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MIX-Phonetics-Phonology-Inventory-fsdDecl-TEI.xml
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<?xml-model href="http://www.tei-c.org/release/xml/tei/custom/schema/relaxng/tei_all.rng" type="application/xml" schematypens="http://relaxng.org/ns/structure/1.0"?>
<?xml-model href="http://www.tei-c.org/release/xml/tei/custom/schema/relaxng/tei_all.rng" type="application/xml"
schematypens="http://purl.oclc.org/dsdl/schematron"?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xml:id="mix-phono-fsd">
<teiHeader>
<fileDesc>
<titleStmt>
<title>Inventory of Mixtepec-Mixtec Phonetic and Phonological Features</title>
<author>Jack T. Bowers</author>
</titleStmt>
<editionStmt>
<edition>1st working edition<date when="2014-09-04">2014-09-04</date>
</edition>
</editionStmt>
<publicationStmt>
<p>This language resource document for the Mixtepec-Mixtec language variety;the first
publication released as part of the TAPAS project;<ptr target="http://tapas.neu.edu/"/>
</p>
<p>This resource may be freely used by members of the Mixtepec-Mixtec community for any
purpose. Currently the speaker consultants Juan "Tisu'ma" Salazar and Yavanni Salazar
are granted the rights to represent the Mixtepec-Mixtec community in any decisions as
to who may exercise the rights of a community member as per the permissions of this
publication. The content of this document may be changed by the author at the
suggestion of members of the community in the case that incorrect data is included;
until further notice I only ask that the author be notified before any changes are
made so that appropriate consultations of the need for alterations can be carried
out.Should the appropriate interest and capacity within the community exist, full
rights of ownership to the curation, alteration and reproduction of these contents
will be transferred to the community.</p>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc>
<p> The phonetic terminology used herein is based on: - the combined terminology of the
latest IPA
(2005);<!-- and into a descriptive terminology for any phonetic, phonological features functional analyses in phonetics. ..-->
- terminology used in Functional phonetics, and/or phonology literature; Any term
used to describe a given phone, or group of phonetic grouping of any kind can be
connected to one or more corresponding acoustic, or articulatory phonetic attributes
which support the term and grouping. </p>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<revisionDesc>
<change>
<date when-iso="2014-09-17"/>First version published to TAPAS without examples of
lexical items demonstrating phonetic and phonological features defined herein</change>
<change>
<date when-iso="2014-09-17"/>Modifications made to table cells and several 'title'
elements</change>
<change>
<date when-iso="2014-09-17"/>Phonetic feature 'short' defined, common feature found
in MIX defined for reduced or 'short-glide' for 'alveo-palatal' and 'labio-velar'
glides; IPA character defined as 'string' within the 'f' element; i.e. [ʲ], [ʷ]</change>
<change>
<date when-iso="2014-09-17"/>Additional phonetic and transcription variants added
for several phonetic items;</change>
<change>
<date when-iso="2014-09-27"/>Attribute 'corresp' in the 'c' element changed to
'ana'</change>
<change>
<date when-iso="2014-11-13">Deleted Mixtec Soundfiles from
'<gi>recordingStmnt</gi>' and SIL Mexico publications from '<gi>listbibl</gi>' in
header as they are not necessary;</date>
</change>
</revisionDesc>
</teiHeader>
<text>
<body>
<div>
<fs xmlns:dcr="http://www.isocat.org/ns/dcr"
type="PhonologicalSystem"
dcr:datcat="http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3392"
xml:id="PHONO-SYST"/>
<desc>(GOLD) The set of consonant and vowel units that make up the words of a language
or language variety, a phonological system is a list of contrastive sounds used in a
language that are capable of distinguishing between two words with different meanings
together with the ranges of variety each sound has and where those variants are
found. [Ball and Mueller 2005: 120]</desc>
</div>
<div type="phonetic-features">
<desc>The features represent those included by the International Phonetic Association
and by the literature in the field. This set of features are sufficient to defining
the characteristics represented by any symbol in the IPA inventory for use in the
transcription of human speech in any language. However, these features are mostly
articulatorily based, and are not exhaustive with regards to all of the potential
features relevant to all aspects of linguistic phonetics; specifically, they don't
