diff --git a/Makefile b/Makefile
index b4e62d5ee9..52121c5437 100644
--- a/Makefile
+++ b/Makefile
@@ -56,7 +56,7 @@ test-schema: env
 	$(honcho) run -e $(test_env_files) ./recreate-schema.sh
 
 pyflakes: env
-	$(env_bin)/pyflakes bin gratipay tests
+	$(env_bin)/pyflakes *.py bin gratipay tasks tests
 
 test: test-schema pytest jstest
 
diff --git a/bin/masspay.py b/bin/masspay.py
index 2459124f79..9f6ee6d41e 100755
--- a/bin/masspay.py
+++ b/bin/masspay.py
@@ -123,11 +123,12 @@ def compute_input_csv():
     db = wireup.db(wireup.env())
     participants = db.all("""
 
-        SELECT participants.*::participants
-          FROM participants
-         WHERE paypal_email IS NOT null
-           AND balance > 0
-      ORDER BY balance DESC
+        SELECT p.*, r.address AS paypal_email, r.fee_cap AS paypal_fee_cap
+          FROM exchange_routes r
+          JOIN participants p ON p.id = r.participant
+         WHERE r.network = 'paypal'
+           AND p.balance > 0
+      ORDER BY p.balance DESC
 
     """)
     writer = csv.writer(open(INPUT_CSV, 'w+'))
diff --git a/gratipay/billing/__init__.py b/gratipay/billing/__init__.py
index 66ba8e7a92..e69de29bb2 100644
--- a/gratipay/billing/__init__.py
+++ b/gratipay/billing/__init__.py
@@ -1,223 +0,0 @@
-"""This module encapsulates billing logic and db access.
-
-There are three pieces of information for each participant related to billing:
-
-    balanced_customer_href
-        * NULL - This participant has never been billed.
-        * 'deadbeef' - This participant has had a Balanced account created for
-          them, either by adding a credit card or a bank account.
-    last_bill_result
-        * NULL - This participant has not had their credit card charged yet.
-        * '' - This participant has a working card.
-        * <message> - An error message.
-    last_ach_result
-        * NULL - This participant has not wired up a bank account yet.
-        * '' - This participant has a working bank account.
-        * <message> - An error message.
-
-"""
-from __future__ import unicode_literals
-
-import balanced
-from aspen.utils import typecheck
-
-from gratipay.models.participant import Participant
-
-
-def store_result(db, thing, participant, new_result):
-    """Update the participant's last_{ach,bill}_result in the DB.
-
-    Also update receiving amounts of the participant's tippees.
-    """
-    assert thing in ("credit card", "bank account"), thing
-    column = 'last_%s_result' % ('bill' if thing == 'credit card' else 'ach')
-    old_result = getattr(participant, column)
-
-    # Update last_thing_result in the DB
-    db.run("""
-        UPDATE participants p
-           SET {0}=%s
-         WHERE id=%s
-    """.format(column), (new_result, participant.id))
-    participant.set_attributes(**{column: new_result})
-
-    # Update the receiving amounts of tippees if requested and necessary
-    if thing != "credit card":
-        return
-    if participant.is_suspicious or new_result == old_result:
-        return
-    with db.get_cursor() as cursor:
-        participant.update_giving(cursor)
-        tippees = cursor.all("""
-            SELECT tippee
-              FROM current_tips
-             WHERE tipper=%(tipper)s;
-        """, dict(tipper=participant.username))
-        for tippee in tippees:
-            Participant.from_username(tippee).update_receiving(cursor)
-
-
-def associate(db, thing, participant, balanced_account, balanced_thing_uri):
-    """Given four unicodes, return a unicode.
-
-    This function attempts to associate the credit card or bank account details
-    referenced by balanced_thing_uri with a Balanced Account. If it fails we
-    log and return a unicode describing the failure. Even for failure we keep
-    balanced_customer_href; we don't reset it to None/NULL. It's useful for
-    loading the previous (bad) info from Balanced in order to prepopulate the
-    form.
-
-    """
-    typecheck( participant, Participant
-             , balanced_account, balanced.Customer
-             , balanced_thing_uri, unicode
-             , thing, unicode
-              )
-
-    invalidate_on_balanced(thing, balanced_account)
-    try:
-        if thing == "credit card":
-            obj = balanced.Card.fetch(balanced_thing_uri)
-        else:
-            assert thing == "bank account", thing # sanity check
-            obj = balanced.BankAccount.fetch(balanced_thing_uri)
-        obj.associate_to_customer(balanced_account)
-    except balanced.exc.HTTPError as err:
-        error = err.message.message.decode('UTF-8')  # XXX UTF-8?
-    else:
-        error = ''
-    typecheck(error, unicode)
-
-    store_result(db, thing, participant, error)
-    return error
-
-
-def invalidate_on_balanced(thing, customer):
-    """XXX Things in balanced cannot be deleted at the moment.
-
-    Instead we mark all valid cards as invalid which will restrict against
-    anyone being able to issue charges against them in the future.
-
-    See: https://github.com/balanced/balanced-api/issues/22
-
-    """
-    assert thing in ("credit card", "bank account")
-    typecheck(customer, balanced.Customer)
-
-    things = customer.cards if thing == "credit card" else customer.bank_accounts
-
-    for _thing in things:
-        _thing.unstore()
-
-
-def clear(db, thing, participant, balanced_account):
-    typecheck( thing, unicode
-             , participant, Participant
-              )
-    invalidate_on_balanced(thing, balanced_account)
-    store_result(db, thing, participant, None)
-
-
-class BalancedThing(object):
-    """Represent either a credit card or a bank account.
-    """
-
-    thing_type = None           # either 'card' or 'bank_account'
-    keys_to_attr_paths = None   # set to a mapping in subclasses
-
-    _customer = None    # underlying balanced.Customer object
-    _thing = None       # underlying balanced.{BankAccount,Card} object
-
-    def __getitem__(self, key):
-        """Given a name, return a unicode.
-
-        Allow subclasses to provide a flat set of keys, which, under the hood,
-        might be nested attributes and/or keys. The traversal path is relative
-        to _thing (not self!).
-
-        """
-        attr_path = self.keys_to_attr_paths.get(key, key)
-
-        out = None
-        if self._customer is not None and self._thing is not None:
-            out = self._thing
-            for val in attr_path.split('.'):
-                if type(out) is dict:
-                    # this lets us reach into the meta dict
-                    out = out.get(val)
-                else:
-                    try:
-                        out = getattr(out, val)
-                    except AttributeError:
-                        raise KeyError("{} not found".format(val))
-                if out is None:
-                    break
-
-        if out is None:
-            # Default to ''; see https://github.com/gratipay/gratipay.com/issues/2161.
-            out = ''
-
-        return out
-
-    def __init__(self, balanced_customer_href):
-        """Given a Balanced account_uri, load data from Balanced.
-        """
-        if balanced_customer_href is None:
-            return
-
-        # XXX Indexing is borken. See:
-        # https://github.com/balanced/balanced-python/issues/10
-
-        self._customer = balanced.Customer.fetch(balanced_customer_href)
-
-        things = getattr(self._customer, self.thing_type+'s')\
-            .filter(is_valid=True).all()
-        nvalid = len(things)
-
-        if nvalid == 0:
-            self._thing = None
-        elif nvalid == 1:
-            self._thing = things[0]
-        else:
-            msg = "%s has %d valid %ss"
-            msg %= (balanced_customer_href, len(things), self.thing_type)
-            raise RuntimeError(msg)
-
-    @property
-    def is_setup(self):
-        return self._thing is not None
-
-
-class BalancedCard(BalancedThing):
-    """This is a dict-like wrapper around a Balanced credit card.
-    """
-
-    thing_type = 'card'
-
-    keys_to_attr_paths = {
-        'id': 'customer.href',
-        'address_1': 'address.line1',
-        'address_2': 'meta.address_2',
-        'country': 'meta.country',
-        'city_town': 'meta.city_town',
-        'zip': 'address.postal_code',
-        # gratipay is saving the state in the meta field
-        # for compatibility with legacy customers
-        'state': 'meta.region',
-        'last4': 'number',
-        'last_four': 'number',
-        'card_type': 'brand',
-        'expiration_month': 'expiration_month',
-        'expiration_year': 'expiration_year',
-    }
-
-
-class BalancedBankAccount(BalancedThing):
-    """This is a dict-like wrapper around a Balanced bank account.
-    """
-
-    thing_type = 'bank_account'
-
-    keys_to_attr_paths = {
-        'customer_href': 'customer.href',
-    }
diff --git a/gratipay/billing/exchanges.py b/gratipay/billing/exchanges.py
index 945e489e2e..e823eb6d42 100644
--- a/gratipay/billing/exchanges.py
+++ b/gratipay/billing/exchanges.py
@@ -8,35 +8,41 @@
 
 from aspen import log
 from aspen.utils import typecheck
-from gratipay.exceptions import NegativeBalance, NoBalancedCustomerHref, NotWhitelisted
+from gratipay.exceptions import NegativeBalance, NotWhitelisted
 from gratipay.models import check_db
 from gratipay.models.participant import Participant
+from gratipay.models.exchange_route import ExchangeRoute
 
 
-# https://docs.balancedpayments.com/1.1/api/customers/
-CUSTOMER_LINKS = {
-    "customers.bank_accounts": "/customers/{customers.id}/bank_accounts",
-    "customers.card_holds": "/customers/{customers.id}/card_holds",
-    "customers.cards": "/customers/{customers.id}/cards",
-    "customers.credits": "/customers/{customers.id}/credits",
-    "customers.debits": "/customers/{customers.id}/debits",
-    "customers.destination": "/resources/{customers.destination}",
-    "customers.disputes": "/customers/{customers.id}/disputes",
-    "customers.external_accounts": "/customers/{customers.id}/external_accounts",
-    "customers.orders": "/customers/{customers.id}/orders",
-    "customers.refunds": "/customers/{customers.id}/refunds",
-    "customers.reversals": "/customers/{customers.id}/reversals",
-    "customers.source": "/resources/{customers.source}",
-    "customers.transactions": "/customers/{customers.id}/transactions"
+BALANCED_CLASSES = {
+    "bank_accounts": balanced.BankAccount,
+    "cards": balanced.Card,
 }
 
+BALANCED_LINKS = {
+    "bank_accounts": {
+        "bank_accounts.bank_account_verification": "/verifications/{bank_accounts.bank_account_verification}",
+        "bank_accounts.bank_account_verifications": "/bank_accounts/{bank_accounts.id}/verifications",
+        "bank_accounts.credits": "/bank_accounts/{bank_accounts.id}/credits",
+        "bank_accounts.customer": "/customers/{bank_accounts.customer}",
+        "bank_accounts.debits": "/bank_accounts/{bank_accounts.id}/debits",
+        "bank_accounts.settlements": "/bank_accounts/{bank_accounts.id}/settlements"
+    },
+    "cards": {
+        "cards.card_holds": "/cards/{cards.id}/card_holds",
+        "cards.customer": "/customers/{cards.customer}",
+        "cards.debits": "/cards/{cards.id}/debits",
+        "cards.disputes": "/cards/{cards.id}/disputes"
+    }
+}
 
-def customer_from_href(href):
-    """This functions "manually" builds a minimal Customer instance.
+def thing_from_href(things, href):
+    """This is a temporary hack, we'll get rid of it when we migrate to Stripe.
     """
     id = href.rsplit('/', 1)[1]
     d = {'href': href, 'id': id, 'links': {}, 'meta': {}}
-    return balanced.Customer(customers=[d], links=CUSTOMER_LINKS)
+    C = BALANCED_CLASSES[things]
+    return C(**{things: [d], 'links': BALANCED_LINKS[things]})
 
 
 # Balanced has a $0.50 minimum. We go even higher to avoid onerous
@@ -107,11 +113,9 @@ def ach_credit(db, participant, withhold, minimum_credit=MINIMUM_CREDIT):
     if not participant.is_whitelisted:
         raise NotWhitelisted      # Participant not trusted.
 
-    balanced_customer_href = participant.balanced_customer_href
-    if balanced_customer_href is None:
-        log("%s has no balanced_customer_href."
-            % participant.username)
-        raise NoBalancedCustomerHref  # not in Balanced
+    route = ExchangeRoute.from_network(participant, 'balanced-ba')
+    if not route:
+        return 'No bank account'
 
 
     # Do final calculations.
@@ -132,11 +136,10 @@ def ach_credit(db, participant, withhold, minimum_credit=MINIMUM_CREDIT):
     # Try to dance with Balanced.
     # ===========================
 
-    e_id = record_exchange(db, 'ach', -credit_amount, fee, participant, 'pre')
+    e_id = record_exchange(db, route, -credit_amount, fee, participant, 'pre')
     meta = dict(exchange_id=e_id, participant_id=participant.id)
     try:
-        customer = customer_from_href(balanced_customer_href)
-        ba = customer.bank_accounts.one()
+        ba = thing_from_href('bank_accounts', route.address)
         ba.credit(amount=cents, description=participant.username, meta=meta)
         record_exchange_result(db, e_id, 'pending', None, participant)
         log(msg + "succeeded.")
@@ -159,22 +162,18 @@ def create_card_hold(db, participant, amount):
     typecheck(amount, Decimal)
 
     username = participant.username
-    balanced_customer_href = participant.balanced_customer_href
-
-    typecheck( username, unicode
-             , balanced_customer_href, (unicode, None)
-              )
 
 
     # Perform some last-minute checks.
     # ================================
 
-    if balanced_customer_href is None:
-        raise NoBalancedCustomerHref      # Participant has no funding source.
-
     if participant.is_suspicious is not False:
         raise NotWhitelisted      # Participant not trusted.
 
+    route = ExchangeRoute.from_network(participant, 'balanced-cc')
+    if not route:
+        return None, 'No credit card'
+
 
     # Go to Balanced.
     # ===============
@@ -184,7 +183,7 @@ def create_card_hold(db, participant, amount):
 
     hold = None
     try:
-        card = customer_from_href(balanced_customer_href).cards.one()
+        card = thing_from_href('cards', route.address)
         hold = card.hold( amount=cents
                         , description=username
                         , meta=dict(participant_id=participant.id, state='new')
@@ -194,7 +193,7 @@ def create_card_hold(db, participant, amount):
     except Exception as e:
         error = repr_exception(e)
         log(msg + "failed: %s" % error)
-        record_exchange(db, 'bill', amount, fee, participant, 'failed', error)
+        record_exchange(db, route, amount, fee, participant, 'failed', error)
 
     return hold, error
 
@@ -209,9 +208,12 @@ def capture_card_hold(db, participant, amount, hold):
     username = participant.username
     assert participant.id == int(hold.meta['participant_id'])
 
+    route = ExchangeRoute.from_address(participant, 'balanced-cc', hold.card_href)
+    assert route
+
     cents, amount_str, charge_amount, fee = _prep_hit(amount)
     amount = charge_amount - fee  # account for possible rounding
-    e_id = record_exchange(db, 'bill', amount, fee, participant, 'pre')
+    e_id = record_exchange(db, route, amount, fee, participant, 'pre')
 
     meta = dict(participant_id=participant.id, exchange_id=e_id)
     try:
@@ -264,8 +266,8 @@ def _prep_hit(unrounded):
     return cents, amount_str, upcharged, fee
 
 
-def record_exchange(db, kind, amount, fee, participant, status, error=None):
-    """Given a Bunch of Stuff, return None.
+def record_exchange(db, route, amount, fee, participant, status, error=''):
+    """Given a Bunch of Stuff, return an int (exchange_id).
 
