]),t._v("XXX class"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("]")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("]")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("==")]),t._v(" NO"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),t._v("\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("return")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v("\n"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("}")]),t._v("\n")])]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("1")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("2")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("3")]),s("br")])]),s("p",[s("code",[t._v("冒号(:)后面的 [XXX class]")]),t._v(" 是一个消息发送的语法, 用于调用对象的方法。")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("让我解释一下代码的意思:")]),t._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[s("code",[t._v("[XXX class]")]),t._v(" 表示获取类 XXX 的实例。这是一个类方法, 它返回一个代表 XXX 类的 Class 对象。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("code",[t._v("isKindOfClass:")]),t._v(" 是一个消息(方法)名称, 它接受一个 Class 对象作为参数, 并用于检查调用它的对象是否是该类或其子类的实例。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("code",[t._v("[model isKindOfClass:[XXX class]]")]),t._v(" 这一部分将返回一个布尔值(YES 或 NO), 指示 model 是否是 XXX 类或其子类的实例。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("code",[t._v("== NO")]),t._v(" 用于检查上面的条件是否为假。如果 model 不是 XXX 类或其子类的实例, 条件成立, 然后 return; 语句会导致函数的提前返回。")])]),t._v(" "),s("h3",{attrs:{id:"带有-defaultvalue-的方法"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#带有-defaultvalue-的方法"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 带有 defaultValue 的方法")]),t._v(" "),s("blockquote",[s("p",[t._v("解析: "),s("code",[t._v("- (NSString *)castStringForKey:(id)key default:(NSString *)defaultValue;")])])]),t._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[s("code",[t._v('方法名 "castStringForKey:default:"')]),t._v(" 明确表明它的作用是从字典中获取指定键对应的字符串值, 并且提供了一个默认值, 以便在必要时返回。这种命名方式能够让开发者清晰地了解方法的功能, 并在需要时使用默认值, 而不会引发异常或错误。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("参数: 接受两参数, 一个是 key, 它应该是符合 NSCopying 协议的对象, 通常用作字典的键;另一个是 "),s("code",[t._v("defaultValue")]),t._v(", 它是一个 NSString 类型的默认值, 用于在无法找到指定键对应的值时返回")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("strong",[t._v("在 OC 中, 冒号后面的才是参数")])])]),t._v(" "),s("h3",{attrs:{id:"id-引用任何对象"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#id-引用任何对象"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" id 引用任何对象")]),t._v(" "),s("blockquote",[s("p",[t._v("对象的指针为什么要用 id 来表示, 比如 A 类的指针直接使用 A*不就可以了吗")])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("你的疑问是很合理的。在 Objective-C 中, 确实可以使用类指针来表示对象, 比如 "),s("code",[t._v("A*")]),t._v(" 表示类 A 的对象。实际上, "),s("code",[t._v("A*")]),t._v(" 是一种具体的数据类型, 用于指向 A 类的实例。")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("而 id 是一种更加通用和灵活的数据类型, 它可以指向任何 Objective-C 对象, 不仅仅是 A 类的对象。这使得 id 更具通用性, 允许在不确定对象类型的情况下引用对象。")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[s("strong",[t._v("为什么要使用 id 呢?")])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("这主要是因为 Objective-C 是一种动态类型语言, 它允许在运行时动态确定对象的类型。使用 id 可以更容易地实现这种动态性, 因为它不限制你在编译时指定对象的具体类型。这在 Objective-C 的动态特性中是非常有用的, 特别是在处理集合类、代理、反射等情况下。")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("所以, 虽然可以使用类指针来表示对象, 但 id 更加通用, 可以在更多的情况下使用, 特别是在 Objective-C 动态性和灵活性的背景下。")]),t._v(" "),s("h3",{attrs:{id:"nscopying-协议"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#nscopying-协议"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" NSCopying 协议")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("NSCopying 是 Foundation 框架中的一个协议, 通常用于 Objective-C 中的对象复制操作。对象遵循 NSCopying 协议的话, 就需要提供一种复制(或克隆)对象的方式, 以便创建一个新的对象, 该对象与原始对象具有相同的内容。这个协议定义了一个方法:")]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"language-objc line-numbers-mode"},[s("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-objc"}},[s("code",[s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("-")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),t._v("id"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),t._v("copyWithZone"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(":")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),t._v("NSZone "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("*")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),t._v("zone"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v("\n")])]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("1")]),s("br")])]),s("p",[t._v("这个方法返回一个新对象的副本, 通常由类的实例来实现。"),s("code",[t._v("copyWithZone")]),t._v(" 方法的实现需要在新对象中复制原始对象的属性和数据, 以便新对象也能正确工作。NSZone 参数通常可以被忽略, 除非你有特定的需求。")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("遵循 NSCopying 协议的对象通常是不可变的, 因为它们的内容在复制后不能被修改。这在 Objective-C 中非常有用, 因为你可以创建一个原始对象的不可变副本, 以确保数据的安全性和不可修改性。")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("在实际开发中, 如果你定义了一个自定义的 Objective-C 类, 而你希望该类的实例能够进行复制操作, 你可以让该类遵循 NSCopying 协议, 并实现 "),s("code",[t._v("copyWithZone")]),t._v(" 方法来定义如何复制对象的行为。这对于创建对象的副本, 而不改变原始对象的状态非常有用。")]),t._v(" "),s("h3",{attrs:{id:"字符串-2"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#字符串-2"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 字符串")]),t._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[s("code",[t._v("NSString")]),t._v(": The basic NSString class is immutable")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("code",[t._v("NSMutableString")]),t._v(": The NSMutableString class is the mutable subclass of NSString")])]),t._v(" "),s("h3",{attrs:{id:"macros-简化代码"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#macros-简化代码"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" macros 简化代码")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[s("strong",[t._v("示例一")])]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"language-objc line-numbers-mode"},[s("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-objc"}},[s("code",[s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token macro property"}},[s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token directive-hash"}},[t._v("#")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token directive keyword"}},[t._v("define")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token macro-name function"}},[t._v("SVC_VC_SERVICE")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token expression"}},[s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),t._v("PROPERTY"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v(" SERVICE"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")])]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("\\")]),t._v("\n"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token expression"}},[s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("-")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),t._v("id"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("<")]),t._v("SERVICE"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v(">")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),t._v("PROPERTY")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("\\")]),t._v("\n"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token expression"}},[s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("return")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("[")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("self")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),t._v("componentManager getService"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(":")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("@protocol")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),t._v("SERVICE"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("]")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("}")])])]),t._v("\n")])]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("1")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("2")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("3")]),s("br")])]),s("p",[t._v("这段代码是 Objective-C 中的宏定义(#define), 用于定义一个属性宏, 以便通过属性名访问组件或服务。该宏定义会生成一个类的方法, 使开发者能够通过该属性名称直接获取相应的服务对象。")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("这是一个通用的宏定义, 它包含两个参数:")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("PROPERTY: 这个参数表示属性的名称, 通常是一个属性的名称字符串。\nSERVICE: 这个参数通常是一个协议名, 它表示你想要获取的服务的类型。\n这个宏定义生成的方法的功能是, 根据给定的服务协议(SERVICE)从 componentManager 中获取相应的服务对象。componentManager 是一个管理组件或服务的对象, 可能是一个单例对象, 它包含了各种服务的实例。这个宏允许你通过属性名直接访问这些服务。")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("实际使用时, 你可以在类的接口部分使用这个宏, 如下所示:")]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"language-objc line-numbers-mode"},[s("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-objc"}},[s("code",[s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("SVC_VC_SERVICE")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),t._v("myService"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v(" MyServiceProtocol"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),t._v("\n")])]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("1")]),s("br")])]),s("p",[t._v("这会生成一个名为 myService 的属性, 该属性的类型是 "),s("code",[t._v("id")]),t._v(", 也就是符合 MyServiceProtocol 协议的对象。在类的实现中, 你就可以使用这个属性来获取相应的服务。")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("这种宏定义的好处是, 它提供了一种更简洁的方式来获取服务, 而不必在每个需要使用服务的地方都编写繁琐的代码。宏定义可以减少代码的冗余, 提高代码的可维护性。")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[s("strong",[t._v("示例二")])]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"language-objc line-numbers-mode"},[s("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-objc"}},[s("code",[s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token macro property"}},[s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token directive-hash"}},[t._v("#")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token directive keyword"}},[t._v("define")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token 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用于定义协议(Protocol)。Protocols can include declarations for both instance methods and class methods, as well as properties.")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("基础语法如下:")]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"language-objc line-numbers-mode"},[s("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-objc"}},[s("code",[s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("@protocol")]),t._v(" ProtocolName\n"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// list of methods and properties")]),t._v("\n"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("@end")]),t._v("\n")])]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("1")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("2")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("3")]),s("br")])]),s("p",[t._v("Objective-C 中的协议类似于其他编程语言中的接口(Interface)或抽象类(Abstract Class), 它们用于描述类应该具有的特定行为, 但不提供实际的代码实现。协议在 Objective-C 中具有以下\n特点:")]),t._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[s("p",[t._v("**声明方法和属性: **: 协议可以包含一组方法和属性的声明, 但不提供实际的方法体或属性实现。这些声明在协议中只是描述, 没有具体代码。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[t._v("**可选或强制实现: **: 协议中的方法可以被标记为可选或强制实现。强制实现的方法必须在遵循协议的类中提供具体的实现, 而可选方法可以选择性地实现。这为类提供了一定的灵活性。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[t._v("**多继承: **: Objective-C 支持多重继承, 一个类可以遵循多个不同的协议。这允许类获得来自多个协议的行为。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[t._v("**委托模式: **: 协议常用于实现委托模式, 其中一个对象委托另一个对象执行某些任务。例如, UIKit 中的代理(Delegate)通常是协议的实现。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[t._v("**面向协议编程: **: Objective-C 通过协议支持面向协议编程, 这种编程风格侧重于对象之间的通信和合作, 而不仅仅是类的继承关系。")])])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("定义一个协议示例:")]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"language-objc line-numbers-mode"},[s("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-objc"}},[s("code",[s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("@protocol")]),t._v(" MyProtocol "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("<")]),t._v("NSObject"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v(">")]),t._v("\n\n"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token 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"),s("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("1")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("2")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("3")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("4")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("5")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("6")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("7")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("8")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("9")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("10")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("11")]),s("br")])]),s("p",[t._v("这是一个属性的自定义 getter 方法。在 Objective-C 中, 当你使用 "),s("code",[t._v("@property")]),t._v(" 声明一个属性时, 编译器会自动为你生成 "),s("code",[t._v("getter")]),t._v(" 和 "),s("code",[t._v("setter")]),t._v(" 方法, 但你也可以自定义它们, 以实现特定的行为。")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("在你提供的代码中, 你自定义了 tableView 属性的 getter 方法。这个 getter 方法首先检查 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"),s("li",[s("p",[s("strong",[t._v("BOOL")]),t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[s("code",[t._v("BOOL")]),t._v(" 是布尔数据类型, 它只有两个值: YES 和 NO, 分别表示真和假。在 C 语言中, 这相当于 1 和 0。")])])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[s("strong",[t._v("CGFloat")]),t._v(" 和 "),s("strong",[t._v("double")]),t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[s("code",[t._v("CGFloat")]),t._v(" 表示浮点数, 通常用于存储小数值, 例如浮点数或双精度浮点数。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("code",[t._v("double")]),t._v(" 是 C 语言中的浮点数据类型, 也用于存储小数值, 但具有更高的精度。")])])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[s("strong",[t._v("char")]),t._v(" 和 "),s("strong",[t._v("NSString")]),t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[s("code",[t._v("char")]),t._v(" 用于表示字符, 通常用于处理字符和字符串。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("code",[t._v("NSString")]),t._v(" 是 Objective-C 中的字符串类型, 用于存储和操作文本数据。")])])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[s("strong",[t._v("id")]),t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[s("code",[t._v("id")]),t._v(" 是一个泛型对象指针, 可以引用任何 Objective-C 对象。这使得 Objective-C 具有动态类型的特性。")])])])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("这些基本数据类型都是 Objective-C 语言的一部分, 你可以使用它们来声明和操作不同类型的数据。另外, Objective-C 还提供了许多复杂的数据类型, 如数组、字典、集合等, 用于处理更复杂的数据结构。")]),t._v(" "),s("h3",{attrs:{id:"复杂数据类型"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#复杂数据类型"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 复杂数据类型")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("在 Objective-C 中, 你可以使用复杂的数据类型来表示更复杂的数据结构, 这些数据类型通常是基于 Objective-C 对象的。以下是一些常见的复杂数据类型:")]),t._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[s("p",[s("strong",[t._v("NSArray")]),t._v(": NSArray 是一个有序的集合, 可以包含多个对象, 对象类型可以不同。它是不可变的, 一旦初始化, 其内容不可更改。对应的可变版本是 NSMutableArray, 可以动态添加、删除、替换其中的元素。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[s("strong",[t._v("NSDictionary")]),t._v(": NSDictionary 是一个键-值对的集合, 可以将键映射到相应的值。它也是不可变的, 对应的可变版本是 NSMutableDictionary。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[s("strong",[t._v("NSSet")]),t._v(": NSSet 是一个无序的集合, 用于存储一组唯一的对象。它是不可变的, 对应的可变版本是 NSMutableSet。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[s("strong",[t._v("NSData")]),t._v(": NSData 表示原始的二进制数据, 通常用于文件操作、网络传输等。有可变版本 NSMutableData, 允许修改数据。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[s("strong",[t._v("NSString")]),t._v(": NSString 表示字符串数据。Objective-C 内置了对字符串的支持, 包括字符串的创建、连接、截取、查找等一系列操作。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[s("strong",[t._v("NSArray、NSDictionary、NSSet")]),t._v(": 是集合类, 它们可以嵌套使用, 从而创建更复杂的数据结构。例如, 你可以创建一个包含字典的数组, 或者字典中包含其他数组, 以满足你的数据组织需求。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[s("strong",[t._v("自定义对象")]),t._v(": 你还可以定义自己的复杂数据类型, 通过创建 Objective-C 类, 这些类可以包含属性、方法、实例变量等。这些自定义类可以用来表示更复杂的数据结构, 比如用户、产品、订单等。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[s("strong",[t._v("枚举类型")]),t._v(": Objective-C 也支持枚举, 你可以用它来定义一组离散的值, 用于表示有限的选项, 例如颜色、状态等。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[t._v("**结构体: 虽然 Objective-C 主要是基于面向对象的编程, 但它也支持 C 语言的结构体, 你可以使用结构体来组织一组相关的数据。")])])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("总之, Objective-C 提供了多种数据类型和数据结构, 允许你灵活地表示和操作各种复杂数据。你可以根据你的应用程序需求选择合适的数据类型。")]),t._v(" "),s("h3",{attrs:{id:"sel"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#sel"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" SEL")]),t._v(" "),s("blockquote",[s("p",[t._v("更多"),s("a",{attrs:{href:"https://cloud.tencent.com/developer/article/1185867",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener 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string"}},[t._v("'config'")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[t._v("'Event'")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("]")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("[")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[t._v("'value'")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("]")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),t._v("mean"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),t._v("\nresult "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("=")]),t._v(" mean"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),t._v("unstack"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),t._v("\n"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("print")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),t._v("result"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),t._v("\n")])]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("1")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("2")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("3")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("4")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("5")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("6")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("7")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("8")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("9")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("10")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("11")]),s("br")])]),s("p",[t._v("上述的输出结果如下:")]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"language-text line-numbers-mode"},[s("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[s("code",[t._v("Event onLegoPopViewPreLoad pid xxx yy\nconfig\n0-0-0 2496.0 20419.0 2600.0 2453.0\n0-100-1000 2549.0 10000.0 2749.0 NaN\n")])]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("1")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("2")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("3")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("4")]),s("br")])]),s("p",[t._v("让我解释一下上述代码中的参数和作用:")]),t._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[t._v("df: 这是包含原始数据的 DataFrame。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("id_vars='config': 这是一个可选参数, 用于指定在转换时要保留的列。在这里, 我们希望保留 config 列, 因为它将成为长格式的行索引。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("value_vars=['onLegoPopViewPreLoad', 'xxx', 'yy']: 这是一个可选参数, 用于指定要包含在长格式中的值列。我们选择了三个事件列: onLegoPopViewPreLoad、xxx 和 yy。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("var_name='Event': 这是一个可选参数, 用于指定新创建的列, 它将包含之前的事件列的名称。我们将其命名为 Event, 表示不同事件类型。")])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("通过运行 melt 函数, 原始宽格式的 DataFrame df 被重塑为长格式的 DataFrame melted, 其中 config 列作为行索引, Event 列用于标识事件类型, value 列包含了对应事件的值。这种长格式通常更适合用于绘制某些类型的图表, 如柱状图或折线图, 以便更好地可视化数据。")]),t._v(" "),s("h3",{attrs:{id:"pivot-数据透视表"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#pivot-数据透视表"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" pivot (数据透视表)")]),t._v(" "),s("RText",{attrs:{text:"简单示例"}}),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("当您想要对堆叠的数据进行透视(pivot)操作时, Pandas 中的 pivot_table 方法非常有用。这方法允许您在多维数据中重新排列和聚合数据以进行分析。以下是一个示例, 演示如何使用 pivot_table 进行透视操作:")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("假设您有以下数据, 记录了不同产品在不同月份的销售额:")]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"language-python line-numbers-mode"},[s("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-python"}},[s("code",[s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("import")]),t._v(" pandas "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("as")]),t._v(" pd\n\ndata "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("=")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),t._v("\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[t._v("'Product'")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("[")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[t._v("'A'")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[t._v("'B'")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[t._v("'A'")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[t._v("'B'")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[t._v("'A'")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token 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string"}},[t._v("'Jan'")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[t._v("'Feb'")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("]")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v("\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[t._v("'Sales'")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("[")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[t._v("100")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[t._v("150")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[t._v("120")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[t._v("130")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[t._v("110")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[t._v("160")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("]")]),t._v("\n"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("}")]),t._v("\n\ndf "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("=")]),t._v(" pd"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),t._v("DataFrame"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),t._v("data"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),t._v("\n")])]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("1")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("2")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("3")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("4")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("5")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("6")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("7")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("8")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("9")]),s("br")])]),s("p",[t._v("要对这些数据进行透视, 您可以使用 pivot_table 方法, 将产品(Product)作为行索引, 月份(Month)作为列索引, 并将销售额(Sales)作为值来进行汇总。示例代码如下:")]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"language-python line-numbers-mode"},[s("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-python"}},[s("code",[t._v("pivot_df "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("=")]),t._v(" df"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),t._v("pivot_table"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),t._v("index"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("=")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[t._v("'Product'")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v(" columns"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("=")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[t._v("'Month'")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v(" values"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("=")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[t._v("'Sales'")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v(" aggfunc"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("=")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[t._v("'sum'")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),t._v("\n")])]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("1")]),s("br")])]),s("p",[t._v("这将生成一个新的 DataFrame "),s("code",[t._v("pivot_df")]),t._v(", 其中行索引是产品(Product), 列索引是月份(Month), 每个单元格的值表示销售额的总和。最后, 您可以按照需要进行数据分析和可视化。")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v('参数 aggfunc:\naggfunc 的默认值是"mean", 表示使用平均值来聚合数据。但是, 您可以根据需要将其更改为其他聚合函数, 例如 "sum" 表示求和, "count" 表示计数, "min" 表示最小值, "max" 表示最大值等等。')]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("这是 pivot_table 方法的一个简单示例, 用于将堆叠的数据重新排列以进行分析。根据您的数据和分析需求, 您可以选择不同的索引、列和聚合函数来完成透视操作。")]),t._v(" "),s("h2",{attrs:{id:"其他"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#其他"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 其他")]),t._v(" "),s("h3",{attrs:{id:"wide-format"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#wide-format"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" wide format")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v('"wide format"(宽格式)是一种数据排列格式, 其中每个变量通常以列的形式表示, 每一行则表示一个观察结果。在宽格式中, 数据通常会占据更多的列, 而行数相对较少。这种格式通常用于数据的录入、查看和简单的统计汇总。'),s("a",{attrs:{href:"https://stefvanbuuren.name/fimd/sec-longandwide.html",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("longandwide"),s("OutboundLink")],1)]),t._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[s("strong",[t._v("举个例子, 假设你有一个包含学生考试成绩的数据集, 其中每个学生有多个科目的成绩。在宽格式中, 数据可能如下所示: :")])])]),t._v(" "),s("table",[s("thead",[s("tr",[s("th",[t._v("学生")]),t._v(" "),s("th",[t._v("科目 1")]),t._v(" "),s("th",[t._v("科目 2")]),t._v(" "),s("th",[t._v("科目 3")])])]),t._v(" "),s("tbody",[s("tr",[s("td",[t._v("A")]),t._v(" "),s("td",[t._v("90")]),t._v(" "),s("td",[t._v("85")]),t._v(" "),s("td",[t._v("78")])]),t._v(" "),s("tr",[s("td",[t._v("B")]),t._v(" "),s("td",[t._v("88")]),t._v(" "),s("td",[t._v("92")]),t._v(" "),s("td",[t._v("75")])]),t._v(" "),s("tr",[s("td",[t._v("C")]),t._v(" "),s("td",[t._v("76")]),t._v(" "),s("td",[t._v("89")]),t._v(" "),s("td",[t._v("82")])])])]),t._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[s("p",[s("strong",[t._v("在上面的示例中, 每个学生的成绩分布在不同的列中, 每一列代表一个科目。这是宽格式的典型示例。:")])])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[s("strong",[t._v("宽格式通常适合于人工录入和查看, 但在某些情况下, 特别是在数据分析和可视化方面, 更适合使用:")]),t._v('"long format"(长格式), 其中数据的排列更具灵活性, 以便进行更多类型的操作和分析。例如, 长格式数据通常更容易用于绘制多变量关系图、进行数据透视表操作以及进行各种数据分析任务。')])])]),t._v(" "),s("h3",{attrs:{id:"long-format"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#long-format"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" long format")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v('"Long format"(长格式)是一种数据排列格式, 其中每个变量和其对应的值通常以行的形式表示, 而每一列表示不同的属性。在长格式中, 数据通常会占据更多的行, 而列数相对较多。这种格式通常更适合用于数据分析、可视化和处理多变量数据。'),s("a",{attrs:{href:"https://stefvanbuuren.name/fimd/sec-longandwide.html",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("longandwide"),s("OutboundLink")],1)]),t._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[s("strong",[t._v("举个例子, 假设你有一个包含学生考试成绩的数据集, 其中每个学生有多个科目的成绩。在长格式中, 数据可能如下所示: :")])])]),t._v(" "),s("table",[s("thead",[s("tr",[s("th",[t._v("学生")]),t._v(" "),s("th",[t._v("科目")]),t._v(" "),s("th",[t._v("成绩")])])]),t._v(" "),s("tbody",[s("tr",[s("td",[t._v("A")]),t._v(" "),s("td",[t._v("科目 1")]),t._v(" "),s("td",[t._v("90")])]),t._v(" "),s("tr",[s("td",[t._v("A")]),t._v(" "),s("td",[t._v("科目 2")]),t._v(" "),s("td",[t._v("85")])]),t._v(" "),s("tr",[s("td",[t._v("A")]),t._v(" "),s("td",[t._v("科目 3")]),t._v(" "),s("td",[t._v("78")])]),t._v(" "),s("tr",[s("td",[t._v("B")]),t._v(" "),s("td",[t._v("科目 1")]),t._v(" "),s("td",[t._v("88")])]),t._v(" "),s("tr",[s("td",[t._v("B")]),t._v(" "),s("td",[t._v("科目 2")]),t._v(" "),s("td",[t._v("92")])]),t._v(" "),s("tr",[s("td",[t._v("B")]),t._v(" "),s("td",[t._v("科目 3")]),t._v(" "),s("td",[t._v("75")])]),t._v(" "),s("tr",[s("td",[t._v("C")]),t._v(" "),s("td",[t._v("科目 1")]),t._v(" "),s("td",[t._v("76")])]),t._v(" "),s("tr",[s("td",[t._v("C")]),t._v(" "),s("td",[t._v("科目 2")]),t._v(" "),s("td",[t._v("89")])]),t._v(" "),s("tr",[s("td",[t._v("C")]),t._v(" "),s("td",[t._v("科目 3")]),t._v(" "),s("td",[t._v("82")])])])]),t._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[s("p",[s("strong",[t._v("在上面的示例中, 每一行表示一个学生的成绩, 包括学生的姓名、所修科目和相应的成绩。这是长格式的典型示例。:")])])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[s("strong",[t._v("长格式通常更适合在数据分析、数据透视表、多变量关系图和其他复杂数据处理任务中使用。它提供了更大的灵活性, 可以更容易地进行多变量分析和数据操作。长格式也更容易与多种数据分析工具和库兼容。:")])])])]),t._v(" "),s("h3",{attrs:{id:"颜色映射"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#颜色映射"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 颜色映射")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("颜色映射是数据可视化中常用的工具, 它将数值范围映射到不同的颜色, 以帮助观察者理解数据的分布和趋势。")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("Matplotlib(一个常用的 Python 数据可视化库)提供了众多内置的颜色映射, 以满足不同数据可视化需求。以下是一些常见的颜色映射名称:")]),t._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[t._v('"viridis"')]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v('"plasma"')]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v('"inferno"')]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v('"magma"')]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v('"cividis"')]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v('"gray"')]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v('"bone"')]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v('"hot"')]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v('"cool"')]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v('"Wistia"')]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v('"autumn"')]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v('"winter"')]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v('"spring"')]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v('"summer"')]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v('"seismic"')]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v('"YlGnBu"')]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v('"YlOrRd"')]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v('"RdYlBu"')]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v('"RdYlGn"')]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v('"coolwarm"')])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("这只是其中一小部分, Matplotlib 中提供了更多的颜色映射供选择。你可以根据数据的性质和可视化需求选择适当的颜色映射。要查看 Matplotlib 中可用的所有颜色映射, 你可以访问官方文档或使用如下代码:")]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"language-python line-numbers-mode"},[s("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-python"}},[s("code",[s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("import")]),t._v(" matplotlib"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),t._v("pyplot "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("as")]),t._v(" plt\n\ncmaps "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("=")]),t._v(" plt"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),t._v("colormaps"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),t._v("\n"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("print")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),t._v("cmaps"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),t._v("\n")])]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("1")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("2")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("3")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("4")]),s("br")])]),s("p",[t._v("这将打印出 Matplotlib 中可用的所有颜色映射名称列表。不同的颜色映射在颜色梯度和视觉效果上有所不同, 因此你可以根据你的数据和审美需求选择合适的颜色映射。")]),t._v(" "),s("h3",{attrs:{id:"timeit魔法命令"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#timeit魔法命令"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" "),s("code",[t._v("%timeit")]),t._v("魔法命令")]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"language-shell line-numbers-mode"},[s("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-shell"}},[s("code",[t._v("%timeit df.apply"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),t._v("lambda x: integrate_f"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),t._v("x"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("[")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[t._v('"a"')]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("]")]),t._v(", x"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("[")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[t._v('"b"')]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("]")]),t._v(", x"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("[")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[t._v('"N"')]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("]")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),t._v(", "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token assign-left variable"}},[t._v("axis")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("=")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[t._v("1")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),t._v("\n"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[t._v("116")]),t._v(" ms +- "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[t._v("5.56")]),t._v(" ms per loop "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),t._v("mean +- std. dev. of "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[t._v("7")]),t._v(" runs, "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[t._v("10")]),t._v(" loops each"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),t._v("\n")])]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("1")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("2")]),s("br")])]),s("p",[t._v('%timeit 是一个用于在 Jupyter Notebook 中测试代码性能的魔法命令。在你的示例中, 你正在测试一个 DataFrame 上的 apply 函数, 该函数使用一个 lambda 函数来对 DataFrame 的每一行执行一个操作。在这种情况下, 你测试了对 DataFrame 的每一行应用 integrate_f 函数, 其中 integrate_f 函数需要每一行的 "a," "b," 和 "N" 列作为输入参数。')]),t._v(" "),s("p",[s("code",[t._v("%timeit")]),t._v(" 命令返回一些性能测量信息, 包括:")]),t._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[t._v("执行这行代码的平均时间(mean)")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("执行这行代码的标准差(std. dev.)")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("总共运行的次数(7 runs)")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("循环的次数(10 loops each)")])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("在你的示例中, 你的代码平均需要 116 毫秒执行一次, 并且标准差约为 5.56 毫秒。这是通过多次执行代码并计算平均值和标准差得出的结果。你的代码在 7 次运行中平均需要 116 毫秒。")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("%timeit 很有用, 因为它可以帮助你比较不同方法的性能, 找出哪种方法更有效。")]),t._v(" "),s("h3",{attrs:{id:"pyarrow"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#pyarrow"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" pyarrow")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("PyArrow(Apache Arrow 的 Python 实现)在 Pandas 中的角色是提供了一种高效的数据格式和数据交换方法, 以便在 Pandas 和其他数据处理工具之间进行数据交互。它主要发挥以下作用:")]),t._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[s("p",[s("strong",[t._v("高性能数据交换")]),t._v(": PyArrow 提供了一个内存布局, 可以在 Pandas 和其他支持 Arrow 的数据处理工具之间进行高效的数据交换, 而无需复制或数据转换。这提高了数据处理速度, 特别是在大数据集的情况下。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[s("strong",[t._v("Columnar 数据结构")]),t._v(": Arrow 的数据结构是列式的(columnar), 这与 Pandas 的数据帧(DataFrame)非常相似。这种列式存储结构在分析大数据集时非常高效, 因为它可以有效地进行压缩、并行处理和查询。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[s("strong",[t._v("跨平台和跨语言支持")]),t._v(": PyArrow 的 Arrow 数据格式是一种跨平台和跨语言的数据交换格式。这意味着你可以在不同编程语言之间轻松共享和交换数据, 包括 Python、C++、Java、R 等。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[s("strong",[t._v("文件格式")]),t._v(": Arrow 还定义了一种列式文件格式(Arrow Flight), 使得数据可以轻松存储为可跨平台的列式文件, 而无需经历复杂的数据导出和导入过程。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[s("strong",[t._v("互操作性")]),t._v(": Arrow 的存在增强了 Pandas 与其他数据处理工具、数据库和存储系统之间的互操作性。它允许 Pandas 用户更轻松地与其他工具集成和交换数据。")])])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("总之, PyArrow 作为 Pandas 的附加库, 提供了高性能、跨平台和跨语言的数据交换机制, 有助于改进 Pandas 与其他数据处理工具之间的数据交互, 并提高数据处理效率。")]),t._v(" "),s("h3",{attrs:{id:"堆叠的数据"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#堆叠的数据"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 堆叠的数据")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("堆叠的数据是一种多层索引的数据结构, 通常用于表示多维数据或多维度数据。在这种结构中, 数据被组织为多个层次的索引, 每个索引级别代表数据的一个维度或特征。这种数据结构在数据分析中非常有用, 因为它可以帮助组织和分析复杂的多维数据。")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("多层索引的数据结构可以在 Pandas 中使用 DataFrame 或 Series 来表示。每个索引级别都用于唯一标识数据点, 并且可以具体表示不同维度或特征中的取值。这使得堆叠的数据非常适用于存储和分析多类别数据、时间序列数据、多组实验数据等。")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("通过使用多层索引, 您可以更轻松地进行数据切片、筛选、分组和聚合操作, 以及绘制多维数据的图表和可视化。这使得堆叠的数据结构成为处理复杂数据的有力工具, 有助于更深入地理解数据中的关系和趋势。")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[s("strong",[t._v("举例")])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("让我们通过一个示例来说明堆叠的数据结构。假设您正在分析某个公司的销售数据, 其中包括不同产品、不同地区和不同时间的销售额。您希望将这些数据以堆叠的方式组织, 以便更容易进行分析。")