include any of the acoustic measures used to model and measure human speech signals,
nor are any auditory features taken into account. </desc>
</div>
<div xml:id="voice">
<desc>Phones may have voiced or voiceless quality, some items may have semi-voiced
quality</desc>
<fs>
<f name="voice">
<vAlt>
<symbol xmlns:dcr="http://www.isocat.org/ns/dcr"
value="voiced"
xml:id="vc"
dcr:datcat="http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3552"/>
<!-- "Voiced" http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3552 (GOLD) Definition: A fundamental term used in the phonetic classification of speech sounds, referring to the auditory result of the vibration of the vocal cords. Sounds produced while the vocal cords are vibrating are voiced. [Crystal 1985: 329]-->
<symbol value="breathy-voice" xml:id="breathy-vc"/>
<!-- not currently used in any of my language inventories -->
<symbol value="semi-voiced" xml:id="semi-vc"/>
<!-- this is somewhere in the range between the prior and the following features; non-phonologically contrastive; IPA characters on otherwise voiced or voiceless items express this: eg.: k̬ -->
<symbol xmlns:dcr="http://www.isocat.org/ns/dcr"
value="creaky-voice"
xml:id="crky-vc"
dcr:datcat="http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3146"/>
<!-- @sameAs "#V-ckry" can occur with neighboring nasals and(instance of) -->
<!-- "Creaky" http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3146 (GOLD) definition:A term referring to a vocal quality in phonetic sound classification in which only one end of the vocal cords vibrates, and does so very slowly. This is a permanent feature of some speakers' voices. [Crystal 1980: 97]-->
<symbol xmlns:dcr="http://www.isocat.org/ns/dcr"
value="voiceless"
xml:id="vcls"
dcr:datcat="http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3553"/>
<!--"Voiceless" http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3553 GOLD: definition:A fundamental term used in the phonetic classification of speech sounds, referring to the auditory result of the vibration of the vocal cords. Sounds produced while the vocal cords are not vibrating are voiceless. [Crystal 1985: 329]-->
</vAlt>
</f>
</fs>
</div>
<div xml:id="energy-source">
<fs>
<f name="energy-source">
<vAlt>
<symbol value="pulmonic" xml:id="pulmonic"/>
<symbol value="non-pulmonic" xml:id="non-pulmonic"/>
</vAlt>
</f>
</fs>
</div>
<div xml:id="manner-of-articulation">
<desc>manner of articulation</desc>
<fvLib>
<fs>
<f name="manner">
<vAlt>
<symbol value="stop" xml:id="stp" sameAs="#plos"/>
<symbol value="plosive" xml:id="plos" sameAs="#stp"/>
<!-- this may not always be true... unreleased stops are not plosives... -->
<symbol value="trill" xml:id="trll"/>
<!-- in Mix-->
<symbol value="tap-flap" xml:id="tap-flap"/>
<!-- in many languages, (MIX included) the tap and flap are not contrastive and will occur in free variation -->
<symbol value="fricative" xml:id="fric"/>
<symbol value="lateral-fricative" xml:id="lat-fric"/>
<!-- can be defined as cmbining the two manner of articulation features: #lat, #fric -->
<symbol value="affricate" xml:id="affrc"/>
<!-- have complex internal feature/attributes (2 manners of articulation; (stop, fricative) can be in either order (eg: [sk] [ʧ]; possibly also place of articulation) -->
<symbol value="double-articulation" xml:id="dbl-artic"/>
<!-- can have 1 or more manners of articulations and 1 or more places of articulation -->
<symbol value="nasal" xml:id="nas"/>
<symbol value="lateral" xml:id="lat"/>
<!-- "lateral" sameAs "lateral-approximate"; and "lateral" hasAttribute "approximate" -->
<symbol value="glide" xml:id="gld" sameAs="#semi-V"/>
<!-- hasAttribute "approximate" -->
<symbol value="semi-vowel" xml:id="semi-V" sameAs="#gld"/>
<!-- hasAttribute "approximate"; has multiple places of articulation and a single glides articulation and acoustic signal will vary to different degrees depending on the onset and offset contexts (utterance/ sentence context and places of articulation) -->
<symbol value="vowel" xml:id="v"/>
<!-- less typical types of articulation -->
<symbol value="click" xml:id="clk"/>
<!-- #energy-source #non-pulmonic -->
<symbol value="ejective" xml:id="ejctv"/>
<!-- #energy-source #non-pulmonic -->
<symbol value="voiced-implosve" xml:id="vcd-implsv"/>
<!-- #energy-source #non-pulmonic -->
</vAlt>
</f>
</fs>
<!-- other feature structures here -->
</fvLib>
</div>
<div xml:id="place-of-articulation">
<fs>
<f name="place-of-articulation">
<vAlt>
<symbol value="bilabial" xml:id="bilab"/>
<symbol value="linguo-labial" xml:id="linguo-lab"/>
<symbol value="labio-dental" xml:id="lab-dent"/>