     Records in the exchanges table have these characteristics:
 
@@ -282,16 +284,16 @@ def record_exchange(db, kind, amount, fee, participant, status, error=None):
 
         exchange_id = cursor.one("""
             INSERT INTO exchanges
-                   (amount, fee, participant, status)
-            VALUES (%s, %s, %s, %s)
+                   (amount, fee, participant, status, route)
+            VALUES (%s, %s, %s, %s, %s)
          RETURNING id
-        """, (amount, fee, participant.username, status))
+        """, (amount, fee, participant.username, status, route.id))
 
         if status == 'failed':
-            propagate_exchange(cursor, participant, kind, error, 0)
+            propagate_exchange(cursor, participant, route, error, 0)
         elif amount < 0:
             amount -= fee
-            propagate_exchange(cursor, participant, kind, '', amount)
+            propagate_exchange(cursor, participant, route, '', amount)
 
     return exchange_id
 
@@ -300,43 +302,47 @@ def record_exchange_result(db, exchange_id, status, error, participant):
     """Updates the status of an exchange.
     """
     with db.get_cursor() as cursor:
-        amount, fee, username = cursor.one("""
-            UPDATE exchanges
+        amount, fee, username, route = cursor.one("""
+            UPDATE exchanges e
                SET status=%(status)s
                  , note=%(error)s
              WHERE id=%(exchange_id)s
                AND status <> %(status)s
          RETURNING amount, fee, participant
+                 , ( SELECT r.*::exchange_routes
+                       FROM exchange_routes r
+                      WHERE r.id = e.route
+                   ) AS route
         """, locals())
         assert participant.username == username
+        assert route
 
         if amount < 0:
             amount -= fee
             amount = amount if status == 'failed' else 0
-            propagate_exchange(cursor, participant, 'ach', error, -amount)
+            propagate_exchange(cursor, participant, route, error, -amount)
         else:
             amount = amount if status == 'succeeded' else 0
-            propagate_exchange(cursor, participant, 'bill', error, amount)
+            propagate_exchange(cursor, participant, route, error, amount)
 
 
-def propagate_exchange(cursor, participant, kind, error, amount):
-    """Propagates an exchange to the participant's balance.
+def propagate_exchange(cursor, participant, route, error, amount):
+    """Propagates an exchange's result to the participant's balance and the
+    route's status.
     """
-    column = 'last_%s_result' % kind
-    error = None if error == 'NoResultFound()' else (error or '')
+    route.update_error(error or '', propagate=False)
     new_balance = cursor.one("""
         UPDATE participants
-           SET {0}=%s
-             , balance=(balance + %s)
+           SET balance=(balance + %s)
          WHERE id=%s
      RETURNING balance
-    """.format(column), (error, amount, participant.id))
+    """, (amount, participant.id))
 
     if amount < 0 and new_balance < 0:
         raise NegativeBalance
 
     if hasattr(participant, 'set_attributes'):
-        participant.set_attributes(**{'balance': new_balance, column: error})
+        participant.set_attributes(balance=new_balance)
 
 
 def sync_with_balanced(db):
diff --git a/gratipay/billing/payday.py b/gratipay/billing/payday.py
index e0a3ce8816..f0c8bf4d47 100644
--- a/gratipay/billing/payday.py
+++ b/gratipay/billing/payday.py
@@ -195,12 +195,15 @@ def prepare(cursor, ts_start):
                  , claimed_time
                  , balance AS old_balance
                  , balance AS new_balance
-                 , balanced_customer_href
-                 , last_bill_result
                  , is_suspicious
                  , goal
                  , false AS card_hold_ok
-              FROM participants
+                 , ( SELECT count(*)
+                       FROM exchange_routes r
+                      WHERE r.participant = p.id
+                        AND network = 'balanced-cc'
+                   ) > 0 AS has_credit_card
+              FROM participants p
              WHERE is_suspicious IS NOT true
                AND claimed_time < %(ts_start)s
           ORDER BY claimed_time;
@@ -374,10 +377,7 @@ def prepare(cursor, ts_start):
                    SELECT count(*)
                      FROM payday_participants
                     WHERE old_balance < giving_today
-                      AND ( balanced_customer_href IS NULL
-                            OR
-                            last_bill_result IS NULL
-                          )
+                      AND NOT has_credit_card
                )
          WHERE ts_end='1970-01-01T00:00:00+00'::timestamptz;
 
@@ -415,8 +415,7 @@ def create_card_holds(self, cursor):
             SELECT *
               FROM payday_participants
              WHERE old_balance < giving_today
-               AND balanced_customer_href IS NOT NULL
-               AND last_bill_result IS NOT NULL
+               AND has_credit_card
                AND is_suspicious IS false
         """)
         if not participants:
@@ -607,8 +606,11 @@ def payout(self):
             SELECT p.*::participants
               FROM participants p
              WHERE balance > 0
-               AND balanced_customer_href IS NOT NULL
-               AND last_ach_result IS NOT NULL
+               AND ( SELECT count(*)
+                       FROM exchange_routes r
+                      WHERE r.participant = p.id
+                        AND network = 'balanced-ba'
+                   ) > 0
         """)
         def credit(participant):
             if participant.is_suspicious is None:
diff --git a/gratipay/exceptions.py b/gratipay/exceptions.py
index 94f2c6ff16..b5c2ead30b 100644
--- a/gratipay/exceptions.py
+++ b/gratipay/exceptions.py
@@ -65,4 +65,3 @@ def __str__(self):
         return "Negative balance not allowed in this context."
 
 class NotWhitelisted(Exception): pass
-class NoBalancedCustomerHref(Exception): pass
diff --git a/gratipay/main.py b/gratipay/main.py
index 02b65bfee3..767351283e 100644
--- a/gratipay/main.py
+++ b/gratipay/main.py
@@ -67,6 +67,7 @@
 gratipay.wireup.load_i18n(website.project_root, tell_sentry)
 gratipay.wireup.other_stuff(website, env)
 gratipay.wireup.accounts_elsewhere(website, env)
+gratipay.wireup.cryptocoin_networks(website)
 
 if exc:
     tell_sentry(exc, {})
diff --git a/gratipay/models/exchange_route.py b/gratipay/models/exchange_route.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..af9d41d855
--- /dev/null
+++ b/gratipay/models/exchange_route.py
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function, unicode_literals
+
+import balanced
+from postgres.orm import Model
+
+
+class ExchangeRoute(Model):
+
+    typname = "exchange_routes"
+
+    def __bool__(self):
+        return self.error != 'invalidated'
+
+    __nonzero__ = __bool__
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_id(cls, id):
+        return cls.db.one("""
+            SELECT r.*::exchange_routes
+              FROM exchange_routes r
+             WHERE id = %(id)s
+        """, locals())
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_network(cls, participant, network):
+        participant_id = participant.id
+        r = cls.db.one("""
+            SELECT r.*::exchange_routes
+              FROM current_exchange_routes r
+             WHERE participant = %(participant_id)s
+               AND network = %(network)s
+        """, locals())
+        if r:
+            r.__dict__['participant'] = participant
+        return r
+
+    @classmethod
+    def from_address(cls, participant, network, address):
+        participant_id = participant.id
+        r = cls.db.one("""
+            SELECT r.*::exchange_routes
+              FROM exchange_routes r
+             WHERE participant = %(participant_id)s
+               AND network = %(network)s
+               AND address = %(address)s
+        """, locals())
+        if r:
+            r.__dict__['participant'] = participant
+        return r
+
+    @classmethod
+    def associate_balanced(cls, participant, balanced_account, network, address):
+        if network == 'balanced-cc':
+            obj = balanced.Card.fetch(address)
+        else:
+            assert network == 'balanced-ba', network # sanity check
+            obj = balanced.BankAccount.fetch(address)
+        obj.associate_to_customer(balanced_account)
+
+        return cls.insert(participant, network, address)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def insert(cls, participant, network, address, error='', fee_cap=None):
+        participant_id = participant.id
+        r = cls.db.one("""
+            INSERT INTO exchange_routes
+                        (participant, network, address, error, fee_cap)
+                 VALUES (%(participant_id)s, %(network)s, %(address)s, %(error)s, %(fee_cap)s)
+              RETURNING exchange_routes.*::exchange_routes
+        """, locals())
+        if network == 'balanced-cc':
+            participant.update_giving_and_tippees()
+        r.__dict__['participant'] = participant
+        return r
+
+    def invalidate(self):
+        if self.network.startswith('balanced-'):
+            if self.network == 'balanced-cc':
+                balanced.Card.fetch(self.address).unstore()
+            else:
+                assert self.network == 'balanced-ba'
+                balanced.BankAccount.fetch(self.address).delete()
+        self.update_error('invalidated')
+
+    def update_error(self, new_error, propagate=True):
+        id = self.id
+        old_error = self.error
+        self.db.run("""
+            UPDATE exchange_routes
+               SET error = %(new_error)s
+             WHERE id = %(id)s
+        """, locals())
+        self.set_attributes(error=new_error)
+
+        # Update the receiving amounts of tippees if requested and necessary
+        if not propagate or self.network != 'balanced-cc':
+            return
+        if self.participant.is_suspicious or bool(new_error) == bool(old_error):
+            return
+        self.participant.update_giving_and_tippees()
diff --git a/gratipay/models/participant.py b/gratipay/models/participant.py
index a3f1865726..c7a0ed38d7 100644
--- a/gratipay/models/participant.py
+++ b/gratipay/models/participant.py
@@ -46,6 +46,7 @@
 from gratipay.models import add_event
 from gratipay.models._mixin_team import MixinTeam
 from gratipay.models.account_elsewhere import AccountElsewhere
+from gratipay.models.exchange_route import ExchangeRoute
 from gratipay.security.crypto import constant_time_compare
 from gratipay.utils import i18n, is_card_expiring, emails, notifications, pricing
 from gratipay.utils.username import safely_reserve_a_username
@@ -713,18 +714,18 @@ def add_notification(self, name):
     def add_signin_notifications(self):
         if not self.get_emails():
             self.add_notification('email_missing')
-        if self.last_ach_result:
+        if self.get_bank_account_error():
             self.add_notification('ba_withdrawal_failed')
-        if self.last_bill_result:
+        if self.get_credit_card_error():
             self.add_notification('credit_card_failed')
         elif self.credit_card_expiring():
             self.add_notification('credit_card_expires')
 
     def credit_card_expiring(self):
-        if not self.balanced_customer_href:
-            return False
-        from gratipay import billing
-        card = billing.BalancedCard(self.balanced_customer_href)
+        route = ExchangeRoute.from_network(self, 'balanced-cc')
+        if not route:
+            return
+        card = balanced.Card.fetch(route.address)
         year, month = card['expiration_year'], card['expiration_month']
         if not (year and month):
             return False
@@ -755,6 +756,26 @@ def render_notifications(self, state):
         return r
 
 
+    # Exchange-related stuff
+    # ======================
+
+    def get_bank_account_error(self):
+        return getattr(ExchangeRoute.from_network(self, 'balanced-ba'), 'error', None)
+
+    def get_credit_card_error(self):
+        return getattr(ExchangeRoute.from_network(self, 'balanced-cc'), 'error', None)
+
+    def get_cryptocoin_addresses(self):
+        routes = self.db.all("""
+            SELECT network, address
+              FROM current_exchange_routes r
+             WHERE participant = %s
+               AND network = 'bitcoin'
+               AND error <> 'invalidated'
+        """, (self.id,))
+        return {r.network: r.address for r in routes}
+
+
     # Random Junk
     # ===========
 
@@ -879,14 +900,21 @@ def update_is_closed(self, is_closed, cursor=None):
                       )
             self.set_attributes(is_closed=is_closed)
 
+    def update_giving_and_tippees(self):
+        with self.db.get_cursor() as cursor:
+            updated_tips = self.update_giving(cursor)
+            for tip in updated_tips:
+                Participant.from_username(tip.tippee).update_receiving(cursor)
+
     def update_giving(self, cursor=None):
         # Update is_funded on tips
-        if self.last_bill_result == '':
-            (cursor or self.db).run("""
+        if self.get_credit_card_error() == '':
+            updated = (cursor or self.db).all("""
                 UPDATE current_tips
                    SET is_funded = true
                  WHERE tipper = %s
                    AND is_funded IS NOT true
+             RETURNING *
             """, (self.username,))
         else:
             tips = (cursor or self.db).all("""
@@ -899,6 +927,7 @@ def update_giving(self, cursor=None):
               ORDER BY p2.claimed_time IS NULL, t.ctime ASC
             """, (self.username,))
             fake_balance = self.balance + self.receiving
+            updated = []
             for tip in tips:
                 if tip.amount > fake_balance:
                     is_funded = False
@@ -907,11 +936,12 @@ def update_giving(self, cursor=None):
                     is_funded = True
                 if tip.is_funded == is_funded:
                     continue
-                (cursor or self.db).run("""
+                updated.append((cursor or self.db).one("""
                     UPDATE tips
                        SET is_funded = %s
                      WHERE id = %s
-                """, (is_funded, tip.id))
+                 RETURNING *
+                """, (is_funded, tip.id)))
 
         # Update giving and pledging on participant
         giving, pledging = (cursor or self.db).one("""
@@ -940,6 +970,8 @@ def update_giving(self, cursor=None):
         """, dict(username=self.username))
         self.set_attributes(giving=giving, pledging=pledging)
 
+        return updated
+
     def update_receiving(self, cursor=None):
         if self.IS_PLURAL:
             old_takes = self.compute_actual_takes(cursor=cursor)
@@ -1048,7 +1080,7 @@ def set_tip_to(self, tippee, amount, update_self=True, update_tippee=True, curso
     def get_tip_to(self, tippee):
         """Given a username, returns a dict.
         """
-        default = dict(amount=Decimal('0.00'))
+        default = dict(amount=Decimal('0.00'), is_funded=False)
         return self.db.one("""\
 
             SELECT *
@@ -1288,11 +1320,15 @@ def get_balanced_account(self):
                 'username': self.username,
                 'participant_id': self.id,
             }).save()
-            self.db.run("""
+            r = self.db.one("""
                 UPDATE participants
                    SET balanced_customer_href=%s
                  WHERE id=%s
+                   AND balanced_customer_href IS NULL
+             RETURNING id
             """, (customer.href, self.id))
+            if not r:
+                return self.get_balanced_account()
         else:
             customer = balanced.Customer.fetch(self.balanced_customer_href)
         return customer
@@ -1780,9 +1816,8 @@ def to_dict(self, details=False, inquirer=None):
             fields = ['id', 'user_id', 'user_name']
             elsewhere[platform] = {k: getattr(account, k, None) for k in fields}
 
-        # Key: bitcoin
-        if self.bitcoin_address is not None:
-            output['bitcoin'] = 'https://blockchain.info/address/%s' % self.bitcoin_address
+        # Key: cryptocoins
+        output['cryptocoins'] = self.get_cryptocoin_addresses()
 
         return output
 
diff --git a/gratipay/testing/__init__.py b/gratipay/testing/__init__.py
index d001fd2db9..29713d2385 100644
--- a/gratipay/testing/__init__.py
+++ b/gratipay/testing/__init__.py
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
 from gratipay.elsewhere import UserInfo
 from gratipay.main import website
 from gratipay.models.account_elsewhere import AccountElsewhere
+from gratipay.models.exchange_route import ExchangeRoute
 from gratipay.security.user import User
 from gratipay.testing.vcr import use_cassette
 from psycopg2 import IntegrityError, InternalError
@@ -161,6 +162,12 @@ def make_participant(self, username, **kw):
                      VALUES (%s,%s,%s,%s)
             """, (platform, participant.id, username, username))
 
+        # Insert exchange routes
+        if 'last_bill_result' in kw:
+            ExchangeRoute.insert(participant, 'balanced-cc', '/cards/foo', kw.pop('last_bill_result'))
+        if 'last_ach_result' in kw:
+            ExchangeRoute.insert(participant, 'balanced-ba', '/bank_accounts/bar', kw.pop('last_ach_result'))
+
         # Update participant
         if kw:
             if kw.get('claimed_time') == 'now':
@@ -184,8 +191,15 @@ def fetch_payday(self):
         return self.db.one("SELECT * FROM paydays", back_as=dict)
 
 
-    def make_exchange(self, kind, amount, fee, participant, status='succeeded', error=''):
-        e_id = record_exchange(self.db, kind, amount, fee, participant, 'pre')
+    def make_exchange(self, route, amount, fee, participant, status='succeeded', error=''):
+        if not isinstance(route, ExchangeRoute):
+            network = route
+            route = ExchangeRoute.from_network(participant, network)
+            if not route:
+                from .balanced import BalancedHarness
+                route = ExchangeRoute.insert(participant, network, BalancedHarness.card_href)
+                assert route
+        e_id = record_exchange(self.db, route, amount, fee, participant, 'pre')
         record_exchange_result(self.db, e_id, status, error, participant)
         return e_id
 
diff --git a/gratipay/testing/balanced.py b/gratipay/testing/balanced.py
index ef1ff9bca1..dfbb1dd8ca 100644
--- a/gratipay/testing/balanced.py
+++ b/gratipay/testing/balanced.py
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 
 import balanced
 
+from gratipay.models.exchange_route import ExchangeRoute
 from gratipay.testing import Harness
 from gratipay.testing.vcr import use_cassette
 
@@ -16,12 +17,12 @@ def setUp(self):
                                            balanced_customer_href=self.david_href)
         self.janet = self.make_participant('janet', is_suspicious=False,
                                            claimed_time='now',
-                                           balanced_customer_href=self.janet_href,
-                                           last_bill_result='')
+                                           balanced_customer_href=self.janet_href)
+        self.janet_route = ExchangeRoute.insert(self.janet, 'balanced-cc', self.card_href)
         self.homer = self.make_participant('homer', is_suspicious=False,
                                            claimed_time='now',
-                                           balanced_customer_href=self.homer_href,
-                                           last_ach_result='')
+                                           balanced_customer_href=self.homer_href)
+        self.homer_route = ExchangeRoute.insert(self.homer, 'balanced-ba', self.bank_account_href)
 
     @classmethod
     def tearDownClass(cls):
diff --git a/gratipay/utils/fake_data.py b/gratipay/utils/fake_data.py
index 0f24243e9b..ddc9b9aaf3 100644
--- a/gratipay/utils/fake_data.py
+++ b/gratipay/utils/fake_data.py
@@ -62,9 +62,7 @@ def fake_participant(db, number="singular", is_admin=False):
                    , anonymous_giving=(random.randrange(5) == 0)
                    , anonymous_receiving=(number != 'plural' and random.randrange(5) == 0)
                    , balanced_customer_href=faker.uri()
-                   , last_ach_result=''
                    , is_suspicious=False
-                   , last_bill_result=''  # Needed to not be suspicious
                    , claimed_time=faker.date_time_this_year()
                    , number=number
                     )
diff --git a/gratipay/utils/notifications.py b/gratipay/utils/notifications.py
index 5dfc49e57f..3e4bfb4cb9 100644
--- a/gratipay/utils/notifications.py
+++ b/gratipay/utils/notifications.py
@@ -1,26 +1,28 @@
 