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("假设您的原始数据如下:")]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"language-plaintext line-numbers-mode"},[s("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-plaintext"}},[s("code",[t._v("Product Region Date Sales\nA North 2021-01-01 100\nB North 2021-01-01 150\nA South 2021-01-01 120\nB South 2021-01-01 130\nA North 2021-01-02 110\nB North 2021-01-02 160\nA South 2021-01-02 130\nB South 2021-01-02 140\n")])]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("1")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("2")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("3")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("4")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("5")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("6")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("7")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("8")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("9")]),s("br")])]),s("p",[t._v('您可以使用堆叠的数据结构将数据重组为一个多层索引的 DataFrame。在这个示例中, 您可以将 "Product"、"Region" 和 "Date" 列作为索引级别, 以便在数据中表示产品、地区和时间的不同维度。')]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("重组后的数据结构如下:")]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"language-python line-numbers-mode"},[s("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-python"}},[s("code",[s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("import")]),t._v(" pandas "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token 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**")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("堆叠的数据结构相对于未堆叠的数据具有一些好处, 特别是在多维数据分析和可视化方面。以下是一些好处:")]),t._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[s("p",[t._v("多维数据表示: 堆叠的数据结构能够更清晰地表示多维数据, 允许您将数据以更结构化的方式组织。这对于具有多个维度或特征的数据集非常有用, 例如时间序列数据、多组实验数据、多类别数据等。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[t._v("灵活性: 堆叠的数据结构提供了更多的分析和操作灵活性。您可以根据需要使用不同的索引级别来访问和分析数据, 而不需要重新组织原始数据。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[t._v("多维切片和筛选: 使用堆叠的数据结构, 您可以轻松地在多个索引级别上进行切片、筛选和子集选择。这使得在多维数据集中查找和提取特定数据更加方便。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[t._v("数据聚合: 堆叠的数据结构可以更轻松地进行数据聚合操作, 例如计算每个索引组合的平均值、总和或其他汇总统计量。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[t._v("数据可视化: 堆叠的数据结构有助于更容易创建多维数据的可视化图表。您可以根据不同的索引级别生成不同维度的图表, 以更好地理解数据。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[t._v("数据分析: 多维数据的探索性数据分析更加直观, 您可以更容易地查看不同维度之间的关系和趋势。")])])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("总的来说, 堆叠的数据结构提供了更多的数据处理和分析选项, 特别适用于需要处理多维数据或多维度数据的情况。它使数据更有组织性, 更易于理解和利用。")]),t._v(" "),s("h3",{attrs:{id:"数据透视表"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#数据透视表"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 数据透视表")]),t._v(" "),s("blockquote",[s("p",[t._v('"pivot" 一词在数据处理中通常用来表示在某种方式上重新排列数据, 以便将原始数据按照不同的轴重新组织和展示')])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("数据透视表(Pivot Table)是数据分析和报表制作中常用的工具, 它可以用于对大量数据进行汇总和可视化展示。数据透视表通常用于以下情况:")]),t._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[s("p",[s("strong",[t._v("汇总数据")]),t._v(": 数据透视表可以将大量的原始数据按照指定的方式进行分组和汇总, 以生成更简洁的摘要信息。这有助于从复杂的数据中提取有用的见解。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[s("strong",[t._v("多维度分析")]),t._v(": 数据透视表允许用户在多个维度上分析数据, 例如按时间、地区、产品类别等维度进行分组和分析。这有助于发现不同维度之间的关联和趋势。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[s("strong",[t._v("可视化")]),t._v(": 数据透视表通常以表格或交互式图形的形式呈现, 使数据更容易理解。用户可以根据需要自定义数据透视表的布局和可视化方式。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[s("strong",[t._v("过滤和筛选")]),t._v(": 数据透视表通常允许用户根据特定条件过滤和筛选数据, 以便进行更深入的分析。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[s("strong",[t._v("汇总函数")]),t._v(": 数据透视表支持各种汇总函数, 如求和、平均、最大值、最小值、中位数等, 以便计算和显示聚合数据。")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("p",[s("strong",[t._v("快速报表生成")]),t._v(": 数据透视表工具通常具有用户友好的界面, 可以通过拖放或选择字段来生成报表, 而无需编写复杂的代码。")])])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("Pandas 库中的 pivot_table 函数是一个常见的工具, 用于创建和操作数据透视表。数据透视表在数据分析、数据可视化和业务报表生成中非常有用, 因为它可以帮助用户更好地理解和解释数据。")]),t._v(" "),s("h3",{attrs:{id:"groupby-和-pivot-table"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#groupby-和-pivot-table"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" groupby 和 pivot_table")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[s("code",[t._v("groupby")]),t._v(" 和 "),s("code",[t._v("pivot")]),t._v("_"),s("code",[t._v("table")]),t._v(" 是 "),s("code",[t._v("Pandas")]),t._v(" 中用于数据重塑和聚合的两种不同方法。")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[s("code",[t._v("groupby")]),t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[s("code",[t._v("groupby")]),t._v(" 用于将数据根据一个或多个列的值分组。\n您可以对每个组应用聚合函数, 例如 "),s("code",[t._v("sum")]),t._v(", "),s("code",[t._v("mean")]),t._v(", "),s("code",[t._v("count")]),t._v(", 等。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("code",[t._v("groupby")]),t._v(" 通常用于生成汇总信息, 如计算每个组的总和、均值等。\n结果是一个 "),s("code",[t._v("GroupBy")]),t._v(" 对象, 您可以在其上应用聚合函数。")])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("示例:")]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"language-python line-numbers-mode"},[s("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-python"}},[s("code",[t._v("grouped 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"),t("p",[s._v("BeautifulSoup 是一个 Python 库, 用于解析 HTML 和 XML 文档, 以提取其中的数据。它专注于页面解析和数据提取, 但不提供完整的爬虫框架。BeautifulSoup 使数据解析更容易, 因为它提供了简单的 API, 可以轻松地遍历文档树并提取所需的信息。BeautifulSoup 适用于小型或中型的网页解析和数据提取任务")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("通常 Scrapy 和 BeautifulSoup 一起使用, Scrapy 用于构建和管理爬虫, 负责抓取网页并将其传递给 BeautifulSoup, 然后 BeautifulSoup 用于解析和提取所需的数据。这种组合允许你充分利用 Scrapy 的爬虫功能和 BeautifulSoup 的数据解析功能。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("在选择使用 Scrapy 还是 BeautifulSoup 时, 取决于你的具体需求。如果你需要构建一个完整的爬虫应用, Scrapy 可能更适合。如果你只需要解析和提取特定网页的数据, 那么 BeautifulSoup 可能足够了。另外, 还可以考虑使用 Scrapy 的扩展, 如 Scrapy-BeautifulSoup, 以在 Scrapy 中使用 BeautifulSoup 来解析页面。")]),s._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"获取子元素"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#获取子元素"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 获取子元素")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("使用 BeautifulSoup, 你可以使用 "),t("code",[s._v(".find()")]),s._v(" 方法来获取指定节点的第一个子元素。")]),s._v(" "),t("blockquote",[t("p",[s._v("假设你已经将 HTML 文档解析为 BeautifulSoup 对象, 并且你有一个名为 sublineDom 的节点, 你可以使用以下方式获取它的第一个子元素:")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-python line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-python"}},[t("code",[s._v("first_child "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" sublineDom"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(".")]),s._v("find"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(")")]),s._v("\n")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),t("br")])]),t("p",[s._v("上述代码中的 "),t("code",[s._v(".find()")]),s._v(" 方法没有传递任何参数, 这将返回 sublineDom 的第一个子元素。如果你希望通过标签名或其他属性来选择子元素, 可以将相应的参数传递给 "),t("code",[s._v(".find()")]),s._v(" 方法。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("例如")]),s._v(" "),t("ol",[t("li",[s._v("如果你要获取 sublineDom 的第一个 "),t("code",[s._v("

")]),s._v(" 子元素, 可以使用以下代码:")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-python line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-python"}},[t("code",[s._v("first"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("*")]),s._v("div "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" sublineDom"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(".")]),s._v("find"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[s._v('"div"')]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(")")]),s._v("\n")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),t("br")])]),t("ol",{attrs:{start:"2"}},[t("li",[s._v("如果你希望获取具有特定类名的子元素, 可以传递 "),t("code",[s._v("class\\*")]),s._v(" 参数:")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-python line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-python"}},[t("code",[s._v("first"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("*")]),s._v("child_with_class "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" sublineDom"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(".")]),s._v("find"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("class")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("*=")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[s._v('"my-class"')]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(")")]),s._v("\n")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),t("br")])]),t("p",[s._v("请注意, "),t("code",[s._v(".find()")]),s._v(" 方法只返回找到的第一个匹配的子元素。如果你想获取所有匹配的子元素, 可以使用 "),t("code",[s._v(".find_all()")]),s._v(" 方法。")]),s._v(" "),t("ol",{attrs:{start:"3"}},[t("li",[s._v("获取子元素的最后一个节点")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-python line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-python"}},[t("code",[s._v("all_children "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" sublineDom"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(".")]),s._v("find_all"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(")")]),s._v("\n\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("if")]),s._v(" all_children"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(":")]),s._v("\n last_child "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" all_children"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("[")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[s._v("1")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("]")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("print")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("(")]),s._v("last_child"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(")")]),s._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("else")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(":")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("print")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[s._v('"sublineDom 没有子元素节点"')]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(")")]),s._v("\n")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),t("br")])]),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"href-正则"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#href-正则"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" href 正则")]),s._v(" "),t("blockquote",[t("p",[s._v("使用正则表达式匹配 href 属性的值, 以查找满足特定格式的链接。re.compile(r'user?id=') 将会编译一个正则表达式对象, 匹配以 user?id= 开头的 href 值")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-python line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-python"}},[t("code",[s._v("sublineDom"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(".")]),s._v("find"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[s._v('"a"')]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(",")]),s._v(" href"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v("re"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(".")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token builtin"}},[s._v("compile")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[s._v("r'user\\?id='")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(")")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(")")]),s._v("\n")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),t("br")])]),t("p",[s._v("通过将选择器参数设置为 a 标签, 并将 href 属性与正则表达式进行匹配, 我们可以定位到所需的节点。")]),s._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"获取父元素"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#获取父元素"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 获取父元素")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("如果你想要在 BeautifulSoup 中进行反向搜索, 即从一个节点向上搜索其父节点、祖先节点等, 可以使用 "),t("code",[s._v(".find_parents()")]),s._v(" 或 "),t("code",[s._v(".find_parent()")]),s._v(" 方法。)")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[t("code",[s._v(".find_parents()")]),s._v(" 方法返回一个迭代器, 用于按顺序返回所有父节点和祖先节点。你可以对迭代器进行循环遍历来处理这些节点。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("以下是一个示例代码, 展示了如何使用 .find_parents() 方法进行反向搜索:")]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-python line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-python"}},[t("code",[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("for")]),s._v(" parent "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("in")]),s._v(" sublineDom"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(".")]),s._v("find_parents"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(")")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(":")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("print")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("(")]),s._v("parent"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(")")]),s._v("\n")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),t("br")])]),t("p",[s._v("上述代码将打印出 sublineDom 节点的所有父节点和祖先节点。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("如果你只想获取第一个父节点或祖先节点, 可以使用 "),t("code",[s._v(".find_parent()")]),s._v(" 方法:")]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-python line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-python"}},[t("code",[s._v("parent "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" sublineDom"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(".")]),s._v("find_parent"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(")")]),s._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("print")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("(")]),s._v("parent"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(")")]),s._v("\n")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),t("br")])]),t("p",[s._v("上述代码将返回 sublineDom 的第一个父节点或祖先节点。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("需要注意的是, 这些方法会返回与搜索条件匹配的节点, 如果你想要进一步筛选结果, 可以使用参数来指定标签名、类名等属性。")]),s._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"获取兄弟节点"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#获取兄弟节点"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 获取兄弟节点")]),s._v(" "),t("blockquote",[t("p",[t("code",[s._v(".find_next_sibling()")]),s._v(" 方法来获取当前节点的下一个兄弟节点。")])]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("以下是使用 "),t("code",[s._v(".find_next_sibling()")]),s._v(" 方法的示例代码:")]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-python line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-python"}},[t("code",[s._v("next_sibling "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" sublineDom"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(".")]),s._v("find_next_sibling"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(")")]),s._v("\n")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),t("br")])]),t("p",[s._v("上述代码中的 "),t("code",[s._v(".find_next_sibling()")]),s._v(" 方法没有传递任何参数, 它将返回 sublineDom 的下一个兄弟节点。如果 sublineDom 没有下一个兄弟节点, 则返回 None。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("如果你希望通过标签名或其他属性来选择下一个兄弟节点, 可以将相应的参数传递给 .find_next_sibling() 方法。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("例如, 如果你要获取 sublineDom 的下一个 "),t("code",[s._v("
")]),s._v(" 兄弟节点, 可以使用以下代码:")]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-python line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-python"}},[t("code",[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token builtin"}},[s._v("next")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("*")]),s._v("div_sibling "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" sublineDom"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(".")]),s._v("find_next_sibling"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[s._v('"div"')]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(")")]),s._v("\n")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),t("br")])]),t("p",[s._v("如果你希望获取具有特定类名的下一个兄弟节点, 可以传递 "),t("code",[s._v("class\\*")]),s._v(" 参数:")]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-python 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Channel)、点对点通道(Point-to-Point Channel)、广播通道(Broadcast Channel)等。这些通道允许你以不同的方式组织和路由消息。")])]),t._v(" "),a("li",[a("p",[a("strong",[t._v("消息处理器")]),t._v(": 消息处理器是用于处理接收到的消息的组件。Spring 提供了许多内置的消息处理器, 例如, 用于将消息发送到方法的适配器、用于将消息广播给订阅者的广播处理器等。你还可以自定义消息处理器以满足特定的业务需求。")])]),t._v(" "),a("li",[a("p",[a("strong",[t._v("消息监听")]),t._v(": spring-messaging 模块支持消息监听器, 允许你监听消息通道上的消息并在消息到达时触发特定的操作。这对于异步处理消息非常有用, 例如, 处理来自消息队列的消息或 WebSocket 中的实时消息。")])]),t._v(" "),a("li",[a("p",[a("strong",[t._v("消息调度")]),t._v(": 该模块还提供了消息调度的功能, 允许你定期发送消息或执行定时任务。这对于调度后台任务或发送定期报告等场景非常有用。")])]),t._v(" "),a("li",[a("p",[a("strong",[t._v("消息转换器")]),t._v(": spring-messaging 模块包括消息转换器, 用于将消息从一种格式转换为另一种格式。这对于将消息转换为 JSON、XML 或其他自定义格式非常有用, 以满足消息的序列化和反序列化需求。")])]),t._v(" "),a("li",[a("p",[a("strong",[t._v("集成其他消息系统")]),t._v(": 该模块还提供了与其他消息系统(如 Apache Kafka、RabbitMQ 等)的集成支持, 使得在 Spring 应用程序中与这些消息系统进行交互更加容易。")])])]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("总之, spring-messaging 模块为 Spring 应用程序提供了处理消息的强大功能, 可以用于构建消息驱动的应用程序、异步处理、实时通信以及与消息队列和消息中间件的集成。它为开发者提供了一个灵活的消息处理框架, 有助于实现松散耦合的组件之间的通信和协作。")]),t._v(" "),a("h3",{attrs:{id:"actuator"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#actuator"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" "),a("a",{attrs:{href:"https://www.cnblogs.com/caoweixiong/p/15325382.html",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("Actuator"),a("OutboundLink")],1)]),t._v(" "),a("blockquote",[a("p",[t._v("Spring Boot Actuator 模块提供了生产级别的功能, 比如健康检查, 审计, 指标收集, HTTP 跟踪等, 帮助我们监控和管理 Spring Boot 应用。")])]),t._v(" "),a("h2",{attrs:{id:"annotation"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#annotation"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" annotation")]),t._v(" "),a("blockquote",[a("p",[a("a",{attrs:{href:"https://blog.51cto.com/u_15490474/5686903",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("Spring 最常用的 36 个注解大全, 你都会了吗"),a("OutboundLink")],1)])]),t._v(" "),a("h3",{attrs:{id:"spring-mvc-和-rest-注解"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#spring-mvc-和-rest-注解"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Spring MVC 和 REST 注解")]),t._v(" "),a("h4",{attrs:{id:"restcontroller"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#restcontroller"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" @RestController")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[a("code",[t._v("@RestController")]),t._v("是 Spring Framework 中的一个注解, 用于标识一个类是 RESTful 风格的控制器(Controller)。与传统的 Spring MVC 控制器不同, "),a("code",[t._v("@RestController")]),t._v("注解告诉 Spring 框架, 该控制器返回的不是视图(HTML、JSP 等), 而是数据, 通常以 JSON 格式返回给客户端。这意味着使用"),a("code",[t._v("@RestController")]),t._v("的类中的方法通常用于处理 RESTful API 请求")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("具体来说, **@RestController 注解的作用包括: **")]),t._v(" "),a("ul",[a("li",[a("p",[t._v("组合注解: @RestController 注解实际上是@Controller 和@ResponseBody 两个注解的组合。@Controller 标识该类是一个控制器, 而@ResponseBody 表示方法返回的数据将被直接写入 HTTP 响应体中, 而不是被解释为视图名称。")])]),t._v(" "),a("li",[a("p",[t._v("返回数据: @RestController 标识的类中的方法通常返回领域对象、数据对象或 DTO(数据传输对象)。这些数据对象将以 JSON 或 XML 等格式直接返回给客户端, 而不是渲染到视图中。")])]),t._v(" "),a("li",[a("p",[t._v("简化开发: 使用@RestController 可以简化开发 RESTful API 的过程, 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noreferrer"}},[t._v("面试官: 介绍下 Spring IoC 的工作流程 你会怎么回答?"),a("OutboundLink")],1)])]),t._v(" "),a("h3",{attrs:{id:"spring-aop-与-aspectj-aop"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#spring-aop-与-aspectj-aop"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Spring AOP 与 AspectJ AOP")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("Spring AOP 属于运行时增强, 而 AspectJ 是编译时增强。 Spring AOP 基于代理(Proxying), 而 AspectJ 基于字节码操作(Bytecode Manipulation)。")]),t._v(" "),a("h2",{attrs:{id:"other"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#other"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" other")]),t._v(" "),a("h3",{attrs:{id:"configurableapplicationcontext-接口"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#configurableapplicationcontext-接口"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" ConfigurableApplicationContext 接口")]),t._v(" "),a("blockquote",[a("p",[t._v("介绍 spring 中的 ConfigurableApplicationContext 接口")])]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("ConfigurableApplicationContext 接口是 Spring 框架中的一个重要接口, 它扩展了 ApplicationContext 接口, 提供了一些用于配置和控制应用上下文的额外方法。这个接口的主要目的是允许开发人员对应用上下文进行更高级别的配置和管理。")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("以下是 ConfigurableApplicationContext 接口的一些重要方法和功能:")]),t._v(" "),a("ul",[a("li",[a("p",[a("code",[t._v("refresh()方法:")]),t._v(": 这是 ConfigurableApplicationContext 最重要的方法之一。它用于刷新应用上下文, 重新加载所有 bean 定义, 并触发 bean 的初始化。通常, 在创建应用上下文之后, 您需要调用 refresh()方法才能使其生效。")])]),t._v(" "),a("li",[a("p",[a("code",[t._v("registerShutdownHook()方法:")]),t._v(": 这个方法用于注册一个 JVM 关闭钩子, 以确保在 JVM 关闭时正常关闭 Spring 应用上下文。这对于释放资源和执行清理操作非常有用。")])]),t._v(" "),a("li",[a("p",[a("code",[t._v("close()方法:")]),t._v(": 这个方法用于关闭应用上下文。在应用程序完成后, 应该显式调用 close()方法以释放资源和清理应用上下文。")])]),t._v(" "),a("li",[a("p",[a("code",[t._v("setId(String id):")]),t._v(": 设置应用上下文的唯一标识符, 通常作为一个字符串。这可以用于标识不同的应用上下文。")])]),t._v(" "),a("li",[a("p",[a("code",[t._v("setDisplayName(String displayName):")]),t._v(": 设置应用上下文的显示名称, 通常用于日志和诊断目的。")])]),t._v(" "),a("li",[a("p",[a("code",[t._v("setParent(ApplicationContext parent):")]),t._v(": 设置父应用上下文。这允许您创建多层次的应用上下文体系结构, 其中子上下文可以访问父上下文中定义的 bean。")])]),t._v(" "),a("li",[a("p",[a("code",[t._v("addApplicationListener(ApplicationListener<?> listener):")]),t._v(": 注册一个应用程序事件监听器, 以便在应用上下文中的事件发生时接收通知。")])]),t._v(" "),a("li",[a("p",[a("code",[t._v("setEnvironment(ConfigurableEnvironment environment):")]),t._v(": 设置应用上下文的环境, 包括属性源和配置文件的处理。")])])]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("ConfigurableApplicationContext 接口的实现类包括 GenericApplicationContext 和 AnnotationConfigApplicationContext 等。这些实现类提供了不同的应用上下文配置方式, 允许您使用 XML 配置、注解配置或混合配置等多种方式来构建应用上下文。")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("总之, ConfigurableApplicationContext 接口为 Spring 应用程序提供了更高级别的配置和管理功能, 允许您以更灵活的方式控制应用上下文的行为和生命周期。这对于大型和复杂的应用程序特别有用。")]),t._v(" "),a("h3",{attrs:{id:"beandefinition"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#beandefinition"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" BeanDefinition")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("在 Spring 框架中, BeanDefinition 是一个重要的概念, 它用于描述 Spring 容器中的 Bean 的元数据信息, 包括 Bean 的类名、依赖关系、作用域、生命周期回调等信息。BeanDefinition 的主要作用是告诉 Spring 容器如何创建和管理 Bean。")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("以下是 BeanDefinition 的一些关键属性和功能:")]),t._v(" "),a("ul",[a("li",[a("p",[a("strong",[t._v("Bean 的类名")]),t._v(": BeanDefinition 包括一个属性, 用于指定要创建的 Bean 的完全限定类名。这告诉 Spring 容器要实例化哪个类来创建 Bean。")])]),t._v(" "),a("li",[a("p",[a("strong",[t._v("Bean 的作用域")]),t._v(": BeanDefinition 可以指定 Bean 的作用域, 例如 Singleton(单例)或 Prototype(原型)。Singleton 表示在容器中只有一个 Bean 实例, 而 Prototype 表示每次请求都创建一个新的实例。")])]),t._v(" "),a("li",[a("p",[a("strong",[t._v("依赖关系")]),t._v(": BeanDefinition 可以描述 Bean 与其他 Bean 之间的依赖关系。这包括构造函数注入、属性注入和方法注入等。")])]),t._v(" "),a("li",[a("p",[a("strong",[t._v("初始化和销毁回调")]),t._v(": 您可以通过 BeanDefinition 指定 Bean 的初始化方法和销毁方法。这些方法在 Bean 的生命周期中自动调用。")])]),t._v(" "),a("li",[a("p",[a("strong",[t._v("Bean 的懒加载")]),t._v(": BeanDefinition 可以指定 Bean 是否懒加载。如果设置为懒加载, Bean 将在首次访问时才被实例化。")])]),t._v(" "),a("li",[a("p",[a("strong",[t._v("Bean 的描述信息")]),t._v(": BeanDefinition 可以包含一个描述信息, 通常用于提供有关 Bean 用途和配置的文档。")])])]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("BeanDefinition 是 Spring IoC 容器的核心概念之一, 它允许开发人员以声明性的方式配置应用程序中的 Bean, 而不需要硬编码 Bean 的创建和管理。通常, BeanDefinition 由配置文件(如 XML 配置文件或 Java 配置类)中的 Bean 定义来创建和填充。")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("以下是一个示例 XML 配置中的 BeanDefinition:")]),t._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"language-xml line-numbers-mode"},[a("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-xml"}},[a("code",[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token tag"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token tag"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("<")]),t._v("bean")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token attr-name"}},[t._v("id")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token attr-value"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation attr-equals"}},[t._v("=")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v('"')]),t._v("myBean"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v('"')])]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token attr-name"}},[t._v("class")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token attr-value"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation attr-equals"}},[t._v("=")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v('"')]),t._v("com.example.MyBean"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v('"')])]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(">")])]),t._v("\n "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token tag"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token tag"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("<")]),t._v("property")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token attr-name"}},[t._v("name")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token attr-value"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation attr-equals"}},[t._v("=")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v('"')]),t._v("name"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v('"')])]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token attr-name"}},[t._v("value")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token attr-value"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation attr-equals"}},[t._v("=")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v('"')]),t._v("John"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v('"')])]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("/>")])]),t._v("\n "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token tag"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token tag"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("<")]),t._v("property")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token attr-name"}},[t._v("name")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token attr-value"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation attr-equals"}},[t._v("=")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v('"')]),t._v("age"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v('"')])]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token attr-name"}},[t._v("value")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token attr-value"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation attr-equals"}},[t._v("=")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v('"')]),t._v("30"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v('"')])]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("/>")])]),t._v("\n"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token tag"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token tag"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("</")]),t._v("bean")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(">")])]),t._v("\n")])]),t._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("1")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("2")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("3")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("4")]),a("br")])]),a("p",[t._v('在这个示例中, BeanDefinition 描述了一个名为 myBean 的 Bean, 它是 com.example.MyBean 类的实例, 并且有两个属性 name 和 age, 它们被设置为"John"和 30。')]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("总之, BeanDefinition 是 Spring 框架中用于定义和配置 Bean 的关键元素, 它使开发人员能够以灵活和可维护的方式管理应用程序中的 Bean。通过使用 BeanDefinition, Spring 容器可以根据描述信息创建和管理 Bean 的实例, 从而实现了 IoC(Inversion of Control)的概念。")]),t._v(" "),a("h3",{attrs:{id:"attributeaccessor"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#attributeaccessor"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" AttributeAccessor")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("AttributeAccessor 接口是 Spring Framework 中的一个接口, 用于提供在对象上设置和获取属性(attributes)的通用方法。属性通常是与对象关联的附加信息, 它们可以用于各种用途, 如配置、元数据、状态管理等。AttributeAccessor 接口定义了以下方法:")]),t._v(" "),a("ul",[a("li",[a("p",[a("code",[t._v("void setAttribute(String name, Object value)")]),t._v(": 通过名称设置一个属性的值。")])]),t._v(" "),a("li",[a("p",[a("code",[t._v("Object getAttribute(String name)")]),t._v(": 通过名称获取属性的值。")])]),t._v(" "),a("li",[a("p",[a("code",[t._v("Object removeAttribute(String name)")]),t._v(": 通过名称删除属性, 并返回被删除的属性的值。")])]),t._v(" "),a("li",[a("p",[a("code",[t._v("boolean hasAttribute(String name)")]),t._v(": 检查是否存在具有指定名称的属性。")])]),t._v(" "),a("li",[a("p",[a("code",[t._v("String[] attributeNames()")]),t._v(": 获取所有属性名称的数组。")])])]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("AttributeAccessor 接口通常由 Spring 框架内部使用, 以及一些与 Spring 集成的第三方库使用, 来处理对象上的属性。这个接口的一个常见用途是处理 Bean 的属性, 例如在 BeanFactory 和 ApplicationContext 中, 这些容器可以使用 AttributeAccessor 来管理 Bean 的配置属性。")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("此外, Spring 提供了几个实现 AttributeAccessor 接口的类, 如 AbstractAttributeAccessor, 它提供了通用的属性操作方法的默认实现。开发人员也可以实现 AttributeAccessor 接口来自定义对象的属性操作行为。")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("总之, AttributeAccessor 接口提供了一种通用的方式来处理对象上的属性, 使开发人员可以轻松地设置、获取和管理这些属性, 从而增强了 Spring 框架的灵活性和可扩展性。")]),t._v(" "),a("h3",{attrs:{id:"lazy-注解"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#lazy-注解"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" lazy 注解")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("在 Spring 框架中, @Lazy 注解用于控制 bean 的懒加载行为。懒加载是指在应用程序启动时不立即创建 bean 实例, 而是在第一次访问该 bean 时才进行创建。这可以帮助提高应用程序的性能, 尤其是在应用程序中存在大量的 bean 时。")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("使用@Lazy 注解, 您可以将其应用于 Spring 的 bean 定义, 以指示 Spring 容器在需要时才创建该 bean。以下是一些关于@Lazy 注解的重要信息:")]),t._v(" "),a("ol",[a("li",[t._v("使用方式:\n要将@Lazy 注解应用于 bean, 只需将它放置在 bean 定义的类上。例如:")])]),t._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"language-java line-numbers-mode"},[a("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-java"}},[a("code",[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token annotation punctuation"}},[t._v("@Component")]),t._v("\n"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token annotation punctuation"}},[t._v("@Lazy")]),t._v("\n"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("public")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("class")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[t._v("MyLazyBean")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),t._v("\n "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// Bean的定义")]),t._v("\n"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("}")]),t._v("\n")])]),t._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("1")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("2")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("3")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("4")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("5")]),a("br")])]),a("p",[t._v("在这个示例中, MyLazyBean 将作为懒加载 bean 进行创建。")]),t._v(" "),a("ol",{attrs:{start:"2"}},[a("li",[a("p",[t._v("默认值:\n如果您没有显式指定@Lazy 注解, Spring 容器会默认使用懒加载行为。")])]),t._v(" "),a("li",[a("p",[t._v("使用场景:\n懒加载通常用于那些在应用程序启动时不需要立即初始化的 bean, 特别是对于一些资源密集型的 bean。这可以帮助减少启动时间和内存占用。")])]),t._v(" "),a("li",[a("p",[t._v("注意事项:")])])]),t._v(" "),a("ul",[a("li",[t._v("懒加载可能会导致在访问懒加载 bean 时出现延迟, 因为 Spring 容器要在需要时才创建 bean 实例。")]),t._v(" "),a("li",[t._v("懒加载适用于单例作用域的 bean, 默认情况下, 所有 Spring bean 都是单例的。")])]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("总之, @Lazy 注解是 Spring 中用于懒加载 bean 的一种方式, 它允许您在需要时才创建 bean 实例, 从而提高应用程序的性能和资源利用率。")])])}),[],!1,null,null,null);a.default=s.exports}}]); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/assets/js/235.6a7a4b23.js b/assets/js/235.6a7a4b23.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..261fc962a6 --- /dev/null +++ b/assets/js/235.6a7a4b23.js @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +(window.webpackJsonp=window.webpackJsonp||[]).push([[235],{551:function(t,e,r){"use strict";r.r(e);var s=r(4),a=Object(s.a)({},(function(){var t=this,e=t._self._c;return e("ContentSlotsDistributor",{attrs:{"slot-key":t.$parent.slotKey}},[e("h2",{attrs:{id:"category"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#category"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" category")]),t._v(" "),e("ul",[e("li",[t._v("sqlite: "),e("RouterLink",{attrs:{to:"/pages/4f9d0c/"}},[t._v("link")])],1),t._v(" "),e("li",[t._v("redius: "),e("RouterLink",{attrs:{to:"/pages/ae741c/"}},[t._v("link")])],1),t._v(" "),e("li",[t._v("MySQL: "),e("RouterLink",{attrs:{to:"/pages/e9db87/"}},[t._v("link")])],1)]),t._v(" "),e("h2",{attrs:{id:"postgresql-vs-mysql"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#postgresql-vs-mysql"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" PostgreSQL vs MySQL")]),t._v(" "),e("blockquote",[e("p",[e("a",{attrs:{href:"https://aws.amazon.com/cn/compare/the-difference-between-mysql-vs-postgresql/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("https://aws.amazon.com/cn/compare/the-difference-between-mysql-vs-postgresql/"),e("OutboundLink")],1)])]),t._v(" "),e("h3",{attrs:{id:"如何在-postgresql-与-mysql-之间做出选择"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#如何在-postgresql-与-mysql-之间做出选择"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 如何在 PostgreSQL 与 MySQL 之间做出选择")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("这两个关系数据库都适用于大多数使用案例。但是,在做出最终决定之前,您可能要考虑以下因素。")]),t._v(" "),e("RText",{attrs:{text:"应用范围"}}),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("PostgreSQL 更适合具有频繁写入操作和复杂查询的企业级应用程序。")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("但是,如果想创建原型,创建用户较少的内部应用程序,或者创建具有更多读取次数和较少数据更新的信息存储引擎,则您可以启动 MySQL 项目。")]),t._v(" "),e("RText",{attrs:{text:"数据库开发经验"}}),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("MySQL 更适合初学者,其学习曲线更短。从头开始构建新的数据库项目所需的时间更少。将 MySQL 设置为独立产品,或将其与其他 Web 开发技术(如 LAMP 堆栈)捆绑在一起很简单。")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("另一方面,PostgreSQL 对于新手来说可能更具挑战性。它通常需要复杂的基础设置设置和问题排查经验。")]),t._v(" "),e("hr"),t._v(" "),e("RText",{attrs:{text:"性能要求"}}),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("如果您的应用程序需要频繁更新数据,则 PostgreSQL 是更好的选择。但是,如果您需要频繁读取数据,则首选 MySQL。")]),t._v(" "),e("RText",{attrs:{text:"写入性能"}}),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("MySQL 使用写锁定来实现真正的并发性。例如,如果一个用户正在编辑表,则另一个用户可能必须等到操作完成后才能更改该表。")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("但是,PostgreSQL 内置了多版本并发控制(MVCC)支持,没有读写锁定。这样,如果要进行频繁并发的写入操作,则 PostgreSQL 数据库的表现会更好。")]),t._v(" "),e("RText",{attrs:{text:"读取性能"}}),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("PostgreSQL 会创建一个新的系统进程,为每个连接到数据库的用户分配大量内存(大约 10MB)。它需要内存密集型资源才能针对多个用户进行扩展。")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("另一方面,MySQL 为多个用户使用单一进程。因此,对于主要向用户读取和显示数据的应用程序,MySQL 数据库的表现优于 PostgreSQL。")]),t._v(" "),e("h2",{attrs:{id:"link"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#link"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" link")]),t._v(" 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"),a("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),a("br")])]),a("h3",{attrs:{id:"外键约束"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#外键约束"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 外键约束")]),s._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"language-mysql line-numbers-mode"},[a("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[a("code",[s._v("-- 班级\nCREATE TABLE classes (\n id INT PRIMARY KEY,\n name VARCHAR(20)\n);\n\n-- 学生表\nCREATE TABLE students (\n id INT PRIMARY KEY,\n name VARCHAR(20),\n -- 这里的 class_id 要和 classes 中的 id 字段相关联\n class_id INT,\n -- 表示 class_id 的值必须来自于 classes 中的 id 字段值\n FOREIGN KEY(class_id) REFERENCES classes(id)\n);\n\n-- 1. 主表(父表)classes 中没有的数据值, 在副表(子表)students 中, 是不可以使用的;\n-- 2. 主表中的记录被副表引用时, 主表不可以被删除。\n")])]),s._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("15")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("16")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("17")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("18")]),a("br")])]),a("h2",{attrs:{id:"数据库设计的三大范式"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#数据库设计的三大范式"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 数据库设计的三大范式")]),s._v(" "),a("blockquote",[a("p",[s._v("遵循这三大范式,可以使数据库设计更加规范和合理,减少数据冗余,提高数据的完整性和一致性。但在实际设计中,可能会根据具体的业务需求和性能考虑,做出一些适当的权衡和优化。")])]),s._v(" "),a("h3",{attrs:{id:"_1-第一范式-1nf"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#_1-第一范式-1nf"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 1. 第一范式(1NF)")]),s._v(" "),a("p",[a("strong",[s._v("目标")]),s._v(": 确保数据表中的每一列都是不可再分的数据单元,所有列都应该是原子的。")]),s._v(" "),a("p",[a("strong",[s._v("特点")]),s._v(":")]),s._v(" "),a("ul",[a("li",[s._v("每个表格中的字段都必须是不可分割的最小数据单位。")]),s._v(" "),a("li",[s._v("每列中的值都必须是相同类型的数据。")]),s._v(" "),a("li",[s._v("确保每列包含的值都是唯一的。")])]),s._v(" "),a("p",[a("strong",[s._v("示例")]),s._v(":\n如果有一个表存储了员工的信息,每个字段(如姓名、年龄、地址等)都必须包含单一的数据单位,而不能将多个信息放在同一个字段中。")]),s._v(" "),a("table",[a("thead",[a("tr",[a("th",[s._v("EmpID")]),s._v(" "),a("th",[s._v("EmpName")]),s._v(" "),a("th",[s._v("Age")]),s._v(" "),a("th",[s._v("Address")])])]),s._v(" "),a("tbody",[a("tr",[a("td",[s._v("1")]),s._v(" "),a("td",[s._v("Alice")]),s._v(" "),a("td",[s._v("30")]),s._v(" "),a("td",[s._v("New York")])]),s._v(" "),a("tr",[a("td",[s._v("2")]),s._v(" "),a("td",[s._v("Bob")]),s._v(" "),a("td",[s._v("25")]),s._v(" "),a("td",[s._v("Los Angeles")])])])]),s._v(" "),a("h3",{attrs:{id:"_2-第二范式-2nf"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#_2-第二范式-2nf"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 2. 