<symbol value="dental" xml:id="dent"/>
<!-- this should be linked to the definitions of the IPA and ZSAMPA characters eg:" ̪" "_d" respectively -->
<symbol value="alveo-dental" xml:id="alv-dent"/>
<symbol value="alveolar" xml:id="alv"/>
<symbol value="post-alveolar" xml:id="post-alv"/>
<!-- <f name="retroflex" xml:id="retro-flx"/> not in MIX -->
<symbol value="palatal" xml:id="palat"/>
<symbol value="velar" xml:id="velar"/>
<!-- shares similar acoustic and articulatory properties with velar (tongue position,location) and bi-labials (rounding); eventually point to, or refine feature definition by connecting to acoustic (and articulatory features) eg. 'velar pinch' F3 path...etc... -->
<symbol value="uvular" xml:id="uvlr"/>
<!-- <f name="pharyngeal" xml:id="phryngl"/> -->
<symbol value="glottal" xml:id="glot"/>
<!-- <f name="epiglottal" xml:id="epiglot"/> -->
</vAlt>
</f>
</fs>
</div>
<div xml:id="offset-release-features">
<fs>
<f name="offset-release-features">
<vAlt>
<symbol xmlns:dcr="http://www.isocat.org/ns/dcr"
value="aspiration"
xml:id="asp"
dcr:datcat="http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3090"/>
<!-- only may occur with stops although all fricatives and affricates inherantly have this property -->
<!-- "Aspirated" http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3090 (GOLD) Definition: A sound is described as 'aspirated' when it has a greater rate of airflow than occurs in modal voice for a period of time before or after a stricture. It often accompanies a consonant which precedes a vowel, the beginning of which is unvoiced. [Ladefoged and Maddieson 1996: 48] Source [Ladefoged and Maddieson 1996: 48] -->
<symbol xmlns:dcr="http://www.isocat.org/ns/dcr"
value="un-aspirated"
xml:id="un-asp"
dcr:datcat="http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3539"/>
<!-- "Unaspirated" http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3539 (GOLD) Definition: Unaspirated refers to the configuration of glottal opening, release at the oral stricture, and vocal fold vibration in which the glottal opening gesture begins at the moment that the oral closure is made, but the maximum width of the glottal opening is reached at about the mid-point of the oral closure duration and the vocal folds return to a voicing position at about the moment of release. This typically results in a weak sounding release which lacks the burst of air characteristic of aspirated phonemes. [Ladefoged and Maddieson 1996: 66-70] Source [Ladefoged and Maddieson 1996: 66-70] -->
<symbol value="un-released" xml:id="unrelsd"/>
<!-- major in US Engl -->
<!-- not immediately needed offset features -->
<symbol value="nasal-release" xml:id="nas-release"/>
<symbol value="lateral-release" xml:id="lat-release"/>
</vAlt>
</f>
</fs>
</div>
<div xml:id="frontness">
<desc>'Frontness' is associated with "place of stricture" in what is a rough equivalent
description of "place-of-articulation" in vowels; This terminology is somewhat vague
and requires additional elaboration of articulatory specifics</desc>
<!-- eventually link the terms of V 'frontness' to the relative articulation places in the oral and glottal articulation space -->
<fs>
<f name="frontness">
<vAlt>
<symbol value="front" xml:id="frnt"/>
<symbol value="central" xml:id="cntrl"/>
<symbol value="back" xml:id="bk"/>
<symbol value="advanced-toungue-root" xml:id="advncd"/>
<!-- very minor features -->
<symbol value="centralized" xml:id="cntrlzd"/>
<!-- very minor features -->
<symbol value="mid-centralized" xml:id="md-cntrlized"/>
<!-- very minor features -->
<symbol value="retracted-toungue-root" xml:id="retrctd"/>
<!-- very minor features -->
</vAlt>
</f>
</fs>
</div>
<div xml:id="height">
<desc>term commonly associated with 'degree of stricture' in what is a rough equivalent
description of "place-of-articulation" in vowels; This terminology is somewhat vague
and requires additional elaboration of articulatory specifics</desc>
<fs>
<f name="height">
<vAlt>
<symbol value="close" xml:id="V-cls" sameAs="#V-hi"/>
<symbol value="high" xml:id="V-hi" sameAs="#V-cls"/>
<symbol value="close-mid" xml:id="V-cls-md"/>
<symbol value="open-mid" xml:id="V-opn-md"/>
<symbol value="open" xml:id="V-opn" sameAs="#V-lo"/>
<symbol value="low" xml:id="V-lo" sameAs="#V-opn"/>
<symbol value="raised" xml:id="raised"/>
<!-- very minor features -->
<symbol value="lowered" xml:id="lowered"/>
<!-- very minor features -->
<symbol value="apical" xml:id="apcl"/>
<!-- very minor features -->
<symbol value="laminal" xml:id="lmnl"/>
<!-- very minor features -->
<symbol value="rhoticity" xml:id="rhtcty"/>
<!-- found in UK Engl in words with offset open vowels; -->
</vAlt>
</f>