 
-def ba_withdrawal_failed(_):
+def ba_withdrawal_failed(_, user):
+    href = '/%s/routes/bank-account.html' % user.participant.username
     return ('error',
         ['a',
-            {'href': '/bank-account.html'},
-            _("The transfer to your bank account has failed!"),
+            {'href': href}, _("The transfer to your bank account has failed!"),
         ],
     )
 
 
-def credit_card_failed(_):
+def credit_card_failed(_, user):
+    href = '/%s/routes/credit-card.html' % user.participant.username
     return ('error',
         ['span', _("Your credit card has failed!") + " ",
-            ['a', {'href': '/credit-card.html'}, _("Fix your card")]
+            ['a', {'href': href}, _("Fix your card")]
         ],
     )
 
 
-def credit_card_expires(_):
+def credit_card_expires(_, user):
+    href = '/%s/routes/credit-card.html' % user.participant.username
     return ('error',
         ['span', _("Your credit card is about to expire!") + " ",
-            ['a', {'href': '/credit-card.html'}, _("Update card")]
+            ['a', {'href': href}, _("Update card")]
         ],
     )
 
diff --git a/gratipay/wireup.py b/gratipay/wireup.py
index 8b8442f057..c6837d6482 100644
--- a/gratipay/wireup.py
+++ b/gratipay/wireup.py
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@
 from gratipay.elsewhere.venmo import Venmo
 from gratipay.models.account_elsewhere import AccountElsewhere
 from gratipay.models.community import Community
+from gratipay.models.exchange_route import ExchangeRoute
 from gratipay.models.participant import Participant
 from gratipay.models import GratipayDB
 from gratipay.utils.emails import compile_email_spt
@@ -48,7 +49,7 @@ def db(env):
     maxconn = env.database_maxconn
     db = GratipayDB(dburl, maxconn=maxconn)
 
-    for model in (Community, AccountElsewhere, Participant):
+    for model in (AccountElsewhere, Community, ExchangeRoute, Participant):
         db.register_model(model)
     gratipay.billing.payday.Payday.db = db
 
@@ -224,6 +225,16 @@ def accounts_elsewhere(website, env):
         platform.logo = website.asset('platforms/%s.png' % platform.name)
 
 
+def cryptocoin_networks(website):
+    website.cryptocoin_networks = [
+        {
+            'name': 'bitcoin',
+            'display_name': 'Bitcoin',
+            'logo': website.asset('cryptocoins/bitcoin.png'),
+        },
+    ]
+
+
 def find_files(directory, pattern):
     for root, dirs, files in os.walk(directory):
         for filename in fnmatch.filter(files, pattern):
diff --git a/js/gratipay/notification.js b/js/gratipay/notification.js
index aab9f08f59..53081b1dda 100644
--- a/js/gratipay/notification.js
+++ b/js/gratipay/notification.js
@@ -33,11 +33,11 @@ Gratipay.notification = function(text, type, timeout, closeCallback) {
     if (timeout > 0) setTimeout(close, timeout);
 };
 
-Gratipay.initNotifications = function(notifs, username) {
+Gratipay.initNotifications = function(notifs) {
     jQuery.each(notifs, function(k, notif) {
         Gratipay.notification(notif.jsonml, notif.type, -1, function() {
             jQuery.ajax({
-                url: '/'+username+'/notifications.json',
+                url: '/'+Gratipay.username+'/notifications.json',
                 type: 'POST',
                 data: {remove: notif.name},
                 dataType: 'json',
diff --git a/js/gratipay/payments.js b/js/gratipay/payments.js
index 2ab001198f..d747c3d5ce 100644
--- a/js/gratipay/payments.js
+++ b/js/gratipay/payments.js
@@ -13,9 +13,8 @@ Gratipay.payments = {};
 // Common code
 // ===========
 
-Gratipay.payments.init = function(participantId) {
-    Gratipay.participantId = participantId;
-    $('#delete').submit(Gratipay.payments.submitDeleteForm);
+Gratipay.payments.init = function() {
+    $('#delete').submit(Gratipay.payments.deleteRoute);
 
     // Lazily depend on Balanced.
     var balanced_js = "https://js.balancedpayments.com/1.1/balanced.min.js";
@@ -24,17 +23,18 @@ Gratipay.payments.init = function(participantId) {
     }).fail(Gratipay.error);
 }
 
-Gratipay.payments.submitDeleteForm = function(e) {
+Gratipay.payments.deleteRoute = function(e) {
     e.stopPropagation();
     e.preventDefault();
 
-    var $form = $(this);
-    if (!confirm($form.data('confirm'))) {
+    var $this = $(this);
+    var confirm_msg = $this.data('confirm');
+    if (confirm_msg && !confirm(confirm_msg)) {
         return false;
     }
     jQuery.ajax(
-        { url: $form.attr('action')
-        , data: {action: "delete"}
+        { url: "/" + Gratipay.username + "/routes/delete.json"
+        , data: {network: $this.data('network'), address: $this.data('address')}
         , type: "POST"
         , success: function() { window.location.reload(); }
         , error: Gratipay.error
@@ -56,14 +56,41 @@ Gratipay.payments.onSuccess = function(data) {
     window.location.reload();
 };
 
+Gratipay.payments.associate = function (network) { return function (response) {
+    if (response.status_code !== 201) {
+        return Gratipay.payments.onError(response);
+    }
+
+    /* The request to tokenize the thing succeeded. Now we need to associate it
+     * to the Customer on Balanced and to the participant in our DB.
+     */
+    var data = {
+        network: network,
+        address: network == 'balanced-ba' ? response.bank_accounts[0].href
+                                          : response.cards[0].href,
+    };
+
+    jQuery.ajax({
+        url: "associate.json",
+        type: "POST",
+        data: data,
+        dataType: "json",
+        success: Gratipay.payments.onSuccess,
+        error: [
+            Gratipay.error,
+            function() { $('button#save').prop('disabled', false); },
+        ],
+    });
+}};
+
 
 // Bank Accounts
 // =============
 
 Gratipay.payments.ba = {};
 
-Gratipay.payments.ba.init = function(participantId) {
-    Gratipay.payments.init(participantId);
+Gratipay.payments.ba.init = function() {
+    Gratipay.payments.init();
     $('form#bank-account').submit(Gratipay.payments.ba.submit);
 };
 
@@ -91,43 +118,18 @@ Gratipay.payments.ba.submit = function (e) {
 
     // Okay, send the data to Balanced.
     balanced.bankAccount.create( bankAccount
-                               , Gratipay.payments.ba.handleResponse
+                               , Gratipay.payments.associate('balanced-ba')
                                 );
 };
 
-Gratipay.payments.ba.handleResponse = function (response) {
-    if (response.status_code !== 201) {
-        var msg = Gratipay.payments.onError(response);
-        $.post('/bank-account.json', {action: 'store-error', msg: msg});
-        return;
-    }
-
-    /* The request to tokenize the bank account succeeded. Now we need to
-     * associate it to the Customer on Balanced and to the participant in
-     * our DB.
-     */
-
-    jQuery.ajax({
-        url: "/bank-account.json",
-        type: "POST",
-        data: {bank_account_uri: response.bank_accounts[0].href},
-        dataType: "json",
-        success: Gratipay.payments.onSuccess,
-        error: [
-            Gratipay.error,
-            function() { $('button#save').prop('disabled', false); },
-        ],
-    });
-};
-
 
 // Credit Cards
 // ============
 
 Gratipay.payments.cc = {};
 
-Gratipay.payments.cc.init = function(participantId) {
-    Gratipay.payments.init(participantId);
+Gratipay.payments.cc.init = function() {
+    Gratipay.payments.init();
     $('form#credit-card').submit(Gratipay.payments.cc.submit);
     Gratipay.payments.cc.formatInputs(
         $('#card_number'),
@@ -319,34 +321,6 @@ Gratipay.payments.cc.submit = function(e) {
         return false;
     }
 
-    balanced.card.create(credit_card, Gratipay.payments.cc.handleResponse);
+    balanced.card.create(credit_card, Gratipay.payments.associate('balanced-cc'));
     return false;
 };
-
-Gratipay.payments.cc.handleResponse = function(response) {
-    if (response.status_code !== 201) {
-        var msg = Gratipay.payments.onError(response);
-        $.post('/credit-card.json', {action: 'store-error', msg: msg});
-        return;
-    }
-
-    /* The request to create the token succeeded. We now have a single-use
-     * token associated with the credit card info. This token can be
-     * used to associate the card with a customer. We want to do the
-     * latter, and that happens on the server side. When the card is
-     * tokenized Balanced performs card validation, so we alredy know the
-     * card is good.
-     */
-
-    jQuery.ajax({
-        url: "/credit-card.json",
-        type: "POST",
-        data: {card_uri: response.cards[0].href},
-        dataType: "json",
-        success: Gratipay.payments.onSuccess,
-        error: [
-            Gratipay.error,
-            function() { $('button#save').prop('disabled', false); },
-        ],
-    });
-};
diff --git a/js/gratipay/profile.js b/js/gratipay/profile.js
index 43a7ab53d7..b572578969 100644
--- a/js/gratipay/profile.js
+++ b/js/gratipay/profile.js
@@ -73,12 +73,21 @@ Gratipay.profile.init = function() {
     });
 
 
-    // Wire up bitcoin input.
-    // ======================
-
-    Gratipay.forms.jsEdit({
-        root: $('tr.bitcoin.js-edit'),
-        success: function(){ window.location.reload(); return false; },
+    // Wire up cryptocoin inputs.
+    // ==========================
+
+    $('tr.cryptocoin.js-edit').each(function() {
+        var $root = $(this);
+        Gratipay.forms.jsEdit({
+            root: $root,
+            success: function(){
+                var addr = $root.find('[name="address"]').val();
+                $root.find('.view').text(addr);
+                $root.find('button.delete').data('address', addr);
+                $root.addClass('not-empty');
+            },
+        });
+        $root.find('button.delete').click(Gratipay.payments.deleteRoute);
     });
 
 
diff --git a/scss/pages/profile-edit.scss b/scss/pages/profile-edit.scss
index e23787c910..8fb670a303 100644
--- a/scss/pages/profile-edit.scss
+++ b/scss/pages/profile-edit.scss
@@ -18,9 +18,20 @@
             width: 6pc;
         }
     }
-    .bitcoin {
+    .cryptocoin {
         .address {
             font-size: 13px;
         }
+        .edit > .not-empty, .delete {
+            display: none;
+        }
+        &.not-empty {
+            .empty {
+                display: none;
+            }
+            .edit > .not-empty, .delete {
+                display: inline-block;
+            }
+        }
     }
 }
diff --git a/setup.py b/setup.py
index 5d842b083f..888240d06d 100644
--- a/setup.py
+++ b/setup.py
@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-import os
 from setuptools import setup, find_packages
 
 from gratipay.version import get_version
diff --git a/sql/branch.py b/sql/branch.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..06eee490a1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sql/branch.py
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+import balanced
+
+from gratipay import wireup
+from gratipay.models import check_db
+
+env = wireup.env()
+db = wireup.db(env)
+wireup.billing(env)
+
+
+# https://docs.balancedpayments.com/1.1/api/customers/
+CUSTOMER_LINKS = {
+    "customers.bank_accounts": "/customers/{customers.id}/bank_accounts",
+    "customers.card_holds": "/customers/{customers.id}/card_holds",
+    "customers.cards": "/customers/{customers.id}/cards",
+    "customers.credits": "/customers/{customers.id}/credits",
+    "customers.debits": "/customers/{customers.id}/debits",
+    "customers.destination": "/resources/{customers.destination}",
+    "customers.disputes": "/customers/{customers.id}/disputes",
+    "customers.external_accounts": "/customers/{customers.id}/external_accounts",
+    "customers.orders": "/customers/{customers.id}/orders",
+    "customers.refunds": "/customers/{customers.id}/refunds",
+    "customers.reversals": "/customers/{customers.id}/reversals",
+    "customers.source": "/resources/{customers.source}",
+    "customers.transactions": "/customers/{customers.id}/transactions"
+}
+
+
+def customer_from_href(href):
+    """This functions "manually" builds a minimal Customer instance.
+    """
+    id = href.rsplit('/', 1)[1]
+    d = {'href': href, 'id': id, 'links': {}, 'meta': {}}
+    return balanced.Customer(customers=[d], links=CUSTOMER_LINKS)
+
+
+with db.get_cursor() as cursor:
+
+    def insert_exchange_route(participant, network, address, error):
+        cursor.run("""
+            INSERT INTO exchange_routes
+                        (participant, network, address, error)
+                 VALUES (%(participant)s, %(network)s, %(address)s, %(error)s)
+        """, locals())
+
+    participants = cursor.all("""
+        SELECT p.*::participants
+          FROM participants p
+         WHERE balanced_customer_href IS NOT NULL
+           AND (last_bill_result IS NOT NULL OR last_ach_result IS NOT NULL)
+    """)
+    total = len(participants)
+
+    for i, p in enumerate(participants, 1):
+        if i % 100 == 1:
+            print("processing participant %i/%i" % (i, total))
+        customer = customer_from_href(p.balanced_customer_href)
+        if p.last_bill_result != None:
+            card = customer.cards.one()
+            insert_exchange_route(p.id, 'balanced-cc', card.href, p.last_bill_result)
+        if p.last_ach_result != None:
+            ba = customer.bank_accounts.one()
+            insert_exchange_route(p.id, 'balanced-ba', ba.href, p.last_ach_result)
diff --git a/sql/branch.sql b/sql/branch.sql
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1caad9af79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/sql/branch.sql
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+-- Before deployment
+BEGIN;
+
+    CREATE TYPE payment_net AS ENUM (
+        'balanced-ba', 'balanced-cc', 'paypal', 'bitcoin'
+    );
+
+    CREATE TABLE exchange_routes
+    ( id            serial         PRIMARY KEY
+    , participant   bigint         NOT NULL REFERENCES participants(id)
+    , network       payment_net    NOT NULL
+    , address       text           NOT NULL CHECK (address <> '')
+    , error         text           NOT NULL
+    , fee_cap       numeric(35,2)
+    , UNIQUE (participant, network, address)
+    );
+
+    INSERT INTO exchange_routes
+                (participant, network, address, error, fee_cap)
+         SELECT id, 'paypal', paypal_email, '', paypal_fee_cap
+           FROM participants
+          WHERE paypal_email IS NOT NULL;
+
+    INSERT INTO exchange_routes
+                (participant, network, address, error)
+         SELECT id, 'bitcoin', bitcoin_address, ''
+           FROM participants
+          WHERE bitcoin_address IS NOT NULL;
+
+    ALTER TABLE exchanges ADD COLUMN route bigint REFERENCES exchange_routes;
+
+    CREATE VIEW current_exchange_routes AS
+        SELECT DISTINCT ON (participant, network) *
+          FROM exchange_routes
+      ORDER BY participant, network, id DESC;
+
+    CREATE CAST (current_exchange_routes AS exchange_routes) WITH INOUT;
+
+END;
+
+-- After deployment
+BEGIN;
+
+    ALTER TABLE participants
+        DROP COLUMN last_ach_result,
+        DROP COLUMN last_bill_result,
+        DROP COLUMN paypal_email,
+        DROP COLUMN paypal_fee_cap,
+        DROP COLUMN bitcoin_address;
+
+END;
diff --git a/sql/fake_payday.sql b/sql/fake_payday.sql
index 9fe567e7ad..bee602e98b 100644
--- a/sql/fake_payday.sql
+++ b/sql/fake_payday.sql
@@ -10,8 +10,13 @@ CREATE TEMPORARY TABLE temp_participants ON COMMIT DROP AS
          , 0::numeric(35,2) AS receiving
          , 0 as npatrons
          , goal
-         , COALESCE(last_bill_result = '', false) AS credit_card_ok
-      FROM participants
+         , ( SELECT count(*)
+               FROM exchange_routes r
+              WHERE r.participant = p.id
+                AND network = 'balanced-cc'
+                AND error = ''
+           ) > 0 AS credit_card_ok
+      FROM participants p
      WHERE is_suspicious IS NOT true;
 
 CREATE UNIQUE INDEX ON temp_participants (username);
diff --git a/tasks/__init__.py b/tasks/__init__.py
index 9f1d51a973..9dd6268b48 100644
--- a/tasks/__init__.py
+++ b/tasks/__init__.py
@@ -14,6 +14,8 @@
 
 from gratipay import wireup
 from gratipay.exceptions import NegativeBalance
+from gratipay.models.exchange_route import ExchangeRoute
+from gratipay.models.participant import Participant
 
 MINIMUM_COINBASE_PAYOUT = 1 # in USD
 
@@ -44,52 +46,34 @@ def set_paypal_email(username='', email='', api_key_fragment='', overwrite=False
     else:
         first_eight = api_key_fragment
 
-    db = wireup.db(wireup.env())
-
-    FIELDS = """
-            SELECT username, api_key, paypal_email
-              FROM participants
-             WHERE username = %s
-    """
-
-    fields = db.one(FIELDS, (username,))
+    wireup.db(wireup.env())
 
-    print(fields)
-
-    if fields == None:
+    participant = Participant.from_username(username)
+    if not participant:
         print("No Gratipay participant found with username '" + username + "'")
         sys.exit(2)
 
+    route = ExchangeRoute.from_network(participant, 'paypal')
+
     # PayPal caps the MassPay fee at $20 for users outside the U.S., and $1 for
     # users inside the U.S. Most Gratipay users using PayPal are outside the U.S.
     # so we set to $20 and I'll manually adjust to $1 when running MassPay and
     # noticing that something is off.
-    FEE_CAP = ', paypal_fee_cap=20'
+    FEE_CAP = 20
 
-    if fields.paypal_email != None:
-        print("PayPal email is already set to: " + fields.paypal_email)
+    if route:
+        print("PayPal email is already set to: " + route.address)
         if not overwrite:
             print("Not overwriting existing PayPal email.")
             sys.exit(3)
-        else:
-            FEE_CAP = ''  # Don't overwrite fee_cap when overwriting email address.
 