第二范式(2NF)")]),s._v(" "),a("p",[a("strong",[s._v("目标")]),s._v(": 在满足第一范式的基础上,确保非主键字段完全依赖于主键。")]),s._v(" "),a("p",[a("strong",[s._v("特点")]),s._v(":")]),s._v(" "),a("ul",[a("li",[s._v("确保每个非主键字段都完全依赖于主键,而不是部分依赖。")]),s._v(" "),a("li",[s._v("主要针对组合主键,如果表中存在一个组合主键,则每个非主键字段必须依赖于整个组合主键,而不能只依赖于其中的一部分。")])]),s._v(" "),a("p",[a("strong",[s._v("示例")]),s._v(":\n如果一个表中有复合主键(例如订单 ID 和产品 ID),那么其他列(如数量和价格)必须依赖于整个复合主键。")]),s._v(" "),a("table",[a("thead",[a("tr",[a("th",[s._v("OrderID")]),s._v(" "),a("th",[s._v("ProductID")]),s._v(" "),a("th",[s._v("Quantity")]),s._v(" "),a("th",[s._v("Price")])])]),s._v(" "),a("tbody",[a("tr",[a("td",[s._v("1")]),s._v(" "),a("td",[s._v("101")]),s._v(" "),a("td",[s._v("2")]),s._v(" "),a("td",[s._v("10.00")])]),s._v(" "),a("tr",[a("td",[s._v("1")]),s._v(" "),a("td",[s._v("102")]),s._v(" "),a("td",[s._v("1")]),s._v(" "),a("td",[s._v("15.00")])]),s._v(" "),a("tr",[a("td",[s._v("2")]),s._v(" "),a("td",[s._v("101")]),s._v(" "),a("td",[s._v("1")]),s._v(" "),a("td",[s._v("10.00")])])])]),s._v(" "),a("p",[s._v("在这个表中,"),a("code",[s._v("Quantity")]),s._v(" 和 "),a("code",[s._v("Price")]),s._v(" 都完全依赖于组合主键 "),a("code",[s._v("OrderID")]),s._v(" 和 "),a("code",[s._v("ProductID")]),s._v("。")]),s._v(" "),a("h3",{attrs:{id:"_3-第三范式-3nf"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#_3-第三范式-3nf"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 3. 第三范式(3NF)")]),s._v(" "),a("p",[a("strong",[s._v("目标")]),s._v(": 在满足第二范式的基础上,确保非主键字段之间没有传递依赖关系。")]),s._v(" "),a("p",[a("strong",[s._v("特点")]),s._v(":")]),s._v(" "),a("ul",[a("li",[s._v("确保非主键字段之间不应存在依赖关系,所有非主键字段都只能依赖于主键。")]),s._v(" "),a("li",[s._v("消除传递依赖,使每个非主键字段直接依赖于主键,而不是通过其他非主键字段间接依赖。")])]),s._v(" "),a("p",[a("strong",[s._v("示例")]),s._v(":\n假设有一个员工表,包含部门名称,这个表存在传递依赖(部门名称依赖于部门 ID,部门 ID 依赖于员工 ID)。")]),s._v(" "),a("table",[a("thead",[a("tr",[a("th",[s._v("EmpID")]),s._v(" "),a("th",[s._v("EmpName")]),s._v(" "),a("th",[s._v("DeptID")]),s._v(" "),a("th",[s._v("DeptName")])])]),s._v(" "),a("tbody",[a("tr",[a("td",[s._v("1")]),s._v(" "),a("td",[s._v("Alice")]),s._v(" "),a("td",[s._v("10")]),s._v(" "),a("td",[s._v("HR")])]),s._v(" "),a("tr",[a("td",[s._v("2")]),s._v(" "),a("td",[s._v("Bob")]),s._v(" "),a("td",[s._v("20")]),s._v(" "),a("td",[s._v("IT")])])])]),s._v(" "),a("p",[s._v("为了符合第三范式,需要将部门信息拆分成另一个表:")]),s._v(" "),a("p",[a("strong",[s._v("员工表")]),s._v(":")]),s._v(" "),a("table",[a("thead",[a("tr",[a("th",[s._v("EmpID")]),s._v(" "),a("th",[s._v("EmpName")]),s._v(" "),a("th",[s._v("DeptID")])])]),s._v(" "),a("tbody",[a("tr",[a("td",[s._v("1")]),s._v(" "),a("td",[s._v("Alice")]),s._v(" "),a("td",[s._v("10")])]),s._v(" "),a("tr",[a("td",[s._v("2")]),s._v(" "),a("td",[s._v("Bob")]),s._v(" "),a("td",[s._v("20")])])])]),s._v(" "),a("p",[a("strong",[s._v("部门表")]),s._v(":")]),s._v(" "),a("table",[a("thead",[a("tr",[a("th",[s._v("DeptID")]),s._v(" "),a("th",[s._v("DeptName")])])]),s._v(" "),a("tbody",[a("tr",[a("td",[s._v("10")]),s._v(" "),a("td",[s._v("HR")])]),s._v(" "),a("tr",[a("td",[s._v("20")]),s._v(" "),a("td",[s._v("IT")])])])]),s._v(" "),a("p",[s._v("通过这样拆分,确保 "),a("code",[s._v("DeptName")]),s._v(" 直接依赖于 "),a("code",[s._v("DeptID")]),s._v(",消除了传递依赖。")]),s._v(" "),a("h2",{attrs:{id:"other"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#other"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" other")]),s._v(" "),a("h3",{attrs:{id:"用户及权限"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#用户及权限"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 用户及权限")]),s._v(" "),a("blockquote",[a("p",[s._v("mysql 的账户系统, 是在 mysql 数据库的 user 表进行管理的。所以在操作前, 我们先进入通过 "),a("code",[s._v("mysql -u root")]),s._v(" 进入 sql shell")])]),s._v(" "),a("ul",[a("li",[a("p",[s._v("增")]),s._v(" "),a("ul",[a("li",[a("code",[s._v("CREATE USER 'new_user'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'password';")])]),s._v(" "),a("li",[a("code",[s._v("GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE ON your_database_name.your_table_name TO '<new_user>'@'localhost';")]),s._v(": 授权 CURD 指定的 database 的 test 表\n"),a("ul",[a("li",[a("code",[s._v("GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON your_database_name.* TO 'test'@'localhost';")]),s._v(": 授予所有权限")]),s._v(" "),a("li",[a("code",[s._v("GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON")]),s._v("%"),a("code",[s._v(".* TO")]),s._v("test"),a("code",[s._v("@")]),s._v("localhost"),a("code",[s._v("WITH GRANT OPTION")]),s._v(": 授予了用户 test 在本地(localhost)对所有数据库(%表示所有数据库)的全部权限")])])]),s._v(" "),a("li",[a("code",[s._v("GRANT USAGE ON *.* TO 'test'@'localhost'")]),s._v(": 授权 CURD 指定的 database")]),s._v(" "),a("li",[a("code",[s._v("FLUSH PRIVILEGES;")]),s._v(": Flush the privileges to ensure that the changes take effect")])])]),s._v(" "),a("li",[a("p",[s._v("查询用户")]),s._v(" "),a("ul",[a("li",[a("code",[s._v("SELECT user, host, Super_priv, Create_priv, Drop_priv, Grant_priv, Shutdown_priv FROM mysql.user;")]),s._v(" "),a("ul",[a("li",[s._v("权限信息, 包括 Super_priv(超级用户权限)、Create_priv(创建数据库权限)、Drop_priv(删除数据库权限)、Grant_priv(授权权限)和 Shutdown_priv(关闭 MySQL 服务器权限)")])])])])]),s._v(" "),a("li",[a("p",[s._v("删除用户")]),s._v(" "),a("ul",[a("li",[a("code",[s._v("DELETE FROM mysql.user WHERE user = 'myuser';")])])])]),s._v(" "),a("li",[a("p",[s._v("查询用户权限")]),s._v(" "),a("ul",[a("li",[a("code",[s._v("SHOW GRANTS FOR '<user>'@'localhost';")])])])])]),s._v(" "),a("h3",{attrs:{id:"密码相关"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#密码相关"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 密码相关")]),s._v(" "),a("blockquote",[a("p",[a("a",{attrs:{href:"https://cloud.tencent.com/developer/article/1772178",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[s._v("https://cloud.tencent.com/developer/article/1772178"),a("OutboundLink")],1)])]),s._v(" "),a("h3",{attrs:{id:"清空数据库内的所有-tables"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#清空数据库内的所有-tables"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 清空数据库内的所有 tables")]),s._v(" "),a("p",[s._v("要删除一个 MySQL 数据库中的所有表, 你可以执行以下步骤:")]),s._v(" "),a("p",[s._v("注意: 删除数据库中的所有表将永久删除这些表, 且无法恢复, 请谨慎操作。")]),s._v(" "),a("ol",[a("li",[a("p",[s._v("登录到 MySQL 数据库: 使用合适的 MySQL 客户端, 登录到 MySQL 数据库服务器。你需要提供有效的用户名和密码。")])]),s._v(" "),a("li",[a("p",[s._v('选择要删除表的数据库: 使用 USE 命令选择包含要删除表的数据库。例如, 如果要删除名为 "mydatabase" 的数据库中的所有表, 可以执行以下命令:')])])]),s._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"language-shell line-numbers-mode"},[a("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-shell"}},[a("code",[s._v("USE mydatabase"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(";")]),s._v("\n")])]),s._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),a("br")])]),a("ol",{attrs:{start:"3"}},[a("li",[s._v("列出数据库中的所有表: 你可以使用以下 SQL 查询来列出数据库中的所有表:")])]),s._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"language-shell line-numbers-mode"},[a("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-shell"}},[a("code",[s._v("SHOW TABLES"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(";")]),s._v("\n")])]),s._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),a("br")])]),a("p",[s._v("这将显示数据库中的所有表的列表。")]),s._v(" "),a("ol",{attrs:{start:"4"}},[a("li",[s._v("循环删除所有表: 使用 "),a("code",[s._v("DROP TABLE")]),s._v(" 命令来删除数据库中的每个表。你可以使用 SHOW TABLES 查询的结果来动态构建删除命令。以下是一个示例 SQL 查询, 用于删除所有表:")])]),s._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"language-sql line-numbers-mode"},[a("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-sql"}},[a("code",[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("SET")]),s._v(" FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[s._v("0")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(";")]),s._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[s._v("-- 禁用外键约束")]),s._v("\n"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("SET")]),s._v(" GROUP_CONCAT_MAX_LEN"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("=")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[s._v("32768")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(";")]),s._v("\n"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("SELECT")]),s._v(" GROUP_CONCAT"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("(")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[s._v("'DROP TABLE '")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(",")]),s._v(" table_name"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(",")]),s._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[s._v("';'")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(")")]),s._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("FROM")]),s._v(" information_schema"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(".")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("tables")]),s._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("WHERE")]),s._v(" table_schema "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[s._v("'mydatabase'")]),s._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("INTO")]),s._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[s._v("@drop_queries")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(";")]),s._v("\n"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("PREPARE")]),s._v(" drop_stmt "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("FROM")]),s._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[s._v("@drop_queries")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(";")]),s._v("\n"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("EXECUTE")]),s._v(" drop_stmt"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(";")]),s._v("\n"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("DEALLOCATE")]),s._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("PREPARE")]),s._v(" drop_stmt"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(";")]),s._v("\n"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("SET")]),s._v(" FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[s._v("1")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(";")]),s._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[s._v("-- 启用外键约束")]),s._v("\n")])]),s._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),a("br")])]),a("p",[s._v("这将生成并执行一个包含删除表的 SQL 语句, 逐一删除每个表。")]),s._v(" "),a("ol",{attrs:{start:"5"}},[a("li",[s._v("提交更改: 使用 COMMIT 命令来提交更改:")])]),s._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"language-shell line-numbers-mode"},[a("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-shell"}},[a("code",[s._v("COMMIT"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(";")]),s._v("\n")])]),s._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),a("br")])]),a("ol",{attrs:{start:"6"}},[a("li",[s._v("退出 MySQL 客户端: 退出 MySQL 客户端。")])]),s._v(" "),a("p",[s._v("现在, 你的 MySQL 数据库中的所有表应该已经被删除。请务必小心操作, 确保你真的想要删除这些表, 因为这将永久删除它们, 且无法恢复。")]),s._v(" "),a("h3",{attrs:{id:"索引优化"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#索引优化"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 索引优化")]),s._v(" "),a("p",[s._v('索引是数据库中的一种关键性能优化工具, 它可以加速数据检索操作, 特别是在大型数据集中。在上面的建议中, 我建议为 "poet" 表的 "author" 列和 "author" 表的 "name" 列创建索引, 这是为了优化连接查询的性能。下面是为什么这样做的一些原因:')]),s._v(" "),a("ul",[a("li",[a("p",[a("strong",[s._v("提高查询性能")]),s._v(": 索引允许数据库引擎更快速地查找符合查询条件的行。在连接查询中, 通过在连接列上创建索引, 数据库引擎可以更快地匹配和关联相关的行, 从而提高查询性能。")])]),s._v(" "),a("li",[a("p",[a("strong",[s._v("减少扫描操作")]),s._v(": 在没有索引的情况下, 数据库可能需要执行全表扫描来查找匹配的行, 这在大型表中会非常耗时。通过使用索引, 数据库可以避免全表扫描, 而只需扫描索引, 从而显著减少了查询的执行时间。")])]),s._v(" "),a("li",[a("p",[a("strong",[s._v("减少资源消耗")]),s._v(": 索引还可以减少数据库服务器的资源消耗, 因为它们允许数据库引擎更有效地执行查询。这意味着更少的 CPU 时间和内存用于查询操作, 使数据库服务器能够处理更多的请求。")])]),s._v(" "),a("li",[a("p",[a("strong",[s._v("支持唯一性约束")]),s._v(': 索引可以用于确保列中的数据的唯一性, 这对于确保数据的完整性非常重要。例如, 在 "author" 表的 "name" 列上创建唯一性索引可以确保每个作者名字是唯一的。')])]),s._v(" "),a("li",[a("p",[a("strong",[s._v("加速排序操作")]),s._v(": 索引不仅用于加速查找操作, 还用于加速排序操作。如果您需要对查询结果进行排序, 具有适当索引的列可以显著加速排序过程。")])])]),s._v(" "),a("p",[s._v("需要注意的是, 索引并非没有代价的, 它们会增加数据库的存储需求, 并且在插入、更新和删除操作时可能引入轻微的性能开销。因此, 在设计索引时需要权衡性能需求和存储成本。")]),s._v(" "),a("p",[s._v("总之, 索引优化的目标是提高查询性能, 减少资源消耗, 并维护数据的完整性。通过在连接列上创建适当的索引, 可以显著改善连接查询的性能, 特别是在大型数据库中。")]),s._v(" "),a("h3",{attrs:{id:"where-having"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#where-having"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" where & having")]),s._v(" "),a("p",[s._v("WHERE 和 HAVING 子句都用于 SQL 查询中, 但它们用于不同的情况和不同的查询阶段:")]),s._v(" "),a("ol",[a("li",[s._v("WHERE 子句:")])]),s._v(" "),a("ul",[a("li",[s._v("WHERE 子句用于过滤表中的行, 它在查询的 SELECT 语句中用来筛选哪些行将被包括在结果集中。")]),s._v(" "),a("li",[s._v("WHERE 子句通常用于筛选行的基本条件, 如等于、不等于、大于、小于等操作符。")]),s._v(" "),a("li",[s._v("WHERE 子句用于筛选行之前, 因此它用于表的列。")]),s._v(" "),a("li",[s._v("在聚合查询中, WHERE 子句通常用于筛选原始数据行, 然后进行聚合。")])]),s._v(" "),a("p",[s._v("示例:")]),s._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"language-shell line-numbers-mode"},[a("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-shell"}},[a("code",[s._v("SELECT * FROM scores WHERE score "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v(">")]),s._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[s._v("90")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(";")]),s._v("\n")])]),s._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),a("br")])]),a("ol",{attrs:{start:"2"}},[a("li",[s._v("HAVING 子句:")])]),s._v(" "),a("ul",[a("li",[s._v("HAVING 子句用于筛选分组后的结果, 通常与聚合函数一起使用, 如 COUNT、SUM、AVG 等。")]),s._v(" "),a("li",[s._v("HAVING 子句通常用于对聚合结果应用条件筛选, 即筛选分组的总体特性。")]),s._v(" "),a("li",[s._v("HAVING 子句用于聚合函数的结果, 而不是表的列。")])]),s._v(" "),a("p",[s._v("示例:")]),s._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"language-shell line-numbers-mode"},[a("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-shell"}},[a("code",[s._v("SELECT COUNT"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("(")]),s._v("c_no"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(")")]),s._v(", c_no FROM score GROUP BY c_no HAVING COUNT"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("(")]),s._v("c_no"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(")")]),s._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v(">")]),s._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[s._v("5")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(";")]),s._v("\n")])]),s._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),a("br")])]),a("p",[s._v("在上述示例中, 第一个查询使用 WHERE 子句筛选原始数据行, 而第二个查询使用 HAVING 子句筛选了按 c_no 分组后的聚合结果, 只包括满足条件的分组。")]),s._v(" "),a("p",[s._v("总的来说, 如果您要筛选表中的原始数据行, 请使用 WHERE 子句, 而如果您要筛选聚合结果, 请使用 HAVING 子句。")]),s._v(" "),a("h3",{attrs:{id:"两个主机中的-mysql-数据库如何做到自动同步"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#两个主机中的-mysql-数据库如何做到自动同步"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 两个主机中的 mysql 数据库如何做到自动同步")]),s._v(" "),a("p",[s._v("在 MySQL 数据库中, 实现两个主机之间的自动同步可以采用 MySQL 复制(replication)的方式。MySQL 复制是一种将一个 MySQL 服务器上的数据自动复制到另一个 MySQL 服务器上的过程。")]),s._v(" "),a("p",[s._v("以下是简单的步骤:")]),s._v(" "),a("p",[s._v("**1.设置主服务器(Master): **")]),s._v(" "),a("p",[s._v("在主服务器上, 做如下配置:")]),s._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"language-my.cnf line-numbers-mode"},[a("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[a("code",[s._v("server-id=1\nlog-bin=mysql-bin\nbinlog-do-db=your_database_name\n")])]),s._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),a("br")])]),a("p",[s._v("这里, server-id 是服务器的唯一标识, log-bin 启用二进制日志, binlog-do-db 指定需要复制的数据库。")]),s._v(" "),a("p",[s._v("**2.设置从服务器(Slave): **")]),s._v(" "),a("p",[s._v("在从服务器上, 做如下配置:")]),s._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"language-my.cnf line-numbers-mode"},[a("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[a("code",[s._v("server-id=2\nrelay-log=mysql-relay-bin\nlog-bin=mysql-bin\nreplicate-do-db=your_database_name\n")])]),s._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),a("br")])]),a("p",[s._v("server-id 是服务器的唯一标识, relay-log 是中继日志, log-bin 启用二进制日志, replicate-do-db 指定需要复制的数据库。")]),s._v(" "),a("p",[s._v("**3.启动复制过程: **")]),s._v(" "),a("p",[s._v("在从服务器上执行以下 SQL 命令:")]),s._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"language-sql line-numbers-mode"},[a("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-sql"}},[a("code",[s._v("CHANGE MASTER "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("TO")]),s._v("\n MASTER_HOST"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("=")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[s._v("'master_host_name'")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(",")]),s._v("\n MASTER_USER"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("=")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[s._v("'replication_user'")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(",")]),s._v("\n MASTER_PASSWORD"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("=")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[s._v("'replication_password'")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(",")]),s._v("\n MASTER_LOG_FILE"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("=")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[s._v("'mysql-bin.XXXXXX'")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(",")]),s._v("\n MASTER_LOG_POS"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v("XXX"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(";")]),s._v("\n")])]),s._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),a("br")])]),a("p",[s._v("替换 master_host_name、replication_user、replication_password、mysql-bin.XXXXXX、XXX 为你的主服务器的信息。")]),s._v(" "),a("p",[s._v("**4.启动复制: **")]),s._v(" "),a("p",[s._v("在从服务器上执行:")]),s._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"language-sql line-numbers-mode"},[a("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-sql"}},[a("code",[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("START")]),s._v(" SLAVE"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(";")]),s._v("\n")])]),s._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),a("br")])]),a("p",[s._v("这将启动从服务器上的复制进程。")]),s._v(" "),a("p",[s._v("**5.检查复制状态: **")]),s._v(" "),a("p",[s._v("在从服务器上执行:")]),s._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"language-sql line-numbers-mode"},[a("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-sql"}},[a("code",[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("SHOW")]),s._v(" SLAVE "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("STATUS")]),s._v("\\G"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(";")]),s._v("\n")])]),s._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),a("br")])]),a("p",[s._v("检查 Slave_IO_Running 和 Slave_SQL_Running 的状态是否为 Yes, 表示复制正在运行。")]),s._v(" "),a("p",[s._v("这样, 你就设置了一个简单的 MySQL 复制, 使得从服务器能够自动同步主服务器的数据。请注意, 这是一个基本的配置, 具体情况可能需要根据实际需求进行调整。")]),s._v(" "),a("h3",{attrs:{id:"mysql-登陆密码忘记了"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#mysql-登陆密码忘记了"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" mysql 登陆密码忘记了")]),s._v(" "),a("blockquote",[a("p",[a("a",{attrs:{href:"https://help.aliyun.com/zh/ecs/how-do-i-reset-the-mysql-root-password-when-i-forget-the-password",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[s._v("https://help.aliyun.com/zh/ecs/how-do-i-reset-the-mysql-root-password-when-i-forget-the-password"),a("OutboundLink")],1)])]),s._v(" "),a("ol",[a("li",[s._v("Verify MySQL Data Directory")])]),s._v(" "),a("p",[s._v("Ensure that the MySQL data directory exists and is owned by the MySQL user. This directory should contain the MySQL databases and the ibdata1 file.")]),s._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"language-sh line-numbers-mode"},[a("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-sh"}},[a("code",[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("sudo")]),s._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("ls")]),s._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[s._v("-la")]),s._v(" /usr/local/var/mysql\n")])]),s._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),a("br")])]),a("ol",{attrs:{start:"2"}},[a("li",[s._v("Create or Verify my.cnf")])]),s._v(" "),a("p",[s._v("(mysql 配置文件可以通过 "),a("code",[s._v("mysql --verbose --help | grep my.cnf")]),s._v(" 查看可能的配置文件的位置)")]),s._v(" "),a("p",[s._v("Ensure that your MySQL configuration file (my.cnf) exists and is correctly configured. If it doesn't exist, create it with the necessary settings. For example:")]),s._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"language-sh line-numbers-mode"},[a("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-sh"}},[a("code",[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("sudo")]),s._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("vim")]),s._v(" /usr/local/etc/my.cnf\n")])]),s._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),a("br")])]),a("p",[s._v("Add or ensure the following content is present:")]),s._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"language-ini line-numbers-mode"},[a("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-ini"}},[a("code",[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[s._v("# Default Homebrew MySQL server config")]),s._v("\n"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token section"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("[")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token section-name selector"}},[s._v("mysqld")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("]")])]),s._v("\n"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[s._v("# Only allow connections from localhost")]),s._v("\n"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token key attr-name"}},[s._v("bind-address")]),s._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token value attr-value"}},[s._v("127.0.0.1")]),s._v("\n"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token key attr-name"}},[s._v("mysqlx-bind-address")]),s._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token value attr-value"}},[s._v("127.0.0.1")]),s._v("\n\n"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[s._v("# Path to the database root")]),s._v("\n"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token key attr-name"}},[s._v("datadir")]),s._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token value attr-value"}},[s._v("/usr/local/var/mysql")]),s._v("\n\n"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[s._v("# The MySQL server socket file")]),s._v("\n"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token key attr-name"}},[s._v("socket")]),s._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token value attr-value"}},[s._v("/tmp/mysql.sock")]),s._v("\n\n"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token section"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("[")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token section-name selector"}},[s._v("client")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("]")])]),s._v("\n"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[s._v("# The MySQL client socket file")]),s._v("\n"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token key attr-name"}},[s._v("socket")]),s._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token value 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86\n- 103 : 6-166: 85\n- 105 : 3-105: 88\n- 105 : 3-245: 75\n- 105 : 6-166: 79\n- 109 : 3-105: 76\n- 109 : 3-245: 68\n- 109 : 6-166: 81\n+------+-------+--------+\n")])]),s._v(" 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c_no\nHAVING COUNT(c_no) >= 2 AND c_no LIKE '3%';\n+-------+-------------+----------+\n- c_no : AVG(degree): COUNT(*)\n+-------+-------------+----------+\n- 3-105: 85.3333: 3\n- 3-245: 76.3333: 3\n+-------+-------------+----------+\n")])]),s._v(" 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student;\n+-----+-----------+-----+------------+-------+\n- no : name : sex: birthday : class\n+-----+-----------+-----+------------+-------+\n- 101: 曾华 : 男 : 1977-09-01: 95033\n- 102: 匡明 : 男 : 1975-10-02: 95031\n- 103: 王丽 : 女 : 1976-01-23: 95033\n- 104: 李军 : 男 : 1976-02-20: 95033\n- 105: 王芳 : 女 : 1975-02-10: 95031\n- 106: 陆军 : 男 : 1974-06-03: 95031\n- 107: 王尼玛 : 男 : 1976-02-20: 95033\n- 108: 张全蛋 : 男 : 1975-02-10: 95031\n- 109: 赵铁柱 : 男 : 1974-06-03: 95031\n- 110: 张飞 : 男 : 1974-06-03: 95038\n+-----+-----------+-----+------------+-------+\n\n-- 只查询性别为男, 然后按 class 分组, 并限制 class 行大于 1。\nSELECT class FROM student WHERE sex = '男' GROUP BY class HAVING COUNT(*) > 1;\n+-------+\n- class\n+-------+\n- 95033\n- 95031\n+-------+\n")])]),s._v(" 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NOT LIKE 模糊查询取反")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[n("strong",[s._v("查询 "),n("code",[s._v("student")]),s._v(' 表中不姓 "王" 的同学记录。')])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-mysql line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("-- NOT: 取反\n-- LIKE: 模糊查询\n\nmysql> SELECT * FROM student WHERE name NOT LIKE '王%';\n+-----+-----------+-----+------------+-------+\n- no : name : sex: birthday : class\n+-----+-----------+-----+------------+-------+\n- 101: 曾华 : 男 : 1977-09-01: 95033\n- 102: 匡明 : 男 : 1975-10-02: 95031\n- 104: 李军 : 男 : 1976-02-20: 95033\n- 106: 陆军 : 男 : 1974-06-03: 95031\n- 108: 张全蛋 : 男 : 1975-02-10: 95031\n- 109: 赵铁柱 : 男 : 1974-06-03: 95031\n- 110: 张飞 : 男 : 1974-06-03: 95038\n+-----+-----------+-----+------------+-------+\n")])]),s._v(" 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= card.id;\n-- 出现错误:\n-- ERROR 1054 (42S22): Unknown column 'person.cardId' in 'on clause'\n\n-- MySQL全连接语法, 使用 UNION 将两张表合并在一起。\nSELECT * FROM person LEFT JOIN card on person.cardId = card.id\nUNION\nSELECT * FROM person RIGHT JOIN card on person.cardId = card.id;\n+------+--------+--------+------+-----------+\n- id : name : cardId: id : name\n+------+--------+--------+------+-----------+\n- 1: 张三 : 1: 1: 饭卡\n- 2: 李四 : 3: 3: 农行卡\n- 3: 王五 : 6: NULL: NULL\n- NULL: NULL : NULL: 2: 建行卡\n- NULL: NULL : NULL: 4: 工商卡\n- NULL: NULL : NULL: 5: 邮政卡\n+------+--------+--------+------+-----------+\n")])]),s._v(" 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事务")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("在 MySQL 中, 事务其实是一个最小的不可分割的工作单元。事务能够"),n("strong",[s._v("保证一个业务的完整性")]),s._v("。")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("比如我们的银行转账:")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-mysql line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("-- a -> -100\nUPDATE user set money = money - 100 WHERE name = 'a';\n\n-- b -> +100\nUPDATE user set money = money + 100 WHERE name = 'b';\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br")])]),n("p",[s._v("在实际项目中, 假设只有一条 SQL 语句执行成功, 而另外一条执行失败了, 就会出现数据前后不一致。")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("因此, 在执行多条有关联 SQL 语句时, "),n("strong",[s._v("事务")]),s._v("可能会要求这些 SQL 语句要么同时执行成功, 要么就都执行失败。")]),s._v(" "),n("h3",{attrs:{id:"如何控制事务-commit-rollback"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#如何控制事务-commit-rollback"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 如何控制事务 - COMMIT / ROLLBACK")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("在 MySQL 中, 事务的"),n("strong",[s._v("自动提交")]),s._v("状态默认是开启的。")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-mysql line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("-- 查询事务的自动提交状态\nSELECT @@AUTOCOMMIT;\n+--------------+\n- @@AUTOCOMMIT\n+--------------+\n- 1\n+--------------+\n")])]),s._v(" 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money\n+----+------+-------+\n- 1: a : 1000\n+----+------+-------+\n")])]),s._v(" 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READ UNCOMMITTED;\n\n-- 查询系统隔离级别, 发现已经被修改。\nSELECT @@GLOBAL.TRANSACTION_ISOLATION;\n+--------------------------------+\n- @@GLOBAL.TRANSACTION_ISOLATION\n+--------------------------------+\n- READ-UNCOMMITTED\n+--------------------------------+\n")])]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),n("br")])]),n("h4",{attrs:{id:"脏读"}},[n("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#脏读"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 脏读")]),s._v(" "),n("p",[s._v("测试 "),n("strong",[s._v("READ UNCOMMITTED ( 读取未提交 )")]),s._v(" 的隔离性:")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-mysql line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("INSERT INTO user VALUES (3, '小明', 1000);\nINSERT INTO user VALUES (4, '淘宝店', 1000);\n\nSELECT * FROM user;\n+----+-----------+-------+\n- id: name : money\n+----+-----------+-------+\n- 1: a : 900\n- 2: b : 1100\n- 3: 小明 : 1000\n- 4: 淘宝店 : 1000\n+----+-----------+-------+\n\n-- 开启一个事务操作数据\n-- 假设小明在淘宝店买了一双800块钱的鞋子:\nSTART TRANSACTION;\nUPDATE user SET money = money - 800 WHERE name = '小明';\nUPDATE user SET money = money + 800 WHERE name = '淘宝店';\n\n-- 然后淘宝店在另一方查询结果, 发现钱已到账。\nSELECT * FROM user;\n+----+-----------+-------+\n- id: name : money\n+----+-----------+-------+\n- 1: a : 900\n- 2: b : 1100\n- 3: 小明 : 200\n- 4: 淘宝店 : 1800\n+----+-----------+-------+\n")])]),s._v(" 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而该操作的结果是可以被其他事务(另一方的淘宝店)看见的, 因此淘宝店的查询结果是正确的, 淘宝店确认到账。但就在这时, 如果小明在它所处的事务上又执行了 "),n("code",[s._v("ROLLBACK")]),s._v(" 命令, 会发生什么?")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-mysql line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("-- 小明所处的事务\nROLLBACK;\n\n-- 此时无论对方是谁, 如果再去查询结果就会发现:\nSELECT * FROM user;\n+----+-----------+-------+\n- id: name : money\n+----+-----------+-------+\n- 1: a : 900\n- 2: b : 1100\n- 3: 小明 : 1000\n- 4: 淘宝店 : 1000\n+----+-----------+-------+\n")])]),s._v(" 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"),n("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),n("br"),n("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),n("br")])]),n("p",[s._v("这样, 再有新的事务连接进来时, 它们就只能查询到已经提交过的事务数据了。但是对于当前事务来说, 它们看到的还是未提交的数据, 例如:")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-mysql line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("-- 正在操作数据事务(当前事务)\nSTART TRANSACTION;\nUPDATE user SET money = money - 800 WHERE name = '小明';\nUPDATE user SET money = money + 800 WHERE name = '淘宝店';\n\n-- 虽然隔离级别被设置为了 READ COMMITTED, 但在当前事务中,\n-- 它看到的仍然是数据表中临时改变数据, 而不是真正提交过的数据。\nSELECT * FROM user;\n+----+-----------+-------+\n- id: name : money\n+----+-----------+-------+\n- 1: a : 900\n- 2: b : 1100\n- 3: 小明 : 200\n- 4: 淘宝店 : 1800\n+----+-----------+-------+\n\n\n-- 假设此时在远程开启了一个新事务, 连接到数据库。\n$ mysql -u root -p12345612\n\n-- 此时远程连接查询到的数据只能是已经提交过的\nSELECT * FROM user;\n+----+-----------+-------+\n- id: name : money\n+----+-----------+-------+\n- 1: a : 900\n- 2: b : 1100\n- 3: 小明 : 1000\n- 4: 淘宝店 : 1000\n+----+-----------+-------+\n")])]),s._v(" 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那就是假设一个事务在操作数据时, 其他事务干扰了这个事务的数据。例如:")]),s._v(" "),n("div",{staticClass:"language-mysql line-numbers-mode"},[n("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[n("code",[s._v("-- 小张在查询数据的时候发现:\nSELECT * FROM user;\n+----+-----------+-------+\n- id: name : money\n+----+-----------+-------+\n- 1: a : 900\n- 2: b : 1100\n- 3: 小明 : 200\n- 4: 淘宝店 : 1800\n+----+-----------+-------+\n\n-- 在小张求表的 money 平均值之前, 小王做了一个操作:\nSTART TRANSACTION;\nINSERT INTO user VALUES (5, 'c', 100);\nCOMMIT;\n\n-- 此时表的真实数据是:\nSELECT * FROM user;\n+----+-----------+-------+\n- id: name : money\n+----+-----------+-------+\n- 1: a : 900\n- 2: b : 1100\n- 3: 小明 : 1000\n- 4: 淘宝店 : 1000\n- 5: c : 100\n+----+-----------+-------+\n\n-- 这时小张再求平均值的时候, 就会出现计算不相符合的情况:\nSELECT AVG(money) FROM user;\n+------------+\n- AVG(money)\n+------------+\n- 820.0000\n+------------+\n")])]),s._v(" 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"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("[")]),t._v("模式"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("]")]),t._v(" 列出复制订阅\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("\\")]),t._v("ds"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("[")]),t._v("S+"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("]")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("[")]),t._v("模式"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("]")]),t._v(" 列出序列\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("\\")]),t._v("dt"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("[")]),t._v("S+"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("]")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("[")]),t._v("模式"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("]")]),t._v(" 列出表\n "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token 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a=s(4),o=Object(a.a)({},(function(){var t=this,e=t._self._c;return e("ContentSlotsDistributor",{attrs:{"slot-key":t.$parent.slotKey}},[e("blockquote",[e("p",[t._v("通过本地电脑作为代理给远程服务器访问")])]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v("可以通过本地电脑作为代理,帮助远程服务器访问外网。常见的方法是使用 SSH 隧道(SSH Tunnel)结合本地代理来实现。以下是一个实现思路:")]),t._v(" "),e("h2",{attrs:{id:"操作步骤"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#操作步骤"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 操作步骤")]),t._v(" "),e("blockquote",[e("p",[t._v("以7890作为端口转发为例子")])]),t._v(" "),e("ol",[e("li",[e("code",[t._v("ssh -R 7890:localhost:7890 ubuntu@<hostname/ip>")]),t._v(": 将远程服务器("),e("code",[t._v("<hostname/ip>")]),t._v(")的7890端口,通过SSH隧道映射到本地机器的7890端口。这样,远程服务器上的任何发往端口7890的流量都会通过SSH隧道被转发到你本地机器的端口7890")])]),t._v(" "),e("ul",[e("li",[e("code",[t._v("-R 7890:localhost:7890")]),t._v(": This is the option to set up a reverse tunnel. 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It forwards a port from the remote server back to the local machine.")]),t._v(" "),e("li",[e("code",[t._v("7890:localhost:7890")]),t._v(": This means:\n"),e("ul",[e("li",[t._v("Forward traffic from port 7890 on the remote server ("),e("code",[t._v("<hostname/ip>")]),t._v(").")]),t._v(" "),e("li",[t._v("To "),e("code",[t._v("localhost:7890")]),t._v(" on the local machine (i.e., localhost is the machine from which you're initiating the SSH connection).")])])])])])]),t._v(" "),e("ol",{attrs:{start:"2"}},[e("li",[t._v("在remote端,使网络走端口7890: "),e("code",[t._v("export https_proxy=http://127.0.0.1:7890 http_proxy=http://127.0.0.1:7890 all_proxy=socks5://127.0.0.1:7890")])])]),t._v(" "),e("RText",{attrs:{text:"至此,remote端走7890的端口请求都会被转发到本地的7890端口, 而本地7890端口就是VPN服务端口,从而实现网络翻墙"}}),t._v(" "),e("h2",{attrs:{id:"issue"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#issue"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" issue")]),t._v(" "),e("h3",{attrs:{id:"远程服务器拒绝了连接"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#远程服务器拒绝了连接"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 远程服务器拒绝了连接")]),t._v(" "),e("div",{staticClass:"language-sh line-numbers-mode"},[e("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-sh"}},[e("code",[e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("ssh")]),t._v(" "),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[t._v("-R")]),t._v(" "),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[t._v("7890")]),t._v(":localhost:7890 ubuntu@VM-4-9-ubuntu\nkex_exchange_identification: Connection closed by remote "),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("host")]),t._v("\nConnection closed by "),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[t._v("127.0")]),t._v(".0.1 port "),e("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[t._v("7890")]),t._v("\n")])]),t._v(" "),e("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[e("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("1")]),e("br"),e("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("2")]),e("br"),e("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("3")]),e("br")])])],1)}),[],!1,null,null,null);e.default=o.exports}}]); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/assets/js/246.fac40603.js b/assets/js/246.fac40603.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b981714155 --- /dev/null +++ b/assets/js/246.fac40603.js @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +(window.webpackJsonp=window.webpackJsonp||[]).push([[246],{563:function(e,t,a){"use strict";a.r(t);var r=a(4),s=Object(r.a)({},(function(){var e=this,t=e._self._c;return t("ContentSlotsDistributor",{attrs:{"slot-key":e.$parent.slotKey}},[t("p",[e._v("要查看本地电脑的外网 IP,可以使用以下几种方法")]),e._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"使用-curl"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#使用-curl"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" 使用 curl")]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-bash line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-bash"}},[t("code",[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[e._v("curl")]),e._v(" ifconfig.me\n")])]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[e._v("1")]),t("br")])]),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"拓展-ifconfig-me"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#拓展-ifconfig-me"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" 拓展 ifconfig.me")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("ifconfig.me 是一个简单的在线服务,提供了获取设备外部(公共)IP地址的功能。