</fs>
</div>
<div xml:id="rounding">
<desc>Rounding is mostly used in describing variation in vowel articulation features,
although there are numerous instances of non-vowels that have this feature, eg.:
labio-velar glide "w" </desc>
<fs>
<f name="rounding">
<vAlt>
<symbol value="rounded" xml:id="rnd"/>
<!-- shares articulatory, auditory and acoustic properties with all 'labials'; -->
<symbol value="more-rounded" xml:id="X-rnd"/>
<!-- -->
<symbol value="less-rounded" xml:id="L-rnd"/>
</vAlt>
</f>
</fs>
</div>
<div xml:id="nasalization">
<desc/>
<fs>
<f name="nasalization">
<symbol xmlns:dcr="http://www.isocat.org/ns/dcr"
value="nasalized"
xml:id="Nas"
dcr:datcat="http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3329"/>
<!-- GOLD: is_a /SupraLaryngealProperty; The class of properties that describe the degree to which the velum or soft palate is raised or lowered, allowing or prohibiting air from escaping through the nose. [Kenstowicz 1994: 143] Source; [Kenstowicz 1994: 143]-->
<!-- in MIX nasalization is both phonetic and phonological; can occur phonetically on vowels and glides; phonologically it occurs with vowels and can be observed co-occurring with glottalization in vowels as well -->
</f>
</fs>
</div>
<div xml:id="glottalization">
<desc xml:lang="en"> Glottalization in MIX vowel is has an intermediate phonetic and phonological status as it can signifiy in the vowel what whould otherwise be signaled with a full glottal stop; phonologically it occurs simultaneously with vowels and can be observed co-occurring with nasalization in vowels as well.</desc>
<fs>
<f name="glotalization">
<vAlt>
<symbol xmlns:dcr="http://www.isocat.org/ns/dcr"
value="creaky"
xml:id="crky"
sameAs="#lryng"
dcr:datcat="http://www.isocat.org/datcat/DC-3146"/>
<!-- -->
<symbol value="laryngeal" xml:id="lryng" sameAs="#crky"/>
</vAlt>
</f>
<!-- ? ADD/link "pre-glottalization" to this section? -->
</fs>
</div>
<div xml:id="duration"><!-- corresponds in higher level terms to conceptual primitive domain TIME -->
<desc/>
<fs>
<f name="duration">
<vAlt>
<symbol value="extra-short" xml:id="X-short"/>
<symbol value="short" xml:id="short"/>
<symbol value="single"/>
<symbol value="long" xml:id="long"/>
<!-- expressed in; mixtec orthography as: VV; in; IPA as: (vv | vː); in ZSAMPA as: (v:) -->
<symbol value="geminate" xml:id="gem" sameAs="#long"/>
<symbol value="half-long" xml:id="hlf-long"/>
</vAlt>
</f>
</fs>
</div>
<div type="complex-types">
<desc>These features are for phones in which more than one articulation place and/or
manner is involved. Many of these features can co-occur.</desc>
<!-- Affricates: Define potential ordering -->
<div xml:id="onset-features">
<desc>"Onset" phonetic features that occur in the onset position of a given complex
phonetic unit; This inventory is non-exhastive</desc>
<fs>
<f name="onset-features">
<vAlt>
<symbol value="pre-nasalization" xml:id="pre-Nas"/>
<symbol value="pre-glottalized" xml:id="pre-Glot"/>
<symbol value="pre-spirantized" xml:id="pre-Sprnt"/>
<!-- 'spirant' used as an alternative term for 'fricative' -->
</vAlt>
</f>
</fs>
</div>
<div xml:id="glide-features">
<desc><!-- cite from 'Ohala-Lorentz-1977' and 'OConnor-et-Alii-1957' --> Most glides
are voiced; the default feature status should thus be assumed to have voicing; All
glides contain two places of articulation (although these only represent the start
and endpoint of the gesture; the core of the acoustic signal is produced in
between these two points); The two primary places of articulation in a glide are
expressed in the linguistic terminology for the particular phone: eg. 'labio-velar
glide', 'alveo-palatal glide', etc. However, the ordering of the two places of
articulation are not inherantly expressed in how we refer to these items as
depending on the surrounding phonetic context, such as the place of articulation
of the previous and following phones, or whether they occur in including utterance
initial, final contexts, the order in which the glides two places are articulated
will change in any language. </desc>
<fs>
<f name="glide-features">
<vAlt>
<symbol value="glide" corresp="#semi-V"/>
<!-- -->
<symbol value="forward-glide" xml:id="G-fwd"/>
<!-- -->
<symbol value="back-glide" xml:id="G-bk"/>
<!-- -->
</vAlt>
</f>
<!-- MAKE DEFAULT GLIDE THIS FS AND HAVE MORE SPECIFIC VERSIONS CONTAINED WITHIN? -->
</fs>
</div>
<div xml:id="affricate-features">
<desc>(DESCRIPTION OF AFFRICATE FEATURES)</desc>
<fs feats="#affric" cert="low">
<f name="affricate-stop-fricative" xml:id="affric-stp-fric"/>
<!-- eg: [ts],[dz],[ʧ],[ʤ], etc. -->
<f name="affricate-fricative-stop" xml:id="affric-fric-stp"/>