-    if fields.api_key == None:
+    if participant.api_key == None:
         assert first_eight == "None"
     else:
-        assert fields.api_key[0:8] == first_eight
+        assert participant.api_key[0:8] == first_eight
 
     print("Setting PayPal email for " + username + " to " + email)
-
-    SET_EMAIL = """
-            UPDATE participants
-               SET paypal_email=%s{}
-             WHERE username=%s;
-    """.format(FEE_CAP)
-    print(SET_EMAIL % (email, username))
-
-    db.run(SET_EMAIL, (email, username))
-
+    ExchangeRoute.insert(participant, 'paypal', email, fee_cap=FEE_CAP)
     print("All done.")
 
 @task(
@@ -124,34 +108,27 @@ def bitcoin_payout(username='', amount='', api_key_fragment=''):
 
     db = wireup.db(wireup.env())
 
-    FIELDS = """
-            SELECT username, api_key, bitcoin_address, balance
-              FROM participants
-             WHERE username = %s
-    """
-
-    fields = db.one(FIELDS, (username,))
-
-    print(fields)
-
-    if fields == None:
+    participant = Participant.from_username(username)
+    if not participant:
         print("No Gratipay participant found with username '" + username + "'")
         sys.exit(2)
 
-    if not fields.bitcoin_address:
+    route = ExchangeRoute.from_network(participant, 'bitcoin')
+    if not route:
         print(username + " hasn't linked a bitcoin address to their profile!")
         sys.exit(3)
-    print("Fetching bitcoin_address from database: " + fields.bitcoin_address)
-    bitcoin_address = fields.bitcoin_address
 
-    if D(fields.balance) < D(amount):
-        print("Not enough balance. %s only has %f in their account!" % username, D(amount))
+    bitcoin_address = route.address
+    print("Fetched bitcoin_address from database: " + bitcoin_address)
+
+    if D(participant.balance) < D(amount):
+        print("Not enough balance. %s only has %f in their account!" % (username, D(amount)))
         sys.exit(4)
 
-    if fields.api_key == None:
+    if participant.api_key == None:
         assert first_eight == "None"
     else:
-        assert fields.api_key[0:8] == first_eight
+        assert participant.api_key[0:8] == first_eight
 
     print("Sending bitcoin payout for " + username + " to " + bitcoin_address)
     try:
@@ -199,10 +176,10 @@ def bitcoin_payout(username='', amount='', api_key_fragment=''):
         with db.get_cursor() as cursor:
             exchange_id = cursor.one("""
                 INSERT INTO exchanges
-                       (amount, fee, participant, note, status)
-                VALUES (%s, %s, %s, %s, %s)
+                       (amount, fee, participant, note, status, route)
+                VALUES (%s, %s, %s, %s, %s, %s)
              RETURNING id
-            """, (amount, fee, username, note, 'succeeded'))
+            """, (amount, fee, username, note, 'succeeded', route.id))
             new_balance = cursor.one("""
                 UPDATE participants
                    SET balance=(balance + %s)
diff --git a/templates/base.html b/templates/base.html
index cbd076003b..6eaa1b10f7 100644
--- a/templates/base.html
+++ b/templates/base.html
@@ -122,9 +122,9 @@ <h1><a href="/"><img src="{{ website.asset('gratipay.svg') }}"
     $(document).ready(function() {
         Gratipay.init();
         {% if not user.ANON %}
+        Gratipay.username = {{ to_javascript(user.participant.username)|safe }};
         Gratipay.initNotifications(
-            {{ to_javascript(user.participant.render_notifications(state))|safe }},
-            {{ to_javascript(user.participant.username)|safe }}
+            {{ to_javascript(user.participant.render_notifications(state))|safe }}
         );
         {% endif %}
     });
diff --git a/templates/connected-accounts.html b/templates/connected-accounts.html
index 31b4d6363d..c7abf2d1db 100644
--- a/templates/connected-accounts.html
+++ b/templates/connected-accounts.html
@@ -14,7 +14,8 @@ <h2>{{ _("Social Profiles") }}</h2>
 
 </table>
 
-{% if participant.bitcoin_address or accounts[website.platforms.venmo.name] or own_account %}
+{% set cryptocoins = participant.get_cryptocoin_addresses() %}
+{% if cryptocoins or accounts.venmo or own_account %}
 
 {% if not user.ANON and own_account %}
 <h2>{{ _("Other Receiving Options") }}</h2>
@@ -24,40 +25,43 @@ <h2>{{ _("Other Giving Options") }}</h2>
 <table class="accounts">
 
     <!-- one-off receiving options -->
-    {% if participant.bitcoin_address or own_account %}
-    {% set addr = participant.bitcoin_address or '' %}
-    {% set url = 'https://blockchain.info/address/'+addr if addr else 'javascript:;' %}
-    <tr class="bitcoin js-edit">
+    {% for network in website.cryptocoin_networks %}
+    {% set addr = cryptocoins[network.name] %}
+    {% if addr or own_account %}
+    <tr class="cryptocoin js-edit {{ 'not-empty' if addr }}">
         <td class="account-type">
-            <img src="{{ website.asset('bitcoin.png') }}" />
+            <img src="{{ network.logo }}" />
         </td>
         <td class="account-details">
-            <div class="view">
-                <a class="address" rel="me" href="{{ url }}">{{ addr }}</a>
-            </div>
+            <div class="view">{{ addr }}</div>
             {% if own_account %}
-            <form class="edit" action="bitcoin.json">
+            <form class="edit" action="routes/associate.json">
                 <div class="address">
-                    <input type="text" name="bitcoin_address" value="{{ addr }}" />
+                    <input type="hidden" name="network" value="{{ network.name }}" />
+                    <input type="text" name="address" value="{{ addr }}" />
                 </div>
                 <div class="buttons">
                     <button class="save">{{ _("Save") }}</button>
                     <button class="cancel">{{ _("Cancel") }}</button>
+                    <button class="delete" data-network="{{ network.name }}"
+                            data-address="{{ addr }}">{{ _("Delete") }}</button>
                 </div>
             </form>
             {% endif %}
 
-            <div class="account-type">Bitcoin</div>
+            <div class="account-type">{{ network.display_name }}</div>
         </td>
         <td class="account-action">
             {% if own_account %}
             <button class="edit">
-                {{ _("Edit") if addr else _("+ Add") }}
+                <span class="empty">{{ _("+ Add") }}</span>
+                <span class="not-empty">{{ _("Edit") }}</span>
             </button>
             {% endif %}
         </td>
     </tr>
     {% endif %}
+    {% endfor %}
 
     {% if accounts[website.platforms.venmo.name] or own_account %}
         {% include "templates/venmo-account.html" %}
diff --git a/templates/your-tip.html b/templates/your-tip.html
index 4c30467050..d75d9f8d0c 100644
--- a/templates/your-tip.html
+++ b/templates/your-tip.html
@@ -5,14 +5,14 @@
 {% else %}
     <div class="cta">
         {% set tippee = participant.username %}
-        {% set tip = user.participant.get_tip_to(tippee)['amount'] %}
+        {% set tip = user.participant.get_tip_to(tippee) %}
         <h2>{{ _('Your Tip') }}</h2>
         <div class="js-edit your-tip {{ 'anon' if user.ANON }}"
              data-tippee="{{ participant.id }}">
             <div class="view">
-                <span class="amount">{{ format_currency(tip, 'USD') }}</span>
+                <span class="amount">{{ format_currency(tip.amount, 'USD') }}</span>
                 <div class="per-week">{{ _("per week") }}</div>
-                <button class="edit {{ 'not-zero' if tip > 0 }}">
+                <button class="edit {{ 'not-zero' if tip.amount > 0 }}">
                     <span class="zero">{{
                         _("Pledge to {0}", account.user_name) if account else
                         _("Give to {0}", tippee)
@@ -22,24 +22,20 @@ <h2>{{ _('Your Tip') }}</h2>
             </div>
             <form class="edit" action="/{{ tippee }}/tip.json">
                 $
-                <input type="text" name="amount" class="amount" value="{{ format_decimal(tip) }}"
+                <input type="text" name="amount" class="amount" value="{{ format_decimal(tip.amount) }}"
                        min="0" max="{{ '1000' if participant.IS_PLURAL else '100' }}">
                 <div class="per-week">{{ _("per week") }}</div>
                 <button class="save">{{ _("Save") }}</button>
                 <button class="cancel">{{ _("Cancel") }}</button>
-                <button class="stop {{ 'zero' if not tip }}">{{ _("Stop Giving") }}</button>
+                <button class="stop {{ 'zero' if not tip.amount }}">{{ _("Stop Giving") }}</button>
             </form>
         </div>
 
