Review fulltext schema and queries for performance, index size

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In August, I made some changes to the elasticsearch schema and query structure to try and improve query latency (aka, speed and performance). Kept a log of notes on these experiments here: https://github.com/internetarchive/fatcat-scholar/blob/master/notes/scaling_works.md

These should be reviewed and revisited as we move towards broad release. In particular, more quantitative measurements would be nice to have, and it seems like index_phrases may have had a significant increase in disk utilization (50%? memory is fuzzy) with small or no latency improvement.