<!-- eg: [st], [sk] -->
<!-- figure out how to include features that distinguish the order in which the places of articulation occur; eg. [sk] (alv > velar) -->
</fs>
</div>
<div xml:id="complex-vocalic-features">
<desc>In a dipthong, a phone has two vowel articulations, likewise, a trithong has
three vowel articulations. The duration of each portion of both of these may be
reduced from norm in which single portion occurs in isolation. The transitions
between certain vowels with different front-back features, height, and/or
roundness may create glide-like qualities, which can give rise to what is often
referred to as an 'epentheic' glide.</desc>
<fs>
<f name="complex-vocalic-features">
<vAlt>
<symbol value="diphthongs" xml:id="V-diphthng"/>
<!-- -->
<symbol value="trithong" xml:id="V-trithng"/>
<!-- , duration of each may be reduced from norm in which single portion occurs in isolation. The transitions between certain vowels may create glide-like quality. -->
</vAlt>
</f>
</fs>
</div>
<!-- DO I NEED TO INCLUDE 'FDECL' FOR "DOUBLE ARTICULATIONS" & "AFFRICATES" ? -->
<div xml:id="complex-offset">
<desc/>
<fs>
<f name="complex-offset">
<vAlt>
<symbol value="labial-offset" xml:id="off-G-lab"/>
<!-- MIX "kw"; "w" has feature "#rounded" -->
<symbol value="palatal-offset" xml:id="off-G-palat"/>
<symbol value="velarized-offset" xml:id="off-velar"/>
<symbol value="pharyngealized-offset" xml:id="off-phryngl"/>
<!-- very minor features -->
</vAlt>
</f>
</fs>
</div>
</div>
<div type="pitch-based-features">
<desc/>
<fs>
<f name="tone">
<symbol value="lexical-tone" xml:id="TONE"/>
<!-- GET URI (IF EXISITS!) -->
</f>
</fs>
<div xml:id="level-tones">
<desc/>
<fs feats="#TONE">
<f name="level-tones">
<vAlt>
<symbol value="low" xml:id="L"/>
<!-- IPA: "V̀" V˩; Pastor & Azcona style: "V̀"; Orth: (not represented) -->
<symbol value="mid" xml:id="M" sameAs="#Ø"/>
<!-- IPA: "V˧"; Pastor & Azcona style: "V"; Orth: (not represented) -->
<symbol value="unmarked" xml:id="Ø" sameAs="#M"/>
<!-- IPA: "V"; Pastor & Azcona style: "V"; Orth: (not represented) -->
<symbol value="high" xml:id="H"/>
<!-- IPA: "V˥"; Pastor & Azcona style: "V"; Orth: (not represented) -->
<symbol value="extra-low" xml:id="XL"/>
<!-- not in MIX; only for other languages and to map to IPA-->
<symbol value="extra-high" xml:id="XH"/>
<!-- not in MIX; only for other languages and to map to IPA-->
</vAlt>
</f>
</fs>
</div>
<div xml:id="contour-tones">
<desc/>
<fs>
<f name="contour-tones">
<vAlt>
<symbol value="falling" xml:id="F"/>
<!--Phonologically considered to be equivalent to "L"; (Falling features 2 contrasting pitch levels) ZSAMPA: "_F"; IPA: "V̀"; Pastor & Azcona style: "V̀"; Orth: (not represented) -->
<symbol value="rising" xml:id="R"/>
<!-- Phonologically considered to be equivalent to "H"; (Rising features 2 contrasting pitch levels) ZSAMPA: "_R"; IPA: "V́"; Pastor & Azcona style: "V́"; Orth: (not represented) -->
<symbol value="falling-rising" xml:id="F_R"/>
<!-- (Falling-Rising features 3 contrasting pitch levels) ZSAMPA: "_F_R"; IPA: "V̀V́"; Pastor & Azcona style: "V̀V́"; Orth: (only multiple vowels represented (length) -->
<symbol value="rising-falling" xml:id="R_F"/>
<!-- (Rising-Falling features 3 contrasting pitch levels) ZSAMPA: "_R_F"; IPA: "V́V̀"; Pastor & Azcona style: "V́V̀"; Orth: (only multiple vowels represented (length) -->
<symbol value="high-rising" xml:id="HR"/>
<!-- not in MIX; only for other languages and to map to IPA-->
<symbol value="low-rising" xml:id="LR"/>
<!-- not in MIX; only for other languages and to map to IPA-->
</vAlt>
</f>
</fs>
</div>
<div xml:id="lexical-stress">
<desc>In non-tonal languages, lexical stress is expressed through pitch alterations
in a lexical item. Emotional, discourse and utterance contexts may also effect the
way in which this is expressed. In US English, this often also has effects on the
vocalic forms of given lexical items.</desc>
<fs>
<f name="lexical-stress">
<vAlt>
<symbol value="primary-lexical-stress" xml:id="stress1"/>
<symbol value="secondary-lexical-stress" xml:id="stress2"/>
</vAlt>
</f>
</fs>
</div>
<div xml:id="pitch-alternations"><!-- (prosody / emotion /discourse) -based alterations -->
<desc/>
<fs>
<f name="pitch-alternation">
<vAlt>
<symbol value="downstep" xml:id="dwnstp"/>
<symbol value="upstep" xml:id="upstp"/>
<symbol value="global-rise" xml:id="R-glbl"/>
<symbol value="global-fall" xml:id="F-glbl"/>
</vAlt>
</f>
</fs>
</div>
</div>
<div xml:id="mix-phones" type="mix-phono-inventory">
<desc>All phonetic features included herein are observed in the spoken MIX languge
dataset and include all phones that are phonologically contrastive as well as