-        {% if user.participant.last_bill_result == None %}
-        <div id="payment-prompt" class="{{ 'needed' if tip > 0 }}">
+        {% if not tip.is_funded %}
+        <div id="payment-prompt" class="{{ 'needed' if tip.amount > 0 }}">
             {{ _("Back your payment with a {0}credit card{1} to make sure it goes through!",
-                "<a href='/credit-card.html'>"|safe, "</a>"|safe) }}
-        </div>
-        {% elif user.participant.last_bill_result %}
-        <div id="payment-prompt" class="really-needed">
-            {{ _("Fix your {0}credit card{1} to make sure your payment goes through!",
-                "<a href='/credit-card.html'>"|safe, "</a>"|safe) }}
+                 "<a href='/%s/routes/credit-card.html'>"|safe % user.participant.username,
+                 "</a>"|safe) }}
         </div>
         {% endif %}
     </div>
diff --git a/tests/py/fixtures/TestBillingAssociate.yml b/tests/py/fixtures/TestBillingAssociate.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index 835d3ae654..0000000000
--- a/tests/py/fixtures/TestBillingAssociate.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,617 +0,0 @@
-interactions:
-- request:
-    body: null
-    headers: {}
-    method: GET
-    uri: https://api.balancedpayments.com:443/customers/CU6gH6X342hhVXOrrH7SVFzL
-  response:
-    body:
-      string: !!binary |
-        H4sIAAAAAAAAA41Uy27bMBC85ysEnWPrYSFqfC1Q5BCgh7ZB0KIQaJKtiEiky0dR19C/d2lLMk0q
-        YS867M4MubMjHm+SJMVGadFTqdJt8g0KSXI8faHFUU+hyk3X3U61jvEXC51AAFPCSOwDoU6o0owj
-        zQQfVUaRYVYze4I0JQ3SgEjLvKhWRb4q68/5/TZ/ty2rdV7XdZV/TWcKlvRNymZ9XxZFsXEoROya
-        XnDd+sMwYo99/+Xu58Pd86Yq2/bp+aOUD/Wnpw9/Hy9n7lvB/QHTVtIflp7NDmZxJTAat4jrRmmk
-        jTUy5WLVI43by3E91cizmP6y0DwNHLSzHSiS/miIEEmVtynM9MEDwp5gpbRcLhdh2V7c9wJE9gIa
-        XYMFWWhiYbiWB7cbDLIzCu6hVLOUOqV40yGlK39M2iPWBUV2FbgBzvpu82MndcJ7if56jnCagWun
-        PKvsOC927A/jihwiRpI0rejIaZVOFBwyI0Pm4M5JdjR2iL80CJ9MishcQwMlQncsJjFiFrju3/qK
-        D84vvWAG/aOp5JCC/xsmhAeXsrZFLDlDAiZham80jZBnVMDXEnGFsH28IhpXyEAHHgnDYzNMoAX2
-        b3iZURe5gqQTLFAQkpzf9jfCOWICLjy1JJqnCQT/13Az/AOstudrUwYAAA==
-    headers:
-      content-encoding: [gzip]
-      content-length: ['499']
-      content-type: [application/json]
-    status: {code: 200, message: OK}
-- request:
-    body: null
-    headers: {}
-    method: GET
-    uri: https://api.balancedpayments.com:443/customers/CU6gH6X342hhVXOrrH7SVFzL
-  response:
-    body:
-      string: !!binary |
-        H4sIAAAAAAAAA41Uy27bMBC85ysEnWPrYSFqfC1Q5BCgh7ZB0KIQaJKtiEiky0dR19C/d2lLMk0q
-        YS867M4MubMjHm+SJMVGadFTqdJt8g0KSXI8faHFUU+hyk3X3U61jvEXC51AAFPCSOwDoU6o0owj
-        zQQfVUaRYVYze4I0JQ3SgEjLvKhWRb4q68/5/TZ/ty2rdV7XdZV/TWcKlvRNymZ9XxZFsXEoROya
-        XnDd+sMwYo99/+Xu58Pd86Yq2/bp+aOUD/Wnpw9/Hy9n7lvB/QHTVtIflp7NDmZxJTAat4jrRmmk
-        jTUy5WLVI43by3E91cizmP6y0DwNHLSzHSiS/miIEEmVtynM9MEDwp5gpbRcLhdh2V7c9wJE9gIa
-        XYMFWWhiYbiWB7cbDLIzCu6hVLOUOqV40yGlK39M2iPWBUV2FbgBzvpu82MndcJ7if56jnCagWun
-        PKvsOC927A/jihwiRpI0rejIaZVOFBwyI0Pm4M5JdjR2iL80CJ9MishcQwMlQncsJjFiFrju3/qK
-        D84vvWAG/aOp5JCC/xsmhAeXsrZFLDlDAiZham80jZBnVMDXEnGFsH28IhpXyEAHHgnDYzNMoAX2
-        b3iZURe5gqQTLFAQkpzf9jfCOWICLjy1JJqnCQT/13Az/AOstudrUwYAAA==
-    headers:
-      content-encoding: [gzip]
-      content-length: ['499']
-      content-type: [application/json]
-    status: {code: 200, message: OK}
-- request:
-    body: null
-    headers: {}
-    method: GET
-    uri: https://api.balancedpayments.com:443/customers/CU6gH6X342hhVXOrrH7SVFzL/bank_accounts?limit=10&offset=0
-  response:
-    body: {string: !!python/unicode "{\n  \"bank_accounts\": [],\n  \"meta\": {\n
-        \   \"last\": \"/customers/CU6gH6X342hhVXOrrH7SVFzL/bank_accounts?limit=10&offset=0\",\n
-        \   \"next\": null,\n    \"href\": \"/customers/CU6gH6X342hhVXOrrH7SVFzL/bank_accounts?limit=10&offset=0\",\n
-        \   \"limit\": 10,\n    \"offset\": 0,\n    \"previous\": null,\n    \"total\":
-        0,\n    \"first\": \"/customers/CU6gH6X342hhVXOrrH7SVFzL/bank_accounts?limit=10&offset=0\"\n
-        \ },\n  \"links\": {}\n}"}
-    headers:
-      content-length: ['396']
-      content-type: [application/json]
-    status: {code: 200, message: OK}
-- request:
-    body: null
-    headers: {}
-    method: GET
-    uri: https://api.balancedpayments.com:443/bank_accounts/BA123123123123123123
-  response:
-    body: {string: !!python/unicode "{\n  \"errors\": [\n    {\n      \"status\":
-        \"Not Found\",\n      \"category_code\": \"not-found\",\n      \"description\":
-        \"<p>The requested URL was not found on the server.</p><p>If you entered the
-        URL manually please check your spelling and try again.</p> Your request id
-        is OHMe51eef885db811e4bc6302b12035401b.\",\n      \"status_code\": 404,\n
-        \     \"category_type\": \"request\",\n      \"request_id\": \"OHMe51eef885db811e4bc6302b12035401b\"\n
-        \   }\n  ]\n}"}
-    headers:
-      content-length: ['430']
-      content-type: [application/json]
-    status: {code: 404, message: NOT FOUND}
-- request:
-    body: '{"routing_number": "321174851", "account_type": "checking", "account_number":
-      "9900000001", "name": "Alice G. Krebs"}'
-    headers: {}
-    method: POST
-    uri: https://api.balancedpayments.com:443/bank_accounts
-  response:
-    body: {string: !!python/unicode "{\n  \"bank_accounts\": [\n    {\n      \"routing_number\":
-        \"321174851\",\n      \"bank_name\": \"SAN MATEO CREDIT UNION\",\n      \"account_type\":
-        \"checking\",\n      \"name\": \"Alice G. Krebs\",\n      \"links\": {\n        \"customer\":
-        null,\n        \"bank_account_verification\": null\n      },\n      \"can_credit\":
-        true,\n      \"created_at\": \"2014-10-27T09:09:03.898547Z\",\n      \"fingerprint\":
-        \"5f0ba9fa3f1122ef13b944a40abfe44e7eba9e16934e64200913cb4c402ace14\",\n      \"updated_at\":
-        \"2014-10-27T09:09:03.898549Z\",\n      \"href\": \"/bank_accounts/BA6ZEt4GGLh1IYhb78QbxqTu\",\n
-        \     \"meta\": {},\n      \"account_number\": \"xxxxxx0001\",\n      \"address\":
-        {\n        \"city\": null,\n        \"line2\": null,\n        \"line1\": null,\n
-        \       \"state\": null,\n        \"postal_code\": null,\n        \"country_code\":
-        null\n      },\n      \"can_debit\": false,\n      \"id\": \"BA6ZEt4GGLh1IYhb78QbxqTu\"\n
-        \   }\n  ],\n  \"links\": {\n    \"bank_accounts.credits\": \"/bank_accounts/{bank_accounts.id}/credits\",\n
-        \   \"bank_accounts.bank_account_verifications\": \"/bank_accounts/{bank_accounts.id}/verifications\",\n
-        \   \"bank_accounts.customer\": \"/customers/{bank_accounts.customer}\",\n
-        \   \"bank_accounts.debits\": \"/bank_accounts/{bank_accounts.id}/debits\",\n
-        \   \"bank_accounts.bank_account_verification\": \"/verifications/{bank_accounts.bank_account_verification}\"\n
-        \ }\n}"}
-    headers:
-      access-control-allow-headers: [Content-Type]
-      access-control-allow-methods: ['POST, OPTIONS']
-      access-control-allow-origin: ['*']
-      content-length: ['1292']
-      content-type: [application/json]
-    status: {code: 201, message: CREATED}
-- request:
-    body: null
-    headers: {}
-    method: GET
-    uri: https://api.balancedpayments.com:443/customers/CU6gH6X342hhVXOrrH7SVFzL
-  response:
-    body:
-      string: !!binary |
-        H4sIAAAAAAAAA41Uy27bMBC85ysEnWPrYSFqfC1Q5BCgh7ZB0KIQaJKtiEiky0dR19C/d2lLMk0q
-        YS867M4MubMjHm+SJMVGadFTqdJt8g0KSXI8faHFUU+hyk3X3U61jvEXC51AAFPCSOwDoU6o0owj
-        zQQfVUaRYVYze4I0JQ3SgEjLvKhWRb4q68/5/TZ/ty2rdV7XdZV/TWcKlvRNymZ9XxZFsXEoROya
-        XnDd+sMwYo99/+Xu58Pd86Yq2/bp+aOUD/Wnpw9/Hy9n7lvB/QHTVtIflp7NDmZxJTAat4jrRmmk
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-    uri: https://api.balancedpayments.com:443/customers/CU6gH6X342hhVXOrrH7SVFzL
-  response:
-    body:
-      string: !!binary |
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-    headers:
-      content-encoding: [gzip]
-      content-length: ['499']
-      content-type: [application/json]
-    status: {code: 200, message: OK}
-- request:
-    body: null
-    headers: {}
-    method: GET
-    uri: https://api.balancedpayments.com:443/customers/CU6gH6X342hhVXOrrH7SVFzL
-  response:
-    body:
-      string: !!binary |
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-    headers:
-      content-encoding: [gzip]
-      content-length: ['499']
-      content-type: [application/json]
-    status: {code: 200, message: OK}
-- request:
-    body: null
-    headers: {}
-    method: GET
-    uri: https://api.balancedpayments.com:443/customers/CU6gH6X342hhVXOrrH7SVFzL/cards?limit=10&offset=0
-  response:
-    body: {string: !!python/unicode "{\n  \"cards\": [],\n  \"meta\": {\n    \"last\":
-        \"/customers/CU6gH6X342hhVXOrrH7SVFzL/cards?limit=10&offset=0\",\n    \"next\":
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-        \   \"limit\": 10,\n    \"offset\": 0,\n    \"previous\": null,\n    \"total\":
-        0,\n    \"first\": \"/customers/CU6gH6X342hhVXOrrH7SVFzL/cards?limit=10&offset=0\"\n
-        \ },\n  \"links\": {}\n}"}
-    headers:
-      content-length: ['364']
-      content-type: [application/json]
-    status: {code: 200, message: OK}
-- request:
-    body: null
-    headers: {}
-    method: GET
-    uri: https://api.balancedpayments.com:443/cards/CC78RTkQnRyJgisJspOTgUjm
-  response:
-    body:
-      string: !!binary |
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-    headers:
-      content-encoding: [gzip]
-      content-length: ['520']
-      content-type: [application/json]
-    status: {code: 200, message: OK}
-- request:
-    body: '{"links": {"customer": "/customers/CU6gH6X342hhVXOrrH7SVFzL"}, "cvv_result":
-      null, "number": "xxxxxxxxxxxx4242", "expiration_month": 12, "meta": {}, "id":
-      "CC78RTkQnRyJgisJspOTgUjm", "category": "other", "is_verified": true, "type":
-      "credit", "cvv_match": null, "bank_name": "", "avs_street_match": null, "brand":
-      "Visa", "updated_at": "2014-10-27T09:09:12.095153Z", "fingerprint": "1e2c425a579a1c7f27a037f0662b855035ceadbff18a0adbe785fb07e2afe1cc",
-      "can_debit": true, "customer": null, "name": null, "expiration_year": 2020,
-      "cvv": null, "avs_postal_match": null, "avs_result": null, "can_credit": false,
-      "created_at": "2014-10-27T09:09:12.095150Z", "address": {"city": null, "line2":
-      null, "line1": null, "state": null, "postal_code": null, "country_code": null}}'
-    headers: {}
-    method: PUT
-    uri: https://api.balancedpayments.com:443/cards/CC78RTkQnRyJgisJspOTgUjm
-  response:
-    body:
-      string: !!binary |
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-    headers:
-      content-encoding: [gzip]
-      content-length: ['549']
-      content-type: [application/json]
-    status: {code: 200, message: OK}
-- request:
-    body: null
-    headers: {}
-    method: GET
-    uri: https://api.balancedpayments.com:443/customers/CU6gH6X342hhVXOrrH7SVFzL
-  response:
-    body:
-      string: !!binary |
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-    headers:
-      content-encoding: [gzip]
-      content-length: ['499']
-      content-type: [application/json]
-    status: {code: 200, message: OK}
-- request:
-    body: null
-    headers: {}
-    method: GET
-    uri: https://api.balancedpayments.com:443/customers/CU6gH6X342hhVXOrrH7SVFzL/cards?limit=10&offset=0
-  response:
-    body:
-      string: !!binary |
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-    headers:
-      content-encoding: [gzip]
-      content-length: ['640']
-      content-type: [application/json]
-    status: {code: 200, message: OK}
-- request:
-    body: null
-    headers: {}
-    method: GET
-    uri: https://api.balancedpayments.com:443/customers/CU6gH6X342hhVXOrrH7SVFzL/cards?limit=10&offset=0
-  response:
-    body:
-      string: !!binary |
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-        XIdnu9+mHeK0NgYAAA==
-    headers:
-      content-encoding: [gzip]
-      content-length: ['640']
-      content-type: [application/json]
-    status: {code: 200, message: OK}
-- request:
-    body: null
-    headers: {}
-    method: GET
-    uri: https://api.balancedpayments.com:443/credits?meta%5Bcontains%5D=exchange_id&limit=25&offset=0
-  response:
-    body: {string: !!python/unicode "{\n  \"credits\": [],\n  \"meta\": {\n    \"last\":
-        \"/credits?limit=25&meta%5Bcontains%5D=exchange_id&offset=0\",\n    \"next\":
-        null,\n    \"href\": \"/credits?limit=25&meta%5Bcontains%5D=exchange_id&offset=0\",\n
-        \   \"limit\": 25,\n    \"offset\": 0,\n    \"previous\": null,\n    \"total\":
-        0,\n    \"first\": \"/credits?limit=25&meta%5Bcontains%5D=exchange_id&offset=0\"\n
-        \ },\n  \"links\": {}\n}"}
-    headers:
-      content-length: ['360']
-      content-type: [application/json]
-    status: {code: 200, message: OK}
-- request:
-    body: null
-    headers: {}
-    method: GET
-    uri: https://api.balancedpayments.com:443/debits?meta%5Bcontains%5D=exchange_id&limit=25&offset=0
-  response:
-    body: {string: !!python/unicode "{\n  \"meta\": {\n    \"last\": \"/debits?limit=25&meta%5Bcontains%5D=exchange_id&offset=0\",\n
-        \   \"next\": null,\n    \"href\": \"/debits?limit=25&meta%5Bcontains%5D=exchange_id&offset=0\",\n
-        \   \"limit\": 25,\n    \"offset\": 0,\n    \"previous\": null,\n    \"total\":
-        0,\n    \"first\": \"/debits?limit=25&meta%5Bcontains%5D=exchange_id&offset=0\"\n
-        \ },\n  \"links\": {},\n  \"debits\": []\n}"}
-    headers:
-      content-length: ['356']
-      content-type: [application/json]
-    status: {code: 200, message: OK}
-version: 1
diff --git a/tests/py/fixtures/TestBillingClear.yml b/tests/py/fixtures/TestBillingClear.yml
deleted file mode 100644
index efa2091ae5..0000000000
--- a/tests/py/fixtures/TestBillingClear.yml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,256 +0,0 @@
-interactions:
-- request:
-    body: null
-    headers: {}
-    method: GET
-    uri: https://api.balancedpayments.com:443/customers/CU6gH6X342hhVXOrrH7SVFzL
-  response:
-    body:
-      string: !!binary |
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-    headers:
-      content-encoding: [gzip]
-      content-length: ['499']
-      content-type: [application/json]
-    status: {code: 200, message: OK}
-- request:
-    body: null
-    headers: {}
-    method: GET
-    uri: https://api.balancedpayments.com:443/customers/CU6gH6X342hhVXOrrH7SVFzL/cards?limit=10&offset=0
-  response:
-    body:
-      string: !!binary |
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-        XIdnu9+mHeK0NgYAAA==
-    headers:
-      content-encoding: [gzip]
-      content-length: ['640']
-      content-type: [application/json]
-    status: {code: 200, message: OK}
-- request:
-    body: null
-    headers: {}
-    method: DELETE
-    uri: https://api.balancedpayments.com:443/cards/CC78RTkQnRyJgisJspOTgUjm
-  response:
-    body: {string: !!python/unicode ''}
-    headers:
-      content-length: ['0']
-      content-type: [application/json]
-    status: {code: 204, message: NO CONTENT}
-- request:
-    body: null
-    headers: {}
-    method: GET
-    uri: https://api.balancedpayments.com:443/customers/CU6gH6X342hhVXOrrH7SVFzL
-  response:
-    body:
-      string: !!binary |
-        H4sIAAAAAAAAA41Uy27bMBC85ysEnWPrYSFqfC1Q5BCgh7ZB0KIQaJKtiEiky0dR19C/d2lLMk0q
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-        D84vvWAG/aOp5JCC/xsmhAeXsrZFLDlDAiZham80jZBnVMDXEnGFsH28IhpXyEAHHgnDYzNMoAX2
-        b3iZURe5gqQTLFAQkpzf9jfCOWICLjy1JJqnCQT/13Az/AOstudrUwYAAA==
-    headers:
-      content-encoding: [gzip]
-      content-length: ['499']
-      content-type: [application/json]
-    status: {code: 200, message: OK}
-- request:
-    body: null
-    headers: {}
-    method: GET
-    uri: https://api.balancedpayments.com:443/customers/CU6gH6X342hhVXOrrH7SVFzL/cards?limit=10&offset=0
-  response:
-    body: {string: !!python/unicode "{\n  \"cards\": [],\n  \"meta\": {\n    \"last\":
-        \"/customers/CU6gH6X342hhVXOrrH7SVFzL/cards?limit=10&offset=0\",\n    \"next\":
-        null,\n    \"href\": \"/customers/CU6gH6X342hhVXOrrH7SVFzL/cards?limit=10&offset=0\",\n
-        \   \"limit\": 10,\n    \"offset\": 0,\n    \"previous\": null,\n    \"total\":
-        0,\n    \"first\": \"/customers/CU6gH6X342hhVXOrrH7SVFzL/cards?limit=10&offset=0\"\n
-        \ },\n  \"links\": {}\n}"}
-    headers:
-      content-length: ['364']
-      content-type: [application/json]
-    status: {code: 200, message: OK}
-- request:
-    body: null
-    headers: {}
-    method: GET
-    uri: https://api.balancedpayments.com:443/customers/CU6gH6X342hhVXOrrH7SVFzL/cards?limit=10&offset=0
-  response:
-    body: {string: !!python/unicode "{\n  \"cards\": [],\n  \"meta\": {\n    \"last\":
-        \"/customers/CU6gH6X342hhVXOrrH7SVFzL/cards?limit=10&offset=0\",\n    \"next\":
-        null,\n    \"href\": \"/customers/CU6gH6X342hhVXOrrH7SVFzL/cards?limit=10&offset=0\",\n
-        \   \"limit\": 10,\n    \"offset\": 0,\n    \"previous\": null,\n    \"total\":
-        0,\n    \"first\": \"/customers/CU6gH6X342hhVXOrrH7SVFzL/cards?limit=10&offset=0\"\n
-        \ },\n  \"links\": {}\n}"}
-    headers:
-      content-length: ['364']
-      content-type: [application/json]
-    status: {code: 200, message: OK}
-- request:
-    body: null
-    headers: {}
-    method: GET
-    uri: https://api.balancedpayments.com:443/customers/CU6gH6X342hhVXOrrH7SVFzL
-  response:
-    body:
-      string: !!binary |
-        H4sIAAAAAAAAA41Uy27bMBC85ysEnWPrYSFqfC1Q5BCgh7ZB0KIQaJKtiEiky0dR19C/d2lLMk0q
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-        b3iZURe5gqQTLFAQkpzf9jfCOWICLjy1JJqnCQT/13Az/AOstudrUwYAAA==
-    headers:
-      content-encoding: [gzip]
-      content-length: ['499']
-      content-type: [application/json]
-    status: {code: 200, message: OK}
-- request:
-    body: null
-    headers: {}
-    method: GET
-    uri: https://api.balancedpayments.com:443/customers/CU6gH6X342hhVXOrrH7SVFzL/bank_accounts?limit=10&offset=0
-  response:
-    body:
-      string: !!binary |
-        H4sIAAAAAAAAA61UYU/bMBD9zq+I8mGfRmMnbtMgoaljrFRjoI2CGNMUOc6FWE2TznFQGep/n+0m
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-        xSqVlNDgPh/GT8OlVLM/Da8KBWQhK+JnQGN7cd9Fn5U+hsgon9CsbKXnsd7ci6sylTbq+UvPZDcL