当你使用命令: "),t("code",[e._v("curl ifconfig.me")]),e._v(".\n它会返回你当前设备的公共IP地址。这个服务非常轻量级,并且专门为用户快速查询其公共IP地址而设计,通常用于网络调试和诊断场景。")]),e._v(" "),t("RText",{attrs:{text:"其他功能: "}}),e._v(" "),t("p",[t("code",[e._v("ifconfig.me")]),e._v(" 还支持通过 curl 命令查询其他网络相关信息,例如:")]),e._v(" "),t("ol",[t("li",[t("p",[e._v("获取用户的公共IP地址: "),t("code",[e._v("curl ifconfig.me")])])]),e._v(" "),t("li",[t("p",[e._v("获取用户的代理信息: "),t("code",[e._v("curl ifconfig.me/ua")])])]),e._v(" "),t("li",[t("p",[e._v("获取IP地址的详细信息: "),t("code",[e._v("curl ifconfig.me/all")])])])]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("这使得 ifconfig.me 成为快速获取外部网络信息的有用工具。")]),e._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"使用-wget"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#使用-wget"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" 使用 wget")]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-bash line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-bash"}},[t("code",[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[e._v("wget")]),e._v(" -qO- ifconfig.me\n")])]),e._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[e._v("1")]),t("br")])]),t("p",[e._v("这两个命令会返回你本地电脑的外网 IP 地址。")]),e._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"通过浏览器查询"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#通过浏览器查询"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" 通过浏览器查询")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("你也可以通过浏览器访问以下网站来查看你的外网 IP:")]),e._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://whatismyipaddress.com",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("https://whatismyipaddress.com"),t("OutboundLink")],1)]),e._v(" "),t("li",[t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://ipinfo.io",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("https://ipinfo.io"),t("OutboundLink")],1)]),e._v(" "),t("li",[t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://ifconfig.me",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("https://ifconfig.me"),t("OutboundLink")],1)])]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("访问这些网站后,它们会显示你的外网 IP 地址。")])],1)}),[],!1,null,null,null);t.default=s.exports}}]); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/assets/js/247.7af75389.js b/assets/js/247.7af75389.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..55f0348166 --- /dev/null +++ b/assets/js/247.7af75389.js @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +(window.webpackJsonp=window.webpackJsonp||[]).push([[247],{564:function(s,e,t){"use strict";t.r(e);var r=t(4),a=Object(r.a)({},(function(){var s=this,e=s._self._c;return e("ContentSlotsDistributor",{attrs:{"slot-key":s.$parent.slotKey}},[e("h2",{attrs:{id:"清除dns"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#清除dns"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 清除dns")]),s._v(" "),e("h3",{attrs:{id:"mac"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#mac"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" mac")]),s._v(" "),e("ol",[e("li",[s._v("macOS Monterey 及更新版本:"),e("code",[s._v("sudo dscacheutil -flushcache; sudo killall -HUP mDNSResponder")])]),s._v(" "),e("li",[s._v("macOS High Sierra 及旧版本:"),e("code",[s._v("sudo killall -HUP mDNSResponder")])]),s._v(" "),e("li",[s._v("OS X Yosemite:"),e("code",[s._v("sudo discoveryutil mdnsflushcache")])])]),s._v(" "),e("h3",{attrs:{id:"linux"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#linux"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" linux")]),s._v(" "),e("p",[s._v("在 Linux 上,DNS 缓存通常由 systemd-resolved 或 nscd 等守护进程管理,具体命令如下:")]),s._v(" "),e("ol",[e("li",[s._v("使用 systemd-resolved:"),e("code",[s._v("sudo systemctl restart systemd-resolved")])]),s._v(" "),e("li",[s._v("使用 nscd:"),e("code",[s._v("sudo service nscd restart")])]),s._v(" "),e("li",[s._v("使用 dnsmasq:"),e("code",[s._v("sudo systemctl restart dnsmasq")])])]),s._v(" "),e("p",[s._v("根据您的系统配置,选择合适的命令清除 DNS 缓存。")]),s._v(" "),e("h2",{attrs:{id:"link"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#link"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" link")]),s._v(" "),e("ul",[e("li",[e("a",{attrs:{href:"https://ping.chinaz.com/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[s._v("ping检测"),e("OutboundLink")],1)]),s._v(" "),e("li",[s._v("dns网站查询,"),e("a",{attrs:{href:"https://dns.google/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[s._v("google dns"),e("OutboundLink")],1)]),s._v(" "),e("li",[s._v("shell: "),e("RouterLink",{attrs:{to:"/pages/3e8153/"}},[s._v("link")])],1)])])}),[],!1,null,null,null);e.default=a.exports}}]); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/assets/js/248.3286391a.js b/assets/js/248.3286391a.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..d99818796b --- /dev/null +++ b/assets/js/248.3286391a.js @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +(window.webpackJsonp=window.webpackJsonp||[]).push([[248],{565:function(t,r,a){"use strict";a.r(r);var s=a(4),e=Object(s.a)({},(function(){var t=this,r=t._self._c;return r("ContentSlotsDistributor",{attrs:{"slot-key":t.$parent.slotKey}},[r("p",[t._v("X-ui,支持多协议多用户的 xray 面板. link"),r("a",{attrs:{href:"https://v2rayssr.com/x-ui.html",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("x-ui"),r("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(". 这里使用"),r("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/alireza0/x-ui",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("alireza0"),r("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(" 的脚本作为安装示例。")]),t._v(" "),r("RText",{attrs:{text:"功能介绍"}}),t._v(" "),r("ul",[r("li",[t._v("系统状态监控")]),t._v(" "),r("li",[t._v("支持多用户多协议,网页可视化操作")]),t._v(" "),r("li",[t._v("支持的协议: vmess、vless、trojan、shadowsocks、dokodemo-door、socks、http")]),t._v(" "),r("li",[t._v("支持配置更多传输配置")]),t._v(" "),r("li",[t._v("流量统计,限制流量,限制到期时间")]),t._v(" "),r("li",[t._v("可自定义 xray 配置模板")]),t._v(" "),r("li",[t._v("支持 https 访问面板(自备域名 + ssl 证书)")]),t._v(" "),r("li",[t._v("支持一键SSL证书申请且自动续签")]),t._v(" "),r("li",[t._v("更多高级配置项,详见面板")])]),t._v(" "),r("h2",{attrs:{id:"install"}},[r("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#install"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" install")]),t._v(" "),r("blockquote",[r("p",[r("code",[t._v("bash <(curl -Ls https://raw.githubusercontent.com/alireza0/x-ui/master/install.sh)")])])]),t._v(" "),r("h2",{attrs:{id:"访问服务"}},[r("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#访问服务"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 访问服务")]),t._v(" "),r("p",[t._v("在 vps 上部署 x-ui 面板。 在客户端使用登陆 "),r("code",[t._v("http://<vsp_id>:<xui_port>/<baseweburl>/xui/")]),t._v(" 输入用户名密码登陆")]),t._v(" "),r("h2",{attrs:{id:"申请-ssl-证书"}},[r("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#申请-ssl-证书"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 申请 ssl 证书")]),t._v(" "),r("blockquote",[r("p",[t._v("为域名申请 ssl 证书。 这里为了方便申请泛域名 "),r("code",[t._v("*.<一级域名>")]),t._v(". 使用 "),r("RouterLink",{attrs:{to:"/pages/2c3af4/"}},[t._v("acme")]),t._v(" 来获取 SSL/TLS 证书")],1)]),t._v(" "),r("h2",{attrs:{id:"skills"}},[r("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#skills"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" skills")]),t._v(" "),r("ol",[r("li",[t._v("查找 config 配置路径: "),r("code",[t._v('find / -name "config.json" 2>/dev/null | grep x-ui')])]),t._v(" "),r("li")]),t._v(" "),r("h2",{attrs:{id:"link"}},[r("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#link"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" link")]),t._v(" "),r("ul",[r("li",[t._v("xui\n"),r("ul",[r("li",[r("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/alireza0/x-ui",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("alireza0"),r("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(" 目前还是在更新,推荐使用这个")]),t._v(" "),r("li",[r("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/vaxilu/x-ui",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("vaxilu"),r("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(" deprecated。 这个库看起来不更新了")])])])])],1)}),[],!1,null,null,null);r.default=e.exports}}]); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/assets/js/249.1d6ba05e.js b/assets/js/249.1d6ba05e.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b33a732487 --- /dev/null +++ b/assets/js/249.1d6ba05e.js @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +(window.webpackJsonp=window.webpackJsonp||[]).push([[249],{566:function(e,t,a){"use strict";a.r(t);var r=a(4),s=Object(r.a)({},(function(){var e=this,t=e._self._c;return t("ContentSlotsDistributor",{attrs:{"slot-key":e.$parent.slotKey}},[t("h2",{attrs:{id:"什么是-acme"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#什么是-acme"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" 什么是 ACME")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("ACME(Automatic Certificate Management Environment) 是一种协议,主要用于自动化地获取、安装和管理TLS/SSL证书。它由 Let's Encrypt 推出,帮助用户快速、安全地部署和更新证书,以便加密网络流量,确保通信安全。 > "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://docs.certcloud.cn/docs/installation/auto/acme/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[e._v("link"),t("OutboundLink")],1)]),e._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"核心功能"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#核心功能"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" 核心功能")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("ACME 协议的核心是自动化证书签发和续期,这对于大规模或频繁的证书管理场景尤为重要。通过 ACME,服务器可以自动与证书颁发机构(如 Let's Encrypt)通信,来请求、验证、安装和续期证书。")]),e._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"主要流程"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#主要流程"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" 主要流程")]),e._v(" "),t("ol",[t("li",[e._v("账户注册: 客户端创建一个 ACME 账户,通常生成一个私钥用于身份验证。")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("证书申请: 客户端通过 ACME 请求证书。")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("域名验证: CA 机构验证域名所有权,常用验证方式包括 "),t("code",[e._v("HTTP-01")]),e._v("、"),t("code",[e._v("DNS-01")]),e._v(" 和 "),t("code",[e._v("TLS-ALPN-01")]),e._v("。")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("签发证书: 验证成功后,CA 会签发证书并提供下载。")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("证书续期: 在证书接近到期时,客户端自动发起续期请求。")])]),e._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"acme-协议的主要优点"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#acme-协议的主要优点"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" ACME 协议的主要优点")]),e._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[e._v("自动化: 无需人工介入即可自动完成证书管理。")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("免费: ACME 协议应用于 Let's Encrypt 提供的免费证书,降低了 SSL 证书成本。")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("安全性: 加密通信保障了数据隐私和安全性,特别是通过 ACME 自动续期避免过期风险。")])]),e._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"常用工具"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#常用工具"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" 常用工具")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("Certbot 是一个主流的 ACME 客户端,用于自动化证书申请和管理")]),e._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"acme-sh"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#acme-sh"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" acme.sh")]),e._v(" "),t("blockquote",[t("p",[e._v("A pure Unix shell script implementing ACME client protocol. 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echo")]),s._v(" "),a("ul",[a("li",[a("code",[s._v("-n")]),s._v(": Do not print the trailing newline character")])]),s._v(" "),a("h3",{attrs:{id:"sort"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#sort"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" sort")]),s._v(" "),a("ul",[a("li",[a("code",[s._v("-r")]),s._v(": reverse order")])]),s._v(" "),a("h3",{attrs:{id:"uniq"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#uniq"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" uniq")]),s._v(" "),a("blockquote",[a("p",[a("code",[s._v("uniq")]),s._v(": report or filter out repeated lines in a file")])]),s._v(" "),a("ul",[a("li",[a("code",[s._v("-c")]),s._v(": 计算行个数,常用于统计")])]),s._v(" "),a("h3",{attrs:{id:"wc"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#wc"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" wc")]),s._v(" "),a("h3",{attrs:{id:"du"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#du"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" du")]),s._v(" "),a("blockquote",[a("p",[s._v('du: "disk usage", 它用于查看文件和文件夹的磁盘使用情况。')])]),s._v(" "),a("RText",{attrs:{text:"options:"}}),s._v(" "),a("ul",[a("li",[a("code",[s._v("-s")]),s._v(" 选项表示要显示文件夹的总大小而不是每个子目录的大小")]),s._v(" "),a("li",[a("code",[s._v("-h")]),s._v(" 选项表示以人类可读的格式显示文件夹大小, 例如以 KB、MB、GB 等单位")])]),s._v(" "),a("p",[s._v("请注意, "),a("code",[s._v("du")]),s._v(" 命令将递归地统计文件夹中的所有文件和子文件夹的大小, 因此它会显示整个文件夹的总大小。")]),s._v(" "),a("RText",{attrs:{text:"case"}}),s._v(" "),a("ul",[a("li",[a("code",[s._v("du -sh /path/to/directory")])]),s._v(" "),a("li",[a("code",[s._v("du -ah . | sort -rh | head -n 10")]),s._v(": top 10")])]),s._v(" "),a("h3",{attrs:{id:"whoami"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#whoami"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" whoami")]),s._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"language-sh line-numbers-mode"},[a("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-sh"}},[a("code",[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[s._v("# 圆括号 () 可以用来创建一个子 Shell")]),s._v("\n"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token builtin class-name"}},[s._v("echo")]),s._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[s._v("$(")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("whoami")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[s._v(")")])]),s._v("\n"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[s._v("# echo `whoami`")]),s._v("\n")])]),s._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),a("br")])]),a("p",[s._v("用户名")]),s._v(" "),a("h3",{attrs:{id:"time"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#time"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" time")]),s._v(" "),a("blockquote",[a("p",[s._v("耗时")])]),s._v(" "),a("ul",[a("li",[a("code",[s._v("time ls -f &>/dev/null")])]),s._v(" "),a("li",[a("code",[s._v("time sleep 1")])])]),s._v(" 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number"}},[s._v("6568")]),s._v(" 6c6c 0a6f\n0000006\n")])]),s._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),a("br")])]),a("p",[s._v("这个输出表示的是文件内容按顺序读取并按十六进制表示。如果想详细一点,可以使用 od(octal dump)命令查看逐字节的内容:")]),s._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"language-sh line-numbers-mode"},[a("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-sh"}},[a("code",[s._v("$ od "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[s._v("-t")]),s._v(" x1 "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[s._v("1")]),s._v(".txt\n0000000 "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[s._v("65")]),s._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[s._v("68")]),s._v(" 6c 6c 0a 6f\n0000006\n")])]),s._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),a("br")])]),a("p",[s._v("这里,每个字节都显示为两位十六进制数。")]),s._v(" "),a("hr"),s._v(" "),a("RText",{attrs:{text:"指定不同格式"}}),s._v(" "),a("p",[s._v("hexdump 提供了多种格式选项,可以用来以不同的端序显示数据。例如,-e 选项可以指定输出格式,结合 od 也可以查看不同的格式。")]),s._v(" "),a("p",[s._v("查看小端序和大端序")]),s._v(" "),a("p",[s._v("若需要查看小端序和大端序的数据表示,可以考虑如下例子:")]),s._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"language-sh line-numbers-mode"},[a("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-sh"}},[a("code",[s._v("$ "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token builtin class-name"}},[s._v("echo")]),s._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[s._v("-n")]),s._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[s._v("-e")]),s._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[s._v("'\\x01\\x02\\x03\\x04'")]),s._v(" 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表示按 4 字节一组显示内容(假设小端序),输出为 "),a("code",[s._v("04030201")])])]),s._v(" "),a("p",[s._v("指定端序示例")]),s._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"language-sh line-numbers-mode"},[a("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-sh"}},[a("code",[s._v("$ "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token builtin class-name"}},[s._v("echo")]),s._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[s._v("-n")]),s._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[s._v("-e")]),s._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[s._v("'\\x01\\x02\\x03\\x04'")]),s._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v(">")]),s._v(" test.bin\n$ hexdump "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[s._v("-e")]),s._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[s._v('\'4/1 "%02X " "\\n"\'')]),s._v(" test.bin "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[s._v("# 每4字节换行一次")]),s._v("\n01 02 03 04\n$ hexdump "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter 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comment"}},[t._v("// false - 123 是一个有效的数字")]),t._v("\nconsole"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("log")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("isNaN")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[t._v("'123'")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// false - '123' 可以被转换为数字 123")]),t._v("\nconsole"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("log")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("isNaN")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[t._v("'abc'")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// true - 'abc' 不能被转换为数字")]),t._v("\nconsole"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("log")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("isNaN")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[t._v("NaN")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token 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"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// false - true 被转换为 1")]),t._v("\nconsole"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("log")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("isNaN")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token boolean"}},[t._v("false")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// false - false 被转换为 0")]),t._v("\n")])]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("1")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("2")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("3")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("4")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("5")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("6")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("7")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("8")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("9")]),s("br")])]),s("RText",{attrs:{text:"注意事项",color:"red"}}),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("isNaN 会先将传入的值尝试转换为数字,再判断是否为 NaN。因此,某些非数字值(如空字符串、布尔值 true/false)也会返回 false,因为它们可以被转换为有效的数字(例如,空字符串转换为 0,true 转换为 1)。")]),t._v(" "),s("RText",{attrs:{text:"例外情况"}}),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("为了更精确地判断一个值是否真的是 NaN(即,它在类型上是数字类型,但它的值是 NaN),你可以使用 Number.isNaN 方法,它不会对非数字类型进行强制转换。")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[s("code",[t._v("Number.isNaN")])]),t._v(" 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punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("isNaN")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[t._v("123")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// false")]),t._v("\nconsole"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("log")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),t._v("Number"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("isNaN")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[t._v("'123'")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(")")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// false")]),t._v("\nconsole"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("log")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),t._v("Number"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("isNaN")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("Number")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[t._v("'abc'")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token 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"),s("ul",[s("li",[s("code",[t._v("isNaN")]),t._v(" 适合用于宽松的检查,当你只关心最终结果是否为 NaN,而不在意它是如何到达 NaN 这个结果时,可以使用 isNaN。然而,它的隐式类型转换有时可能导致一些意外的结果,因此使用时需要谨慎。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("code",[t._v("Number.isNaN")]),t._v(" 更适合用于严格的判断,它只会对严格等于 NaN 的值返回 true。这在需要避免隐式类型转换或更严格的类型检查时特别有用")])]),t._v(" "),s("h2",{attrs:{id:"函数"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#函数"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 函数")]),t._v(" "),s("h3",{attrs:{id:"箭头函数"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#箭头函数"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 箭头函数")]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"language-js line-numbers-mode"},[s("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-js"}},[s("code",[s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("export")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("const")]),t._v(" isNonEmptyString "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("=")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),t._v("value"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token 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时才会返回右侧的值")]),t._v("\nmainData"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("?.")]),t._v("gallery_high_layer_id "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("??")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[t._v('""')]),t._v("\n\n"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// 2")]),t._v("\nmainData"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("?.")]),t._v("gallery_high_layer_id "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("||")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[t._v('""')]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("+")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[t._v('""')]),t._v("\n\n"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// 3")]),t._v("\nmainData"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("?.")]),t._v("gallery_high_layer_id "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("||")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[t._v('""')]),t._v("\n")])]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("1")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("2")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("3")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("4")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("5")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("6")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("7")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("8")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("9")]),s("br")])]),s("RText",{attrs:{text:"2和3的解释:"}}),t._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[s("code",[t._v("||")]),t._v(' 是逻辑或操作符,它会在 mainData?.gallery_high_layer_id 为 false(即 undefined, null, 0, "",false 等等)时返回右侧的值。')]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("code",[t._v('"" + ""')]),t._v(' 是字符串连接操作,结果是一个空字符串 "". 另外: 字符串链接的优先级先于 '),s("code",[t._v("||")])])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("所以 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返回一个从开始到结束(不包括结束)的数组的一部分。原始数组不会被修改")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("code",[t._v("forEach")]),t._v(": 对数组的每个元素执行一次提供的函数")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("code",[t._v("map")]),t._v(": 创建一个新数组,其结果是该数组中的每个元素是调用一次提供的函数后的返回值")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("code",[t._v("filter")]),t._v(": 创建一个新数组,其包含所有通过提供的函数实现的测试的元素")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("code",[t._v("reduce")]),t._v(": 对数组中的每个元素执行一个由您提供的 reducer 函数(升序执行),将其结果汇总为单个返回值")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("code",[t._v("find")]),t._v(": 返回数组中满足提供的测试函数的第一个元素的值。否则返回 undefined")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("code",[t._v("findIndex")]),t._v(": 返回数组中满足提供的测试函数的第一个元素的索引。否则返回 -1")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("code",[t._v("includes")]),t._v(": 判断一个数组是否包含一个指定的值,根据情况,如果包含则返回 true,否则返回 false")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("code",[t._v("sort")]),t._v(": 用原地算法对数组的元素进行排序,并返回数组。默认排序顺序是根据字符串 Unicode 码点")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("code",[t._v("reverse")]),t._v(": 将数组中元素的位置颠倒,并返回该数组。该方法会改变原数组")])]),t._v(" "),s("RText",{attrs:{text:"splice"}}),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("通过删除或替换现有元素以及添加新元素来更改一个数组的内容。此方法会直接修改原数组")]),t._v(" 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深拷贝可能会涉及到循环引用等复杂情况, 因此实现一个完全通用且高效的深拷贝函数并不容易。在实际开发中, 可以根据项目的需求选择合适的拷贝方式。")]),t._v(" "),s("h2",{attrs:{id:"复制数组"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#复制数组"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 复制数组")]),t._v(" "),s("blockquote",[s("p",[t._v("使用解构遇到的坑")])]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"language-ts line-numbers-mode"},[s("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-ts"}},[s("code",[s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[t._v("// 方法一: Using Object.assign() with an empty array as the target is another valid way to copy an array, including all its elements, without modifying the original array's structure.")]),t._v("\n"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("const")]),t._v(" devNav "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("=")]),t._v(" Object"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("assign")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token 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handler 接受两个参数, obj 和 propName。obj 是一个泛型类型 T 的对象, 而 propName 则是 T 的属性名。由于 TypeScript 具有结构类型系统, 因此可以对任意类型的对象调用该函数, 只要该对象具有与泛型类型 T 相匹配的属性。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("使用 keyof 运算符: "),s("code",[t._v("keyof T")]),t._v(" 运算符用于确定类型 T 的所有属性名。在你的代码中, keyof T 表达式确定了参数 propName 的类型, 这意味着 propName 必须是类型 T 的某个属性名。\n例如, 假设你调用了函数 "),s("code",[t._v("handler(user, 'name')")]),t._v(", 其中 user 是一个拥有 name、age 和 location 属性的对象。在这种情况下, propName 的类型将是 "),s("code",[t._v("'name' | 'age' | 'location'")]),t._v(", 因为这是对象 user 的所有属性名的联合类型。")])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("总之, "),s("RText",{attrs:{text:"keyof 运算符的作用是在编译时获取类型 T 的所有属性名, 并将它们作为字符串字面量类型的联合类型返回, 用于在类型系统中进行类型推断和静态类型检查。",color:"orange"}})],1),t._v(" "),s("h2",{attrs:{id:"方法签名解读"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#方法签名解读"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 方法签名解读")]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"language-ts line-numbers-mode"},[s("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-ts"}},[s("code",[s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token 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属性"}}),t._v("。让我来解释一下这个方法签名的各个部分:")],1),t._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[t._v("函数名: RSSItem, 这是函数的名称。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("冒号前面的部分是参数的解构赋值,而冒号后面的部分是参数的类型。\n"),s("ul",[s("li",[t._v("参数解构赋值部分:"),s("code",[t._v("{ item, type, hidePreview }")])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("参数类型定义部分:"),s("code",[t._v("{ item: RSSData; type: string; hidePreview?: boolean }")])])])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("参数列表: 参数列表包含了一个对象, 用于传递函数的参数。该对象使用对象解构语法, 其中包含了三个属性:\n"),s("ul",[s("li",[s("code",[t._v("item: RSSData")]),t._v(": 表示函数的第一个参数 item, 它的类型为 RSSData, 这是一个自定义的类型(假设为 RSSData 类型)。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("code",[t._v("type: string")]),t._v(": 表示函数的第二个参数 type, 它的类型为 string。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[s("code",[t._v("hidePreview?: boolean")]),t._v(": 表示函数的第三个参数 hidePreview, 它的类型为 boolean, 并且是可选的, 即调用函数时可以不传递该参数。")])])]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("参数对象类型: 整个参数对象的类型被定义为一个对象类型。该对象类型指定了函数参数的结构, 并使用对象解构语法指定了每个参数的名称和类型。在这个例子中, 参数对象的结构与函数的参数列表一致, 但它们是独立的定义。")])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("综合起来, 这个方法签名表明了一个名为 RSSItem 的函数, 该函数接受三个参数: item、type 和 hidePreview。其中 item 是必需的, 且类型为 RSSData, type 是必需的, 且类型为 string, 而 hidePreview 是可选的, 且类型为 boolean。")]),t._v(" "),s("hr"),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("同样,这里在提供一个例子")]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"language-ts line-numbers-mode"},[s("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-ts"}},[s("code",[s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("export")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("function")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("HotListItemComponentV2")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("(")]),t._v("props"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("{")]),t._v(" topic_id"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token builtin"}},[t._v("number")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(";")]),t._v(" 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"),s("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("1")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("2")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("3")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("4")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("5")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("6")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("7")]),s("br")])]),s("p",[t._v("这段代码定义了一个名为 savedRSS 的变量, 它是一个对象, 该对象的键为数字类型的 tabId, 值为包含三个数组的对象。")]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("具体来说, 这个对象的结构如下:")]),t._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[t._v("键类型为 number, 代表标签页的 ID。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("值是一个包含三个数组的对象, 分别命名为 pageRSSHub、websiteRSSHub 和 pageRSS, 它们的类型为 RSSData[], 表示存储了一组 RSS 数据的数组。")])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("这段代码的约束和限制主要体现在以下几点:")]),t._v(" "),s("ol",[s("li",[t._v("键的类型约束: 键必须是数字类型, 代表标签页的 ID。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("值的结构约束: 值是一个对象, 必须包含 pageRSSHub、websiteRSSHub 和 pageRSS 三个属性, 分别存储了对应标签页的三类 RSS 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"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token constant"}},[t._v("OPTIONS")]),t._v("\nAccess"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("-")]),t._v("Control"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("-")]),t._v("Allow"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("-")]),t._v("Headers"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v(":")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token constant"}},[t._v("X")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("-")]),t._v("Requested"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("-")]),t._v("With"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(",")]),t._v(" Content"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("-")]),t._v("Type\n")])]),t._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("1")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("2")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("3")]),a("br")])]),a("p",[t._v("这些标头指示允许来自 "),a("code",[t._v("https://example.com")]),t._v(" 的 GET、POST 和 OPTIONS 请求, 并允许使用 X-Requested-With 和 Content-Type 头。现在, 当您的 Web 应用程序向 "),a("code",[t._v("https://example.com")]),t._v(" 发出请求时, 浏览器将允许该请求, 并允许您的 Web 应用程序从其他服务器获取所需的数据或资源。")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("总之, CORS 在实际场景中的作用是允许 Web 应用程序从其他源获取数据或资源, 并促进了不同源之间的跨域数据交换。这为 Web 应用程序的开发和部署带来了更大的灵活性和可扩展性。")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v('"跨域问题本质是浏览器的行为, 它的初衷是为了保证用户的访问安全, 防止恶意网站窃取数据", 那想要解决跨域问题就变得很简单了, 只需要告诉浏览器这是一个安全的请求, "我是自己人"就行了, 那怎么告诉浏览器这是一个正常的请求呢?\n只需要在返回头中设置"Access-Control-Allow-Origin"参数即可解决跨域问题, 此参数就是用来表示允许跨域访问的原始域名的, 当设置为'),a("code",[t._v('"*"')]),t._v("时, 表示允许所有站点跨域访问")]),t._v(" "),a("h2",{attrs:{id:"跨域问题"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#跨域问题"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 跨域问题")]),t._v(" "),a("blockquote",[a("p",[t._v("本文参考"),a("a",{attrs:{href:"https://www.cnblogs.com/vipstone/p/16667239.html",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("链接"),a("OutboundLink")],1)])]),t._v(" "),a("hr"),t._v(" "),a("RText",{attrs:{text:"跨域三种情况"}}),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("在请求时, 如果出现了以下情况中的任意一种, 那么它就是跨域请求:")]),t._v(" "),a("ul",[a("li",[t._v("协议不同: 如 http 和 https;")]),t._v(" "),a("li",[t._v("域名不同")]),t._v(" "),a("li",[t._v("端口不同")])]),t._v(" "),a("hr"),t._v(" "),a("RText",{attrs:{text:"跨域问题的解决"}}),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("这个问题的答案也很简单, 我们之前在说跨域时讲到: "),a("RText",{attrs:{text:"跨域问题本质是浏览器的行为, 它的初衷是为了保证用户的访问安全, 防止恶意网站窃取数据"}}),t._v(', 那想要解决跨域问题就变得很简单了, 只需要告诉浏览器这是一个安全的请求, "我是自己人"就行了,')],1),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("只需要在返回头中设置 "),a("code",[t._v("Access-Control-Allow-Origin")]),t._v(" 参数即可解决跨域问题, 此参数就是用来表示允许跨域访问的原始域名的, 当设置为 "),a("code",[t._v("*")]),t._v("时, 表示允许所有站点跨域访问")]),t._v(" "),a("h2",{attrs:{id:"referrerpolicy-no-referrer"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#referrerpolicy-no-referrer"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(' referrerpolicy="no-referrer"')]),t._v(" "),a("blockquote",[a("p",[t._v('RSSHub 里的图片 / 视频地址都是源站地址, 部分有防盗链, 所以 RSSHub 给图片加了 referrerpolicy="no-referrer" 属性来防止跨域问题')])]),t._v(" "),a("p",[a("code",[t._v('referrerpolicy="no-referrer"')]),t._v(" 是一个 HTML 属性, 用于设置浏览器在加载资源时如何处理 HTTP Referer 头信息。")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("Referer 是一个 HTTP 头部字段, 它包含了请求的来源页面的 URL。当浏览器加载一个网页时, 它会向服务器发送 Referer 头信息, 告诉服务器这个请求是从哪个页面发起的。")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v('在某些情况下, 网站希望保护用户的隐私, 不希望将 Referer 信息发送给外部网站。这种情况下, 可以使用 referrerpolicy="no-referrer" 属性来告诉浏览器在加载资源时不发送 Referer 头信息。')]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v('具体来说, referrerpolicy="no-referrer" 的作用是:')]),t._v(" "),a("ul",[a("li",[t._v("当浏览器加载带有这个属性的资源时, 不会发送 Referer 头信息给服务器。")]),t._v(" "),a("li",[t._v("这样可以防止服务器获取到请求的来源信息, 从而保护用户的隐私。")])]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("在 RSSHub 中, 为了防止跨域问题并保护用户隐私, 给图片和视频资源添加了 "),a("code",[t._v('referrerpolicy="no-referrer"')]),t._v(" 属性, 这样加载这些资源时就不会发送 "),a("code",[t._v("Referer")]),t._v(" 头信息。")]),t._v(" "),a("h2",{attrs:{id:"es-模块"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#es-模块"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" ES 模块")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("前端 ES 模块是指在前端开发中使用的 ECMAScript(简称 ES)模块系统。ES 模块是 ECMAScript 2015 (ES6) 标准中新增的一项功能, 它提供了一种用于组织、导入和导出 JavaScript 代码的标准化方式。")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("ES 模块的主要特点包括:")]),t._v(" "),a("ul",[a("li",[t._v("模块化: ES 模块允许将 JavaScript 代码划分为多个独立的模块, 每个模块都有自己的作用域, 可以封装代码逻辑和数据。")]),t._v(" "),a("li",[t._v("导入和导出: ES 模块提供了 import 和 export 关键字, 用于导入和导出模块中的变量、函数、类等内容。通过导入和导出, 不同模块之间可以互相调用和共享代码。")]),t._v(" "),a("li",[t._v("静态解析: ES 模块是静态解析的, 即在编译时就确定了模块的依赖关系和引用关系。这有助于优化代码加载和执行性能, 并提高了代码的可靠性和可维护性。")]),t._v(" "),a("li",[t._v("异步加载: ES 模块支持异步加载, 可以动态地在运行时加载和使用模块, 而不会阻塞页面渲染或用户交互。")])]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("使用 ES 模块可以使前端代码更具有结构化、可维护性和可重用性, 有助于构建复杂的前端应用程序。ES 模块已经成为现代前端开发中的标准, 得到了主流浏览器和 JavaScript 运行时的广泛支持。")]),t._v(" "),a("h3",{attrs:{id:"es5-es6"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#es5-es6"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" ES5/ES6")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("ES5 和 ES6(也称为 ES2015)是 JavaScript 的两个版本, 它们分别对应 ECMAScript 5 和 ECMAScript 2015 规范。以下是它们的介绍:")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("ES5(ECMAScript 5)")]),t._v(" "),a("ul",[a("li",[t._v("发布时间: 2009 年")]),t._v(" "),a("li",[t._v("新增特性: 严格模式、JSON 对象、Array.prototype.forEach()、Object.create()、Object.defineProperty()、Function.prototype.bind() 等。")])]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("ES5 是 JavaScript 的一个重要版本, 它引入了很多新的特性和功能, 提升了 JavaScript 的编程能力和表现力。其中, 严格模式使得 JavaScript 变得更加严谨, 提高了代码的健壮性和安全性, JSON 对象使得在 JavaScript 中处理 JSON 数据变得更加方便, 其他新增方法和属性也大大提高了 JavaScript 在数据处理和面向对象编程等方面的表现力。")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("ES6(ECMAScript 2015)")]),t._v(" "),a("ul",[a("li",[t._v("发布时间: 2015 年")]),t._v(" "),a("li",[t._v("新增特性: 箭头函数、类、模板字符串、解构赋值、let 和 const、for...of 循环、Promise 对象、模块化等。")])]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("ES6 是 JavaScript 的一个重要版本, 它引入了很多新的特性和语法, 使得 JavaScript 更加现代化、简洁化和易读性。箭头函数和模板字符串使得 JavaScript 的函数和字符串处理更加简洁明了, 类和模块化使得 JavaScript 更加面向对象化和模块化, 解构赋值和 let 和 const 则使得 JavaScript 的变量和数据处理更加灵活, Promise 对象则大大简化了 JavaScript 异步编程的模式和写法。")