conditioned and unconditioned variants of the aforementioned. Feature structues are
defined in terms of the basic features of which they are comprised, all of which are
individually defined in the previous 'fsdDecl'. For each feature, the IPA
(based) transcription strings are declared in this section. </desc>
<div xml:id="vowels-mix">
<desc>all vowels are voiced; phonologically vowels can be either "oral" or "nasal";
phonetically vowels can feature "oral", "nasalized", or "creaky"."Creakyness" is
conditioned e.g.( (V,Ṽ) ->(V̰,Ṽ̰)/[+glottal]) and non contrastive in the presence
of a glottal stop, creakness may co-occur with oral or nasalized vowels</desc>
<!-- '#V' tagged because all features contained have descriptive @'vowel' -->
<fs feats="#V">
<f name="vowels-oral-MIX" xml:id="V-MIX">
<fs feats="#V-cls #V-hi #frnt" xml:id="V-hi-frnt-MIX">
<f name="ipa">
<string>i</string>
</f>
</fs>
<!-- i -->
<fs feats="#V-cls #V-hi #frnt #crky" xml:id="V-hi-frnt-crky-MIX">
<f name="ipa">
<string>ḭ</string>
</f>
</fs>
<!-- ḭ -->
<fs feats="#V-cls #V-hi #frnt #V-cls #long" xml:id="V-hi-frnt-long-MIX">
<f name="ipa">
<string>ii</string>
</f>
<f name="ipa">
<string>iː</string>
</f>
</fs>
<!-- ii, iː, i: -->
<fs feats="#V-cls #V-hi #frnt #crky #long" xml:id="V-hi-frnt-long-crky-MIX">
<f name="ipa">
<string>ḭḭ</string>
</f>
<f name="ipa">
<string>ḭː</string>
</f>
</fs>
<!-- ḭḭ, ḭː, ḭ: -->
<fs feats="#V-cls-md #frnt" xml:id="V-cls-md-frnt-MIX">
<f name="ipa">
<string>e</string>
</f>
</fs>
<!-- e ; ZSAMPA: e -->
<fs feats="#V-cls-md #frnt #crky" xml:id="V-cls-md-frnt-crky-MIX">
<f name="ipa">
<string>ḛ</string>
</f>
</fs>
<!-- ḛ ; ZSAMPA: e_k-->
<fs feats="#V-opn-md #frnt" xml:id="V-opn-md-frnt-MIX">
<f name="ipa">
<string>ɛ</string>
</f>
</fs>
<!-- ɛ ; ZSAMPA: E ; Unicode-025B; UTF8- C9 9B; (variant of "e") -->
<fs feats="#V-opn-md #frnt #crky" xml:id="V-opn-md-frnt-crky-MIX">
<f name="ipa">
<string>ɛ̰</string>
</f>
</fs>
<!-- ɛ̰̰̰̰̰ɛ̰ ; ZSAMPA: E_k ; Unicode-025B; UTF8- C9 9B; (variant of "e") -->
<fs feats="#V-cls-md #frnt #long" xml:id="V-cls-md-frnt-long-MIX">
<f name="ipa">
<string>ee</string>
</f>
<f name="ipa">
<string>eː</string>
</f>
</fs>
<!-- ee, eː, e: ZSAMPA e: -->
<fs feats="#V-cls-md #frnt #long #crky"
xml:id="V-cls-md-frnt-long-crky-MIX">
<f name="ipa">
<string>ḛḛ</string>
</f>
<f name="ipa">
<string>ḛː</string>
</f>
</fs>
<!-- ḛḛ, ḛː, ḛ: ZSAMPA: e:_k -->
<fs feats="#V-opn-md #frnt #long" xml:id="V-opn-md-frnt-long-MIX">
<f name="ipa">
<string>ɛɛ</string>
</f>
<f name="ipa">
<string>ɛː</string>
</f>
</fs>
<!-- ɛɛ, ɛː, ɛ: ; ZSAMPA: E: (variant of "ee, eː, e:") -->
<fs feats="#V-opn-md #frnt #crky #long"
xml:id="V-opn-md-frnt-long-crky-MIX">
<f name="ipa">
<string>ɛ̰ɛ̰</string>
</f>
<f name="ipa">
<string>ɛ̰ː</string>
</f>
</fs>
<!--ɛ̰ɛ̰, ɛ̰ː, ɛ̰: ZSAMPA: E:_k ; Unicode-025B; UTF8- C9 9B; (variant of "e") -->
<fs feats="#V-opn #V-lo #frnt" xml:id="V-opn-lo-frnt-MIX">
<f name="ipa">
<string>a</string>
</f>
</fs>
<!-- a -->
<fs feats="#V-opn #V-lo #frnt #crky" xml:id="V-opn-lo-frnt-crky-MIX">
<f name="ipa">
<string>a̰</string>
</f>
</fs>
<!-- (conditioned variant of [a]); a̰̰ ; ZSAMPA: a_k-->
<fs feats="#V-opn #V-lo #frnt #long" xml:id="V-opn-lo-frnt-long-MIX">
<f name="ipa">
<string>aː</string>
</f>
<f name="ipa">
<string>aa</string>
</f>
</fs>
<!-- a, aː, a: ZSAMPA: a: -->
<fs feats="#V-opn #V-lo #frnt #long #crky"
xml:id="V-opn-lo-frnt-long-crky-MIX">
<f name="ipa">
<string>a̰ː</string>
</f>
<f name="ipa">
<string>a̰a̰</string>
</f>
</fs>
<!-- a̰ː(conditioned variant of [a̰̰:]); a, aː, a: ZSAMPA: a:_k -->
<fs feats="#V-hi #bk #rnd" xml:id="V-hi-bk-rnd-MIX">
<f name="ipa">
<string>u</string>
</f>
</fs>
<!-- u -->
<fs feats="#V-hi #bk #rnd #crky" xml:id="V-hi-bk-rnd-crky-MIX">
<f name="ipa">
<string>ṵ</string>
</f>
</fs>
<!-- (conditioned variant of [u]); IPA [ṵ] -->
<fs feats="#V-hi #bk #rnd #long" xml:id="V-hi-bk-rnd-long-MIX">
<f name="ipa">
<string>uː</string>
</f>
<f name="ipa">
<string>uu</string>
</f>
</fs>
<!-- uu, uː, u: ; ZSAMPA: u: -->
<fs feats="#V-hi #bk #rnd #long #crky" xml:id="V-hi-bk-rnd-long-crky-MIX">
<f name="ipa">
<string>ṵː</string>
</f>
<f name="ipa">
<string>ṵṵ</string>
</f>
</fs>
<!-- (conditioned variant of [uu]); ZSAMPA: u:_k -->
<fs feats="#V-cls-md #bk #rnd" xml:id="V-cls-md-bk-rnd-MIX">
<f name="ipa">
<string>o</string>
</f>
</fs>
<!-- o -->
<fs feats="#V-cls-md #bk #rnd #crky" xml:id="V-cls-md-bk-rnd-ckry-MIX">
<f name="ipa">
<string>o̰</string>
</f>
</fs>
<!-- o̰̰ ; ZSAMPA: o_k -->
<fs feats="#V-cls-md #bk #rnd #long" xml:id="V-cls-md-bk-rnd-long-MIX">
<f name="ipa">
<string>ɔ̰ɔ̰</string>
</f>
</fs>