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-        wErAHS8qrXCHiiyUCvq7+rOEi7dbgFqpsaF2TOc09I/bwIioae2a/aHn/QGPN06dW5Pt49233vF4
-        Ze3uvWnO2g7V7j3rOGSHaJO1aRzQ57m9V68k1ST/38Rmmb15nB2OLy5rY2vV9jZ/AdgGBCeGBgAA
-    headers:
-      content-encoding: [gzip]
-      content-length: ['627']
-      content-type: [application/json]
-    status: {code: 200, message: OK}
-- request:
-    body: null
-    headers: {}
-    method: DELETE
-    uri: https://api.balancedpayments.com:443/bank_accounts/BA6ZEt4GGLh1IYhb78QbxqTu
-  response:
-    body: {string: !!python/unicode ''}
-    headers:
-      content-length: ['0']
-      content-type: [application/json]
-    status: {code: 204, message: NO CONTENT}
-- request:
-    body: null
-    headers: {}
-    method: GET
-    uri: https://api.balancedpayments.com:443/customers/CU6gH6X342hhVXOrrH7SVFzL
-  response:
-    body:
-      string: !!binary |
-        H4sIAAAAAAAAA41Uy27bMBC85ysEnWPrYSFqfC1Q5BCgh7ZB0KIQaJKtiEiky0dR19C/d2lLMk0q
-        YS867M4MubMjHm+SJMVGadFTqdJt8g0KSXI8faHFUU+hyk3X3U61jvEXC51AAFPCSOwDoU6o0owj
-        zQQfVUaRYVYze4I0JQ3SgEjLvKhWRb4q68/5/TZ/ty2rdV7XdZV/TWcKlvRNymZ9XxZFsXEoROya
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-        jTUy5WLVI43by3E91cizmP6y0DwNHLSzHSiS/miIEEmVtynM9MEDwp5gpbRcLhdh2V7c9wJE9gIa
-        XYMFWWhiYbiWB7cbDLIzCu6hVLOUOqV40yGlK39M2iPWBUV2FbgBzvpu82MndcJ7if56jnCagWun
-        PKvsOC927A/jihwiRpI0rejIaZVOFBwyI0Pm4M5JdjR2iL80CJ9MishcQwMlQncsJjFiFrju3/qK
-        D84vvWAG/aOp5JCC/xsmhAeXsrZFLDlDAiZham80jZBnVMDXEnGFsH28IhpXyEAHHgnDYzNMoAX2
-        b3iZURe5gqQTLFAQkpzf9jfCOWICLjy1JJqnCQT/13Az/AOstudrUwYAAA==
-    headers:
-      content-encoding: [gzip]
-      content-length: ['499']
-      content-type: [application/json]
-    status: {code: 200, message: OK}
-- request:
-    body: null
-    headers: {}
-    method: GET
-    uri: https://api.balancedpayments.com:443/customers/CU6gH6X342hhVXOrrH7SVFzL/bank_accounts?limit=10&offset=0
-  response:
-    body: {string: !!python/unicode "{\n  \"bank_accounts\": [],\n  \"meta\": {\n
-        \   \"last\": \"/customers/CU6gH6X342hhVXOrrH7SVFzL/bank_accounts?limit=10&offset=0\",\n
-        \   \"next\": null,\n    \"href\": \"/customers/CU6gH6X342hhVXOrrH7SVFzL/bank_accounts?limit=10&offset=0\",\n
-        \   \"limit\": 10,\n    \"offset\": 0,\n    \"previous\": null,\n    \"total\":
-        0,\n    \"first\": \"/customers/CU6gH6X342hhVXOrrH7SVFzL/bank_accounts?limit=10&offset=0\"\n
-        \ },\n  \"links\": {}\n}"}
-    headers:
-      content-length: ['396']
-      content-type: [application/json]
-    status: {code: 200, message: OK}
-- request:
-    body: null
-    headers: {}
-    method: GET
-    uri: https://api.balancedpayments.com:443/customers/CU6gH6X342hhVXOrrH7SVFzL/bank_accounts?limit=10&offset=0
-  response:
-    body: {string: !!python/unicode "{\n  \"bank_accounts\": [],\n  \"meta\": {\n
-        \   \"last\": \"/customers/CU6gH6X342hhVXOrrH7SVFzL/bank_accounts?limit=10&offset=0\",\n
-        \   \"next\": null,\n    \"href\": \"/customers/CU6gH6X342hhVXOrrH7SVFzL/bank_accounts?limit=10&offset=0\",\n
-        \   \"limit\": 10,\n    \"offset\": 0,\n    \"previous\": null,\n    \"total\":
-        0,\n    \"first\": \"/customers/CU6gH6X342hhVXOrrH7SVFzL/bank_accounts?limit=10&offset=0\"\n
-        \ },\n  \"links\": {}\n}"}
-    headers:
-      content-length: ['396']
-      content-type: [application/json]
-    status: {code: 200, message: OK}
-- request:
-    body: null
-    headers: {}
-    method: GET
-    uri: https://api.balancedpayments.com:443/credits?meta%5Bcontains%5D=exchange_id&limit=25&offset=0
-  response:
-    body: {string: !!python/unicode "{\n  \"credits\": [],\n  \"meta\": {\n    \"last\":
-        \"/credits?limit=25&meta%5Bcontains%5D=exchange_id&offset=0\",\n    \"next\":
-        null,\n    \"href\": \"/credits?limit=25&meta%5Bcontains%5D=exchange_id&offset=0\",\n
-        \   \"limit\": 25,\n    \"offset\": 0,\n    \"previous\": null,\n    \"total\":
-        0,\n    \"first\": \"/credits?limit=25&meta%5Bcontains%5D=exchange_id&offset=0\"\n
-        \ },\n  \"links\": {}\n}"}
-    headers:
-      content-length: ['360']
-      content-type: [application/json]
-    status: {code: 200, message: OK}
-- request:
-    body: null
-    headers: {}
-    method: GET
-    uri: https://api.balancedpayments.com:443/debits?meta%5Bcontains%5D=exchange_id&limit=25&offset=0
-  response:
-    body: {string: !!python/unicode "{\n  \"meta\": {\n    \"last\": \"/debits?limit=25&meta%5Bcontains%5D=exchange_id&offset=0\",\n
-        \   \"next\": null,\n    \"href\": \"/debits?limit=25&meta%5Bcontains%5D=exchange_id&offset=0\",\n
-        \   \"limit\": 25,\n    \"offset\": 0,\n    \"previous\": null,\n    \"total\":
-        0,\n    \"first\": \"/debits?limit=25&meta%5Bcontains%5D=exchange_id&offset=0\"\n
-        \ },\n  \"links\": {},\n  \"debits\": []\n}"}
-    headers:
-      content-length: ['356']
-      content-type: [application/json]
-    status: {code: 200, message: OK}
-version: 1
diff --git a/tests/py/fixtures/TestCardHolds.yml b/tests/py/fixtures/TestCardHolds.yml
index 9667828e1c..fd8fcf73b3 100644
--- a/tests/py/fixtures/TestCardHolds.yml
+++ b/tests/py/fixtures/TestCardHolds.yml
@@ -995,4 +995,29 @@ interactions:
       content-length: ['538']
       content-type: [application/json]
     status: {code: 200, message: OK}
+- request:
+    body: '{"amount": 1061, "meta": {"state": "new", "participant_id": 4}, "description":
+      "bob"}'
+    headers: {}
+    method: POST
+    uri: https://api.balancedpayments.com:443/cards/CCgw0n216u9Rq3oHLMQM1SJ/card_holds
+  response:
+    body: {string: !!python/unicode "{\n  \"card_holds\": [\n    {\n      \"status\":
+        \"succeeded\",\n      \"description\": \"bob\",\n      \"links\": {\n        \"order\":
+        null,\n        \"card\": \"CCgw0n216u9Rq3oHLMQM1SJ\",\n        \"debit\":
+        null\n      },\n      \"updated_at\": \"2015-03-24T13:18:03.691113Z\",\n      \"created_at\":
+        \"2015-03-24T13:18:03.306719Z\",\n      \"transaction_number\": \"HL3SX-MLJ-YE43\",\n
+        \     \"expires_at\": \"2015-03-31T13:18:03.593558Z\",\n      \"failure_reason\":
+        null,\n      \"currency\": \"USD\",\n      \"amount\": 1061,\n      \"meta\":
+        {\n        \"state\": \"new\",\n        \"participant_id\": \"4\"\n      },\n
+        \     \"href\": \"/card_holds/HL3TQo9nCFlNUnI8tYbF4iih\",\n      \"failure_reason_code\":
+        null,\n      \"voided_at\": null,\n      \"id\": \"HL3TQo9nCFlNUnI8tYbF4iih\"\n
+        \   }\n  ],\n  \"links\": {\n    \"card_holds.events\": \"/card_holds/{card_holds.id}/events\",\n
+        \   \"card_holds.order\": \"/orders/{card_holds.order}\",\n    \"card_holds.card\":
+        \"/cards/{card_holds.card}\",\n    \"card_holds.debits\": \"/card_holds/{card_holds.id}/debits\",\n
+        \   \"card_holds.debit\": \"/debits/{card_holds.debit}\"\n  }\n}"}
+    headers:
+      content-length: ['1018']
+      content-type: [application/json]
+    status: {code: 201, message: CREATED}
 version: 1
diff --git a/tests/py/fixtures/TestGetBalancedAccount.yml b/tests/py/fixtures/TestGetBalancedAccount.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..983fae13ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/py/fixtures/TestGetBalancedAccount.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+interactions:
+- request:
+    body: '{"meta": {"username": "alice", "participant_id": 2}}'
+    headers: {}
+    method: POST
+    uri: https://api.balancedpayments.com:443/customers
+  response:
+    body: {string: !!python/unicode "{\n  \"customers\": [\n    {\n      \"name\":
+        null,\n      \"links\": {\n        \"source\": null,\n        \"destination\":
+        null\n      },\n      \"updated_at\": \"2015-03-24T16:54:58.015604Z\",\n      \"created_at\":
+        \"2015-03-24T16:54:57.899336Z\",\n      \"dob_month\": null,\n      \"id\":
+        \"CU6fn0Mhh38klHvYYVHXt8Qw\",\n      \"phone\": null,\n      \"href\": \"/customers/CU6fn0Mhh38klHvYYVHXt8Qw\",\n
+        \     \"merchant_status\": \"no-match\",\n      \"meta\": {\n        \"username\":
+        \"alice\",\n        \"participant_id\": \"2\"\n      },\n      \"dob_year\":
+        null,\n      \"address\": {\n        \"city\": null,\n        \"line2\": null,\n
+        \       \"line1\": null,\n        \"state\": null,\n        \"postal_code\":
+        null,\n        \"country_code\": null\n      },\n      \"business_name\":
+        null,\n      \"ssn_last4\": null,\n      \"email\": null,\n      \"ein\":
+        null\n    }\n  ],\n  \"links\": {\n    \"customers.source\": \"/resources/{customers.source}\",\n
+        \   \"customers.card_holds\": \"/customers/{customers.id}/card_holds\",\n
+        \   \"customers.bank_accounts\": \"/customers/{customers.id}/bank_accounts\",\n
+        \   \"customers.debits\": \"/customers/{customers.id}/debits\",\n    \"customers.destination\":
+        \"/resources/{customers.destination}\",\n    \"customers.external_accounts\":
+        \"/customers/{customers.id}/external_accounts\",\n    \"customers.cards\":
+        \"/customers/{customers.id}/cards\",\n    \"customers.disputes\": \"/customers/{customers.id}/disputes\",\n
+        \   \"customers.transactions\": \"/customers/{customers.id}/transactions\",\n
+        \   \"customers.refunds\": \"/customers/{customers.id}/refunds\",\n    \"customers.reversals\":
+        \"/customers/{customers.id}/reversals\",\n    \"customers.orders\": \"/customers/{customers.id}/orders\",\n
+        \   \"customers.credits\": \"/customers/{customers.id}/credits\",\n    \"customers.accounts\":
+        \"/customers/{customers.id}/accounts\"\n  }\n}"}
+    headers:
+      content-length: ['1723']
+      content-type: [application/json]
+    status: {code: 201, message: CREATED}
+version: 1
diff --git a/tests/py/fixtures/TestPages.yml b/tests/py/fixtures/TestPages.yml
index 0f5297b083..21bb36f838 100644
--- a/tests/py/fixtures/TestPages.yml
+++ b/tests/py/fixtures/TestPages.yml
@@ -7,14 +7,14 @@ interactions:
   response:
     body:
       string: !!binary |
-        H4sIAAAAAAAAA52TP2+DMBDFv4tnEkPSNJWlqt06dsmUJTLgwEnGtvyHKkX97j1j2pAMlegEmHu/
-        e366G4jUDSjCSGO5B8MvJCNQE1bsHx7y/TYjvOee21OwEota741jlKZDt27At6EMTthKKy+UX1e6
-        o4FO6pf+eYs8RCdIBBM8uIMZmEBJjTRHZ3Za38m7/qnvWD4rPGsp9Qeq793+1YD+qtBYegfV/IOA
-        qoFq3woMC6/wFS8Ozi8zMyoGGh8nqCPDYfpW1IsMTRq086HQyUCtMHqEhdJVFowHrZYZu1EiSduG
-        K/jEmVlKQqVDQLS0zMKoQKXocdCWSZNkoMZCz6tLjMKKSkCPwf4Dd6dFmr8YgbP9Pkslxg1enHjd
-        xQU7c+lERhTvYuHbddtwiA1XF8JUkDIjJS7kbNN+xnucdURKXY2Zp0USHYe4ly4Yo61/nVdjcQtW
-        8FJiw4kNOulMKCVUp5Qo2+YZmU7G+SMMD65rcf3CER//VYj1GB33iNvkxWaV71bF4yEvWL5nu90R
-        ewdT39TsVvlmVewPxZYVTyx/PJKvb9oBpQl9BAAA
+        H4sIAAAAAAAAA52Ty26DMBBF/8XrpIaQh2SpandddtNVNpEBB0YytuUHUYry7x1j2tIsKpEV2Jp7
+        5vpqZiBSN6AII43lHgy/khWBmrD8sN1mh2JFeM89t6dgJRa13hvHKE2X7qkB34YyOGErrbxQ/qnS
+        HQ10Ur/0zwXyEJ0gEUzw4g5mYAIlNdIcndlpfSfv+qe+Y/ms8Kyl1BdU37v9rwH9UaGx9A+qeYCA
+        qoFq3woMC59wiw8H55eZGRUDjZ8T1JHhMH0r6kWGJg3auSh0MlArjB5hoXSVBeNBq2XG/iiRpG3D
+        FXzizCwlodIhIFpaZmFUoFL0OGjLpEkyUGOh59U1RmFFJaDHYB/A3WmR5q9G4Gy/z1KJcYMXJ153
+        ccHOXDqxIop3sfDtd9twiA1XV8JUkHJFSlzI2aZ9j/c464iUuhozT4skOg5xL10wRlv/Oq/G4has
+        4KXEhhMbdNKZUEqoTilRVuCaTzfj/BGWfa8CLtPshCM+nirEeoyOe8RtsnyzznbrfP+R5Sw7sN3u
+        iL2Dqf/U7NZZsd4UH/mebQu22R7J7QvlL5TYfQQAAA==
     headers:
       access-control-allow-credentials: ['true']
       access-control-allow-origin: ['*']
@@ -25,8 +25,8 @@ interactions:
       content-encoding: [gzip]
       content-security-policy: [default-src 'none']
       content-type: [application/json; charset=utf-8]
-      etag: [W/"2a6810a51ecd64ed82ce86d908030582"]
-      last-modified: ['Tue, 17 Feb 2015 13:18:06 GMT']
+      etag: [W/"b89c85d4d203059167acdec7f45488b1"]
+      last-modified: ['Mon, 23 Mar 2015 16:43:24 GMT']
       status: [200 OK]
       strict-transport-security: [max-age=31536000; includeSubdomains; preload]
       transfer-encoding: [chunked]
@@ -40,40 +40,38 @@ interactions:
   response:
     body:
       string: !!binary |
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@@ -84,7 +82,7 @@ interactions:
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       content-security-policy: [default-src 'none']
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-- request:
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-    headers: {}
-    method: GET
-    uri: https://api.balancedpayments.com:443/marketplaces?limit=25&offset=0
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@@ -188,8 +164,8 @@ interactions:
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-      etag: [W/"2a6810a51ecd64ed82ce86d908030582"]
-      last-modified: ['Tue, 17 Feb 2015 13:18:06 GMT']
+      etag: [W/"b89c85d4d203059167acdec7f45488b1"]
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       status: [200 OK]
       strict-transport-security: [max-age=31536000; includeSubdomains; preload]
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@@ -247,7 +221,7 @@ interactions:
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       content-security-policy: [default-src 'none']
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-      etag: [W/"71458e5307f1ab2acd26dfcb08402913"]
+      etag: [W/"1081c6961109fcad4871ca3c64753930"]
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       strict-transport-security: [max-age=31536000; includeSubdomains; preload]
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@@ -257,48 +231,50 @@ interactions:
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     headers: {}
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+    uri: https://api.balancedpayments.com:443/cards/CC6j2lN0CEuf3wt77J2bQW7r
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+      content-length: ['671']
       content-type: [application/json]
     status: {code: 200, message: OK}
 - request:
@@ -309,14 +285,14 @@ interactions:
   response:
     body:
       string: !!binary |
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+        4KXEhhMbdNKZUEqoTilRVuCaTzfj/BGWfa8CLtPshCM+nirEeoyOe8RtsnyzznbrfP+R5Sw7sN3u
+        iL2Dqf/U7NZZsd4UH/mebQu22R7J7QvlL5TYfQQAAA==
     headers:
       access-control-allow-credentials: ['true']
       access-control-allow-origin: ['*']
@@ -327,8 +303,8 @@ interactions:
       content-encoding: [gzip]
       content-security-policy: [default-src 'none']
       content-type: [application/json; charset=utf-8]
-      etag: [W/"2a6810a51ecd64ed82ce86d908030582"]
-      last-modified: ['Tue, 17 Feb 2015 13:18:06 GMT']
+      etag: [W/"b89c85d4d203059167acdec7f45488b1"]
+      last-modified: ['Mon, 23 Mar 2015 16:43:24 GMT']
       status: [200 OK]
       strict-transport-security: [max-age=31536000; includeSubdomains; preload]
       transfer-encoding: [chunked]
@@ -342,40 +318,38 @@ interactions:
   response:
     body:
       string: !!binary |
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+        FybuFRc+VAAA
     headers:
       access-control-allow-credentials: ['true']
       access-control-allow-origin: ['*']
@@ -386,7 +360,7 @@ interactions:
       content-encoding: [gzip]
       content-security-policy: [default-src 'none']
       content-type: [application/json; charset=utf-8]
-      etag: [W/"71458e5307f1ab2acd26dfcb08402913"]
+      etag: [W/"1081c6961109fcad4871ca3c64753930"]
       status: [200 OK]
       strict-transport-security: [max-age=31536000; includeSubdomains; preload]
       transfer-encoding: [chunked]
diff --git a/tests/py/fixtures/TestRoutes.yml b/tests/py/fixtures/TestRoutes.yml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3f76a463e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/py/fixtures/TestRoutes.yml
@@ -0,0 +1,572 @@
+interactions:
+- request:
+    body: '{"routing_number": "321174851", "account_type": "checking", "account_number":
+      "9900000001", "name": "Alice G. Krebs"}'
+    headers: {}
+    method: POST
+    uri: https://api.balancedpayments.com:443/bank_accounts
+  response:
+    body: {string: !!python/unicode "{\n  \"bank_accounts\": [\n    {\n      \"routing_number\":
+        \"321174851\",\n      \"bank_name\": \"SAN MATEO CREDIT UNION\",\n      \"account_type\":
+        \"checking\",\n      \"name\": \"Alice G. Krebs\",\n      \"links\": {\n        \"customer\":
+        null,\n        \"bank_account_verification\": null\n      },\n      \"can_credit\":
+        true,\n      \"created_at\": \"2015-03-23T16:19:20.373041Z\",\n      \"fingerprint\":
+        \"5f0ba9fa3f1122ef13b944a40abfe44e7eba9e16934e64200913cb4c402ace14\",\n      \"updated_at\":
+        \"2015-03-23T16:19:20.373042Z\",\n      \"href\": \"/bank_accounts/BA5aSjvNl8sltPNNvv9GBM0E\",\n
+        \     \"meta\": {},\n      \"account_number\": \"xxxxxx0001\",\n      \"address\":
+        {\n        \"city\": null,\n        \"line2\": null,\n        \"line1\": null,\n
+        \       \"state\": null,\n        \"postal_code\": null,\n        \"country_code\":
+        null\n      },\n      \"can_debit\": false,\n      \"id\": \"BA5aSjvNl8sltPNNvv9GBM0E\"\n
+        \   }\n  ],\n  \"links\": {\n    \"bank_accounts.settlements\": \"/bank_accounts/{bank_accounts.id}/settlements\",\n
+        \   \"bank_accounts.bank_account_verification\": \"/verifications/{bank_accounts.bank_account_verification}\",\n
+        \   \"bank_accounts.debits\": \"/bank_accounts/{bank_accounts.id}/debits\",\n
+        \   \"bank_accounts.customer\": \"/customers/{bank_accounts.customer}\",\n
+        \   \"bank_accounts.credits\": \"/bank_accounts/{bank_accounts.id}/credits\",\n
+        \   \"bank_accounts.bank_account_verifications\": \"/bank_accounts/{bank_accounts.id}/verifications\"\n
+        \ }\n}"}
+    headers:
+      access-control-allow-headers: [Content-Type]
+      access-control-allow-methods: ['POST, OPTIONS']
+      access-control-allow-origin: ['*']
+      content-length: ['1374']
+      content-type: [application/json]
+    status: {code: 201, message: CREATED}
+- request:
+    body: null
+    headers: {}
+    method: GET
+    uri: https://api.balancedpayments.com:443/customers/CU6gH6X342hhVXOrrH7SVFzL
+  response:
+    body:
+      string: !!binary |
+        H4sIAAAAAAAAA41Uy27bMBC85ysEnWvrYSFqfA1Q5FCgh7ZB0KIQaJKNiEiky0dR19C/d2lLMk2q
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+        b3iZURe5gqQTLFAQkpzf9lfCOWICLjy1JJqnCRSw3xaCGQX/53Az/APeQA0dkwYAAA==
+    headers:
+      content-encoding: [gzip]
+      content-length: ['505']