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("总的来说, ES5 和 ES6 都是 JavaScript 的重要版本, 它们各自带来了许多新的特性和语法, 提高了 JavaScript 的表现力和易用性, 使得 JavaScript 成为了一门更加强大、现代化、易读性的编程语言。")]),t._v(" "),a("h2",{attrs:{id:"react-vue"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#react-vue"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" react/vue")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("React 和 Vue 都是非常流行的 JavaScript 前端框架。它们都被广泛应用于构建大型单页应用程序, 具有高度的可组合性和可重用性。")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("以下是一些 React 和 Vue 的区别:")]),t._v(" "),a("ol",[a("li",[t._v("简单性: Vue 通常被认为比 React 更容易学习和使用, 因为它的 API 更加简单和直观。React 则更倾向于使用 JSX 语法来构建组件, 这对于初学者来说可能需要一些时间来适应。")]),t._v(" "),a("li",[t._v("性能: React 在处理大型数据和高负载时表现更佳。Vue 也可以实现高性能, 但是在某些情况下, React 可以更好地处理数据的变化和更新。")]),t._v(" "),a("li",[t._v("生态系统: React 的生态系统非常庞大, 包括了很多支持工具和库, 例如 Redux、Webpack、Babel 等等。Vue 的生态系统也很强大, 但它相对较小, 更加集中在 Vue 本身和 Vue 插件上。")]),t._v(" "),a("li",[t._v("技术栈: React 通常与 JavaScript、TypeScript 等技术栈一起使用, 而 Vue 更加灵活, 可以与许多不同的技术栈集成, 例如 JavaScript、TypeScript、CoffeeScript 等等。")])]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("总的来说, React 和 Vue 都是非常优秀的前端框架, 选择哪个取决于您的具体需求和喜好。")]),t._v(" "),a("h2",{attrs:{id:"lds"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#lds"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" LDS")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v('在计算机编程中, "LDS" 通常指的是 "Local Data Storage", 也就是本地数据存储。本地缓存是一种在计算机程序中常用的技术, 用于临时存储数据, 以便在稍后的时间快速访问。')]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("通过使用本地缓存, 程序可以避免频繁地从远程服务器或磁盘读取数据, 从而提高应用程序的性能和响应速度。当程序需要某些数据时, 它首先会查看本地缓存是否有该数据的副本。如果有, 程序将直接从本地缓存中获取数据, 而不必重新获取远程数据或从磁盘读取。")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("本地缓存通常用于存储临时性的数据, 例如用户的偏好设置、临时计算结果、用户界面状态等。这些数据在程序的执行期间可能会频繁地被读取和写入, 因此将它们存储在本地缓存中可以大大提高应用程序的性能和效率。")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("总的来说, LDS(本地缓存)在计算机程序中是一种重要的技术, 用于临时存储数据并提高应用程序的性能。")]),t._v(" "),a("h2",{attrs:{id:"ssr-csr"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#ssr-csr"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" SSR/CSR")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v('在 HTML 上, "SSR" 通常指的是"Server-Side Rendering", 这是一种用于构建 Web 应用程序的技术。与前端渲染(Client-Side Rendering)不同, SSR 在服务器端生成 HTML 内容, 然后将其发送到客户端, 这样可以提供更好的首次加载性能、搜索引擎优化(SEO)和用户体验。')]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("以下是关于 HTML 中的 SSR 技术的一些介绍:")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("1.Server-Side Rendering(SSR):")]),t._v(" "),a("blockquote",[a("p",[t._v("SSR 是一种将 Web 应用程序的页面内容在服务器端进行渲染, 然后将渲染好的 HTML 内容发送到客户端的过程。这使得客户端在加载页面时无需等待 JavaScript 的加载和执行, 提高了首次加载速度。")])]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("2.优势:")]),t._v(" "),a("ul",[a("li",[t._v("首次加载性能: 因为服务器已经渲染好了 HTML 内容, 用户在访问时可以立即看到页面内容, 无需等待 JavaScript 加载和执行。")]),t._v(" "),a("li",[t._v("搜索引擎优化(SEO): 搜索引擎可以更容易地爬取服务器端渲染的内容, 提高页面在搜索结果中的排名。")]),t._v(" "),a("li",[t._v("用户体验: 用户不会在加载时看到空白页面或加载中的状态, 提供更好的用户体验。")])]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("3.实现方式:")]),t._v(" "),a("ul",[a("li",[t._v("前端框架支持: 许多前端框架(如 React、Vue、Angular 等)都提供了 SSR 的支持, 通过服务器端渲染框架可以实现服务器端渲染。")]),t._v(" "),a("li",[t._v("服务器配置: 需要在服务器端配置以支持 SSR, 通常需要使用 Node.js 等服务器端技术。")]),t._v(" "),a("li",[t._v("路由管理: SSR 通常需要处理路由, 确保服务器端和客户端路由保持同步。")])]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("4.挑战:")]),t._v(" "),a("ul",[a("li",[t._v("复杂性: SSR 需要服务器端和客户端之间的协调, 可能增加应用程序的复杂性。")]),t._v(" "),a("li",[t._v("性能开销: 服务器端渲染需要在服务器上执行额外的计算和渲染, 可能导致性能开销。")]),t._v(" "),a("li",[t._v("前后端分离: 如果应用程序已经是前后端分离的, 将其改造为 SSR 可能需要一些工作。")])]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("5.使用场景:")]),t._v(" "),a("ul",[a("li",[t._v("内容驱动网站: 对于以内容为主要特点的网站, SSR 可以提供更好的 SEO 支持。")]),t._v(" "),a("li",[t._v("首次加载性能要求高: 对于要求快速首次加载的应用, SSR 可以提供更好的用户体验。")])]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("总之, Server-Side Rendering(SSR)是一种在服务器端进行 HTML 渲染的技术, 可以提供更好的首次加载性能和搜索引擎优化。在使用时, 需要考虑应用程序的架构和性能需求, 权衡其优劣势。")]),t._v(" "),a("h2",{attrs:{id:"预渲染"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#预渲染"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 预渲染")]),t._v(" "),a("blockquote",[a("p",[t._v("预渲染原理")])]),t._v(" "),a("p",[a("img",{attrs:{src:"https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/jacky1234/picArchieve@master/uPic/20230822_105129_H9KgEg.png",alt:"html-pre-render"}})]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("预渲染工具是一种用于优化网站性能和搜索引擎优化(SEO)的技术, 它的基本原理如下:")]),t._v(" "),a("ol",[a("li",[t._v("构建和打包静态资源: 开发者首先创建一个网站, 然后使用构建工具(例如 Webpack、Parcel 等)将网站的所有资源(HTML、CSS、JavaScript、图片等)打包到一个或多个静态文件中。")]),t._v(" "),a("li",[t._v("启动本地 Express 静态服务: 预渲染工具会在本地启动一个 Express 静态服务, 这个服务的作用是托管已打包好的静态资源文件。这样, 用户可以通过访问本地服务来加载网站内容。 如何"),a("RouterLink",{attrs:{to:"/pages/1a0f07/"}},[t._v("启动 express")])],1),t._v(" "),a("li",[t._v("启动无头浏览器(例如 Puppeteer): 预渲染工具会启动一个无头浏览器, 例如 Puppeteer。无头浏览器是一个能够以程序化方式运行的浏览器, 通常用于进行自动化测试和页面截图等任务。")]),t._v(" "),a("li",[t._v("浏览器请求网页: 无头浏览器会向本地 Express 静态服务发送请求, 请求要渲染的网页。这个请求包括网页的 URL 地址。")]),t._v(" "),a("li",[t._v("网页运行时请求首屏接口: 当无头浏览器加载网页后, 网页的 JavaScript 代码会运行。通常, 网页会通过 API 请求数据, 这些数据用于渲染网页的内容。在预渲染中, 网页通常会请求首屏接口, 获取要在首屏显示的数据。")]),t._v(" "),a("li",[t._v("渲染首屏内容: 接收到首屏接口返回的数据后, 网页会使用这些数据来渲染网页的首屏内容。这个内容可能包括文章、产品信息、图片等。")]),t._v(" "),a("li",[t._v("无头浏览器截屏: 一旦首屏内容被渲染出来, 无头浏览器会执行截屏操作, 将当前网页的内容截取为一张图片。")]),t._v(" "),a("li",[t._v("替换原 HTML: 最后, 生成的图片会被嵌入到原始 HTML 中, 替换掉原来的 HTML。这样, 用户在访问网站时, 会首先看到包含内容的首屏图片, 而不需要等待网页的 JavaScript 加载和执行。")])]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("通过这个过程, 预渲染工具能够显著提高网站的加载速度, 因为用户无需等待 JavaScript 代码执行完毕才能看到内容。同时, 搜索引擎爬虫也能够直接看到渲染后的内容, 从而提高了网站的 SEO 性能。")]),t._v(" "),a("h2",{attrs:{id:"面包屑"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#面包屑"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 面包屑")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("面包屑(Breadcrumbs)是网站或应用程序界面中的一种导航元素, 通常以一种层次结构的方式显示用户当前所在位置, 帮助用户追踪他们在应用中的导航路径。面包屑通常位于页面的顶部或页面标题下方, 以一系列链接的形式出现, 每个链接表示用户导航的一个级别。")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("面包屑的名称来源于童话故事《汉赛尔与格莱特》(Hansel and Gretel)中的一个情节。在故事中, 汉赛尔和格莱特为了找回回家的路, 故意撒下面包屑来标记自己的路径。面包屑导航类似于这种概念, 帮助用户追踪他们的导航路径。")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("典型的面包屑导航的表示形式如下:")]),t._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"language-text line-numbers-mode"},[a("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[a("code",[t._v("首页 > 分类 > 子分类 > 当前页面\n")])]),t._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("1")]),a("br")])]),a("p",[t._v("用户可以通过面包屑导航点击链接返回到先前的页面, 这在大型网站或应用中对用户导航和定位非常有用。当用户浏览多层次的信息结构时, 面包屑可以帮助他们理解他们所在的位置, 快速导航到其他级别, 而不必依赖浏览器的后退按钮。")]),t._v(" "),a("h2",{attrs:{id:"水合率"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#水合率"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 水合率")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v('"水合率"(hydration)是指在客户端渲染(Client-Side Rendering, CSR)和服务器端渲染(Server-Side Rendering, SSR)之间的切换过程。在 Web 开发中, 通常会有两种渲染方式:')]),t._v(" "),a("ul",[a("li",[a("p",[t._v("客户端渲染(CSR): 在 CSR 中, 页面的初始渲染由浏览器完成, 它从服务器获取 HTML 页面的骨架, 然后使用 JavaScript 来渲染和填充页面内容。这意味着初始加载速度可能很快, 但用户在浏览和与页面交互时, 可能需要等待 JavaScript 加载和执行。")])]),t._v(" "),a("li",[a("p",[t._v("服务器端渲染(SSR): 在 SSR 中, 服务器在向浏览器发送 HTML 之前, 先渲染了页面内容。这通常涉及到服务器端使用模板引擎或框架来生成完整的 HTML 页面, 包括内容。这样用户在浏览器中看到内容时, 不需要等待 JavaScript 执行, 因为页面已经包含了渲染好的内容。")])])]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("水合率错误通常发生在从 CSR 切换到 SSR 时, 或从 SSR 切换到 CSR 时。这些错误通常是由于在两种渲染方式中元素 ID 不一致引起的。为了解决这个问题, 需要确保在两种渲染方式之间保持一致的元素 ID, 从而避免水合错误。"),a("RText",{attrs:{text:"在服务端渲染(SSR)中, 为了确保与客户端一致的渲染结果, 需要通过注入特定 ID 的方式来处理这些问题"}}),t._v("。")],1),t._v(" "),a("h2",{attrs:{id:"spa"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#spa"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" SPA")]),t._v(" "),a("blockquote",[a("p",[t._v("Single-page application. "),a("a",{attrs:{href:"https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/SPA",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("link"),a("OutboundLink")],1)])]),t._v(" "),a("h2",{attrs:{id:"aria"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#aria"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" ARIA")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v('"aria" 是 Accessible Rich Internet Applications (ARIA) 的缩写。ARIA 是一组用于增强 Web 内容和应用程序可访问性的规范, 它提供了一组属性、角色和状态, 用于向辅助技术(如屏幕阅读器)提供关于网页结构和交互的信息。')]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("ARIA 通过在 HTML 元素中添加特定的属性来改善可访问性。这些属性可以用于描述页面元素的角色(role)、状态(state)和属性(property), 以帮助残障用户更好地理解和使用页面内容。例如, 可以使用 aria-label 属性为某个元素提供一个描述性的文本标签, 以便辅助技术可以将其读取给用户。")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v('因此, "Adding aria labels" 的意思是在网页中添加 ARIA 标签, 以改善网页的可访问性, 使得用户可以更轻松地使用辅助技术来浏览和交互网页内容。')]),t._v(" "),a("h2",{attrs:{id:"svg"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#svg"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" SVG")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("SVG(可缩放矢量图形)是一种基于 XML 格式的图像格式, 它使用矢量图形描述来定义图像, 因此可以无损地缩放到任意大小而不失真。SVG 图像通常可以使用文本编辑器或者专门的图形编辑工具创建和编辑。")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("下面是一个简单的 SVG 图像示例, 它绘制了一个蓝色的圆圈:")]),t._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"language-xml line-numbers-mode"},[a("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-xml"}},[a("code",[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token tag"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token tag"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("<")]),t._v("svg")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token attr-name"}},[t._v("width")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token attr-value"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation attr-equals"}},[t._v("=")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v('"')]),t._v("100"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v('"')])]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token attr-name"}},[t._v("height")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token attr-value"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation attr-equals"}},[t._v("=")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v('"')]),t._v("100"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v('"')])]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token attr-name"}},[t._v("viewBox")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token attr-value"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation attr-equals"}},[t._v("=")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v('"')]),t._v("0 0 100 100"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v('"')])]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token attr-name"}},[t._v("xmlns")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token attr-value"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation attr-equals"}},[t._v("=")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v('"')]),t._v("http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v('"')])]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(">")])]),t._v("\n "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token tag"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token tag"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("<")]),t._v("circle")]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token attr-name"}},[t._v("cx")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token attr-value"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation attr-equals"}},[t._v("=")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v('"')]),t._v("50"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v('"')])]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token attr-name"}},[t._v("cy")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token attr-value"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation attr-equals"}},[t._v("=")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v('"')]),t._v("50"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v('"')])]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token attr-name"}},[t._v("r")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token attr-value"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation attr-equals"}},[t._v("=")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v('"')]),t._v("40"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v('"')])]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token attr-name"}},[t._v("fill")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token attr-value"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation attr-equals"}},[t._v("=")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v('"')]),t._v("blue"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v('"')])]),t._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("/>")])]),t._v("\n"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token tag"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token tag"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v("</")]),t._v("svg")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(">")])]),t._v("\n")])]),t._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("1")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("2")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("3")]),a("br")])]),a("p",[t._v("让我们解释一下这个 SVG 图像的各个部分:")]),t._v(" "),a("ul",[a("li",[a("code",[t._v("<svg>")]),t._v(": 这是 SVG 图像的根元素, 用于定义一个 SVG 图像。它可以包含各种形状、路径和文本等。")]),t._v(" "),a("li",[a("code",[t._v("width")]),t._v(" 和 "),a("code",[t._v("height")]),t._v(" 属性: 这些属性指定了 SVG 图像的宽度和高度。SVG 图像可以无损地缩放, 但这些属性可以帮助定义 SVG 图像的默认大小。")]),t._v(" "),a("li",[a("code",[t._v("viewBox")]),t._v(' 属性: 这是一个可选的属性, 用于定义 SVG 图像的坐标系。它指定了一个矩形区域, 其中包含了 SVG 图像的可见部分。在这个例子中, viewBox="0 0 100 100" 表示整个 SVG 图像的坐标范围是从 (0,0) 到 (100,100)。\nxmlns 属性: 这是 XML 命名空间属性, 用于指定 SVG 图像所属的 XML 命名空间。在这个例子中, 它指定了 SVG 图像使用的 XML 命名空间是 '),a("code",[t._v("http://www.w3.org/2000/svg")]),t._v("。")]),t._v(" "),a("li",[a("code",[t._v("<circle>")]),t._v(": 这是 SVG 中的一个元素, 用于绘制一个圆。它有 cx 和 cy 属性指定圆心的坐标, 以及 r 属性指定圆的半径。在这个例子中, 圆的圆心是 (50,50), 半径是 40。")]),t._v(" "),a("li",[a("code",[t._v("fill")]),t._v(" 属性: 这个属性用于指定圆的填充颜色。在这个例子中, 圆被填充成蓝色。")])]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("您可以通过修改 SVG 图像的属性和元素来创建各种形状和图案。SVG 图像还支持使用路径 ("),a("code",[t._v("<path>")]),t._v(") 元素来绘制复杂的形状。如果您想要使用 SVG 图像, 但不愿手动编写 SVG 代码, 您也可以使用图形编辑软件(如 Adobe Illustrator、Inkscape 等)来创建 SVG 图像, 并将其导出为 SVG 文件。")]),t._v(" "),a("h2",{attrs:{id:"phantomjs"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#phantomjs"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" "),a("a",{attrs:{href:"https://phantomjs.org/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("PhantomJS"),a("OutboundLink")],1)]),t._v(" "),a("blockquote",[a("p",[t._v("PhantomJS - Scriptable Headless Browser")])]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("PhantomJS is an optimal solution for:")]),t._v(" "),a("ul",[a("li",[t._v("Page automation\nAccess webpages and extract information using the standard DOM API, or with usual libraries like jQuery.")]),t._v(" "),a("li",[t._v("Screen capture\nProgrammatically capture web contents, including SVG and Canvas. Create web site screenshots with thumbnail preview.")]),t._v(" "),a("li",[t._v("Headless website testing\nRun functional tests with frameworks such as Jasmine, QUnit, Mocha, WebDriver, etc.")]),t._v(" "),a("li",[t._v("Network monitoring\nMonitor page loading and export as standard HAR files. Automate performance analysis using YSlow and Jenkins.")])]),t._v(" "),a("h2",{attrs:{id:"iframe"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#iframe"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" iframe")]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("在 HTML 中, iFrame(内联框架)是一种用于嵌入另一个 HTML 文档的标记元素。iFrame 允许你将一个独立的 HTML 文档嵌入到当前页面中的特定区域, 这个区域被定义为 iFrame 的内容区域。以下是 iFrame 在 HTML 中的主要角色和用途:")]),t._v(" "),a("ol",[a("li",[a("p",[t._v("嵌入外部内容: iFrame 最常见的用途是嵌入来自不同源(即不同的域)的外部内容, 例如其他网站、视频、地图等。这使得你可以在自己的网页中嵌入其他网站的内容, 或者在网页中显示来自不同服务提供商的内容, 而无需离开当前页面。")])]),t._v(" "),a("li",[a("p",[t._v("创建内联框架: iFrame 允许你创建一个内联框架, 其中可以加载独立的 HTML 文档。这个内联框架在当前页面中具有自己的独立的文档流, 可以包含独立的 HTML、CSS 和 JavaScript 代码。这对于分隔不同部分的内容或加载与主页面无关的内容非常有用。")])]),t._v(" "),a("li",[a("p",[t._v("与第三方服务集成: 通过嵌入第三方提供的 iFrame 代码, 你可以轻松地将其服务集成到你的网页中。例如, 许多社交媒体平台提供了嵌入式 iFrame 代码, 使你可以在网页上显示社交媒体帖子、评论框等内容。")])]),t._v(" "),a("li",[a("p",[t._v("实现可重用性: iFrame 可以用于创建可重用的组件或小部件, 这些组件可以在多个页面中使用。通过将 iFrame 内嵌到不同的页面中, 你可以在多个地方显示相同的内容, 而不必重复编写代码。")])])]),t._v(" "),a("p",[t._v("尽管 iFrame 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expire --expire=now --all")])])]),s._v(" "),t("RText",{attrs:{text:"git reflog 在以下情况下特别有用: "}}),s._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[s._v("恢复被丢失的提交")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[s._v("找到 HEAD 历史上的特定状态")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[s._v("排查历史操作")])]),s._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"format"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#format"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" format")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[t("code",[s._v("--pretty=format")]),s._v(" 选项允许你指定如何格式化每个提交的输出。下面是一些常用的 "),t("code",[s._v("--pretty=format")]),s._v(" 选项:")]),s._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[t("code",[s._v("%H")]),s._v(": 提交对象(commit)的完整哈希值")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("%h")]),s._v(": 提交对象的简短哈希值")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("%T")]),s._v(": 树对象(tree)的完整哈希值")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("%t")]),s._v(": 树对象的简短哈希值")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("%P")]),s._v(": 父对象(parent)的完整哈希值")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("%p")]),s._v(": 父对象的简短哈希值")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("%an")]),s._v(": 作者(author)的名字")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("%ae")]),s._v(": 作者的电子邮件地址")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("%ad")]),s._v(": 作者修订日期(可以通过 --date 选项进行格式化)")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("%ar")]),s._v(": 作者修订日期,按多久以前的方式显示")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("%cn")]),s._v(": 提交者(committer)的名字")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("%ce")]),s._v(": 提交者的电子邮件地址")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("%cd")]),s._v(": 提交日期")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("%cr")]),s._v(": 提交日期,按多久以前的方式显示")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("%s")]),s._v(": 提交说明(commit message)")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("%b")]),s._v(": 提交说明正文")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("%N")]),s._v(": 提交的分支名称")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("%d")]),s._v(": ref 名称(包括分支、标签等)")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("%gD")]),s._v(": reflog Selector, e.g., refs/stash@{0}")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("%gd")]),s._v(": shortened reflog Selector, e.g., stash@{0}")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("%gs")]),s._v(": reflog Subject")])]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("你可以通过组合这些选项来自定义 "),t("code",[s._v("git log")]),s._v(" 的输出。例如:")]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-sh line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-sh"}},[t("code",[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("git")]),s._v(" log "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[s._v("--pretty")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v("format:"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[s._v("'%h - %an, %ar : %s'")]),s._v("\n")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),t("br")])]),t("p",[s._v("这将显示简短的提交哈希值、作者名字、相对日期和提交说明,格式如下:")]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-yaml line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-yaml"}},[t("code",[s._v("e3d1e7a "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("-")]),s._v(" Alice"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(",")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token key atrule"}},[s._v("2 days ago")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(":")]),s._v(" Fixed bug in authentication\na1b2c3d "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("-")]),s._v(" Bob"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(",")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token key atrule"}},[s._v("3 weeks ago")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(":")]),s._v(" Added new feature\n")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),t("br")])]),t("p",[s._v("结合 "),t("code",[s._v("--graph")]),s._v(" 选项,可以更直观地查看提交历史的分支和合并情况。")]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-sh line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-sh"}},[t("code",[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("git")]),s._v(" log "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[s._v("--pretty")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v("format:"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[s._v("'%h %s'")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[s._v("--graph")]),s._v("\n")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),t("br")])]),t("p",[s._v("例如,输出可能类似于:")]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-sql line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-sql"}},[t("code",[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("*")]),s._v(" e3d1e7a "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("Fixed")]),s._v(" bug "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("in")]),s._v(" authentication\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("|")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("*")]),s._v(" a1b2c3d Added new feature\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("|")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("/")]),s._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("*")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[s._v("8")]),s._v("b1f3d7 Initial "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("commit")]),s._v("\n")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),t("br")])]),t("p",[s._v("这有助于更好地理解项目的分支结构和合并历史。")]),s._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"show"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#show"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" show")]),s._v(" "),t("blockquote",[t("p",[t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://git-scm.com/docs/git-show",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[s._v("link"),t("OutboundLink")],1)])]),s._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[t("code",[s._v("git show <sha>/<tag>")]),s._v(": 查看某一个节点的修改内容")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("git show HEAD@{5}")]),s._v(": 你可以使用 @{n} 来引用 reflog 中输出的提交记录")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("git show origin/master@{yesterday}")]),s._v(": 查看 master 分支在昨天的时候指向了哪个提交")])]),s._v(" "),t("RText",{attrs:{text:"merge commit",color:"red"}}),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("When you use "),t("code",[s._v("git show")]),s._v(" on a merge commit, it shows the commit message and metadata but does not typically show a diff of changes because the changes are already present in the commits being merged.")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("If you want to see the actual changes that were merged, you can look at the individual commits that were merged. To see the changes introduced by the merge commit, you can use:")]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-sh line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-sh"}},[t("code",[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("git")]),s._v(" log "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[s._v("-p")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[s._v("-1")]),s._v(" 74707fa8a985b9059a7663c539df1efcc279eeb4\n")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),t("br")])]),t("p",[s._v("or")]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-sh line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-sh"}},[t("code",[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("git")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("diff")]),s._v(" 2cefc417 f8fcfff4\n")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),t("br")])]),t("p",[s._v("Here's what these commands do:")]),s._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[t("code",[s._v("git log -p -1 <commit>")]),s._v(": Shows the patch introduced in the commit, even for merge commits.")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("git diff <parent1> <parent2>")]),s._v(": Shows the differences between the two parent commits of the merge.")])]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("The "),t("code",[s._v("git diff")]),s._v(" command will give you the actual changes that were combined by the merge commit.")]),s._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"diff"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#diff"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" diff")]),s._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[t("code",[s._v("git diff origin/master...HEAD")]),s._v(": 查看当前head相对master的修改是什么")])]),s._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"stash"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#stash"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" stash")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v('git stash 是 Git 版本控制系统中的一个命令, 用于暂时保存当前工作目录的修改, 并将其放入一个"存储堆栈"中。这样可以让您在不提交修改的情况下切换到其他分支或者进行其他操作。')]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("当您在工作目录中有一些修改, 但又不想立即提交这些修改时, 可以使用 git stash 命令将这些修改保存起来。这将会清空当前工作目录, 使其恢复到上一次提交的状态。")]),s._v(" "),t("RText",{attrs:{text:"常用的命令:"}}),s._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[t("code",[s._v("git stash")]),s._v(": 将当前工作目录的修改保存到一个临时的存储堆栈中。您可以继续在干净的工作目录上进行其他操作")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("git stash save <message>")]),s._v(": 将当前的工作目录和暂存区的更改保存到堆栈中, 并添加一个描述信息。这是最常用的形式。")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("git stash list")]),s._v(": 列出当前的所有存储的工作目录状态。每个存储的状态都有一个唯一的索引(如 stash@{0}、stash@{1} 等)。")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("git stash apply")]),s._v(": 应用最新的存储状态, 但不从堆栈中移除它。")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("git stash pop")]),s._v(": 应用最新的存储状态并从堆栈中移除它。")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("git stash drop stash@{n}")]),s._v(": 移除堆栈中指定索引的存储状态。")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("git stash clear")]),s._v(": 清空堆栈, 移除所有存储状态。")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("git stash branch new-branch-name")]),s._v(": 创建新分支并将堆栈中的最新存储状态应用到新分支上, 然后清空堆栈。")])]),s._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"rev-list"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#rev-list"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" rev-list")]),s._v(" "),t("blockquote",[t("p",[t("code",[s._v("git rev-list")]),s._v(" 用于列出特定范围内的提交对象(commits)ID,也就是在特定的历史区间中包含的提交记录。它可以指定开始和结束的提交对象,并提供多种选项来筛选或格式化输出内容。常用于查看提交的详细历史、查找特定的提交、或者分析提交图。")])]),s._v(" "),t("RText",{attrs:{text:"常用选项"}}),s._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[t("code",[s._v("<commit-range>")]),s._v(": 指定要查看的提交范围,例如 HEAD~10..HEAD,列出从 HEAD 回溯10个提交到最新的提交的对象ID。")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("--count")]),s._v(": 仅输出提交的总数,而不列出具体的提交。")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("--max-count=<n>")]),s._v(": 限制输出为前 n 个提交。")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("--skip=<n>")]),s._v(": 跳过前 n 个提交。")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("--since")]),s._v(" 和 "),t("code",[s._v("--until")]),s._v(': 按时间范围筛选,例如 --since="2023-01-01"。')]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("--author=<author>")]),s._v(": 仅列出指定作者的提交。")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("--grep=<pattern>")]),s._v(": 仅列出提交信息符合某个模式的提交。")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("--ancestry-path")]),s._v(": 只列出特定的“直系祖先”路径,通常在比较两个提交时使用,以显示分支合并中的连续提交路径。")])]),s._v(" "),t("RText",{attrs:{text:"case"}}),s._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[t("code",[s._v("git rev-list --ancestry-path HEAD..origin/main")]),s._v(": 查看当前分支到远程分支的提交路径")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v('git rev-list --count --since="2024-01-01" --until="2024-10-01" HEAD')]),s._v(": 统计某时间段的提交数量")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("git rev-list --graph --oneline HEAD~10..HEAD")]),s._v(": 显示图形化提交历史")])]),s._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"config"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#config"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" config")]),s._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[t("code",[s._v("git config --global --edit")]),s._v(" 编辑 global config")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("git config --global core.ignorecase false")]),s._v(" 全局忽略大小写")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v('git config --global http.proxy "http://127.0.0.1:7890"')]),s._v(": http 代理")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v('git config --global https.proxy "http://127.0.0.1:7890"')]),s._v(": http 代理")])]),s._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"批量设置-git-config"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#批量设置-git-config"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 批量设置 git config")]),s._v(" "),t("blockquote",[t("p",[s._v("使用 Git 的配置来实现在提交不同项目时使用不同的用户名")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-shell line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-shell"}},[t("code",[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("find")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token builtin class-name"}},[s._v(".")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[s._v("-type")]),s._v(" d "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[s._v("-name")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[s._v('".git"')]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[s._v("-execdir")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("git")]),s._v(" config user.name "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[s._v('"xxx"')]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("\\")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(";")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[s._v("-execdir")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("git")]),s._v(" config user.email "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[s._v('"xxxx@gmail.com"')]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("\\")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(";")]),s._v("\n")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),t("br")])]),t("p",[s._v("解释:")]),s._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[t("code",[s._v("-execdir")]),s._v(" 是 find 命令的一个选项, 用于在匹配的目录中执行指定的命令")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("\\")]),s._v(": 反斜杠 \\ 是用来转义分号 ; 的")])]),s._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"api"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#api"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" api")]),s._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[t("code",[s._v("/commit/<sha>")])]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("/commits/<branch>")])]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("/merge_requests/<id>")])])]),s._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"common"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#common"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" common")]),s._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"撤销提交到-stage-的修改"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#撤销提交到-stage-的修改"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 撤销提交到 stage 的修改")]),s._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[t("code",[s._v("git reset HEAD~")]),s._v(" 将导致你的本地工作区、暂存区和提交历史都被重置到了前一个提交的状态. 也就是完全放弃了本地的修改, "),t("RText",{attrs:{text:"一定要非常小心这个命令的使用",color:"red"}})],1),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("git reset --hard HEAD~")]),s._v(" 这将删除最近的提交并重置工作目录和暂存区为上一个提交的状态")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("git revert HEAD")]),s._v(" 将创建一个新的提交, 撤销最近的提交所做的更改。这种方法不会删除之前的提交历史, 而是创建一个新的提交来撤销之前的提交。")])]),s._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"查看一个修改什么时候合并到master的"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#查看一个修改什么时候合并到master的"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 查看一个修改什么时候合并到master的")]),s._v(" "),t("blockquote",[t("p",[t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://blog.csdn.net/wang_8101/article/details/119642437",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[s._v("Git 查看指定 commit 何时 merge 进指定分支"),t("OutboundLink")],1)])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-sh line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-sh"}},[t("code",[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("[")]),s._v("alias"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("]")]),s._v("\n find-merge "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[s._v("\"!sh -c 'commit="),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[s._v("$0")]),s._v(" && branch="),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[s._v("${1"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v(":-")]),s._v("HEAD}")]),s._v(" && (git rev-list "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[s._v("$commit")]),s._v(".."),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[s._v("$branch")]),s._v(" --ancestry-path | cat -n; git rev-list "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[s._v("$commit")]),s._v(".."),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[s._v("$branch")]),s._v(" --first-parent | cat -n) | sort -k2 -s | uniq -f1 -d | sort -n | tail -1 | cut -f2'\"")]),s._v("\n show-merge "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[s._v("\"!sh -c 'merge="),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[s._v("$(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("git")]),s._v(" find-merge $0 $1"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[s._v(")")])]),s._v(" && [ -n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token entity",title:'\\"'}},[s._v('\\"')]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[s._v("$merge")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token entity",title:'\\"'}},[s._v('\\"')]),s._v(" ] && git show "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[s._v("$merge")]),s._v("'\"")]),s._v("\n")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),t("br")])]),t("RText",{attrs:{text:"find-merge 别名"}}),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("这个别名用于找到两个分支之间的最新合并提交。以下是它的工作原理:")]),s._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[t("code",[s._v("commit=$0")]),s._v(": 将第一个参数(作为起始提交)赋值给变量 commit。")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("branch=${1:-HEAD}")]),s._v(": 将第二个参数(作为目标分支)赋值给变量 branch,如果未提供则默认为 HEAD。")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("git rev-list $commit..$branch --ancestry-path")]),s._v(": 列出从起始提交到目标分支的所有提交(包括所有路径)。")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("git rev-list $commit..$branch --first-parent")]),s._v(": 列出从起始提交到目标分支的所有提交(仅包括第一父路径)。")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[s._v("使用 "),t("code",[s._v("cat -n")]),s._v(" 为每个提交编号,并将两次 rev-list 的结果合并。")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[s._v("使用 "),t("code",[s._v("sort -k2 -s")]),s._v(" 按提交哈希进行排序。")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[s._v("使用 "),t("code",[s._v("uniq -f1 -d")]),s._v(" 找到重复的提交(即两个分支共有的提交)。")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[s._v("使用 "),t("code",[s._v("sort -n")]),s._v(" 按编号排序。")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[s._v("使用 "),t("code",[s._v("tail -1")]),s._v(" 取最后一个提交(即最新的合并提交)。")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("使用 cut -f2")]),s._v(" 提取提交哈希。")])]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("最终,它返回的是两个分支之间的最新合并提交的哈希。")]),s._v(" "),t("RText",{attrs:{text:"show-merge 别名"}}),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("这个别名用于显示两个分支之间的最新合并提交。以下是它的工作原理:")]),s._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[t("code",[s._v("merge=$(git find-merge $0 $1)")]),s._v(": 调用 find-merge 别名并获取合并提交的哈希。")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v('[ -n \\"$merge\\" ]')]),s._v(": 检查合并提交哈希是否为空。")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[t("code",[s._v("git show $merge")]),s._v(": 如果合并提交哈希不为空,则显示该合并提交的详细信息。")])]),s._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"科学的忽略本地mock文件"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#科学的忽略本地mock文件"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 科学的忽略本地mock文件")]),s._v(" "),t("blockquote",[t("p",[s._v("在git项目中,假设有一个文件 src/mock.tsx是我本地的mock文件,在任何情况下,我都不希望提交到remote, 怎么实现这个行为,防止误提交。 