<!-- (has non-contrastive, non-conditioned variants in vowel quality [ɔ], and conditioned, semi-contrastive variants due to neighboring laryngels causing creaky variants) -->
<fs feats="#V-cls-md #bk #rnd #long #crky"
xml:id="V-cls-md-bk-rnd-long-crky-MIX">
<f name="ipa">
<string>ɔ̰ː</string>
</f>
<f name="ipa">
<string>ɔ̰ɔ̰</string>
</f>
</fs>
<!-- (conditioned variant of [oo]); ZSAMPA: o:_k -->
<fs feats="#V-opn-md #bk #rnd" xml:id="V-opn-md-bk-rnd-MIX">
<f name="ipa">
<string>ɔ</string>
</f>
</fs>
<!-- ɔ (variant of "o"); LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O; UNICODE: 0254; UTF8: C9 94 ; ZSAMPA: O -->
<fs feats="#V-opn-md #bk #rnd #crky" xml:id="V-opn-md-bk-rnd-ckry-MIX">
<f name="ipa">
<string>ɔ̰</string>
</f>
</fs>
<!-- ɔ (conditioned variant of "o"); LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O; UNICODE: 0254; UTF8: C9 94 ; ZSAMPA: O -->
<fs feats="#V-opn-md #bk #rnd #long" xml:id="V-opn-md-bk-rnd-long-MIX">
<f name="ipa">
<string>ɔ</string>
</f>
<f name="ipa">
<string>ɔɔ</string>
</f>
</fs>
<!-- (variant of "oo, oː, o:") ɔɔ, ɔː, ɔ: ; ZSAMPA: O: -->
<fs feats="#V-opn-md #bk #rnd #long #crky"
xml:id="V-opn-md-bk-rnd-long-crky-MIX">
<f name="ipa">
<string>ɔ̰</string>
</f>
<f name="ipa">
<string>ɔ̰ɔ̰</string>
</f>
</fs>
<!-- ɔɔ, ɔː, ɔ: ; ZSAMPA: O:_k(variant of "oo, oː, o:")-->
</f>
<f name="vowels-nasal-MIX" xml:id="Ṽ-MIX"><!-- combining tilde; UNICODE: 0303; UTF8 CC 83 -->
<fs feats="#V-cls #Nas #V-hi #frnt" xml:id="V-nas-hi-frnt-MIX">
<f name="ipa">
<string>ĩ</string>
</f>
</fs>
<!-- ĩ ; LATIN SMALL LETTER I WITH TILDE; UNICODE 0129; UTF8 C4 A9-->
<fs feats="#V-cls #Nas #V-hi #frnt #crky" xml:id="V-nas-hi-frnt-crky-MIX">
<f name="ipa">
<string>ḭ̃</string>
</f>
</fs>
<!-- ḭ̰̰̃ -->
<fs feats="#V-cls #Nas #V-hi #frnt #V-cls #long"
xml:id="V-nas-hi-frnt-long-MIX">
<f name="ipa">
<string>ĩĩ</string>
<string>ĩː</string>
</f>
</fs>
<!-- ĩĩ, ĩː, ĩ: -->
<fs feats="#V-cls #Nas #V-hi #frnt #V-cls #long #crky"
xml:id="V-nas-hi-frnt-long-crky-MIX">
<f name="ipa">
<string>ḭ̃ḭ̃</string>
</f>
</fs>
<!-- ĩĩ, ĩː, ĩ: -->
<fs feats="#V-cls-md #Nas #frnt" xml:id="V-nas-cls-md-frnt-MIX">
<f name="ipa">
<string>ẽ</string>
</f>
</fs>
<!-- ẽ -->
<fs feats="#V-cls-md #Nas #frnt #crky" xml:id="V-nas-cls-md-frnt-crky-MIX">
<f name="ipa">
<string>ḛ̃</string>
</f>
</fs>
<!-- ḛ̃ -->
<fs feats="#V-opn-md #Nas #frnt" xml:id="V-nas-opn-md-frnt-MIX">
<f name="ipa">
<string>ɛ̃</string>
</f>
</fs>
<!-- (variant of "ẽ") ɛ̃ Unicode-025B; UTF8- C9 9B; -->
<fs feats="#V-opn-md #Nas #frnt #crky" xml:id="V-nas-opn-md-frnt-crky-MIX">
<f name="ipa">
<string>ɛ̰̃</string>
</f>
</fs>
<!-- (conditioned variant of "ẽ") ɛ̃ Unicode-025B; UTF8- C9 9B; -->
<fs feats="#V-cls-md #Nas #frnt #long" xml:id="V-nas-cls-md-frnt-long-MIX">
<f name="ipa">
<string>ẽẽ</string>
<string>ẽː</string>
</f>
</fs>
<!-- ẽẽ, ẽː, ẽ: -->
<fs feats="#V-cls-md #Nas #frnt #long #crky"
xml:id="V-nas-cls-md-frnt-long-crky-MIX">
<f name="ipa">
<string>ḛ̃ḛ̃</string>
<string>ḛ̃ː</string>
</f>
</fs>
<!--(conditioned variant of "ḛ̃ḛ̃") ẽẽ, ẽː, ẽ: -->
<fs feats="#V-opn-md #Nas #frnt #long" xml:id="V-nas-opn-md-frnt-long-MIX">
<f name="ipa">
<string>ɛ̃ɛ̃</string>
<string>ɛ̃ː</string>
</f>
</fs>
<!-- , ɛ̃ː, ɛ̃: Unicode-025B; UTF8- C9 9B; (variant of "ẽẽ, ẽː, ẽ:") -->
<fs feats="#V-opn-md #Nas #frnt #long #crky"
xml:id="V-nas-opn-md-frnt-long-crky-MIX">
<f name="ipa">
<string>ɛ̰̃ɛ̰̃</string>
<string>ɛ̰̃ː</string>
</f>
</fs>
<!-- ɛ̃ɛ̃, ɛ̃ː, ɛ̃: Unicode-025B; UTF8- C9 9B; (variant of "ẽẽ, ẽː, ẽ:") -->
<fs feats="#V-opn #V-lo #Nas #frnt" xml:id="V-nas-opn-lo-frnt-MIX">
<f name="ipa">
<string>ã</string>
</f>
</fs>
<!-- ã -->
<fs feats="#V-opn #V-lo #Nas #frnt #crky"
xml:id="V-nas-opn-lo-frnt-crky-MIX">
<f name="ipa">
<string>ã̰</string>
</f>
</fs>
<!--(conditioned variant of [ã̰̰] -->
<fs feats="#V-opn #V-lo #Nas #frnt #long"
xml:id="V-nas-opn-lo-frnt-long-MIX">
<f name="ipa">
<string>ãã</string>
<string>ãː</string>
</f>
</fs>
<!-- , ã: -->
<fs feats="#V-opn #V-lo #Nas #frnt #long #crky"
xml:id="V-nas-opn-lo-frnt-long-crky-MIX">
<f name="ipa">
<string>ã̰ã̰</string>
<string>ã̰ː</string>
</f>
</fs>
<!--(conditioned variant of [ã̰̰ã̰̰] ãã, ãː, ã: -->
<fs feats="#V-hi #bk #Nas #rnd" xml:id="V-nas-hi-bk-rnd-MIX">
<f name="ipa">
<string>ũ</string>
</f>
</fs>
<!-- ũ -->
<fs feats="#V-hi #bk #Nas #rnd #crky" xml:id="V-nas-hi-bk-rnd-crky-MIX">
<f name="ipa">
<string>ṵ̃</string>
</f>
</fs>
<!-- ṵ̃ -->
<fs feats="#V-hi #bk #Nas #rnd #long" xml:id="V-nas-hi-bk-rnd-long-MIX">
<f name="ipa">
<string>ũũ</string>
<string>ũː</string>
</f>
</fs>
<!-- ũũ, ũː, ũ: -->
<fs feats="#V-hi #bk #Nas #rnd #long #crky"
xml:id="V-nas-hi-bk-rnd-long-crky-MIX">
<f name="ipa">
<string>ṵ̃ṵ̃</string>
<string>ṵ̃ː</string>
</f>
</fs>