+      content-type: [application/json]
+    status: {code: 200, message: OK}
+- request:
+    body: null
+    headers: {}
+    method: GET
+    uri: https://api.balancedpayments.com:443/bank_accounts/BA5aSjvNl8sltPNNvv9GBM0E
+  response:
+    body:
+      string: !!binary |
+        H4sIAAAAAAAAA41TTY+bMBC976+wOHeDbZxkyS3bRqtVtWzVTS+tKmTM0HXDR2RM1Cjiv68hUD5C
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+        BQAA
+    headers:
+      content-encoding: [gzip]
+      content-length: ['516']
+      content-type: [application/json]
+    status: {code: 200, message: OK}
+- request:
+    body: '{"customer": null, "bank_name": "SAN MATEO CREDIT UNION", "account_type":
+      "checking", "name": "Alice G. Krebs", "links": {"customer": "/customers/CU6gH6X342hhVXOrrH7SVFzL"},
+      "can_credit": true, "created_at": "2015-03-23T16:19:20.373041Z", "address":
+      {"city": null, "line2": null, "line1": null, "state": null, "postal_code": null,
+      "country_code": null}, "updated_at": "2015-03-23T16:19:20.373042Z", "meta":
+      {}, "bank_account_verification": null, "fingerprint": "5f0ba9fa3f1122ef13b944a40abfe44e7eba9e16934e64200913cb4c402ace14",
+      "routing_number": "321174851", "can_debit": false, "id": "BA5aSjvNl8sltPNNvv9GBM0E",
+      "account_number": "xxxxxx0001"}'
+    headers: {}
+    method: PUT
+    uri: https://api.balancedpayments.com:443/bank_accounts/BA5aSjvNl8sltPNNvv9GBM0E
+  response:
+    body:
+      string: !!binary |
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+    headers:
+      content-encoding: [gzip]
+      content-length: ['673']
+      content-type: [application/json]
+    status: {code: 200, message: OK}
+- request:
+    body: null
+    headers: {}
+    method: GET
+    uri: https://api.balancedpayments.com:443/cards/CC5f7iWotJIWnjSrXPdO9KGA
+  response:
+    body:
+      string: !!binary |
+        H4sIAAAAAAAAA41U226bQBB9z1eseE5sWMDYfqsitelFSqS0jpWqQsvuYLaBBe0uVlyLf+8uFxs7
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+        VfMX1oMJeB0FAAA=
+    headers:
+      content-encoding: [gzip]
+      content-length: ['581']
+      content-type: [application/json]
+    status: {code: 200, message: OK}
+- request:
+    body: null
+    headers: {}
+    method: DELETE
+    uri: https://api.balancedpayments.com:443/cards/CC5f7iWotJIWnjSrXPdO9KGA
+  response:
+    body: {string: !!python/unicode ''}
+    headers:
+      content-length: ['0']
+      content-type: [application/json]
+    status: {code: 204, message: NO CONTENT}
+- request:
+    body: null
+    headers: {}
+    method: GET
+    uri: https://api.balancedpayments.com:443/bank_accounts/BA123123123
+  response:
+    body: {string: !!python/unicode "{\n  \"errors\": [\n    {\n      \"status\":
+        \"Not Found\",\n      \"category_code\": \"not-found\",\n      \"description\":
+        \"<p>The requested URL was not found on the server.</p><p>If you entered the
+        URL manually please check your spelling and try again.</p> Your request id
+        is OHMaec0b31cd17711e48c5306429171ffad.\",\n      \"status_code\": 404,\n
+        \     \"category_type\": \"request\",\n      \"request_id\": \"OHMaec0b31cd17711e48c5306429171ffad\"\n
+        \   }\n  ]\n}"}
+    headers:
+      content-length: ['430']
+      content-type: [application/json]
+    status: {code: 404, message: NOT FOUND}
+- request:
+    body: null
+    headers: {}
+    method: GET
+    uri: https://api.balancedpayments.com:443/customers/CU6gH6X342hhVXOrrH7SVFzL
+  response:
+    body:
+      string: !!binary |
+        H4sIAAAAAAAAA41Uy27bMBC85ysEnWvrYSFqfA1Q5FCgh7ZB0KIQaJKNiEiky0dR19C/d2lLMk2q
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+    headers:
+      content-encoding: [gzip]
+      content-length: ['505']
+      content-type: [application/json]
+    status: {code: 200, message: OK}
+- request:
+    body: null
+    headers: {}
+    method: GET
+    uri: https://api.balancedpayments.com:443/cards/CC123123123123
+  response:
+    body: {string: !!python/unicode "{\n  \"errors\": [\n    {\n      \"status\":
+        \"Not Found\",\n      \"category_code\": \"not-found\",\n      \"description\":
+        \"<p>The requested URL was not found on the server.</p><p>If you entered the
+        URL manually please check your spelling and try again.</p> Your request id
+        is OHMaf611e6ad17711e48c5306429171ffad.\",\n      \"status_code\": 404,\n
+        \     \"category_type\": \"request\",\n      \"request_id\": \"OHMaf611e6ad17711e48c5306429171ffad\"\n
+        \   }\n  ]\n}"}
+    headers:
+      content-length: ['430']
+      content-type: [application/json]
+    status: {code: 404, message: NOT FOUND}
+- request:
+    body: null
+    headers: {}
+    method: GET
+    uri: https://api.balancedpayments.com:443/cards/CC6j2lN0CEuf3wt77J2bQW7r
+  response:
+    body:
+      string: !!binary |
+        H4sIAAAAAAAAA41UXU/bMBR951dYeaat44Sk6VupEBOIbgzGpE1T5MY2NaR2ZTuFCvW/z3aSJgEm
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+        bjs9aTJbw6GZc5NEuN5Wxir901JH76CQn/q/Mmqfbe5wcvgLinZLo6IFAAA=
+    headers:
+      content-encoding: [gzip]
+      content-length: ['671']
+      content-type: [application/json]
+    status: {code: 200, message: OK}
+- request:
+    body: null
+    headers: {}
+    method: GET
+    uri: https://api.balancedpayments.com:443/cards/CC6j2lN0CEuf3wt77J2bQW7r
+  response:
+    body:
+      string: !!binary |
+        H4sIAAAAAAAAA41UXU/bMBR951dYeaat44Sk6VupEBOIbgzGpE1T5MY2NaR2ZTuFCvW/z3aSJgEm
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+        bjs9aTJbw6GZc5NEuN5Wxir901JH76CQn/q/Mmqfbe5wcvgLinZLo6IFAAA=
+    headers:
+      content-encoding: [gzip]
+      content-length: ['671']
+      content-type: [application/json]
+    status: {code: 200, message: OK}
+- request:
+    body: null
+    headers: {}
+    method: GET
+    uri: https://api.balancedpayments.com:443/credits?meta%5Bcontains%5D=exchange_id&limit=25&offset=0
+  response:
+    body: {string: !!python/unicode "{\n  \"credits\": [],\n  \"meta\": {\n    \"last\":
+        \"/credits?limit=25&meta%5Bcontains%5D=exchange_id&offset=0\",\n    \"next\":
+        null,\n    \"href\": \"/credits?limit=25&meta%5Bcontains%5D=exchange_id&offset=0\",\n
+        \   \"limit\": 25,\n    \"offset\": 0,\n    \"previous\": null,\n    \"total\":
+        0,\n    \"first\": \"/credits?limit=25&meta%5Bcontains%5D=exchange_id&offset=0\"\n
+        \ },\n  \"links\": {}\n}"}
+    headers:
+      content-length: ['360']
+      content-type: [application/json]
+    status: {code: 200, message: OK}
+- request:
+    body: null
+    headers: {}
+    method: GET
+    uri: https://api.balancedpayments.com:443/debits?meta%5Bcontains%5D=exchange_id&limit=25&offset=0
+  response:
+    body: {string: !!python/unicode "{\n  \"meta\": {\n    \"last\": \"/debits?limit=25&meta%5Bcontains%5D=exchange_id&offset=0\",\n
+        \   \"next\": null,\n    \"href\": \"/debits?limit=25&meta%5Bcontains%5D=exchange_id&offset=0\",\n
+        \   \"limit\": 25,\n    \"offset\": 0,\n    \"previous\": null,\n    \"total\":
+        0,\n    \"first\": \"/debits?limit=25&meta%5Bcontains%5D=exchange_id&offset=0\"\n
+        \ },\n  \"links\": {},\n  \"debits\": []\n}"}
+    headers:
+      content-length: ['356']
+      content-type: [application/json]
+    status: {code: 200, message: OK}
+- request:
+    body: null
+    headers: {}
+    method: GET
+    uri: https://api.balancedpayments.com:443/cards/CC6j2lN0CEuf3wt77J2bQW7r
+  response:
+    body:
+      string: !!binary |
+        H4sIAAAAAAAAA41UXU/bMBR951dYeaat44Sk6VupEBOIbgzGpE1T5MY2NaR2ZTuFCvW/z3aSJgEm
+        LQ+Wcj98zz33+L6dABAUWBEdzMBv+wPAmz+tueTi2Zlbg4ustJEbqqw1WPxI1ovbl5CYsnrS15ch
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+        ULmEi4uKRS8mTa/Q6vZnqnqMYEMfpdq7aGnWloIjYLPfUmcuFCXcDEls+x9wuMLiORd447Ouvt18
+        /X45X4LFl/ndBTifL69PwXI8Hw/51EZRajo+91R3ASuFhe/jgWvcmastsahJjr06EAzPRjAaoeg+
+        jGZxNovTcRimYRr/6pWqKbPxfXFagq2l30OtYuqY/cQcunohisAN5gLceej9wVhpGN/8p/NspFNI
+        4mMyiELYzy5kJYza502Aq//hZRRY5ISu7DhmgOFS007ANe+DgfQEuafYPUIEUadI+xre9Rlwne+o
+        4oxTx7tRVVfAqf/4doK6edBIEdg5gbo/4OADIoGQBniZ9Cbu4Ddyeo9/rShztEz8cpn8h3IVHaog
+        HoVwhNJ7mM3gdIaSMYRZklkVeBYP9vzj2Hq3puplNnZV87Us/V5rQbx5LGNODh5V468pb/N6C27S
+        bjs9aTJbw6GZc5NEuN5Wxir901JH76CQn/q/Mmqfbe5wcvgLinZLo6IFAAA=
+    headers:
+      content-encoding: [gzip]
+      content-length: ['671']
+      content-type: [application/json]
+    status: {code: 200, message: OK}
+version: 1
diff --git a/tests/py/test_billing.py b/tests/py/test_billing.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 57910be505..0000000000
--- a/tests/py/test_billing.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,238 +0,0 @@
-from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function, unicode_literals
-
-import balanced
-import mock
-
-from gratipay import billing
-from gratipay.testing import Harness
-from gratipay.testing.balanced import BalancedHarness
-from gratipay.models.participant import Participant
-
-
-class TestBalancedCard(BalancedHarness):
-
-    def test_balanced_card_basically_works(self):
-        expected = {
-            'id': self.janet_href,
-            'last_four': 'xxxxxxxxxxxx1111',
-            'last4': 'xxxxxxxxxxxx1111',
-            'expiration_month': 10,
-            'expiration_year': 2020,
-            'address_1': '123 Main Street',
-            'address_2': 'Box 2',
-            'state': 'Confusion',
-            'zip': '90210',
-        }
-        card = billing.BalancedCard(self.janet_href)
-        actual = dict([(name, card[name]) for name in expected])
-        assert actual == expected
-
-    def test_credit_card_page_shows_card_missing(self):
-        self.make_participant('alice')
-        expected = 'Your credit card is <em id="status">missing'
-        actual = self.client.GET('/credit-card.html', auth_as='alice').body.decode('utf8')
-        assert expected in actual
-
-    def test_credit_card_page_loads_when_there_is_a_card(self):
-        expected = 'Your credit card is <em id="status">working'
-        actual = self.client.GET('/credit-card.html', auth_as='janet').body.decode('utf8')
-        assert expected in actual
-
-    def test_credit_card_page_shows_card_failing(self):
-        self.db.run( "UPDATE participants "
-                     "SET last_bill_result='Some error'"
-                     "WHERE username='janet'"
-                    )
-
-        expected = 'Your credit card is <em id="status">failing'
-        actual = self.client.GET('/credit-card.html', auth_as='janet').body.decode('utf8')
-        assert expected in actual
-
-    @mock.patch('balanced.Customer')
-    def test_balanced_card_gives_class_name_instead_of_KeyError(self, ba):
-        card = mock.Mock()
-
-        balanced_account = ba.fetch.return_value
-        balanced_account.href = self.janet_href
-        balanced_account.cards = mock.Mock()
-        balanced_account.cards.filter.return_value.all.return_value = [card]
-
-        card = billing.BalancedCard(self.janet_href)
-
-        expected = mock.Mock.__name__
-        actual = card['nothing'].__class__.__name__
-
-        assert actual == expected
-
-    def test_balanced_works_with_old_urls(self):
-        # gratipay will have a combination of old style from v1
-        # and new urls from v1.1
-        # do not actually do this in any real system
-        # but construct the url using the id from the
-        # customer and marketplace on the new api
-        # to match the format of that of the old one
-        url_user = '/v1/marketplaces/{}/accounts/{}'.format(
-            self.balanced_marketplace.id,
-            self.janet_href.split('/customers/')[1])
-
-        card = billing.BalancedCard(url_user)
-
-        assert card._thing.href == self.card_href
-
-    def test_receipt_page_loads (self):
-        # 'card_type' was changed to 'brand' to reflect
-        # card companies (i.e. Visa, MasterCard, etc.)
-
-        customer_href = self.make_balanced_customer()
-        card = balanced.Card(
-            number='4242424242424242',
-            expiration_year=2020,
-            expiration_month=12
-        ).save()
-
-        card.associate_to_customer(customer_href)
-        alice = self.make_participant('alice', claimed_time='now',
-                                      balanced_customer_href=customer_href)
-
-        ex_id = self.make_exchange('bill', 113, 30, alice)
-        url_receipt = '/alice/receipts/{}.html'.format(ex_id)
-        actual = self.client.GET(url_receipt, auth_as='alice').body.decode('utf8')
-        assert 'Visa' in actual
-
-
-class TestBalancedBankAccount(BalancedHarness):
-
-    def test_balanced_bank_account(self):
-        ba_account = billing.BalancedBankAccount(self.homer_href)
-
-        assert ba_account.is_setup
-
-        with self.assertRaises(KeyError):
-            ba_account.__getitem__('invalid')
-
-        actual = ba_account['customer_href']
-        expected = self.homer_href
-        assert actual == expected
-
-    def test_balanced_bank_account_not_setup(self):
-        bank_account = billing.BalancedBankAccount(None)
-        assert not bank_account.is_setup
-        assert not bank_account['id']
-
-    def test_balanced_bank_has_an_account_number(self):
-        bank_account = billing.BalancedBankAccount(self.homer_href)
-        assert bank_account['account_number'] == 'xxx233a'
-
-
-class TestBillingAssociate(BalancedHarness):
-
-    def test_associate_valid_card(self):
-        self.david.set_tip_to(self.homer, 10)
-        card = balanced.Card(
-            number='4242424242424242',
-            expiration_year=2020,
-            expiration_month=12
-        ).save()
-        customer = self.david.get_balanced_account()
-        billing.associate( self.db
-                         , 'credit card'
-                         , self.david
-                         , customer
-                         , unicode(card.href)
-                          )
-
-        cards = customer.cards.all()
-        assert len(cards) == 1
-        assert cards[0].href == card.href
-
-        homer = Participant.from_id(self.homer.id)
-        assert homer.receiving == 10
-
-    def test_associate_invalid_card(self): #, find):
-        billing.associate( self.db
-                         , u"credit card"
-                         , self.david
-                         , self.david.get_balanced_account()
-                         , '/cards/CC123123123123',  # invalid href
-                          )
-        david = Participant.from_username('david')
-        assert david.last_bill_result == '404 Client Error: NOT FOUND'
-
-    def test_associate_bank_account_valid(self):
-        bank_account = balanced.BankAccount( name='Alice G. Krebs'
-                                           , routing_number='321174851'
-                                           , account_number='9900000001'
-                                           , account_type='checking'
-                                            ).save()
-        customer = self.david.get_balanced_account()
-        billing.associate( self.db
-                         , u"bank account"
-                         , self.david
-                         , customer
-                         , unicode(bank_account.href)
-                          )
-
-        bank_accounts = customer.bank_accounts.all()
-        assert len(bank_accounts) == 1
-        assert bank_accounts[0].href == unicode(bank_account.href)
-
-        david = Participant.from_username('david')
-        assert david.last_ach_result == ''
-
-    def test_associate_bank_account_invalid(self):
-
-        billing.associate( self.db
-                         , u"bank account"
-                         , self.david
-                         , self.david.get_balanced_account()
-                         , '/bank_accounts/BA123123123123123123' # invalid href
-                          )
-
-        david = Participant.from_username('david')
-        assert david.last_ach_result == '404 Client Error: NOT FOUND'
-
-
-class TestBillingClear(BalancedHarness):
-
-    def test_clear(self):
-        self.client.POST('/credit-card.json', data=dict(action='delete'), auth_as='david')
-
-        customer = balanced.Customer.fetch(self.david_href)
-        cards = customer.cards.all()
-        assert len(cards) == 0
-
-        david = Participant.from_username('david')
-        assert david.last_bill_result is None
-        assert david.balanced_customer_href
-
-    def test_clear_bank_account(self):
-        self.client.POST('/bank-account.json', data=dict(action='delete'), auth_as='david')
-
-        customer = balanced.Customer.fetch(self.david_href)
-        bank_accounts = customer.bank_accounts.all()
-        assert len(bank_accounts) == 0
-
-        david = Participant.from_username('david')
-        assert david.last_ach_result is None
-        assert david.balanced_customer_href
-
-
-class TestBillingStoreResult(Harness):
-
-    def setUp(self):
-        super(TestBillingStoreResult, self).setUp()
-        self.alice = self.make_participant('alice')
-
-    def test_store_result_stores_bill_error(self):
-        msg = "cheese is yummy"
-        data = dict(action='store-error', msg=msg)
-        self.client.POST('/credit-card.json', data=data, auth_as='alice')
-        alice = Participant.from_username('alice')
-        assert alice.last_bill_result == msg
-
-    def test_store_result_stores_ach_error(self):
-        for message in ['cheese is yummy', 'cheese smells like my vibrams']:
-            data = dict(action='store-error', msg=message)
-            self.client.POST('/bank-account.json', data=data, auth_as='alice')
-            alice = Participant.from_username('alice')
-            assert alice.last_ach_result == message
diff --git a/tests/py/test_billing_exchanges.py b/tests/py/test_billing_exchanges.py
index a96bb576b0..6e71a0fc9e 100644
--- a/tests/py/test_billing_exchanges.py
+++ b/tests/py/test_billing_exchanges.py
@@ -18,7 +18,8 @@
     skim_credit,
     sync_with_balanced,
 )
-from gratipay.exceptions import NegativeBalance, NoBalancedCustomerHref, NotWhitelisted
+from gratipay.exceptions import NegativeBalance, NotWhitelisted
+from gratipay.models.exchange_route import ExchangeRoute
 from gratipay.models.participant import Participant
 from gratipay.testing import Foobar, Harness
 from gratipay.testing.balanced import BalancedHarness
@@ -27,58 +28,50 @@
 class TestCredits(BalancedHarness):
 