git hooks?")])]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("为了确保 src/mock.tsx 文件在任何情况下都不会被提交到远程仓库,你可以采取以下几种方法:")]),s._v(" "),t("ol",[t("li",[s._v("使用 .gitignore 文件:")])]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("在你的项目根目录下的 .gitignore 文件中添加以下行:")]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-bash line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-bash"}},[t("code",[s._v("src/mock.tsx\n")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),t("br")])]),t("p",[s._v("这样,Git 会忽略这个文件的变化,不会将其包括在提交中。")]),s._v(" "),t("ol",{attrs:{start:"2"}},[t("li",[s._v("使用 Git hooks:")])]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("你可以使用 Git 的 pre-commit 钩子来防止该文件被提交。Git hooks 是在特定事件发生时自动运行的脚本。你可以创建一个 pre-commit 钩子来检查是否试图提交了 src/mock.tsx 文件,并在检测到时中止提交。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("首先,确保你的项目中有一个 .git/hooks 目录(默认存在)。然后创建一个名为 pre-commit 的文件,并使其可执行:")]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-sh line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-sh"}},[t("code",[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("touch")]),s._v(" .git/hooks/pre-commit\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("chmod")]),s._v(" +x .git/hooks/pre-commit\n")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),t("br")])]),t("p",[s._v("编辑 pre-commit 文件,添加以下内容:")]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-sh line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-sh"}},[t("code",[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token shebang important"}},[s._v("#!/bin/sh")]),s._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("if")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("git")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("diff")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[s._v("--cached")]),s._v(" --name-only "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("|")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("grep")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[s._v("-q")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[s._v("'src/mock.tsx'")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(";")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("then")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token builtin class-name"}},[s._v("echo")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[s._v('"Error: Attempt to commit src/mock.tsx"')]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token builtin class-name"}},[s._v("exit")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[s._v("1")]),s._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("fi")]),s._v("\n")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),t("br")])]),t("p",[s._v("The command "),t("code",[s._v("git diff --cached --name-only | grep -q 'src/mock.tsx'")]),s._v(" is used to check if the file src/mock.tsx is staged (cached) for commit in your Git repository. The -q option in grep suppresses output, and the command will return a success exit code (0) if the file is found, or a failure exit code (1) if it is not found.")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("这个脚本会在每次提交之前运行,检查暂存区中是否包含 src/mock.tsx 文件。如果包含,则中止提交并显示错误信息。")]),s._v(" "),t("ol",{attrs:{start:"3"}},[t("li",[s._v("使用 Git 属性和 update-index:")])]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("如果你已经不小心将 src/mock.tsx 添加到版本控制中,可以使用以下方法:")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("首先将其从版本控制中移除,但保留在本地工作目录中:")]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-sh line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-sh"}},[t("code",[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("git")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("rm")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[s._v("--cached")]),s._v(" src/mock.tsx\n")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),t("br")])]),t("p",[s._v("然后将其添加到 .gitignore 中:")]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-bash line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-bash"}},[t("code",[s._v("src/mock.tsx\n")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),t("br")])]),t("p",[s._v("最后,确保它不会再次被意外添加:")]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-sh line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-sh"}},[t("code",[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("git")]),s._v(" update-index --assume-unchanged src/mock.tsx\n")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),t("br")])]),t("p",[s._v("这样,即使不小心添加了 src/mock.tsx,Git 也会忽略它的变化。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("以上方法都可以有效防止 src/mock.tsx 文件被提交到远程仓库,具体选择哪种方法可以根据你的实际需求和团队工作流程来决定。")]),s._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"稀疏checkout"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#稀疏checkout"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 稀疏checkout")]),s._v(" "),t("blockquote",[t("p",[s._v("sparse checkout 可见"),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://zhuanlan.zhihu.com/p/54581830",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[s._v("链接"),t("OutboundLink")],1)])]),s._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"concept"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#concept"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" concept")]),s._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"stage-changes-暂存区"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#stage-changes-暂存区"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" stage changes(暂存区)")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v('在 Git 中, "stage changes"指的是将修改或新增的文件添加到暂存区(也称为索引)的过程。暂存区是在提交更改之前的一个中间区域, 用于准备提交到版本控制系统中的文件。')]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("当你在工作目录中修改或创建文件后, 这些更改不会立即被记录到 Git 历史中。相反, 你需要使用 git add 命令将这些更改添加到暂存区。通过将更改文件添加到暂存区, 你告诉 Git 将这些更改包含在下一次提交中。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("可以通过以下步骤将更改添加到暂存区:")]),s._v(" "),t("ol",[t("li",[s._v("使用"),t("code",[s._v("git add")]),s._v("命令加入要暂存的文件。例如, "),t("code",[s._v("git add myfile.tx")]),s._v("t 将"),t("code",[s._v("myfile.txt")]),s._v("文件添加到暂存区。")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[s._v("可以使用 "),t("code",[s._v("git rm --cached <file>")]),s._v(" 将文件移出暂存区")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[s._v("使用"),t("code",[s._v("git status")]),s._v('命令检查已暂存的更改。暂存的更改将显示在"Changes to be committed"部分中。\n一旦你将更改添加到暂存区, 你可以使用'),t("code",[s._v("git commit")]),s._v("命令将其提交到 Git 历史记录中。提交后, 暂存区中的更改将成为一个新的版本, 并且可以在需要时回滚或查看历史记录。")])]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("通过将更改分为工作目录、暂存区和历史记录这三个区域, Git 提供了一种灵活而强大的版本控制系统, 使你能够精确控制文件的修改和提交过程。")]),s._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"什么是第一父提交"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#什么是第一父提交"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 什么是第一父提交")]),s._v(" "),t("blockquote",[t("p",[t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://imciel.com/2016/09/09/git-parent/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[s._v("什么是 Git 父提交"),t("OutboundLink")],1),s._v("。 "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://git-scm.com/book/zh/v2/Git-%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B7-%E9%80%89%E6%8B%A9%E4%BF%AE%E8%AE%A2%E7%89%88%E6%9C%AC#%e7%a5%96%e5%85%88%e5%bc%95%e7%94%a8",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[s._v("祖父引用"),t("OutboundLink")],1)])]),s._v(" "),t("RText",{attrs:{text:"合并:"}}),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("合并分支时产生的提交有两个父提交,第一父提交为合并前当前分支的最后一次提交,第二父提交为被合并的分支的最后一次提交。 合并提交的第一父提交是你合并时所在分支(通常为 master),而第二父提交是你所合并的分支(例如 feature)")]),s._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"祖先引用"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#祖先引用"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 祖先引用")]),s._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[t("code",[s._v("^")]),s._v(": 引用的尾部加上一个. 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内存信息")]),s._v(" "),a("li",[a("code",[s._v("adb shell dumpsys window | grep mCurrentFocus")]),s._v(" 获取设备的当前前台 Activity")]),s._v(" "),a("li",[a("code",[s._v("adb shell dumpsys SurfaceFlinger –latency")]),s._v(" 用于获取 Android 设备上 SurfaceFlinger 的延迟信息")]),s._v(" "),a("li",[a("code",[s._v("adb shell dumpsys gfxinfo $processName")]),s._v(" 用于获取特定应用程序进程的图形渲染信息")])]),s._v(" "),a("h3",{attrs:{id:"am"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#am"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" am")]),s._v(" "),a("blockquote",[a("p",[a("code",[s._v("adb shell am -h")])])]),s._v(" "),a("ul",[a("li",[a("code",[s._v("adb shell am crash")])]),s._v(" "),a("li",[a("code",[s._v("adb shell am kill")]),s._v(": 在安全模式下杀死进程, 不影响用户体验")]),s._v(" "),a("li",[a("code",[s._v("adb shell am kill-all")]),s._v(": 杀掉所有后台程序")]),s._v(" "),a("li",[a("code",[s._v("adb shell am force-stop")]),s._v(": 应用在前台强制关闭, 强制关闭指定的 package 包应用")]),s._v(" "),a("li",[a("code",[s._v("adb shell am start -D")])]),s._v(" "),a("li",[a("code",[s._v("adb shell am start -W")])]),s._v(" "),a("li",[a("code",[s._v("adb shell am set-debug-app -w $package")])]),s._v(" "),a("li",[a("code",[s._v("adb shell am set-debug-app -w --persistent $package")])]),s._v(" "),a("li",[a("code",[s._v("adb shell am clear-debug-app $package")]),s._v(" cancel debug with launch")]),s._v(" "),a("li",[a("code",[s._v("adb shell am broadcast -a $action")])]),s._v(" "),a("li",[a("code",[s._v("adb shell am broadcast -a $action -e x.command activity -e name jacky")]),s._v(" 通过 broadcast 传递参数")])]),s._v(" "),a("h3",{attrs:{id:"pm"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#pm"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" pm")]),s._v(" "),a("ul",[a("li",[a("code",[s._v("adb shell pm list packages")])]),s._v(" "),a("li",[a("code",[s._v("adb shell pm list packages -f -3 | grep <too> | sed 's/^package:\\(.*\\)=.*/\\1/'")]),s._v(": get the path of apk\n"),a("ul",[a("li",[s._v("with the -f flag to get the path of the app too")])])]),s._v(" "),a("li",[a("code",[s._v("adb shell pm path {package}")]),s._v(": determine its installed path on the device")]),s._v(" "),a("li",[a("code",[s._v("adb pull /data/app/com.ubercab-1/base.apk com.ubercab.apk")]),s._v(": download the APK from the device")]),s._v(" "),a("li",[a("code",[s._v("adb shell pm clear <package>")]),s._v(": 清除应用缓存")])]),s._v(" "),a("h3",{attrs:{id:"ps"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#ps"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" ps")]),s._v(" "),a("p",[a("code",[s._v("adb shell ps")]),s._v(" 命令提供了一些选项, 可以用来过滤和显示特定的进程信息。以下是一些常用的选项:")]),s._v(" "),a("ul",[a("li",[a("code",[s._v("-A")]),s._v(": 显示所有进程, 包括系统进程和应用程序进程。")]),s._v(" "),a("li",[a("code",[s._v("-a")]),s._v(": 显示除了无效的进程(已经被 init 启动的进程)之外的所有进程。")]),s._v(" "),a("li",[a("code",[s._v("-x")]),s._v(": 显示所有进程, 包括未运行的进程。")]),s._v(" "),a("li",[a("code",[s._v("-r")]),s._v(": 按照内存使用量来排序进程。")]),s._v(" "),a("li",[a("code",[s._v("-n")]),s._v(": 按照进程名字来排序进程。")]),s._v(" "),a("li",[a("code",[s._v("-s")]),s._v(": 按照进程状态来排序进程。")]),s._v(" "),a("li",[a("code",[s._v("-p")]),s._v(": 显示进程的 PID(进程标识符)。")]),s._v(" "),a("li",[a("code",[s._v("-c")]),s._v(": 显示进程的 CPU 利用率。")]),s._v(" "),a("li",[a("code",[s._v("-u")]),s._v(": 显示进程的用户名称和 UID(用户标识符)。")]),s._v(" "),a("li",[a("code",[s._v("-t")]),s._v(": 显示进程的线程信息。")]),s._v(" "),a("li",[a("code",[s._v("-Z")]),s._v(": 显示进程的安全上下文。")])]),s._v(" "),a("p",[s._v("您可以根据需要选择适当的选项来获取所需的进程信息。例如, 使用命令 adb shell ps -p 可以显示进程的 PID, 而使用命令 adb shell ps -t 可以显示进程的线程信息")]),s._v(" "),a("h3",{attrs:{id:"logcat"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#logcat"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" logcat")]),s._v(" "),a("ul",[a("li",[a("code",[s._v("adb logcat -h")])]),s._v(" "),a("li",[a("code",[s._v("adb logcat -G 16M")]),s._v(" 将缓冲区大小设置为 16MB")]),s._v(" "),a("li",[a("code",[s._v("adb logcat -c")]),s._v(" 清除设备日志缓存的 ADB 命令")]),s._v(" "),a("li",[a("code",[s._v("adb logcat -b crash")]),s._v(" 查看设备上的崩溃日志")]),s._v(" "),a("li",[s._v("日志过滤\n"),a("ul",[a("li",[a("code",[s._v("adb logcat *:V")])]),s._v(" "),a("li",[a("code",[s._v("adb logcat *:E")])]),s._v(" "),a("li",[a("code",[s._v('adb logcat -s "keyword"')])]),s._v(" "),a("li",[a("code",[s._v('adb logcat *:E -s "keyword"')])]),s._v(" "),a("li",[a("code",[s._v("adb logcat | grep -E 'regex'")])])])])]),s._v(" "),a("h3",{attrs:{id:"input"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#input"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" input")]),s._v(" "),a("blockquote",[a("p",[a("code",[s._v("adb shell input")]),s._v(" 是用于模拟输入事件的 ADB 命令, 它可以在 Android 设备上执行各种输入操作, 如按键、点击、滑动等。")])]),s._v(" "),a("p",[s._v("以下是 adb shell input 命令的一些常见用法:")]),s._v(" "),a("ul",[a("li",[a("p",[s._v("模拟点击事件: "),a("code",[s._v("adb shell input tap x y")]),s._v("\n这里的 x 和 y 分别是屏幕上的横纵坐标, 用于指定点击的位置。")])]),s._v(" "),a("li",[a("p",[s._v("模拟按键事件: "),a("code",[s._v("adb shell input keyevent KEYCODE")]),s._v("\n这里的 KEYCODE 是表示按键码的整数值, 用于模拟按下指定的按键。(KeyCode 查询"),a("a",{attrs:{href:"https://developer.android.com/reference/android/view/KeyEvent",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[s._v("地址"),a("OutboundLink")],1),s._v(")")])]),s._v(" "),a("li",[a("p",[s._v("模拟滑动事件: "),a("code",[s._v("adb shell input swipe x1 y1 x2 y2 [duration]")]),s._v("\n这里的(x1, y1)和(x2, y2)是滑动起始点和终点的坐标, duration 表示滑动的持续时间。")])]),s._v(" "),a("li",[a("p",[s._v('模拟输入文本: adb shell input text "your_text"\n这里的 your_text 是要输入的文本内容, 可以是任意字符串。')])]),s._v(" "),a("li",[a("p",[s._v("长按某个按键: adb shell input keyevent --longpress KEYCODE\n这里的 KEYCODE 是表示按键码的整数值, 用于模拟长按指定的按键。")])])]),s._v(" "),a("p",[s._v("注意: 使用 "),a("code",[s._v("adb shell input")]),s._v(' 命令需要连接到 Android 设备, 并且设备必须具有开发者选项中的"USB 调试"选项已启用。此外, 某些命令可能需要 Root 权限才能执行。')]),s._v(" "),a("h2",{attrs:{id:"tricks"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#tricks"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" Tricks")]),s._v(" "),a("ul",[a("li",[s._v("dump anr info")])]),s._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"language-shell line-numbers-mode"},[a("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-shell"}},[a("code",[s._v("adb shell\nrun-as "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[s._v("$package")]),s._v(" // run app as root\n"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("kill")]),s._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[s._v("-s")]),s._v(" SIGQUIT "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("<")]),s._v("pid"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v(">")]),s._v("\n")])]),s._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),a("br")])]),a("h2",{attrs:{id:"实践"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#实践"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 实践")]),s._v(" "),a("h3",{attrs:{id:"访问私有目录文件"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#访问私有目录文件"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 访问私有目录文件")]),s._v(" "),a("blockquote",[a("p",[s._v("下面使用的常规方法获取私有目录权限, 所以此方法需要 app 可调试")])]),s._v(" "),a("ol",[a("li",[a("code",[s._v("run-as $package")]),s._v(" 将指定目录压缩")])]),s._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"language-shell line-numbers-mode"},[a("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-shell"}},[a("code",[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("tar")]),s._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token parameter variable"}},[s._v("-zcvf")]),s._v(" mojituo.tar.gz "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[s._v("$dir")]),s._v("\n")])]),s._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),a("br")])]),a("ol",{attrs:{start:"2"}},[a("li",[s._v("退出手机 shell, 将数据流重定向到 mac 端")])]),s._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"language-shell line-numbers-mode"},[a("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-shell"}},[a("code",[s._v("adb shell run-as "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[s._v("$package")]),s._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("cat")]),s._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("(")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[s._v("`")]),s._v("上述目录的打包成zip的路径"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[s._v("`")])]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(")")]),s._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v(">")]),s._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("(")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[s._v("`")]),s._v("输出到mac端的路径"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token variable"}},[s._v("`")])]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(")")]),s._v("\n")])]),s._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),a("br")])]),a("p",[s._v("二、release 日志")]),s._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"language-sh line-numbers-mode"},[a("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-sh"}},[a("code",[s._v("private val DEBUG "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" Log.isLoggable"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("(")]),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[s._v('"MessageFragment"')]),s._v(", Log.DEBUG"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(")")]),s._v("\n\nadb shell setprop log.tag.Main D\nadb shell setprop log.tag.MessageFragment D\n")])]),s._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),a("br")])]),a("h3",{attrs:{id:"接口转发"}},[a("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#接口转发"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 接口转发")]),s._v(" "),a("p",[s._v("【背景】咨询一个网络的问题, 我这里有两台设备,分别为 PC 和 Android A 设备,这两个设备处于同一个 wifi 下面, 比如 wifi 名称为 wifiA。\n另外有一个设备 Android B, 处于一些原因没有连接到 wifiA。而是通过热点连接到 Android A 的热点上, 从而 PC 和 Android B 也能互通私有的资源。\nAndroid B 的 ip 地址为: "),a("code",[s._v("192.168.254.193")]),s._v("。 另外 Android B 上面安装了 frida 服务, 如果 PC 要访问 Android B 的服务, 我这里通过如下命令进行连接:\n"),a("code",[s._v("objection -N --host 192.168.254.193 --port 1234 explore")])]),s._v(" "),a("p",[s._v("最终的结果是:")]),s._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"language-shell line-numbers-mode"},[a("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-shell"}},[a("code",[s._v("Unable to connect to the frida server: unable to connect to remote frida-server: Could not connect to "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[s._v("192.168")]),s._v(".254.193: Operation timed out\n")])]),s._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),a("br")])]),a("p",[a("strong",[s._v("以下的回答供参考 "),a("RText",{attrs:{text:"chatGPT",color:"green"}}),s._v(", 并没有测试通过:")],1)]),s._v(" "),a("p",[s._v("根据您提供的信息, 我们可以看到 Android B 连接到了 Android A 的热点上, 这会导致 Android B 和 PC 处于不同的子网中, 因此 PC 无法直接访问 Android B 的 IP 地址。为了解决这个问题, 您可以尝试通过以下步骤进行操作:")]),s._v(" "),a("p",[s._v("一、在 Android A 上启用 IP 转发功能。 在 Android A 的终端上运行以下命令:")]),s._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"language-shell line-numbers-mode"},[a("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-shell"}},[a("code",[a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("su")]),s._v("\n"),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token builtin class-name"}},[s._v("echo")]),s._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[s._v("1")]),s._v(" "),a("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v(">")]),s._v(" /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward\n")])]),s._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),a("br"),a("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),a("br")])]),a("p",[s._v("这将启用 Android A 上的 IP 转发功能, 使其可以将来自 PC 的请求转发到 Android B。")]),s._v(" "),a("p",[s._v("二、设置 Android B 的默认网关。\n在 Android B 的终端上运行以下命令:")]),s._v(" "),a("div",{staticClass:"language-shell 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file mode 100644 index 0000000000..f1ccb3abea --- /dev/null +++ b/assets/js/73.9b379165.js @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +(window.webpackJsonp=window.webpackJsonp||[]).push([[73],{392:function(e,t,r){"use strict";r.r(t);var i=r(4),v=Object(i.a)({},(function(){var e=this,t=e._self._c;return t("ContentSlotsDistributor",{attrs:{"slot-key":e.$parent.slotKey}},[t("h2",{attrs:{id:"prerequisite"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#prerequisite"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" prerequisite")]),e._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"证书"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#证书"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" 证书")]),e._v(" "),t("blockquote",[t("p",[e._v("这种由权威部门颁发的称为证书。有权威机构去认证, 这个机构叫 CA(Certificate Authority)")])]),e._v(" "),t("RText",{attrs:{text:"证书里面有什么"}}),e._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[e._v("公钥")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("所有者")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("发布机构和证书有效期")])]),e._v(" "),t("ol",[t("li",[t("p",[e._v("创建私钥:"),t("code",[e._v("openssl genrsa -out cliu8siteprivate.key 1024")])])]),e._v(" "),t("li",[t("p",[e._v("根据这个私钥创建公钥: "),t("code",[e._v("openssl rsa -in cliu8siteprivate.key -pubout -out cliu8sitepublic.pem")])])]),e._v(" "),t("li",[t("p",[e._v("证书请求: "),t("code",[e._v("openssl req -key cliu8siteprivate.key -new -out cliu8sitecertifiacte.req")])])])]),e._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[t("code",[e._v("req")]),e._v(" 命令用于生成证书请求(CSR)。"),t("code",[e._v("-key")]),e._v(" 参数指定用于签署请求的私钥,"),t("code",[e._v("-new")]),e._v(" 表示创建新的证书请求,"),t("code",[e._v("-out")]),e._v(" 指定输出请求文件。")])]),e._v(" "),t("ol",{attrs:{start:"4"}},[t("li",[e._v("证书的签名: "),t("code",[e._v("openssl x509 -req -in cliu8sitecertifiacte.req -CA cacertificate.pem -CAkey caprivate.key -out cliu8sitecertificate.pem")])])]),e._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[e._v("将生成的证书请求 (cliu8sitecertifiacte.req) 发送给权威证书机构(CA),CA 会用其私钥对该请求签名并生成签名后的证书")])]),e._v(" "),t("ol",{attrs:{start:"5"}},[t("li",[e._v("查看证书内容: "),t("code",[e._v("openssl x509 -in cliu8sitecertificate.pem -noout -text")])])]),e._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"加密方案"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#加密方案"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" 加密方案")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("为了同时兼顾安全和效率, 我们通常结合使用公钥算法和私钥算法:")]),e._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[e._v("首先, 发送方使用对称算法对原始信息进行加密。")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("接收方通过公钥机制生成一对密钥, 一个公钥, 一个私钥。")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("接收方 将公钥发送给 发送方。")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("发送方用公钥对对称算法的密钥进行加密, 并发送给接收方。")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("接收方用私钥进行解密得到对称算法的密钥。")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("发送方再把已加密的原始信息发送给接收方。")]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("接收方使用对称算法的密钥进行解密。")])]),e._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"https-协议的总体思路"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#https-协议的总体思路"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" HTTPS 协议的总体思路")]),e._v(" "),t("p",[t("img",{attrs:{src:"https://raw.githubusercontent.com/jacky1234/picArchieve/master/uPic/x2ccL5.jpg",alt:"img"}})]),e._v(" "),t("ol",[t("li",[t("p",[e._v("Client 会发送 Client Hello 到服务器, 以明文传输 TLS 版本信息, 加密套件候选列表, 压缩算法候选列表等信息。还有个随机数, 在协商密钥的时候使用。")])]),e._v(" "),t("li",[t("p",[e._v("Server 返回 Server Hello 信息, 告诉客户端, 服务器选择用的协议版本, 加密套件, 压缩算法等, 还有一个随机数, 用于后续协商密钥。")])]),e._v(" "),t("li",[t("p",[e._v('Server 返回服务器证书, 然后说 "Server Hello Done"')])]),e._v(" "),t("li",[t("p",[e._v("Client 从自己信任的 CA 仓库中, 那 CA 的证书公钥去解密外卖网站的证书。如果解密成功, 则说明外卖证书可信。这个过程可能会不断线上追溯 CA, CA 的 CA, CA 的 CA 的 CA, 反正知道一个授信的 CA, 就可以了。")])]),e._v(" "),t("li",[t("p",[e._v("客户端计算 "),t("code",[e._v("pre-master")]),e._v(" 随机数, 发送 Client key exchange, 用证书中的公钥加密, 发给服务器。服务器通过私钥解密 "),t("code",[e._v("pre-master")]),e._v(" 随机数")])])]),e._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[e._v("目前有 3 个随机数, 分别是: 自己的, 对端的, 以及刚刚生成的 pre-master 随机数.通过这 3 个随机数, 在 Clent 和 Server 端产生相同的对称密钥 "),t("em",[e._v("master secret")])])]),e._v(" "),t("ol",{attrs:{start:"7"}},[t("li",[e._v('Client 可以说 "Change Clipher Spec" 。以后采用协商的通信密钥和加密算法进行通信, 对称密钥通信。')]),e._v(" "),t("li",[e._v("Client 发送一个 Encrypted Handshake Message,将协商好的参数, 采用协商密钥加密, 发送给 Server 用于数据与握手验证。")])]),e._v(" "),t("RText",{attrs:{text:"问题: 为什么不能只用一个 pre-master 作为之后加密的对称密钥?"}}),e._v(" "),t("p",[e._v("虽然只有服务器有私钥, 能够解密 pre-master 呀, 但仅用它作为 master secret 是不够安全的, 这是因为要以防客户端的 pre-master 并不是随机数的情况。所以加上另外两个随机数 client-random 以及 server-random(而这两个随机数和时间有相关性), 这样就能保证最后生成的 master secret 一定是随机数")]),e._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"link"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#link"}},[e._v("#")]),e._v(" link")]),e._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[e._v("刘超《趣谈网络协议-15》")])])],1)}),[],!1,null,null,null);t.default=v.exports}}]); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/assets/js/74.aec80def.js b/assets/js/74.aec80def.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..60e8ac89cd --- /dev/null +++ b/assets/js/74.aec80def.js @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +(window.webpackJsonp=window.webpackJsonp||[]).push([[74],{394:function(t,e,a){"use strict";a.r(e);var r=a(4),s=Object(r.a)({},(function(){var t=this,e=t._self._c;return e("ContentSlotsDistributor",{attrs:{"slot-key":t.$parent.slotKey}},[e("h2",{attrs:{id:"websocket"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#websocket"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" WebSocket")]),t._v(" "),e("blockquote",[e("p",[t._v("WebSocket, 下层和 HTTP 一样也是基于 TCP 协议, 是一种轻量级网络通信协议, 也属于应用层协议。")]),t._v(" "),e("p",[t._v('WebSocket 与 HTTP/2 一样, 其实都是为了解决 HTTP/1.1 的一些缺陷而诞生的, 而 WebSocket 针对的就是「请求-应答」这种"半双工"的模式的通信缺陷。')])]),t._v(" "),e("h3",{attrs:{id:"附件"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#附件"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 附件")]),t._v(" "),e("ul",[e("li",[e("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/ad-ppp/WsManager",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("基于Okhttp的WebSocket示例-WsManager"),e("OutboundLink")],1)]),t._v(" "),e("li",[e("a",{attrs:{href:"https://cloud.tencent.com/developer/article/1719385",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("使用Android WebSocket实现即时通讯功能"),e("OutboundLink")],1)])]),t._v(" "),e("h2",{attrs:{id:"socket"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#socket"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" Socket")]),t._v(" "),e("blockquote",[e("p",[t._v("网络中的 Socket 并不是什么协议, 而是为了使用 TCP, UDP 而抽象出来的一层 API, 它是位于应用层和传输层之间的一个抽象层。")])]),t._v(" "),e("hr"),t._v(" 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"),s("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("1")]),s("br"),s("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[t._v("2")]),s("br")])]),s("p",[t._v("将请求中的关键信息(版本、类型、密钥、时间戳)进行拼接后,用 RSA 公钥加密。RSA 加密是一种非对称加密算法,确保数据在传输过程中不被第三方窃取和篡改。")]),t._v(" "),s("h3",{attrs:{id:"_6-组合签名和加密内容"}},[s("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#_6-组合签名和加密内容"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 6.组合签名和加密内容")]),t._v(" "),s("div",{staticClass:"language-java line-numbers-mode"},[s("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-java"}},[s("code",[s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[t._v("return")]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token string"}},[t._v('"key="')]),t._v(" "),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[t._v("+")]),t._v(" randomValue"),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[t._v(".")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[t._v("getKey")]),s("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token 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"),s("RText",{attrs:{text:"1. 时间戳防重放攻击:"}}),t._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[t._v("攻击难度: 中等")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("分析: 攻击者需要获取有效的时间戳并在短时间内重放请求。尽管时间戳能防止简单的重放攻击,但如果攻击者能截获并迅速重放请求,仍可能成功。因此,时间戳的保护强度在于其有效期的短暂性。")])]),t._v(" "),s("RText",{attrs:{text:"2.SHA-256 哈希值计算:"}}),t._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[t._v("攻击难度: 低")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("分析:SHA-256 哈希函数是公开的,攻击者可以轻松计算任何数据的 SHA-256 哈希值。然而,这部分并不会直接暴露密钥信息,主要用于确保数据完整性。")])]),t._v(" "),s("RText",{attrs:{text:"3.HMAC 签名:"}}),t._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[t._v("攻击难度: 高")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("分析:HMAC 签名需要一个秘密密钥。假设密钥存储在客户端且保护得当(如通过硬编码或混淆),攻击者需要获取该密钥才能生成有效的签名。提取密钥通常需要逆向工程客户端代码或从设备存储中读取,这些操作较为复杂。")])]),t._v(" "),s("RText",{attrs:{text:"4.RSA 加密:"}}),t._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[t._v("攻击难度: 高")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("分析:RSA 加密使用公钥加密敏感信息。即使攻击者能截获加密的数据,也难以解密,除非获取私钥。私钥通常不会存储在客户端,而是保存在服务器端,因此攻击者难以直接破解加密数据。")])]),t._v(" "),s("RText",{attrs:{text:"5.整体破解难度:"}}),t._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[t._v("攻击难度: 中到高")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("分析: 攻击者需要通过多种复杂技术手段,包括逆向工程、内存分析、代码注入等,才能破解整个签名过程。以下是一些具体的破解方法及其难度:\n"),s("ul",[s("li",[t._v("逆向工程和代码注入: 攻击者可能尝试逆向工程客户端应用,以理解并提取密钥和签名算法。这通常需要熟练的逆向工程技术和工具。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("内存分析: 攻击者可以使用调试工具或内存分析工具(如 Frida)动态分析应用运行时的内存,捕获密钥和其他敏感信息。这需要高级技术和深入的应用知识。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("代码混淆和反混淆: 如果客户端代码经过混淆处理,破解难度将大幅增加。然而,经验丰富的攻击者仍可能通过反混淆和动态调试破解代码。")])])])]),t._v(" "),s("RText",{attrs:{text:"总结:"}}),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("综合考虑上述保护措施和可能的攻击方法,该 API 在客户端的破解难度总体较高。虽然部分防护机制(如 SHA-256 哈希和时间戳)较易绕过,但核心的 HMAC 签名和 RSA 加密有效地提升了破解难度。为了进一步提高安全性,可以采用以下措施:")]),t._v(" "),s("ul",[s("li",[t._v("使用代码混淆工具保护客户端代码,增加逆向工程难度。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("在客户端尽量少存储或传递敏感信息,减少被攻击者提取的可能性。")]),t._v(" "),s("li",[t._v("实现动态密钥管理机制,定期更新密钥,降低密钥泄露后的风险。")])]),t._v(" "),s("p",[t._v("即使如此,再强的客户端安全措施也无法完全避免被攻破的可能性,因此,服务器端的安全防护同样至关重要。")])],1)}),[],!1,null,null,null);s.default=e.exports}}]); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/assets/js/76.d5862149.js b/assets/js/76.d5862149.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..c7d2378875 --- /dev/null +++ b/assets/js/76.d5862149.js @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +(window.webpackJsonp=window.webpackJsonp||[]).push([[76],{395:function(t,e,r){"use strict";r.r(e);var a=r(4),o=Object(a.a)({},(function(){var t=this,e=t._self._c;return e("ContentSlotsDistributor",{attrs:{"slot-key":t.$parent.slotKey}},[e("h2",{attrs:{id:"ttl"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#ttl"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" TTL")]),t._v(" "),e("blockquote",[e("p",[t._v("TTL( Time-To-Live 生存时间), 表示一条域名解析记录在 DNS 服务器上缓存时间。当 DNS 服务器获得一条 DNS 解析记录后, 会在 DNS 服务器中保存一段时间, 这段时间内如果再接到这个域名的解析请求, DNS 服务器将不再发出解析请求, 而是直接返回缓存的记录。")])]),t._v(" "),e("h2",{attrs:{id:"tls"}},[e("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#tls"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" TLS")]),t._v(" "),e("blockquote",[e("p",[e("a",{attrs:{href:"https://www.cnblogs.com/bonelee/p/10404733.html",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("TLS 改变密码标准协议(Change Cipher Spec Protocol) 就是加密传输中每隔一段时间必须改变其加解密参数的协议"),e("OutboundLink")],1)])]),t._v(" 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"),e("a",{attrs:{href:"https://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//www.baidu.com",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("http://www.baidu.com"),e("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(" 的时候, 需要通过 DNS 查处 IP 地址是 14.215.177.39")])]),t._v(" "),e("RText",{attrs:{text:"域名解析过程"}}),t._v(" "),e("p",[e("img",{attrs:{src:"https://pic4.zhimg.com/80/v2-fd660e4769ac4ce59b0ef86e79c508c3_1440w.jpg",alt:"img"}})]),t._v(" "),e("blockquote",[e("p",[t._v("假设访问 "),e("a",{attrs:{href:"https://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//www.baidu.com",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("http://www.baidu.com"),e("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(" 域名解析过程如下:")])]),t._v(" "),e("ul",[e("li",[t._v("1.查找本地 DNS 缓存(即系统缓存), 如没有则进行下一步")]),t._v(" "),e("li",[t._v("2.向 "),e("strong",[t._v("localDNS")]),t._v(" (本地 DNS 服务器, 一般是由 ISP 互联网服务提供商, 例如联通、电信和移动提供)发起查询请求, 如没有则 localDNS 会向根域名服务器发起查询请求。")]),t._v(" "),e("li",[t._v("3.根域名服务器会返回 .com 的顶级域名服务器地址")]),t._v(" "),e("li",[t._v("4.localDNS 向顶级域名服务器发起查询, 顶级域名服务器返回 ."),e("a",{attrs:{href:"https://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//baidu.com",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("http://baidu.com"),e("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(" 的次级域名服务器地址")]),t._v(" "),e("li",[t._v("5.localDNS 向次级域名服务器发起查询, 次级域名服务器返回 "),e("a",{attrs:{href:"https://link.zhihu.com/?target=http%3A//www.baidu.com",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("http://www.baidu.com"),e("OutboundLink")],1),t._v(" 的 IP 地址")]),t._v(" "),e("li",[t._v("6.localDNS 记录缓存, 并返回给客户端。")])])],1)}),[],!1,null,null,null);e.default=o.exports}}]); \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/assets/js/77.972488a9.js b/assets/js/77.972488a9.js new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..40b2555696 --- /dev/null +++ b/assets/js/77.972488a9.js @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +(window.webpackJsonp=window.webpackJsonp||[]).push([[77],{396:function(t,_,r){"use strict";r.r(_);var v=r(4),e=Object(v.a)({},(function(){var t=this,_=t._self._c;return _("ContentSlotsDistributor",{attrs:{"slot-key":t.$parent.slotKey}},[_("h2",{attrs:{id:"tcp-三次握手"}},[_("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#tcp-三次握手"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" TCP 三次握手")]),t._v(" "),_("blockquote",[_("p",[t._v("为什么三次握手才可以初始化 Socket、序列号和窗口大小并建立 TCP 连接")])]),t._v(" "),_("blockquote",[_("p",[_("a",{attrs:{href:"https://xiaolincoding.com/network/3_tcp/tcp_interview.html#%E4%B8%BA%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%E6%98%AF%E4%B8%89%E6%AC%A1%E6%8F%A1%E6%89%8B-%E4%B8%8D%E6%98%AF%E4%B8%A4%E6%AC%A1%E3%80%81%E5%9B%9B%E6%AC%A1",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("link"),_("OutboundLink")],1)])]),t._v(" "),_("p",[t._v("简单来说, 三次握手的首要原因是为了 "),_("RText",{attrs:{text:"防止旧的重复连接初始化造成混乱",color:"red"}}),t._v("。接下来, 以三个方面分析三次握手的原因:")],1),t._v(" "),_("ul",[_("li",[t._v("三次握手才可以阻止重复历史连接的初始化(主要原因)")]),t._v(" "),_("li",[t._v("三次握手才可以同步双方的初始序列号")]),t._v(" "),_("li",[t._v("三次握手才可以避免资源浪费")])]),t._v(" "),_("p",[_("img",{attrs:{src:"https://cdn.xiaolincoding.com//mysql/other/format,png-20230309230525514.png",alt:""}})]),t._v(" "),_("h2",{attrs:{id:"为什么挥手需要四次"}},[_("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#为什么挥手需要四次"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" 为什么挥手需要四次")]),t._v(" "),_("blockquote",[_("p",[_("a",{attrs:{href:"https://xiaolincoding.com/network/3_tcp/tcp_interview.html#%E4%B8%BA%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88%E6%8C%A5%E6%89%8B%E9%9C%80%E8%A6%81%E5%9B%9B%E6%AC%A1",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[t._v("link"),_("OutboundLink")],1)])]),t._v(" "),_("p",[_("img",{attrs:{src:"https://cdn.xiaolincoding.com//mysql/other/format,png-20230309230614791.png",alt:"四次挥手"}})]),t._v(" "),_("ul",[_("li",[t._v("客户端打算关闭连接, 此时会发送一个 TCP 首部 FIN 标志位被置为 1 的报文, 也即 FIN 报文, 之后客户端进入 FIN_WAIT_1 状态。")]),t._v(" "),_("li",[t._v("服务端收到该报文后, 就向客户端发送 ACK 应答报文, 接着服务端进入 CLOSE_WAIT 状态。")]),t._v(" "),_("li",[t._v("客户端收到服务端的 ACK 应答报文后, 之后进入 FIN_WAIT_2 状态。")]),t._v(" "),_("li",[t._v("等待服务端处理完数据后, 也向客户端发送 FIN 报文, 之后服务端进入 LAST_ACK 状态。")]),t._v(" "),_("li",[t._v("客户端收到服务端的 FIN 报文后, 回一个 ACK 应答报文, 之后进入 TIME_WAIT 状态")]),t._v(" "),_("li",[t._v("服务端收到了 ACK 应答报文后, 就进入了 CLOSE 状态, 至此服务端已经完成连接的关闭。")]),t._v(" "),_("li",[t._v("客户端在经过 2MSL 一段时间后, 自动进入 CLOSE 状态, 至此客户端也完成连接的关闭。")])]),t._v(" "),_("h2",{attrs:{id:"session-cookie"}},[_("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#session-cookie"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" SESSION/COOKIE")]),t._v(" "),_("blockquote",[_("p",[_("RouterLink",{attrs:{to:"/pages/a7816d/"}},[t._v("jump")])],1)]),t._v(" "),_("h2",{attrs:{id:"ipv4-地址"}},[_("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#ipv4-地址"}},[t._v("#")]),t._v(" IPv4 地址")]),t._v(" "),_("p",[t._v("一个 IPv4 地址,可以使用 16 进制的输出代表. 这里分析下 16 进制各子节代表的意义, 以: "),_("code",[t._v("00 02 13 88 7f 00 00 01 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00")]),t._v(" 为例")]),t._v(" "),_("p",[t._v("这个 16 进制的输出代表一个 IPv4 地址。让我们一起分析它:")]),t._v(" "),_("ul",[_("li",[_("code",[t._v("00 02")]),t._v(": 这是表示地址族(Address Family)的字段, 其中 00 02 对应 AF_INET, 表示 IPv4 地址族。")]),t._v(" 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"),t("p",[t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://labuladong.online/algo/slug.html?slug=diameter-of-binary-tree",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[s._v("详细解析参见"),t("OutboundLink")],1)]),s._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"二叉树中的最大路径和"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#二叉树中的最大路径和"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://leetcode.cn/problems/binary-tree-maximum-path-sum/solutions/297005/er-cha-shu-zhong-de-zui-da-lu-jing-he-by-leetcode-/?show=1",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[s._v("二叉树中的最大路径和"),t("OutboundLink")],1)]),s._v(" "),t("blockquote",[t("p",[s._v("二叉树中的 路径 被定义为一条节点序列, 序列中每对相邻节点之间都存在一条边。