<!-- ṵ̃ṵ̃, ṵ̃ː, ṵ̃: -->
<fs feats="#V-cls-md #Nas #bk #rnd" xml:id="V-nas-cls-md-bk-rnd-MIX">
<f name="ipa">
<string>õ</string>
</f>
</fs>
<!-- õ -->
<fs feats="#V-cls-md #Nas #bk #rnd #crky"
xml:id="V-nas-cls-md-bk-rnd-crky-MIX">
<f name="ipa">
<string>õ̰</string>
</f>
</fs>
<!-- (conditioned variant of [õ̰] -->
<fs feats="#V-opn-md #Nas #bk #rnd" xml:id="V-nas-opn-md-bk-rnd-MIX">
<f name="ipa">
<string>ɔ̃</string>
</f>
</fs>
<!-- ɔ̃ (unconditioned variant of [õ])-->
<fs feats="#V-opn-md #Nas #bk #rnd #crky"
xml:id="V-nas-opn-md-bk-rnd-crky-MIX">
<f name="ipa">
<string>ɔ̰̃</string>
</f>
</fs>
<!--(conditioned variant of [õ]) ɔ̃ -->
<fs feats="#V-cls-md #Nas #bk #rnd #long"
xml:id="V-nas-cls-md-bk-rnd-long-MIX">
<f name="ipa">
<string>õõ</string>
<string>õː</string>
</f>
</fs>
<!-- õõ, õː, õ: -->
<fs feats="#V-cls-md #Nas #bk #rnd #long #crky"
xml:id="V-nas-cls-md-bk-rnd-long-crky-MIX">
<f name="ipa">
<string>õ̰õ̰</string>
<string>õ̰ː</string>
</f>
</fs>
<!-- (conditioned variant of [õõ], õː, õ: -->
<fs feats="#V-opn-md #Nas #bk #rnd #long"
xml:id="V-nas-opn-md-bk-rnd-long-MIX">
<f name="ipa">
<string>ɔ̃ɔ̃</string>
<string>ɔ̃ː</string>
</f>
</fs>
<!-- ɔ̃ɔ̃, ɔ̃ː, ɔ̃: (unconditioned variant of "õõ, õː, õ:")-->
<fs feats="#V-opn-md #Nas #bk #rnd #long #crky"
xml:id="V-nas-opn-md-bk-rnd-long-crky-MIX">
<f name="ipa">
<string>ɔ̰̃ɔ̰̃</string>
<string>ɔ̰̃ː</string>
</f>
</fs>
<!-- ɔ̃ɔ̃, ɔ̃ː, ɔ̃: (conditioned variant of õõ, õː, õ:")-->
</f>
</fs>
</div>
<div xml:id="consonants-MIX">
<fs>
<f name="stops-MIX" xml:id="Stp-MIX"><!-- all instances have feature STOP (#stp) -->
<fs feats="#vc #bilab #stp" xml:id="vc-bilab-stp-MIX">
<f name="ipa">b</f>
</fs>
<!-- b (has unconditioned labial-fricative variants: IPA: "β"; "v")-->
<fs feats="#vcls #bilab #stp" xml:id="vcls-bilab-stp-MIX">
<f name="ipa">p</f>
</fs>
<!-- p (only occurs in words of foreign orgins: eg: [paa] 'father'; [pãː] 'bread' (from span. ['pan]) -->
<fs feats="#vcls #alv #stp" xml:id="vcls-alv-stp-MIX">
<f name="ipa">t</f>
</fs>
<!-- t (can occur in variation forms: [tʰ] or [t̪]) -->
<fs feats="#vcls #alv #stp #asp" xml:id="vcls-alv-stp-asp-MIX">
<f name="ipa">tʰ</f>
</fs>
<!-- variant of 't'; IPA: [tʰ]; -->
<fs feats="#semi-vc #alv #stp #asp" xml:id="semi-vc-alv-stp-asp-MIX">
<f name="ipa">t̬</f>
</fs>
<!-- occurs as non-contrastive, but patterned variant of 't'; IPA: [t]; -->
<fs feats="#vcls #alv #stp #dent" xml:id="vcls-alv-stp-dent-MIX">
<f name="ipa">t̪</f>
</fs>
<!-- variant of 't'; IPA: [t̪] -->
<fs feats="#vc #alv #stp" xml:id="vc-alv-stp-MIX">
<f name="ipa">d</f>
</fs>
<!-- d (non-contrastive phonetic variant of [t] occuring in voiced environments; [d̪]) -->
<fs feats="#vcls #velar #stp" xml:id="vcls-velar-stp-MIX">
<f name="ipa">k</f>
</fs>
<!-- IPA: "k" (has two non-contrastive variants) -->
<fs feats="#vcls #velar #stp #semi-vc" xml:id="semi-vc-velar-stp-MIX">
<f name="ipa">
<string>k̬</string>
</f>
</fs>
<!-- k̬ (this is non-phonologically contrastive but occurs regularly in certain lexical items; eg. IPA: [k̬à] 'tpc-mkr')-->
<fs feats="#vc #velar #stp" xml:id="vc-velar-stp-MIX">
<f name="ipa">
<string>g</string>
</f>
</fs>
<!--conditioned variant of 'k'; IPA: [g] -->
<fs feats="#vcls #glot #stp" xml:id="vcls-glot-stp-MIX">
<f name="ipa">
<string>ʔ</string>
</f>
</fs>
<!-- ʔ (LATIN LETTER GLOTTAL STOP; UNICODE 0294; UTF8: CA 94) Varition occurs when laryngealization leaks onto surrounding vowels -->
<fs feats="#semi-vc #glot #stp" xml:id="semi-vc-glot-stp-MIX">
<f name="ipa">
<string>ʔ</string>
</f>
</fs>
</f>
<f name="trill-tap-flap-MIX" xml:id="trill-tap-flap-MIX">
<fs feats="#alv #tap-flap" xml:id="alv-tap-flap-MIX">
<f name="ipa">ɾ</f>
</fs>
<!-- IPA: the tap [ɾ] occurs in native and non-native items; trill is found only in words imported from Spanish in which there are 'rr' sequences;(ZSAMPA (original format had: '4' as the symbol for both tap and flap- I have not been following this in the XML transcriptions however-->
<fs feats="#alv #trll" xml:id="alv-trll-MIX">
<f name="ipa">r</f>
</fs>
<!-- IPA: [r]; MIX phonological units [ɾ] and [r] are non-phonologically distinct however the trill is found only in words imported from Spanish in which there are 'rr' sequences; eg. [ká.ru] 'car', [lùù.ru] 'donkey', [sa.lùù.ru] 'rabbit/hare' (ZSAMPA (original format had: '4' as the symbol for both tap and flap- I have not been following this in the XML transcriptions however.... -->
</f>
<f name="fricatives-MIX" xml:id="Fric-MIX"><!-- all instances have feature FRICATIVE (#fric) -->
<fs feats="#bilab #vc #fric" xml:id="vc-bilab-fric-MIX">
<f name="ipa">
<string>β</string>
</f>
</fs>
<!-- IPA: [β] ; variant of [v] -->