同一个节点在一条路径序列中 至多出现一次 。该路径 至少包含一个 节点, 且不一定经过根节点。\n"),t("RText",{attrs:{text:"路径和"}}),s._v(" 是路径中各节点值的总和。\n给你一个二叉树的根节点 root , 返回其 最大路径和 。")],1)]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-java line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-java"}},[t("code",[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("class")]),s._v(" 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寻找二叉树的叶子节点")]),s._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"dp"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#dp"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" DP")]),s._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"最长递增子序列"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#最长递增子序列"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://leetcode.cn/problems/longest-increasing-subsequence/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[s._v("最长递增子序列"),t("OutboundLink")],1)]),s._v(" "),t("blockquote",[t("p",[s._v("输入一个无序的整数数组, 请你找到其中最长的严格递增子序列的长度。")])]),s._v(" "),t("p",[t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://labuladong.online/algo/dynamic-programming/longest-increasing-subsequence/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[s._v("题解"),t("OutboundLink")],1),s._v("\n分析: "),t("RText",{attrs:{text:"子问题: dp[i] 表示以 nums[i] 这个数结尾的最长递增子序列的长度"}})],1),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-java line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-java"}},[t("code",[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("int")]),s._v(" 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对于数组 "),t("code",[s._v("[1, 4, 3, 4, 2, 3]")]),s._v(" 其中 "),t("code",[s._v("nums[0]")]),s._v(" 和 "),t("code",[s._v("nums[4]")]),s._v(" 都是小于 "),t("code",[s._v("nums[5]")]),s._v(" 的, 然后对比 dp[0] 和 dp[4] 的值, 我们让 nums[5] 和更长的递增子序列结合, 得出 dp[5] = 3。 上面解法的: 时间复杂度 O(N^2)。但对最长递增子序列问题来说, 这个解法不是最优的, 可能无法通过所有测试用例")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[t("img",{attrs:{src:"https://labuladong.online/algo/images/%E6%9C%80%E9%95%BF%E9%80%92%E5%A2%9E%E5%AD%90%E5%BA%8F%E5%88%97/gif1.gif",alt:""}})]),s._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"俄罗斯套娃信封问题"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#俄罗斯套娃信封问题"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://leetcode.cn/problems/russian-doll-envelopes/description/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[s._v("俄罗斯套娃信封问题"),t("OutboundLink")],1)]),s._v(" "),t("blockquote",[t("p",[s._v("给你一个二维整数数组 envelopes , 其中 envelopes[i] = [wi, hi] , 表示第 i 个信封的宽度和高度。当另一个信封的宽度和高度都比这个信封大的时候, 这个信封就可以放进另一个信封里, 如同俄罗斯套娃一样。")])]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("请计算 "),t("RText",{attrs:{text:"最多能有多少个",color:"orange"}}),s._v(' 信封能组成一组"俄罗斯套娃"信封(即可以把一个信封放到另一个信封里面)。')],1),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("注意: 不允许旋转信封。")]),s._v(" "),t("RText",{attrs:{text:"这道题目其实是最长递增子序列的一个变种, 因为每次合法的嵌套是大的套小的, 相当于在二维平面中找一个最长递增的子序列, 其长度就是最多能嵌套的信封个数。"}}),s._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"最大子数组"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#最大子数组"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://leetcode.cn/problems/maximum-subarray/description/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[s._v("最大子数组"),t("OutboundLink")],1)]),s._v(" "),t("blockquote",[t("p",[s._v("给你一个整数数组 nums , 请你找出一个具有最大和的连续子数组(子数组最少包含一个元素), 返回其最大和。(子数组是数组中的一个连续部分。)")])]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("想用滑动窗口算法, 先问自己几个问题:")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("1、什么时候应该扩大窗口?")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("2、什么时候应该缩小窗口?")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("3、什么时候更新答案?")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("我之前认为这题用不了滑动窗口算法, 因为我认为 nums 中包含负数, 所以无法确定什么时候扩大和缩小窗口。但经读者评论的启发, 发现这道题确实是可以用滑动窗口技巧解决的。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("我们可以 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"),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://labuladong.online/algo/dynamic-programming/edit-distance/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[s._v("题解"),t("OutboundLink")],1)]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("为什么说这个问题难呢, 因为显而易见, 它就是难, 让人手足无措, 望而生畏。为什么说它实用呢... DNA.再比如高大上一点的应用, DNA 序列是由 A,G,C,T 组成的序列, 可以类比成字符串。编辑距离可以衡量两个 DNA 序列的相似度, 编辑距离越小, 说明这两段 DNA 越相似, 说不定这俩 DNA 的主人是远古近亲啥的。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[t("strong",[s._v("解决两个字符串的动态规划问题, 一般都是用两个指针 i, j 分别指向两个字符串的最后, 然后一步步往前移动, 缩小问题的规模。")])]),s._v(" "),t("RText",{attrs:{text:"伪代码:"}}),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-java line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-java"}},[t("code",[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("if")]),s._v(" s1"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("[")]),s._v("i"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("]")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("==")]),s._v(" s2"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("[")]),s._v("j"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("]")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v(":")]),s._v("\n 啥都别做"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token 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"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("dp")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("(")]),s._v("s1"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(",")]),s._v(" i"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(",")]),s._v(" s2"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(",")]),s._v(" j "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("-")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[s._v("1")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(")")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("+")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[s._v("1")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(",")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[s._v("// 插入. 我直接在 s1[i] 插入一个和 s2[j] 一样的字符, 那么 s2[j] 就被匹配了, 前移 j, 继续跟 i 对比")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token 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"),t("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("15")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("16")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("17")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("18")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("19")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("20")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("21")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("22")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("23")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("24")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("25")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("26")]),t("br")])]),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"零钱兑换"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#零钱兑换"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://leetcode.cn/problems/coin-change/description/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[s._v("零钱兑换"),t("OutboundLink")],1)]),s._v(" "),t("RText",{attrs:{text:"题目: "}}),s._v(" 给你一个整数数组 coins , 表示不同面额的硬币;以及一个整数 amount , 表示总金额。计算并返回可以凑成总金额所需的 最少的硬币个数 。如果没有任何一种硬币组合能组成总金额, 返回 -1 。\n"),t("p",[s._v("你可以认为每种硬币的数量是无限的。")]),s._v(" "),t("RText",{attrs:{text:"分析:"}}),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("1、确定 base case, 显然目标金额 amount 为 0 时算法返回 0, 因为不需要任何硬币就已经凑出目标金额了。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("2、确定「状态」, 也就是原问题和子问题中会变化的变量。由于硬币数量无限, 硬币的面额也是题目给定的, 只有目标金额会不断地向 base case 靠近, 所以唯一的「状态」就是目标金额 amount。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("3、确定「选择」, 也就是导致「状态」产生变化的行为。目标金额为什么变化呢, 因为你在选择硬币, 你每选择一枚硬币, 就相当于减少了目标金额。所以说所有硬币的面值, 就是你的「选择」。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("4、明确 dp 函数/数组的定义: 输入一个目标金额 n, 返回凑出目标金额 n 的最少硬币数量。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("按照 dp 函数的定义描述「选择」, 得到最终答案 dp(amount)。")]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-java line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-java"}},[t("code",[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("class")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[s._v("Solution")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("{")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("int")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("[")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("]")]),s._v(" memo"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(";")]),s._v("\n\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("public")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("int")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("coinChange")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("int")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token 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"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[s._v("// dp 数组全都初始化为特殊值")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[s._v("Arrays")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(".")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("fill")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("(")]),s._v("memo"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(",")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[s._v("666")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(")")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(";")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("return")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("dp")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("(")]),s._v("coins"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(",")]),s._v(" 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"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("return")]),s._v(" memo"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("[")]),s._v("amount"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("]")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(";")]),s._v("\n\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("int")]),s._v(" res "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[s._v("Integer")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(".")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token constant"}},[s._v("MAX_VALUE")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(";")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("for")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("int")]),s._v(" coin "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v(":")]),s._v(" coins"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(")")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("{")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[s._v("// 计算子问题的结果")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("int")]),s._v(" subProblem "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("dp")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("(")]),s._v("coins"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(",")]),s._v(" amount "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("-")]),s._v(" coin"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(")")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(";")]),s._v("\n\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[s._v("// 子问题无解则跳过")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("if")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("(")]),s._v("subProblem "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("==")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[s._v("1")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(")")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("continue")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(";")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[s._v("// 在子问题中选择最优解, 然后加一。 这里加1是因为 subProblem 代表减去coin后, 凑出目标金额 n 的最少硬币数量")]),s._v("\n res "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[s._v("Math")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(".")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("min")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token 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class-name"}},[s._v("Integer")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(".")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token constant"}},[s._v("MAX_VALUE")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(")")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("?")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[s._v("1")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v(":")]),s._v(" res"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(";")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("return")]),s._v(" memo"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("[")]),s._v("amount"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("]")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(";")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("}")]),s._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("}")]),s._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[s._v("// 详细解析参见:")]),s._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[s._v("// https://labuladong.online/algo/slug.html?slug=coin-change")]),s._v("\n")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("15")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("16")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("17")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("18")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("19")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("20")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("21")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("22")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("23")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("24")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("25")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("26")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("27")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("28")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("29")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("30")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("31")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("32")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("33")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("34")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("35")]),t("br")])]),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"斐波那契数"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#斐波那契数"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://leetcode.cn/problems/fibonacci-number/description/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[s._v("斐波那契数"),t("OutboundLink")],1)]),s._v(" "),t("RText",{attrs:{text:"题目"}}),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("斐波那契数 (通常用 F(n) 表示)形成的序列称为 斐波那契数列 。该数列由 0 和 1 开始, 后面的每一项数字都是前面两项数字的和。也就是:")]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language- line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[t("code",[s._v("F(0) = 0, F(1) = 1\nF(n) = F(n - 1) + F(n - 2), 其中 n > 1\n")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),t("br")])]),t("p",[s._v("给定 n , 请计算 F(n) 。")]),s._v(" "),t("hr"),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-ava line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-text"}},[t("code",[s._v("class Solution {\n public int fib(int n) {\n if (n == 0 || n == 1) {\n // base case\n return n;\n }\n // 分别代表 dp[i - 1] 和 dp[i - 2]\n int dp_i_1 = 1, dp_i_2 = 0;\n for (int i = 2; i <= n; i++) {\n // dp[i] = dp[i - 1] + dp[i - 2];\n int dp_i = dp_i_1 + dp_i_2;\n dp_i_2 = dp_i_1;\n dp_i_1 = dp_i;\n }\n return dp_i_1;\n }\n}\n// 详细解析参见:\n// https://labuladong.online/algo/slug.html?slug=fibonacci-number\n")])]),s._v(" 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"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" slow"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(".")]),s._v("next"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(";")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("}")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("return")]),s._v(" slow"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(";")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("}")]),s._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("}")]),s._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[s._v("// 详细解析参见:")]),s._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[s._v("// https://labuladong.online/algo/slug.html?slug=linked-list-cycle-ii")]),s._v("\n")])]),s._v(" 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"),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://leetcode.cn/problems/intersection-of-two-linked-lists/description/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[s._v("相交链表"),t("OutboundLink")],1)]),s._v(" "),t("blockquote",[t("p",[s._v("给你两个单链表的头节点 headA 和 headB , 请你找出并返回两个单链表相交的起始节点。如果两个链表不存在相交节点, 返回 null 。")])]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("这个题直接的想法可能是用 HashSet 记录一个链表的所有节点, 然后和另一条链表对比, 但这就需要额外的空间。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("如果不用额外的空间, 只使用两个指针, 你如何做呢?")]),s._v(" "),t("RText",{attrs:{text:"解决这个问题的关键是, 通过某些方式, 让 p1 和 p2 能够同时到达相交节点 c1。"}}),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("所以, 我们可以让 p1 遍历完链表 A 之后开始遍历链表 B, 让 p2 遍历完链表 B 之后开始遍历链表 A, 这样相当于「逻辑上」两条链表接在了一起。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("如果这样进行拼接, 就可以让 p1 和 p2 同时进入公共部分, 也就是同时到达相交节点 c1")]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-java line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-java"}},[t("code",[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[s._v("ListNode")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("getIntersectionNode")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[s._v("ListNode")]),s._v(" headA"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(",")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[s._v("ListNode")]),s._v(" headB"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(")")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("{")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[s._v("// p1 指向 A 链表头结点, p2 指向 B 链表头结点")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[s._v("ListNode")]),s._v(" p1 "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" headA"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(",")]),s._v(" p2 "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" headB"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(";")]),s._v("\n\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("while")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("(")]),s._v("p1 "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("!=")]),s._v(" p2"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(")")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("{")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[s._v("// p1 走一步, 如果走到 A 链表末尾, 转到 B 链表")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("if")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("(")]),s._v("p1 "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("==")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("null")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(")")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("{")]),s._v("\n p1 "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" headB"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(";")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("}")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("else")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("{")]),s._v("\n p1 "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" p1"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(".")]),s._v("next"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(";")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("}")]),s._v("\n\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[s._v("// p2 走一步, 如果走到 B 链表末尾, 转到 A 链表")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("if")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("(")]),s._v("p2 "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("==")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("null")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(")")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("{")]),s._v("\n p2 "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" headA"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(";")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("}")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("else")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("{")]),s._v("\n p2 "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" p2"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(".")]),s._v("next"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(";")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("}")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("}")]),s._v("\n\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[s._v("// 返回 p1 或者 p2, 它们指向的节点即为两个链表的交点(如果有交点), 否则返回 null")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("return")]),s._v(" p1"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(";")]),s._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("}")]),s._v("\n\n")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("15")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("16")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("17")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("18")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("19")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("20")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("21")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("22")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("23")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("24")]),t("br")])]),t("RText",{attrs:{text:"判断两个链表是否相交"}}),s._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[s._v("方法 1: 先循环链表 1, 将每个节点的地址进行 hash 计算存入哈希表, 然后计算链表 2 的每个节点的地址的 hash 值, 若与 hash 表中对应位置有值, 则相交, 否则不相交。")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[s._v("方法 2: 见链表 1 与 2 进行首尾相连, 判断新链表是否有环, 若没有, 则不相交, 若有环, 则是相交的。")]),s._v(" "),t("li",[s._v("方法 3: 先计算两个链表的长度 L1、L2, 若 L1 > L2, 则先将链表 1 移动(L1 - L2)个节点, 等到链表 1 和链表 2 剩下的长度一样的时候, 一起向后移动, 依次判断当前链表的节点是否相等, 若相等, 则相交, 若到队尾还没有相等的, 则不相交")])]),s._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"删除链表的倒数第-n-个结点"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#删除链表的倒数第-n-个结点"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://leetcode.cn/problems/remove-nth-node-from-end-of-list/description/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[s._v("删除链表的倒数第 N 个结点"),t("OutboundLink")],1)]),s._v(" "),t("blockquote",[t("p",[s._v("给你一个链表, 删除链表的倒数第 n 个结点, 并且返回链表的头结点。")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-java line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-java"}},[t("code",[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[s._v("// 主函数")]),s._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("public")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[s._v("ListNode")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("removeNthFromEnd")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[s._v("ListNode")]),s._v(" head"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(",")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("int")]),s._v(" n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(")")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("{")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[s._v("// 虚拟头结点")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[s._v("ListNode")]),s._v(" dummy "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("new")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[s._v("ListNode")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("-")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[s._v("1")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(")")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(";")]),s._v("\n dummy"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(".")]),s._v("next "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" head"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(";")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[s._v("// 删除倒数第 n 个, 要先找倒数第 n + 1 个节点")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[s._v("ListNode")]),s._v(" x "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("findFromEnd")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("(")]),s._v("dummy"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(",")]),s._v(" n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("+")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[s._v("1")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(")")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(";")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[s._v("// 删掉倒数第 n 个节点")]),s._v("\n x"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(".")]),s._v("next "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" x"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(".")]),s._v("next"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(".")]),s._v("next"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(";")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("return")]),s._v(" dummy"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(".")]),s._v("next"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(";")]),s._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("}")]),s._v("\n\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[s._v("// 返回链表的倒数第 k 个节点")]),s._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[s._v("ListNode")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("findFromEnd")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[s._v("ListNode")]),s._v(" head"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(",")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("int")]),s._v(" k"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(")")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("{")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[s._v("ListNode")]),s._v(" p1 "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" head"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(";")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[s._v("// p1 先走 k 步")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("for")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("int")]),s._v(" i "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[s._v("0")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(";")]),s._v(" i "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("<")]),s._v(" k"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(";")]),s._v(" i"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("++")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(")")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("{")]),s._v("\n p1 "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" p1"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(".")]),s._v("next"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(";")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("}")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[s._v("ListNode")]),s._v(" p2 "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" head"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(";")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[s._v("// p1 和 p2 同时走 n - k 步")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("while")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("(")]),s._v("p1 "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("!=")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("null")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(")")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("{")]),s._v("\n p2 "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" p2"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(".")]),s._v("next"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(";")]),s._v("\n p1 "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" p1"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(".")]),s._v("next"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(";")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("}")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[s._v("// p2 现在指向第 n - k + 1 个节点, 即倒数第 k 个节点")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("return")]),s._v(" p2"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token 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punctuation"}},[s._v(")")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(";")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("}")]),s._v("\n\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("while")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("!")]),s._v("pq"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(".")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("isEmpty")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(")")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(")")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("{")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[s._v("// 获取最小节点, 接到结果链表中")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[s._v("ListNode")]),s._v(" node "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" pq"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(".")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("poll")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(")")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(";")]),s._v("\n p"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(".")]),s._v("next "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" node"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(";")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("if")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("(")]),s._v("node"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(".")]),s._v("next "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("!=")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token 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"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("}")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("return")]),s._v(" dummy"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(".")]),s._v("next"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(";")]),s._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("}")]),s._v("\n")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("15")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("16")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("17")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("18")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("19")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("20")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("21")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("22")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("23")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("24")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("25")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("26")]),t("br")])]),t("p",[s._v("这个算法是面试常考题, 它的时间复杂度是多少呢?")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("优先队列 pq 中的元素个数最多是 k, 所以一次 poll 或者 add 方法的时间复杂度是 O(logk);所有的链表节点都会被加入和弹出 pq, 所以算法整体的时间复杂度是 O(Nlogk), 其中 k 是链表的条数, N 是这些链表的节点总数。")]),s._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"分隔链表"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#分隔链表"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://leetcode.cn/problems/partition-list/description/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[s._v("分隔链表"),t("OutboundLink")],1)]),s._v(" "),t("blockquote",[t("p",[s._v("给你一个链表的头节点 head 和一个特定值 x , 请你对链表进行分隔, 使得所有 小于 x 的节点都出现在 大于或等于 x 的节点之前。 (你应当 保留 两个分区中每个节点的初始相对位置。)")])]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("分成两组即可")]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-java line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-java"}},[t("code",[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("class")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[s._v("Solution")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("{")]),s._v("\n 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small"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(".")]),s._v("next"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(";")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("}")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("else")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("{")]),s._v("\n large"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(".")]),s._v("next "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" current"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(";")]),s._v("\n large "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" large"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(".")]),s._v("next"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(";")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("}")]),s._v("\n current "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" current"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(".")]),s._v("next"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(";")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("}")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[s._v("// 我们将 large 的 next 指针置空, 这是因为当前节点复用的是原链表的节点")]),s._v("\n large"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(".")]),s._v("next "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("null")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(";")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[s._v("// 拼接两个列表")]),s._v("\n small"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(".")]),s._v("next "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" largeHead"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token 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"),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://leetcode.cn/problems/middle-of-the-linked-list/description/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[s._v("链表的中间结点"),t("OutboundLink")],1)]),s._v(" "),t("blockquote",[t("p",[s._v("给你单链表的头结点 head , 请你找出并返回链表的中间结点。")])]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("我们让两个指针 slow 和 fast 分别指向链表头结点 head。")]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("每当慢指针 slow 前进一步, 快指针 fast 就前进两步, 这样, 当 fast 走到链表末尾时, slow 就指向了链表中点。")]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-java line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-java"}},[t("code",[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[s._v("ListNode")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("middleNode")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[s._v("ListNode")]),s._v(" head"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(")")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("{")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[s._v("// 快慢指针初始化指向 head")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[s._v("ListNode")]),s._v(" slow "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" head"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(",")]),s._v(" fast "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" head"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(";")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[s._v("// 快指针走到末尾时停止")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("while")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("(")]),s._v("fast "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("!=")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("null")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("&&")]),s._v(" fast"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token 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"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("}")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[s._v("// 慢指针指向中点")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("return")]),s._v(" slow"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(";")]),s._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("}")]),s._v("\n")])]),s._v(" 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noreferrer"}},[s._v("递归魔法: 反转单链表"),t("OutboundLink")],1)]),s._v(" "),t("code-group",[t("code-block",{attrs:{title:"递归",active:""}},[t("div",{staticClass:"language-java line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-java"}},[t("code",[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[s._v("// 定义: 输入一个单链表头结点, 将该链表反转, 返回新的头结点")]),s._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[s._v("ListNode")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("reverse")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[s._v("ListNode")]),s._v(" head"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(")")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("{")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[s._v("// 如果链表为空或者只有一个节点的时候, 反转结果就是它自己, 直接返回即可")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("if")]),s._v(" 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"),t("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),t("br")])])])],1),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("这个算法常常拿来显示递归的巧妙和优美, 我们下面来详细解释一下这段代码。"),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://labuladong.online/algo/data-structure/reverse-linked-list-recursion/#%E4%B8%80%E3%80%81%E9%80%92%E5%BD%92%E5%8F%8D%E8%BD%AC%E6%95%B4%E4%B8%AA%E9%93%BE%E8%A1%A8",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[s._v("原链接"),t("OutboundLink")],1)]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("对于递归算法, 最重要的就是明确递归函数的定义。具体来说, 我们的 reverse 函数定义是这样的:")]),s._v(" "),t("RText",{attrs:{text:"输入一个节点 head, 将「以 head 为起点」的链表反转, 并返回反转之后的头结点。"}}),s._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"数组"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#数组"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://labuladong.online/algo/essential-technique/array-two-pointers-summary/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[s._v("数组"),t("OutboundLink")],1)]),s._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"两数之和-ii-输入有序数组"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#两数之和-ii-输入有序数组"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://leetcode.cn/problems/two-sum-ii-input-array-is-sorted/description/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[s._v("两数之和 II - 输入有序数组"),t("OutboundLink")],1)]),s._v(" "),t("blockquote",[t("p",[s._v("给你一个下标从 1 开始的整数数组 numbers , 该数组已按 非递减顺序排列 , 请你从数组中找出满足相加之和等于目标数 target 的两个数。如果设这两个数分别是 "),t("code",[s._v("numbers[index1]")]),s._v(" 和 "),t("code",[s._v("numbers[index2]")]),s._v(" , 则 1 <= index1 < index2 <= numbers.length 。")])]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("思路: 使用双指针, 一个指针指向最大索引, 一个指针指向最小索引")]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-java line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-java"}},[t("code",[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("public")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("int")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("[")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("]")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("twoSum")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("int")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("[")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("]")]),s._v(" nums"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(",")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("int")]),s._v(" target"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(")")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("{")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[s._v("// 先对数组排序")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[s._v("Arrays")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(".")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("sort")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("(")]),s._v("nums"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(")")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(";")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[s._v("// 左右指针")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("int")]),s._v(" lo "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[s._v("0")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(",")]),s._v(" hi "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" nums"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(".")]),s._v("length "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("-")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[s._v("1")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(";")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("while")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("(")]),s._v("lo "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("<")]),s._v(" hi"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(")")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("{")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("int")]),s._v(" sum "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" nums"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("[")]),s._v("lo"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("]")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("+")]),s._v(" nums"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("[")]),s._v("hi"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("]")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(";")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[s._v("// 根据 sum 和 target 的比较, 移动左右指针")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("if")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("(")]),s._v("sum "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("<")]),s._v(" target"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(")")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("{")]),s._v("\n lo"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("++")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token 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"),t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://leetcode.cn/problems/remove-duplicates-from-sorted-array/description/",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[s._v("删除有序数组中的重复项"),t("OutboundLink")],1)]),s._v(" "),t("blockquote",[t("p",[s._v("给你一个 非严格递增排列 的数组 nums , 请你 原地 删除重复出现的元素, 使每个元素 只出现一次 , 返回删除后数组的新长度。元素的 相对顺序 应该保持 一致 。然后返回 nums 中唯一元素的个数。")])]),s._v(" "),t("p",[s._v("本体依旧使用快慢指针技巧。 我们让慢指针 slow 走在后面, 快指针 fast 走在前面探路, 找到一个不重复的元素就告诉 slow 并让 slow 前进一步。这样当 fast 指针遍历完整个数组 nums 后, "),t("strong",[s._v("nums[0..slow] 就是不重复元素")]),s._v("。")]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"language-java line-numbers-mode"},[t("pre",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"language-java"}},[t("code",[t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("class")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token class-name"}},[s._v("Solution")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("{")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("public")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("int")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token function"}},[s._v("removeDuplicates")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("(")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("int")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("[")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("]")]),s._v(" nums"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(")")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("{")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("if")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("(")]),s._v("nums"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(".")]),s._v("length "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("==")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[s._v("0")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token 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"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("(")]),s._v("fast "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("<")]),s._v(" nums"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(".")]),s._v("length"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(")")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("{")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("if")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("(")]),s._v("nums"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("[")]),s._v("fast"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("]")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("!=")]),s._v(" nums"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("[")]),s._v("slow"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("]")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(")")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("{")]),s._v("\n slow"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("++")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(";")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[s._v("// 维护 nums[0..slow] 无重复")]),s._v("\n nums"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("[")]),s._v("slow"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("]")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("=")]),s._v(" nums"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("[")]),s._v("fast"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("]")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(";")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("}")]),s._v("\n fast"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("++")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(";")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("}")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[s._v("// 数组长度为索引 + 1")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token keyword"}},[s._v("return")]),s._v(" slow "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token operator"}},[s._v("+")]),s._v(" "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token number"}},[s._v("1")]),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v(";")]),s._v("\n "),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("}")]),s._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token punctuation"}},[s._v("}")]),s._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[s._v("// 详细解析参见:")]),s._v("\n"),t("span",{pre:!0,attrs:{class:"token comment"}},[s._v("// https://labuladong.online/algo/slug.html?slug=remove-duplicates-from-sorted-array")]),s._v("\n")])]),s._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("1")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("2")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("3")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("4")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("5")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("6")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("7")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("8")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("9")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("10")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("11")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("12")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("13")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("14")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("15")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("16")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("17")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("18")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("19")]),t("br"),t("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[s._v("20")]),t("br")])]),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"移除元素"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#移除元素"}},[s._v("#")]),s._v(" 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strict";v.r(t);var a=v(4),r=Object(a.a)({},(function(){var _=this,t=_._self._c;return t("ContentSlotsDistributor",{attrs:{"slot-key":_.$parent.slotKey}},[t("h2",{attrs:{id:"一、为什么要控糖"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#一、为什么要控糖"}},[_._v("#")]),_._v(" 一、为什么要控糖")]),_._v(" "),t("p",[_._v('我们最亲密的 10 个人中, 9 个人可能都在不知不觉中坐上了"葡萄糖过山车"。')]),_._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"二、出现葡萄糖峰值有哪些危害"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#二、出现葡萄糖峰值有哪些危害"}},[_._v("#")]),_._v(" 二、出现葡萄糖峰值有哪些危害")]),_._v(" "),t("p",[_._v("未来, 全球有 3/5 的人将会死于炎症引发的相关疾病。所幸, 降低葡萄糖峰值可以预防炎症的产生, 继而降低患炎症类疾病的风险")]),_._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"_1-火车、面包和俄罗斯方块葡萄糖峰值出现时体内发生的三大变化"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#_1-火车、面包和俄罗斯方块葡萄糖峰值出现时体内发生的三大变化"}},[_._v("#")]),_._v(" 1.火车、面包和俄罗斯方块葡萄糖峰值出现时体内发生的三大变化")]),_._v(" "),t("hr"),_._v(" "),t("RText",{attrs:{text:"胰岛素和脂肪堆积"}}),_._v(" "),t("p",[_._v("胰岛素是非常有益的。但是, 随着葡萄糖峰值出现次数的增多, 我们体内分泌的胰岛素也会越来越多。而胰岛素过多是导致肥胖、2 型糖尿病、多囊卵巢综合征等疾病的根本原因。非常重要的一点是, 在我们将自己的血糖曲线变平稳的同时, 我们自身的胰岛素曲线也会自动地变平稳。")]),_._v(" "),t("p",[_._v("身体的工作原理就是, 当我们体内的葡萄糖水平升高时, 胰腺就成了俄罗斯方块的玩家。胰腺的主要功能之一就是释放一种叫作胰岛素的激素。"),t("RText",{attrs:{text:"胰岛素的唯一作用就是将多余的葡萄糖存储在身体的存储单元中, 使其脱离身体循环, 保护我们不被伤害"}}),_._v("。如果没有胰岛素, 我们就无法生存。1 型糖尿病患者由于胰腺无法产生胰岛素, 必须通过注射胰岛素来弥补这一缺陷。")],1),_._v(" "),t("p",[_._v("胰岛素会将多余的葡萄糖存储在几个不同的存储单元中。第一个存储单元是肝脏。肝脏是非常重要的存储单元, 因为血液流经消化系统, 经过肠道, 携带着新产生的葡萄糖, 最终都会流经肝脏。")]),_._v(" "),t("p",[_._v('肝脏将葡萄糖转化为一种新的形态, 我们称之为糖原。这个过程相当于植物将葡萄糖转化为淀粉。糖原其实是淀粉的"表亲"——由许多葡萄糖分子手拉手相互连接而成。 如果过多的葡萄糖保持着原本的形态, 就会引起氧化应激和糖化反应。但是, 一旦葡萄糖转化为糖原, 就不会造成损害。肝脏可以存储大概 '),t("code",[_._v("100g")]),_._v(" 糖原形态的葡萄糖(相当于 2 份大薯条中的葡萄糖含量)。这是我们的身体每天所需的能量来源—— "),t("code",[_._v("200g")]),_._v(" 葡萄糖的一半。")]),_._v(" "),t("p",[_._v("第二个存储单元是我们的肌肉。肌肉是非常有效的存储单元, 对于一个普通的体重为 70 kg 的成年人, 其肌肉可以存储大约 "),t("code",[_._v("400g")]),_._v(" 糖原形态的葡萄糖, 这相当于 7 份大薯条中的葡萄糖含量。虽然肝脏和肌肉是非常有效的存储单元, 但是我们平时吃的葡萄糖实在是超过所需要的太多了, 所以这些存储单元很快就存满了。如果没有其他的存储单元来储存多余的葡萄糖, 我们的身体很快就无法再继续进行俄罗斯方块游戏。")]),_._v(" "),t("p",[_._v("一旦我们的肝脏和肌肉中存满了葡萄糖, 体内多余的葡萄糖就会转化为脂肪, 成为我们的脂肪储备, 这是让我们体重增加的原因之一。")]),_._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"_2-从头到脚葡萄糖峰值是如何让我们生病的"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#_2-从头到脚葡萄糖峰值是如何让我们生病的"}},[_._v("#")]),_._v(" 2.从头到脚葡萄糖峰值是如何让我们生病的")]),_._v(" "),t("p",[_._v('随着对葡萄糖的了解越来越多, 我发现有很多令人困扰的短期症状都跟葡萄糖峰值与谷值相关, 并且症状因人而异。有些人会头晕、恶心、心悸、出汗、食欲旺盛和备感压力;有些人, 比如我自己, 会感到疲惫, 出现"脑雾"。许多控糖女神社区的会员还会表现出情绪低落或焦虑的症状。')]),_._v(" "),t("p",[_._v("长期来看, 葡萄糖峰值的形成过程会造成氧化应激、糖化、炎症和胰岛素过量反应, 会导致多种慢性疾病, 包括 2 型糖尿病、关节炎、抑郁症等的发生")]),_._v(" "),t("hr"),_._v(" "),t("RText",{attrs:{text:"短期影响"}}),_._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[_._v("持续的饥饿感")]),_._v(" "),t("li",[_._v("食欲旺盛")]),_._v(" "),t("li",[_._v("慢性疲劳")]),_._v(" "),t("li",[_._v("糟糕的睡眠\n"),t("blockquote",[t("p",[_._v("血糖失调的一个常见症状是半夜突然惊醒, 心脏怦怦直跳。通常情况下, 这是血糖水平在半夜急剧下降导致的结果。绝经后的女性容易失眠和部分男性睡眠呼吸暂停也与他们喜欢在血糖处于高水平时, 或刚经历葡萄糖峰值后立刻就寝有关。如果我们晚上想睡个好觉, 那么就要让我们的血糖曲线平稳化")])])]),_._v(" "),t("li",[_._v("感冒和冠状病毒并发症")]),_._v(" "),t("li",[_._v("更棘手的妊娠糖尿病")]),_._v(" "),t("li",[_._v("潮热和盗汗")]),_._v(" "),t("li",[_._v("偏头痛")]),_._v(" "),t("li",[_._v("记忆和认知功能问题\n"),t("blockquote",[t("p",[_._v("如果我们正准备参加考试、结算账目或者想赢得一场激烈的辩论赛, 那么一定要选对在开始这些事情之前所吃的食物。当我们打算补充能量时, 往往会倾向于吃一些甜食, 但是, 这种选择会让我们的大脑反应变得迟钝。事实证明, 过高的葡萄糖峰值会影响大脑的记忆力和认知功能")])])]),_._v(" "),t("li",[_._v("更难管理的 1 型糖尿病")])]),_._v(" "),t("hr"),_._v(" "),t("RText",{attrs:{text:"长期影响"}}),_._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[_._v("痤疮和其他皮肤问题")]),_._v(" "),t("li",[_._v("衰老与关节炎")]),_._v(" "),t("li",[_._v("阿尔茨海默病与痴呆")]),_._v(" "),t("li",[_._v("患癌症的风险加大")]),_._v(" "),t("li",[_._v("精神障碍")]),_._v(" "),t("li",[_._v("肠道问题")]),_._v(" "),t("li",[_._v("心脏病")]),_._v(" "),t("li",[_._v("不孕症和多囊卵巢综合征")]),_._v(" "),t("li",[_._v("胰岛素抵抗综合征与 2 型糖尿病")]),_._v(" "),t("li",[_._v("非酒精性脂肪性肝病")]),_._v(" "),t("li",[_._v("皱纹和白内障\n"),t("blockquote",[t("p",[_._v("葡萄糖峰值会引发糖化, 而糖化会加速衰老, 让我们看上去比实际年龄更老。胶原蛋白分子被糖化后活性就减弱了, 而胶原蛋白是修复伤口所必需的, 同时也是使皮肤、指甲和头发健康的必需品。胶原蛋白受损会使皮肤松弛, 产生皱纹。糖化现象越严重, 皮肤就变得越松弛, 皱纹也就越多。虽然这听起来疯狂, 但事实确实如此")])])])]),_._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"三、轻松控糖-10-个小窍门"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#三、轻松控糖-10-个小窍门"}},[_._v("#")]),_._v(" 三、轻松控糖 10 个小窍门")]),_._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"_1-正确的饮食顺序"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#_1-正确的饮食顺序"}},[_._v("#")]),_._v(" 1.正确的饮食顺序")]),_._v(" "),t("p",[_._v("先吃纤维, 然后吃蛋白质和脂肪, 最后吃淀粉和糖类.")]),_._v(" "),t("hr"),_._v(" "),t("RText",{attrs:{text:"原理: "}}),_._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[_._v("纤维会减弱 α-淀粉酶的作用, 这种酶能够将淀粉分解成葡萄糖分子.")]),_._v(" "),t("li",[_._v("纤维能够减缓胃的排空速度: 当有纤维存在时, 食物从胃进入小肠的速度会更慢")]),_._v(" "),t("li",[_._v("纤维会在小肠内创造一个黏性的网状结构, 而这种网状结构会使葡萄糖进入血液的速度变慢")])]),_._v(" "),t("hr"),_._v(" "),t("RText",{attrs:{text:"水果应该单独吃, 否则会烂在我们的胃里?"}}),_._v(" "),t("p",[_._v('这是当我在谈论应该怎样吃水果时, 经常会被问到的一个问题。我将水果归为糖类, 尽管水果中含有纤维, 但其主要成分是葡萄糖、果糖和蔗糖, 也就是糖, 因此应该最后吃水果。但是人们会问: "最后吃水果, 水果不会烂在胃里吗?"答案是不会。')]),_._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"_2-餐前增加一道绿色开胃菜"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#_2-餐前增加一道绿色开胃菜"}},[_._v("#")]),_._v(" 2. 餐前增加一道绿色开胃菜")]),_._v(" "),t("div",{staticClass:"custom-block theorem"},[t("p",{staticClass:"title"},[_._v("纤维的重要性")]),t("p",[_._v("纤维广泛存在于植物中, 叶子和树皮中的含量尤其丰富。所以, 除非我们是一只食木白蚁, 否则, 我们获得纤维的主要来源就是豆类、蔬菜和水果。 豆类、绿叶蔬菜和水果是纤维的主要来源。我们需要多吃这类食物, 它们可以维持我们的血糖曲线平稳")]),_._v(" "),t("p",[_._v("纤维对我们的身体起着至关重要的作用: 为肠道中的有益菌提供能量, 丰富肠道菌群, 降低胆固醇水平, 确保一切生理活动顺利进行。富含水果和蔬菜的饮食会被认为是健康饮食的原因之一, 就是这种饮食提供了丰富的纤维。")])]),t("p",[_._v("合格的绿色开胃菜是什么样的?")]),_._v(" "),t("p",[_._v('任何蔬菜都可以。从烤芦笋到凉拌卷心菜, 从烤西葫芦到胡萝卜丁, 都可以。罐装菜蓟、芝麻菜、花椰菜、抱子甘蓝、茄子、莴苣、豌豆苗、番茄, 还有豆类以及黏性食物, 如纳豆都可以, 越多越好。另外, 这些蔬菜既可以生吃也可以煮熟之后吃。但是, 请不要榨成汁或者捣成泥, 这样会导致纤维流失(榨成果汁), 或者使纤维被捣得过碎(捣成泥)。汤是另一种菜品。你还记得我妈妈在杂货店里给我打电话, 问我一种食物是"好"还是"坏"时我的回答吗?汤是一道很好的菜, 汤里含有丰富的营养物质, 很容易产生饱腹感, 这是我们在饭店里最健康的头盘菜之一。但是, 这并没有一整盘蔬菜健康。同时, 我们也要注意购买的汤品, 通常, 这些汤品中大部分都是土豆, 土豆会被分解成淀粉, 同时, 汤里还会添加很多糖。')]),_._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"_3-停止计算热量"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#_3-停止计算热量"}},[_._v("#")]),_._v(" 3. 停止计算热量")]),_._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"_4-平稳早餐"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#_4-平稳早餐"}},[_._v("#")]),_._v(" 4. 平稳早餐")]),_._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"_5-吃自己喜欢的糖-因为所有糖都一样"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#_5-吃自己喜欢的糖-因为所有糖都一样"}},[_._v("#")]),_._v(" 5. 吃自己喜欢的糖, 因为所有糖都一样")]),_._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"_6-选择餐后甜点而不是甜甜的零食"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#_6-选择餐后甜点而不是甜甜的零食"}},[_._v("#")]),_._v(" 6. 选择餐后甜点而不是甜甜的零食")]),_._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"_7-吃饭前喝点儿醋"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#_7-吃饭前喝点儿醋"}},[_._v("#")]),_._v(" 7. 吃饭前喝点儿醋")]),_._v(" "),t("p",[_._v("醋的常见品种包括米醋、白酒醋、红酒醋、雪利酒醋、香醋和苹果醋。然而, 在所有这些醋中, 有一种最受欢迎, 那就是苹果醋。")]),_._v(" "),t("p",[_._v("喝醋的好处有很多。对于非糖尿病患者、胰岛素抵抗人群和 1 型或者 2 型糖尿病患者, 只要每天喝一汤匙醋就可以显著降低他们的葡萄糖水平。对于患有多囊卵巢综合征的女性, 喝醋的效果也很明显: 在一项小型研究中(在证实这项研究结果之前肯定还需要重复实验), 在坚持每天喝一杯醋汁之后, 4/7 的停经女性在 40 天之内恢复了月经")]),_._v(" "),t("hr"),_._v(" "),t("RText",{attrs:{text:"醋在人体内是如何工作的呢"}}),_._v(" "),t("p",[_._v("植物和人类拥有一种相同的酶——α-淀粉酶。这种酶会将植物中的淀粉和人类吃进嘴里的面包转化为葡萄糖。科学家已经证实, 食醋中的醋酸会暂时抑制 α-淀粉酶的活性。因此, 糖和淀粉转化为葡萄糖的速度就会变得更慢, 葡萄糖对我们系统所造成的冲击也更缓和。你可能想到了, 在 "),t("a",{attrs:{href:"#_1-%E6%AD%A3%E7%A1%AE%E7%9A%84%E9%A5%AE%E9%A3%9F%E9%A1%BA%E5%BA%8F"}},[_._v('窍门 1"正确的饮食顺序"')]),_._v(" 中, 纤维对 α-淀粉酶也会造成这种影响, 这也是纤维能够使我们的血糖曲线变得平稳的原因之一。")]),_._v(" "),t("p",[_._v("一旦醋酸进入血液, 它会渗透到我们的肌肉中。在那里, 它会刺激我们的肌肉比原来更快地制造糖原, 这会使葡萄糖以更高的效率被吸收。 这两个因素, 即葡萄糖在体内释放的速度更慢, 同时我们的肌肉吸收葡萄糖的速度更快, 就会使体内自由流动的葡萄糖更少, 因此出现的葡萄糖峰值也更小。")]),_._v(" "),t("p",[_._v("更重要的是, 醋酸不仅可以减少胰岛素的分泌量(这有助于我们回到脂肪燃烧模式), 还可以诱发某些特定的 DNA 重新编码, 使我们的线粒体燃烧更多的脂肪。")]),_._v(" "),t("hr"),_._v(" "),t("RText",{attrs:{text:"吃饭之前喝点儿醋对身体的意义"}}),_._v(" "),t("p",[_._v("这个窍门对我们吃甜食和淀粉类食物都很有助益。或许, 你已经准备好吃一大碗意大利面。又或许, 你要准备吃掉那个本来要留作餐后甜点的樱桃派。又或许, 你正在参加生日派对, 并且不得不吃掉那块巧克力蛋糕(你应该庆幸他们没有用抱子甘蓝代替蛋糕)。 那么, 先喝点儿醋来抵消葡萄糖峰值带来的副作用吧")]),_._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"_8-饭后动起来"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#_8-饭后动起来"}},[_._v("#")]),_._v(" 8. 饭后动起来")]),_._v(" "),t("p",[_._v("饭后 70min 内做一些简单运动都是比较有意义的")]),_._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"_9-如果一定要吃零食-就吃咸香美味的零食"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#_9-如果一定要吃零食-就吃咸香美味的零食"}},[_._v("#")]),_._v(" 9. 如果一定要吃零食, 就吃咸香美味的零食")]),_._v(" "),t("p",[_._v("建议大家选择不含果糖的咸香美味食物, 而不选择含有果糖的甜食的另一个原因。没有果糖意味着变成脂肪的分子会更少")]),_._v(" "),t("h3",{attrs:{id:"_10-为你摄入的碳水化合物-穿上外衣"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#_10-为你摄入的碳水化合物-穿上外衣"}},[_._v("#")]),_._v(' 10. 为你摄入的碳水化合物"穿上外衣"')]),_._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"四、其他"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#四、其他"}},[_._v("#")]),_._v(" 四、其他")]),_._v(" "),t("p",[_._v("附录等")]),_._v(" "),t("h2",{attrs:{id:"link"}},[t("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#link"}},[_._v("#")]),_._v(" link")]),_._v(" "),t("ul",[t("li",[t("a",{attrs:{href:"https://github.com/jacky1234/books/blob/main/%E6%8E%A7%E7%B3%96%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD.pdf",target:"_blank",rel:"noopener noreferrer"}},[_._v("book 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"),v("div",{staticClass:"line-numbers-wrapper"},[v("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[_._v("1")]),v("br"),v("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[_._v("2")]),v("br"),v("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[_._v("3")]),v("br"),v("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[_._v("4")]),v("br"),v("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[_._v("5")]),v("br"),v("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[_._v("6")]),v("br"),v("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[_._v("7")]),v("br"),v("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[_._v("8")]),v("br"),v("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[_._v("9")]),v("br"),v("span",{staticClass:"line-number"},[_._v("10")]),v("br")])]),v("h2",{attrs:{id:"第一部分-财富"}},[v("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#第一部分-财富"}},[_._v("#")]),_._v(" 第一部分 财富")]),_._v(" "),v("blockquote",[v("p",[_._v("如何不靠运⽓致富")])]),_._v(" "),v("h3",{attrs:{id:"_1-积累财富"}},[v("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#_1-积累财富"}},[_._v("#")]),_._v(" 1.积累财富")]),_._v(" "),v("h4",{attrs:{id:"创造财富的原理"}},[v("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#创造财富的原理"}},[_._v("#")]),_._v(" 创造财富的原理")]),_._v(" "),v("blockquote",[v("p",[_._v("赚钱不是一件想做就能做的事情, 而是一门需要学习的技能。如何致富(不靠运气)")])]),_._v(" "),v("hr"),_._v(" "),v("RText",{attrs:{text:"将自己产品化"}}),_._v(" "),v("ul",[v("li",[v("p",[_._v("追求财富, 而不是金钱或地位。财富是指在你睡觉时仍能为你赚钱的资产。金钱是我们转换时间和财富的方式。地位是你在社会等级体系中所处的位置。")])]),_._v(" "),v("li",[v("p",[_._v("创造财富和坚持道德标准是可以兼得的。如果你内心鄙视财富, 财富就会对你避而远之。")])]),_._v(" "),v("li",[v("p",[_._v("无视一味追求社会地位的人。他们获得地位的手段就是攻击创造财富的人。")])]),_._v(" "),v("li",[v("p",[_._v("依靠出租时间是不可能致富的。你必须拥有股权(企业的部分所有权), 才能实现财务自由。")])]),_._v(" "),v("li",[v("p",[_._v("获得财富的一个途径, 就是为社会提供其有需求但无从获得的东西, 并实现规模化。")])]),_._v(" "),v("li",[v("p",[_._v("选择一个有长期发展前景的行业, 找到可以长期合作的人。")])]),_._v(" "),v("li",[v("p",[_._v("互联网极大地拓展了职业空间, 但大多数人还没有清晰地认识到这一点。")])]),_._v(" "),v("li",[v("p",[_._v("培养迭代思维。生活中所有的回报, 无论是财富、人际关系, 还是知识, 都来自复利。")])]),_._v(" "),v("li",[v("p",[_._v("选择聪明过人、精力充沛的商业伙伴, 但更重要的是, 他们要正直诚信。")])]),_._v(" "),v("li",[v("p",[_._v("不要跟愤世嫉俗和消极悲观的人合作。他们的预言会自我实现。")])]),_._v(" "),v("li",[v("p",[_._v("学会销售, 学会构建, 两技傍身, 势不可当。")])]),_._v(" "),v("li",[v("p",[_._v("用专长、责任感和杠杆效应武装自己。")])]),_._v(" "),v("li",[v("p",[_._v("专长指的是无法通过培训获得的知识。如果社会可以培训你, 那么社会也可以培训他人来取代你。")])]),_._v(" "),v("li",[v("p",[_._v("要想有所专长, 就要追求真正的兴趣和热爱, 而不是盲目追逐热点。")])]),_._v(" "),v("li",[v("p",[_._v("累积专长的过程, 对你而言就像玩耍, 对他人来说则很吃力。")])]),_._v(" "),v("li",[v("p",[_._v("专长的传授需要通过师傅带徒弟的方式完成, 而无法通过学校教育完成。")])]),_._v(" "),v("li",[v("p",[_._v("专长往往具有高度的技术性或创造性, 不能被外包或自动化。")])]),_._v(" "),v("li",[v("p",[_._v("培养责任感, 勇于以个人名义承担商业风险。社会将根据责任大小、股权多少和杠杆效应回报你。")])]),_._v(" "),v("li",[v("p",[_._v('"给我一根足够长的杠杆和一个支点, 我就能撬动地球。"——阿基米德')])]),_._v(" "),v("li",[v("p",[_._v("要想获得财富, 就必须充分利用杠杆效应。商业杠杆来自资本、劳动力和复制边际成本为零的产品(代码和媒体)。")])]),_._v(" "),v("li",[v("p",[_._v("资本是指金钱。要想获得融资, 需要运用自己的专长和责任感, 并表现出良好的判断力。")])]),_._v(" "),v("li",[v("p",[_._v("劳动力杠杆就是让别人为你工作。这是最古老、争夺最激烈的一种杠杆。拥有劳动力杠杆会让你的父母觉得你很了不起, 但不要过度追逐劳动力杠杆。")])]),_._v(" "),v("li",[v("p",[_._v("资本和劳动力是需要获得许可才能使用的杠杆。人人都在追逐资本, 但得有人愿意出资。人人都想领导他人, 但得有人愿意追随。")])]),_._v(" "),v("li",[v("p",[_._v("代码和媒体是不需要许可就能使用的杠杆。这两个杠杆是新富阶层背后的杠杆。你可以创建软件和媒体, 让它们在你睡觉时为你工作。")])]),_._v(" "),v("li",[v("p",[_._v("有一大批机器人可供我们免费使用。为了提高热效率、节约空间, 这些机器人就集中放在数据中心。用起来吧。")])]),_._v(" "),v("li",[v("p",[_._v("如果不会写代码, 那就出书、写博客、做视频、录播客。")])]),_._v(" "),v("li",[v("p",[_._v("杠杆是判断力的倍增器。")])]),_._v(" "),v("li",[v("p",[_._v("判断力从经验中来, 但可以通过学习基本技能快速建立起来。")])]),_._v(" "),v("li",[v("p",[_._v('没有所谓的"商业"技能。不要把时间浪费在商业杂志和商业课程上。')])]),_._v(" "),v("li",[v("p",[_._v("学习微观经济学、博弈论、心理学、说服术、伦理学、数学和计算机。")])]),_._v(" "),v("li",[v("p",[_._v("读比听快, 做比看快。")])]),_._v(" "),v("li",[v("p",[_._v("你应该忙得没时间社交, 但依然把日程安排得井然有序。")])]),_._v(" "),v("li",[v("p",[_._v("设定一个大胆的个人时薪, 并严格执行。如果解决一个问题节省的成本低于时薪, 那就忽略问题;如果外包一项任务的成本低于时薪, 那就选择外包。")])]),_._v(" "),v("li",[v("p",[_._v("工作时要拼尽全力, 毫无保留。不过, 共事的人和工作的内容比努力程度更重要。")])]),_._v(" "),v("li",[v("p",[_._v("在自己选择的职业领域里做到全球顶尖。不断重新定义自己的事业, 直到理想成为现实。")])]),_._v(" "),v("li",[v("p",[_._v("世界上没有快速致富的教程。即使有, 那也只是提供教程的人想从你身上赚钱。")])]),_._v(" "),v("li",[v("p",[_._v("运用专长, 发挥杠杆效应, 最终你会得到自己应得的。")])]),_._v(" "),v("li",[v("p",[_._v("当你终于变得富有时, 你会意识到, 这并不是你最初的追求。但这是后话, 此处暂且不提。")])])]),_._v(" "),v("hr"),_._v(" "),v("RText",{attrs:{text:"财富和金钱的区别"}}),_._v(" "),v("p",[_._v("金钱是我们转移财富的方式。金钱是社会的信用符号, 具有调用别人时间的能力。")]),_._v(" "),v("p",[_._v('如果我做好了本职工作, 为社会创造了价值, 社会就会对我说: "谢谢你, 因为你在过去所做的工作, 我们在未来欠你一些东西。这是一张欠条, 我们可以把这个叫作钱。"')]),_._v(" "),v("p",[_._v("你真正想要的其实是财富。财富就是在你睡觉时也可以帮你赚钱的资产。财富是可以进行生产的工厂和机器人。财富是不分昼夜为客户服务的计算机程序。财富也可以是银行里被投资于其他资产或业务的钱。")]),_._v(" "),v("p",[_._v("甚至房子也可以成为一种财富, 因为房子可以出租, 带来租金收益。但与从事商业活动相比, 这种土地利用方式的生产效益较低。所以, 我对财富的定义是在睡觉时也能带来收入的企业和资产。")]),_._v(" "),v("h4",{attrs:{id:"找到天赋所在-积累专长"}},[v("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#找到天赋所在-积累专长"}},[_._v("#")]),_._v(" 找到天赋所在, 积累专长")]),_._v(" "),v("ol",[v("li",[v("p",[_._v("专长无法被教授, 但可以被学习。")])]),_._v(" "),v("li",[v("p",[_._v('在"成为自己"这件事情上, 没有人能比得过你。其实, 人生大部分时间都是在寻找, 寻找那些最需要你的人, 寻找那些最需要你的事情。')])]),_._v(" "),v("li",[v("p",[_._v("致富最重要的技能是成为终身学习者, 无论想学什么, 你都得找到途径和方法。以前的赚钱模式是读 4 年大学, 拿到学位, 在某个专业领域干上 30 年。现在不一样了, 时代的发展日新月异, 必须在 9 个月内掌握一门新专业, 而这门专业在 4 年后就过时了。但在专业存在的这 3 年里, 你可以变得非常富有。")])])]),_._v(" "),v("h4",{attrs:{id:"投资交友-着眼长远"}},[v("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#投资交友-着眼长远"}},[_._v("#")]),_._v(" 投资交友, 着眼长远")]),_._v(" "),v("blockquote",[v("p",[_._v("⽣活中所有的回报, ⽆论是财富、⼈际关系, 还是知识, 都来⾃复利")])]),_._v(" "),v("p",[_._v("出发点并不重要, ⾏为本身才重要?")]),_._v(" "),v("h4",{attrs:{id:"承担责任"}},[v("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#承担责任"}},[_._v("#")]),_._v(" 承担责任")]),_._v(" "),v("blockquote",[v("p",[_._v("勇于以个⼈名义承担商业⻛险。社会将根据责任、股权和杠杆效应回报你")])]),_._v(" "),v("h4",{attrs:{id:"创立企业或买入股权"}},[v("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#创立企业或买入股权"}},[_._v("#")]),_._v(" 创立企业或买入股权")]),_._v(" "),v("h4",{attrs:{id:"找到杠杆"}},[v("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#找到杠杆"}},[_._v("#")]),_._v(" 找到杠杆")]),_._v(" "),v("blockquote",[v("p",[_._v("用头脑赚钱, 而不是时间")])]),_._v(" "),v("p",[_._v("杠杆大致分成三类:")]),_._v(" "),v("ul",[v("li",[_._v("劳动力杠杆\n"),v("blockquote",[v("p",[_._v("让别人替你打工。 劳动力杠杆是一种最古老的杠杆, 但在现代社会, 这种杠杆的效果并不是最好的。我甚至认为这是一种最落后的杠杆。因为管理他人是一件非常复杂、极具挑战的工作, 需要高超的领导技巧, 弄不好管理者会落个众叛亲离、被手下生吞活剥的下场")])])]),_._v(" "),v("li",[_._v("资本\n"),v("blockquote",[v("p",[_._v("资本杠杆就是用钱来扩大决策的影响力。资本是一种更现代的杠杆形式, 利用资本杠杆有一定的难度, 需要一定的技能。在 20 世纪, 人们曾经利用资本杠杆获得了惊人的财富。资本杠杆是 20 世纪杠杆的主要形式。")])])]),_._v(" "),v("li",[_._v("复制边际成本为零的产品\n"),v("blockquote",[v("p",[_._v("其中包括书籍、媒体、电影、代码。在所有不需要他人许可就能使用的杠杆中, 代码可以说是最强大的一种——只需要一台计算机就够了")])])])]),_._v(" "),v("h4",{attrs:{id:"用判断力赚钱"}},[v("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#用判断力赚钱"}},[_._v("#")]),_._v(" 用判断力赚钱")]),_._v(" "),v("p",[_._v("要获得更多的⾃由时间,就要对选择的专业领域、⼯作性质、职业路径以及与雇主达成的交易类型做出审慎的判断。⼀旦做出正确的决策,你就⽆须担⼼时间管理的问题了。于我⽽⾔,我希望单纯靠判断⼒来获得报酬,⽽不是靠劳作。我想让机器⼈、资本或计算机完成实际⼯作,⽽我只靠判断⼒赚钱。")]),_._v(" "),v("p",[_._v("我认为每个⼈都应该⽴志掌握某些领域的专业知识,并以此赚取经济回报。如果能够在实际⼯作中最⼤化地利⽤杠杆,⽆论是机器⼈、计算机,还是其他任何⼈或技术,那么我们都可以成为⾃⼰时间的主⼈,因为没有⼈会考核我们在⼯作中投⼊了多少时间,我们只需要对⾃⼰的产出负责。")]),_._v(" "),v("p",[_._v("可以想象,对⼀家市值1 000亿美元的公司⽽⾔,如果在判断准确率为75%和85%的两个⼈之间选择,那么公司会愿意⽀付5 000万美元、1亿美元,甚⾄2亿美元聘请准确率更⾼的⼈担任决策者。因为多出的10%的判断⼒对于引导企业的⽅向极具价值。⾸席执⾏官的报酬之所以很⾼,就是因为杠杆效应。在判断⼒和能⼒上,毫厘之差都会有天壤之别。")]),_._v(" "),v("p",[_._v('在实际操作中展现出⾊的判断⼒,拥有可信可靠的判断⼒,这⼀点⾮常关键。巴菲特之所以被称为"股神",是因为他的可信度极⾼。他对⾃⼰的业务极为负责,⼀次⼜⼀次在公开场合做出正确的判断。他以⾼度正直著称,赢得了社会的充分信任,加上他判断⼒出⾊,所以⼈们敢在他身上押上不计其数的筹码。没有⼈问他⼯作有多努⼒,没有⼈问他⼏点起床、⼏点睡觉。⼤家都说:"巴菲特,你只要把业务搞好就⾏了。"')]),_._v(" "),v("p",[_._v("要具有出⾊的判断⼒——尤其是经过实操验证的判断⼒,以及⾼度的责任感和优秀的业绩记录,这⼏点⾄关重要。")]),_._v(" "),v("h4",{attrs:{id:"分清主次-聚焦重点"}},[v("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#分清主次-聚焦重点"}},[_._v("#")]),_._v(" 分清主次, 聚焦重点")]),_._v(" "),v("blockquote",[v("p",[_._v("给⾃⼰的时间设定价格,⽤时薪计算时间价值。如果⽤花钱的⽅式节省的时间价值更⾼,那就花钱,不要犹豫。要想真的赚到钱,先要相信你⾃⼰很值钱。")])]),_._v(" "),v("p",[_._v("要从时间成本的⻆度做决策,如果做某件事外包的成本低于时薪,那就外包;如果不做的损失低于时薪,那就不做;如果花钱请⼈的成本低于时薪,那就花钱请⼈。甚⾄做饭也是同样的道理,你可能想吃健康的家常菜,但是如果可以外包,那就外包吧。")]),_._v(" "),v("p",[_._v("⼤胆地为⾃⼰设定⼀个很⾼的时薪,并坚持执⾏。⼀个理想的时薪应该⾼到近乎离谱的程度,如果不是这样,那就还不够⾼。⽆论你选择的时薪是多少,我都建议你进⼀步提⾼。就像我说的,即使是没钱的时候,我也有很⻓⼀段时间把5 000美元作为⾃⼰的时薪标准。如果换算成年薪,那就是每年⼏百万美元。")]),_._v(" "),v("p",[_._v("有意思的是,现在我觉得⾃⼰的时薪实际上超过了这个⽬标。我其实⽐较懒散,并不是⼯作最努⼒的那个⼈,但如果遇到⾃⼰想做的事,我就会能量爆棚,全身⼼投⼊。如果⽤实际投⼊的时间来计算收⼊,那么我的时薪⽐上⾯的数字要⾼得多。")]),_._v(" "),v("blockquote",[v("p",[_._v('你说过:"如果你内⼼鄙视财富创造,财富就会对你避⽽远之。"可以解释⼀下吗?\n对初出茅庐的年轻⼈来说,最重要的事情是什么?\n想要做到与成功⼈⼠为伍,你认为最重要的⼀件或两件事是什么?\n你初次创业的决定是如何做出的?')])]),_._v(" "),v("h4",{attrs:{id:"找到如玩啥般的工作"}},[v("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#找到如玩啥般的工作"}},[_._v("#")]),_._v(" 找到如玩啥般的工作")]),_._v(" "),v("h4",{attrs:{id:"如何获得运气"}},[v("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#如何获得运气"}},[_._v("#")]),_._v(" 如何获得运气")]),_._v(" "),v("p",[_._v("获得好运的⽅法:")]),_._v(" "),v("ul",[v("li",[_._v("希望好运不期⽽⾄。")]),_._v(" "),v("li",[_._v("不停地折腾, 直到撞上⼤运。")]),_._v(" "),v("li",[_._v("做好⼼理准备, 对别⼈错过的机会保持敏感。")]),_._v(" "),v("li",[_._v("把你所做的事情做到极致。精益求精, 直到名副其实。让机会⾃动找到你, 让运⽓成为必然。")])]),_._v(" "),v("h4",{attrs:{id:"保持耐心"}},[v("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#保持耐心"}},[_._v("#")]),_._v(" 保持耐心")]),_._v(" "),v("h3",{attrs:{id:"_2-增加判断力"}},[v("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#_2-增加判断力"}},[_._v("#")]),_._v(" 2.增加判断力")]),_._v(" "),v("blockquote",[v("p",[_._v("真正聪明的⼈, 从不⾛捷径。")])]),_._v(" "),v("h4",{attrs:{id:"判断力"}},[v("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#判断力"}},[_._v("#")]),_._v(" 判断⼒")]),_._v(" "),v("p",[_._v("把时间花在省钱上是不会致富的。省出时间来赚钱才是正确的思路。")]),_._v(" "),v("p",[_._v("在杠杆时代, ⼀个正确的决策可以帮你赢得⼀切。不付出努⼒, 就⽆法培养判断⼒, 也不会获得任何杠杆")]),_._v(" "),v("p",[_._v("时间的投⼊是必需的, 但判断⼒更重要。在前进的过程中, ⽅向⽐速度更重要, 特别是运⽤了杠杆以后。在每个岔路⼝选对⽅向, 其重要程度要远远超过前进的努⼒程度。⼈⽣就是选择正确的⽅向, 然后朝这个⽅向奋⼒前⾏")]),_._v(" "),v("h4",{attrs:{id:"如何清晰地思考"}},[v("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#如何清晰地思考"}},[_._v("#")]),_._v(" 如何清晰地思考?")]),_._v(" "),v("p",[_._v("真正聪明的⼈是思路清晰的思考者。他们把基础知识和基础层⾯了解得⾮常透彻。相较于背诵各种复杂的概念, 我更愿意吃透基础知识。死记硬背学来的概念⽆法被有机地整合到⼀起, ⽽且会与基础知识脱节。如果在需要⽤到⼀些概念时却⽆法通过基础知识推导出来, 你就会迷失在现有知识的迷宫中, 你就成了简单的背诵机器")]),_._v(" "),v("p",[_._v("事实上, 留出空闲时间⾮常重要。如果每⼀天都被各种会议占满, 都是忙忙碌碌的, 你就⽆法进⾏思考。")]),_._v(" "),v("p",[_._v("没有思考, 你就不会有出⾊的商业创意, 也不可能做出正确的判断。我⿎励⼤家每周⾄少花⼀天时间来思考(最好是两天, 因为即使预留了两天, 最终也可能变成⼀天)。")]),_._v(" "),v("h4",{attrs:{id:"摆脱自我束缚-认清世界真相"}},[v("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#摆脱自我束缚-认清世界真相"}},[_._v("#")]),_._v(" 摆脱⾃我束缚, 认清世界真相")]),_._v(" "),v("p",[_._v("避免预设的⼲扰。我认为, 任何划分阵营和贴标签的⾏为都会给⼈造成束缚, 让⼈看不清真相。")]),_._v(" "),v("p",[_._v("要做到诚实, 就要在发表观点时抛开⾃⼰的身份。")]),_._v(" "),v("p",[_._v("从⻓远看, 承受痛苦也是⼈⽣的必修课, 它可以带来两⼤收获: ⼀是痛苦可以让⼈接受世界的本来⾯⽬;⼆是痛苦可以⼤⼤改变⼀个⼈的⾃我, 虽然过程⾮常煎熬")]),_._v(" "),v("h4",{attrs:{id:"学习决策技巧"}},[v("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#学习决策技巧"}},[_._v("#")]),_._v(" 学习决策技巧")]),_._v(" "),v("h4",{attrs:{id:"发现好的心智模型"}},[v("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#发现好的心智模型"}},[_._v("#")]),_._v(" 发现好的⼼智模型")]),_._v(" "),v("ul",[v("li",[_._v("进化论\n"),v("blockquote",[v("p",[_._v("我认为, 现代社会的很多现象都可以⽤进化论来解释。有⼀种理论认为, ⽂明的存在是为了解决交配权的分配问题。从纯粹的性选择⻆度看, ⼈类社会精⼦充⾜, 卵⼦稀少, 所以存在分配问题。")])])]),_._v(" "),v("li",[_._v("反推法\n"),v("blockquote",[v("p",[_._v('我认为⾃⼰并没有能⼒找到"正确⽅法"。相反, 我努⼒的⽅向是逐⼀排除不奏效的⽅法。我认为成功就是不犯错。成功的关键并不在于做出正确判断, ⽽在于避免做出错误判断。')])])]),_._v(" "),v("li",[_._v("复杂性理论\n"),v("blockquote",[v("p",[_._v("20 世纪 90 年代中期, 我开始沉迷于研究复杂性理论。随着研究的深⼊, 我越发认识到⼈类知识和预测能⼒的局限性。复杂性理论对我产⽣了⾄关重要的影响。这个理论帮助我打造了⼀个系统, 它可以在存在信息盲点的情况下正常运作。我相信, 从本质上说, ⼈类是⽆知的, 是极不善于预测未来的。")])])]),_._v(" "),v("li",[_._v("经济学\n"),v("blockquote",[v("p",[_._v("微观经济学和博弈论都是基础性学科。如果不能深刻理解供求关系、劳资关系、博弈论等问题, 你就不可能在商业上取得成功, 甚⾄也⽆法很好地适应现代社会。"),v("RText",{attrs:{text:"忽略那些不同的声⾳。市场会做出决定。"}})],1)])]),_._v(" "),v("li",[_._v("委托和代理问题\n"),v("blockquote",[v("p",[_._v('委托和代理问题⾮常容易理解。恺撒⼤帝有句名⾔: "如果你想完成⼀件事, 那就亲⾃去做。如果不想完成, 那就派⼈去做。"他的意思是, 如果想把事情做好, 你就必须⾃⼰去做。如果你是委托⼈, 你就会有主⼈翁的责任感, 因为在意结果, 所以你会做得很好。⽽如果你是代理⼈, 你就是在为别⼈做事, 你可能会做得很糟糕, 因为你不在乎。你追求的是⾃身利益最⼤化, ⽽不是委托⼈资产最优化。')])])]),_._v(" "),v("li",[_._v("复利效应")]),_._v(" "),v("li",[_._v("基础数学")]),_._v(" "),v("li",[_._v("⿊天鹅")]),_._v(" "),v("li",[_._v("微积分")]),_._v(" "),v("li",[_._v("可证伪性")]),_._v(" "),v("li",[_._v("如果难以抉择, 那答案就是否定的")]),_._v(" "),v("li",[_._v("迎难⽽上\n"),v("blockquote",[v("p",[_._v("⼀条简单的⼈⽣经验: 如果在⼀个艰难的决定上意⻅不统⼀, 你就应该选择短期内更痛苦的道路。从本质上看, 两条道路中的⼀条会带来短期痛苦, ⽽另⼀条会在未来引发更⻓久的痛苦。为了回避⽭盾, ⼤脑会本能地选择摆脱短期痛苦。前提条件是, 两个选择利弊相当, 但如果⼀条道路会带来短期痛苦, 那么它也会带来⻓期收益。⽽根据复利效应, ⻓期收益才是你想要的。")])])])]),_._v(" "),v("hr"),_._v(" "),v("RText",{attrs:{text:"建⽴新的⼼智模型最有效的⽅法是什么?"}}),_._v(" "),v("p",[_._v("海量阅读, 多多益善。每天花⼀个⼩时阅读科学、数学和哲学类书籍, 7 年内, 你就可能跻身少数的成功⼈⼠之列。")]),_._v(" "),v("h4",{attrs:{id:"学会热爱阅读"}},[v("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#学会热爱阅读"}},[_._v("#")]),_._v(" 学会热爱阅读")]),_._v(" "),v("h2",{attrs:{id:"幸福"}},[v("a",{staticClass:"header-anchor",attrs:{href:"#幸福"}},[_._v("#")]),_._v(" 幸福")]),_._v(" 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T2 在 T1 执行完后执行,T3 在 T2 执行完后执行?")])]),a._v(" "),t("p",[a._v('这个线程问题通常会在第一轮或电话面试阶段被问到,目的是检测你对"join"方法是否熟悉。这个多线程问题比较简单,可以用 join 方法实现。')]),a._v(" "),t("ol",{attrs:{start:"2"}},[t("li",[a._v("在 Java 中 Lock 接口比 synchronized 块的优势是什么?你需要实现一个高效的缓存,它允许多个用户读,但只允许一个用户写,以此来保持它的完整性,你会怎样去实现它?")])]),a._v(" "),t("p",[a._v("lock 接口在多线程和并发编程中最大的优势是它们为读和写分别提供了锁,它能满足你写像 ConcurrentHashMap 这样的高性能数据结构和有条件的阻塞。Java 线程面试的问题越来越会根据面试者的回答来提问。我强烈建议在你去参加多线程的面试之前认真读一下 Locks,因为当前其大量用于构建电子交易终统的客户端缓存和交易连接空间。")]),a._v(" "),t("ol",{attrs:{start:"3"}},[t("li",[a._v("在 java 中 wait 和 sleep 方法的不同?")])]),a._v(" "),t("p",[a._v("通常会在电话面试中经常被问到的 Java 线程面试问题。最大的不同是在等待时 wait 会释放锁,而 sleep 一直持有锁。Wait 通常被用于线程间交互,sleep 通常被用于暂停执行。")]),a._v(" "),t("ol",{attrs:{start:"4"}},[t("li",[a._v("用 Java 实现阻塞队列。")])]),a._v(" "),t("p",[a._v("这是一个相对艰难的多线程面试问题,它能达到很多的目的。第一,它可以检测侯选者是否能实际的用 Java 线程写程序;第二,可以检测侯选者对并发场景的理解,并且你可以根据这个问很多问题。如果他用 wait()和 notify()方法来实现阻塞队列,你可以要求他用最新的 Java 5 中的并发类来再写一次。")]),a._v(" "),t("ol",{attrs:{start:"5"}},[t("li",[a._v("用 Java 写代码来解决生产者——消费者问题。")])]),a._v(" "),t("p",[a._v("与上面的问题很类似,但这个问题更经典,有些时候面试都会问下面的问题。在 Java 中怎么解决生产者——消费者问题,当然有很多解决方法,我已经分享了一种用阻塞队列实现的方法。有些时候他们甚至会问怎么实现哲学家进餐问题。")]),a._v(" "),t("ol",{attrs:{start:"6"}},[t("li",[a._v("用 Java 编程一个会导致死锁的程序,你将怎么解决?")])]),a._v(" "),t("p",[a._v("这是我最喜欢的 Java 线程面试问题,因为即使死锁问题在写多线程并发程序时非常普遍,但是很多侯选者并不能写 deadlock free code(无死锁代码?),他们很挣扎。只要告诉他们,你有 N 个资源和 N 个线程,并且你需要所有的资源来完成一个操作。为了简单这里的 n 可以替换为 2,越大的数据会使问题看起来更复杂。通过避免 Java 中的死锁来得到关于死锁的更多信息。")]),a._v(" "),t("ol",{attrs:{start:"7"}},[t("li",[a._v("什么是原子操作,Java 中的原子操作是什么?")])]),a._v(" "),t("p",[a._v("非常简单的 java 线程面试问题,接下来的问题是你需要同步一个原子操作。")]),a._v(" "),t("ol",{attrs:{start:"8"}},[t("li",[a._v("Java 中的 volatile 关键是什么作用?怎样使用它?在 Java 中它跟 synchronized 方法有什么不同?")])]),a._v(" "),t("p",[a._v("自从 Java 5 和 Java 内存模型改变以后,基于 volatile 关键字的线程问题越来越流行。应该准备好回答关于 volatile 变量怎样在并发环境中确保可见性、顺序性和一致性。")]),a._v(" "),t("p",[a._v("欢迎关注我的公中浩【程序员追风】,文章都会在里面更新,整理的资料也都会放在里面。")]),a._v(" 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+ + + diff --git a/pages/10e7db/index.html b/pages/10e7db/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..b613f6c8cf --- /dev/null +++ b/pages/10e7db/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ + + + + + + Android密钥系统 | Jacky's blog + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/pages/12d86f/index.html b/pages/12d86f/index.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000000..4d781d8e20 --- /dev/null +++ b/pages/12d86f/index.html @@ -0,0 +1,48 @@ + + + + + + tutorial | Jacky's blog + + + + + + + + + + + +
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