     def test_ach_credit_withhold(self):
-        bob = self.make_participant('bob', last_ach_result="failure", balance=20,
-                                    balanced_customer_href=self.homer_href,
-                                    is_suspicious=False)
+        self.make_exchange('balanced-cc', 27, 0, self.homer)
         withhold = D('1.00')
-        error = ach_credit(self.db, bob, withhold)
+        error = ach_credit(self.db, self.homer, withhold)
         assert error == ''
-        bob2 = Participant.from_id(bob.id)
-        assert bob.balance == bob2.balance == 1
+        homer = Participant.from_id(self.homer.id)
+        assert self.homer.balance == homer.balance == 1
 
     def test_ach_credit_amount_under_minimum(self):
-        bob = self.make_participant('bob', last_ach_result="failure", balance=8,
-                                    balanced_customer_href=self.homer_href,
-                                    is_suspicious=False)
-        r = ach_credit(self.db, bob, 0)
+        self.make_exchange('balanced-cc', 8, 0, self.homer)
+        r = ach_credit(self.db, self.homer, 0)
         assert r is None
 
-    @mock.patch('balanced.Customer')
-    def test_ach_credit_failure(self, Customer):
-        Customer.side_effect = Foobar
-        bob = self.make_participant('bob', last_ach_result="failure", balance=20,
-                                    balanced_customer_href=self.homer_href,
-                                    is_suspicious=False)
-
-        error = ach_credit(self.db, bob, D('1.00'))
-        bob2 = Participant.from_id(bob.id)
-        assert bob.last_ach_result == bob2.last_ach_result == error == "Foobar()"
-        assert bob.balance == bob2.balance == 20
+    @mock.patch('gratipay.billing.exchanges.thing_from_href')
+    def test_ach_credit_failure(self, tfh):
+        tfh.side_effect = Foobar
+        self.make_exchange('balanced-cc', 20, 0, self.homer)
+        error = ach_credit(self.db, self.homer, D('1.00'))
+        homer = Participant.from_id(self.homer.id)
+        assert self.homer.get_bank_account_error() == error == "Foobar()"
+        assert self.homer.balance == homer.balance == 20
 
     def test_ach_credit_no_bank_account(self):
-        self.make_exchange('bill', 20, 0, self.david)
+        self.make_exchange('balanced-cc', 20, 0, self.david)
         error = ach_credit(self.db, self.david, D('1.00'))
-        david = Participant.from_username('david')
-        assert error == 'NoResultFound()'
-        assert self.david.last_ach_result == david.last_ach_result == None
+        assert error == 'No bank account'
+
+    def test_ach_credit_invalidated_bank_account(self):
+        bob = self.make_participant('bob', is_suspicious=False, balance=20,
+                                    last_ach_result='invalidated')
+        error = ach_credit(self.db, bob, D('1.00'))
+        assert error == 'No bank account'
 
 
 class TestCardHolds(BalancedHarness):
 
-    def test_create_card_hold_without_cc_details_raises_NoBalancedCustomerHref(self):
-        alice = self.make_participant('alice')
-        with self.assertRaises(NoBalancedCustomerHref):
-            create_card_hold(self.db, alice, D('1.00'))
-
     def test_create_card_hold_for_suspicious_raises_NotWhitelisted(self):
         bob = self.make_participant('bob', is_suspicious=True,
                                     balanced_customer_href='fake_href')
         with self.assertRaises(NotWhitelisted):
             create_card_hold(self.db, bob, D('1.00'))
 
-    @mock.patch('balanced.Customer')
-    def test_create_card_hold_failure(self, Customer):
-        Customer.side_effect = Foobar
+    @mock.patch('gratipay.billing.exchanges.thing_from_href')
+    def test_create_card_hold_failure(self, tfh):
+        tfh.side_effect = Foobar
         hold, error = create_card_hold(self.db, self.janet, D('1.00'))
         assert hold is None
         assert error == "Foobar()"
@@ -87,7 +80,7 @@ def test_create_card_hold_failure(self, Customer):
         assert exchange.amount
         assert exchange.status == 'failed'
         janet = Participant.from_id(self.janet.id)
-        assert self.janet.last_bill_result == 'Foobar()'
+        assert self.janet.get_credit_card_error() == 'Foobar()'
         assert self.janet.balance == janet.balance == 0
 
     def test_create_card_hold_success(self):
@@ -111,7 +104,7 @@ def test_capture_card_hold_full_amount(self):
         capture_card_hold(self.db, self.janet, D('20.00'), hold)
         janet = Participant.from_id(self.janet.id)
         assert self.janet.balance == janet.balance == D('20.00')
-        assert self.janet.last_bill_result == janet.last_bill_result == ''
+        assert self.janet.get_credit_card_error() == ''
         assert hold.meta['state'] == 'captured'
 
     def test_capture_card_hold_partial_amount(self):
@@ -121,7 +114,7 @@ def test_capture_card_hold_partial_amount(self):
         capture_card_hold(self.db, self.janet, D('15.00'), hold)
         janet = Participant.from_id(self.janet.id)
         assert self.janet.balance == janet.balance == D('15.00')
-        assert self.janet.last_bill_result == janet.last_bill_result == ''
+        assert self.janet.get_credit_card_error() == ''
 
     def test_capture_card_hold_too_high_amount(self):
         hold, error = create_card_hold(self.db, self.janet, D('20.00'))
@@ -143,51 +136,53 @@ def test_capture_card_hold_amount_under_minimum(self):
         capture_card_hold(self.db, self.janet, D('0.01'), hold)
         janet = Participant.from_id(self.janet.id)
         assert self.janet.balance == janet.balance == D('9.41')
-        assert self.janet.last_bill_result == janet.last_bill_result == ''
+        assert self.janet.get_credit_card_error() == ''
 
     def test_create_card_hold_bad_card(self):
-        customer_href = self.make_balanced_customer()
+        bob = self.make_participant('bob', balanced_customer_href='new',
+                                    is_suspicious=False)
         card = balanced.Card(
             number='4444444444444448',
             expiration_year=2020,
             expiration_month=12
         ).save()
-        card.associate_to_customer(customer_href)
+        card.associate_to_customer(bob.balanced_customer_href)
+        ExchangeRoute.insert(bob, 'balanced-cc', card.href)
 
-        bob = self.make_participant('bob', balanced_customer_href=customer_href,
-                                    is_suspicious=False)
         hold, error = create_card_hold(self.db, bob, D('10.00'))
         assert error.startswith('402 Payment Required, ')
 
     def test_create_card_hold_multiple_cards(self):
-        customer_href = self.make_balanced_customer()
+        bob = self.make_participant('bob', balanced_customer_href='new',
+                                    is_suspicious=False)
         card = balanced.Card(
             number='4242424242424242',
             expiration_year=2020,
             expiration_month=12
         ).save()
-        card.associate_to_customer(customer_href)
+        card.associate_to_customer(bob.balanced_customer_href)
+        ExchangeRoute.insert(bob, 'balanced-cc', card.href)
 
         card = balanced.Card(
             number='4242424242424242',
             expiration_year=2030,
             expiration_month=12
         ).save()
-        card.associate_to_customer(customer_href)
+        card.associate_to_customer(bob.balanced_customer_href)
+        ExchangeRoute.insert(bob, 'balanced-cc', card.href)
 
-        bob = self.make_participant('bob', balanced_customer_href=customer_href,
-                                    is_suspicious=False)
         hold, error = create_card_hold(self.db, bob, D('10.00'))
-        assert error == 'MultipleResultsFound()'
+        assert error == ''
 
     def test_create_card_hold_no_card(self):
-        customer_href = self.make_balanced_customer()
-        bob = self.make_participant('bob', balanced_customer_href=customer_href,
-                                    is_suspicious=False)
+        bob = self.make_participant('bob', is_suspicious=False)
+        hold, error = create_card_hold(self.db, bob, D('10.00'))
+        assert error == 'No credit card'
+
+    def test_create_card_hold_invalidated_card(self):
+        bob = self.make_participant('bob', is_suspicious=False, last_bill_result='invalidated')
         hold, error = create_card_hold(self.db, bob, D('10.00'))
-        bob2 = Participant.from_id(bob.id)
-        assert error == 'NoResultFound()'
-        assert bob.last_bill_result == bob2.last_bill_result == None
+        assert error == 'No credit card'
 
 
 class TestFees(Harness):
@@ -271,9 +266,9 @@ def test_skim_credit(self):
 class TestRecordExchange(Harness):
 
     def test_record_exchange_doesnt_update_balance_for_positive_amounts(self):
-        alice = self.make_participant('alice')
+        alice = self.make_participant('alice', last_bill_result='')
         record_exchange( self.db
-                       , 'bill'
+                       , ExchangeRoute.from_network(alice, 'balanced-cc')
                        , amount=D("0.59")
                        , fee=D("0.41")
                        , participant=alice
@@ -283,9 +278,9 @@ def test_record_exchange_doesnt_update_balance_for_positive_amounts(self):
         assert alice.balance == D('0.00')
 
     def test_record_exchange_updates_balance_for_negative_amounts(self):
-        alice = self.make_participant('alice', balance=50)
+        alice = self.make_participant('alice', balance=50, last_ach_result='')
         record_exchange( self.db
-                       , 'ach'
+                       , ExchangeRoute.from_network(alice, 'balanced-ba')
                        , amount=D('-35.84')
                        , fee=D('0.75')
                        , participant=alice
@@ -295,38 +290,35 @@ def test_record_exchange_updates_balance_for_negative_amounts(self):
         assert alice.balance == D('13.41')
 
     def test_record_exchange_fails_if_negative_balance(self):
-        alice = self.make_participant('alice')
-        pytest.raises( NegativeBalance
-                     , record_exchange
-                     , self.db
-                     , 'ach'
-                     , amount=D("-10.00")
-                     , fee=D("0.41")
-                     , participant=alice
-                     , status='pre'
-                      )
+        alice = self.make_participant('alice', last_ach_result='')
+        ba = ExchangeRoute.from_network(alice, 'balanced-ba')
+        with pytest.raises(NegativeBalance):
+            record_exchange(self.db, ba, D("-10.00"), D("0.41"), alice, 'pre')
 
     def test_record_exchange_result_restores_balance_on_error(self):
-        alice = self.make_participant('alice', balance=30)
-        e_id = record_exchange(self.db, 'ach', D('-27.06'), D('0.81'), alice, 'pre')
+        alice = self.make_participant('alice', balance=30, last_ach_result='')
+        ba = ExchangeRoute.from_network(alice, 'balanced-ba')
+        e_id = record_exchange(self.db, ba, D('-27.06'), D('0.81'), alice, 'pre')
         assert alice.balance == D('02.13')
-        record_exchange_result( self.db, e_id, 'failed', 'SOME ERROR', alice)
+        record_exchange_result(self.db, e_id, 'failed', 'SOME ERROR', alice)
         alice = Participant.from_username('alice')
         assert alice.balance == D('30.00')
 
     def test_record_exchange_result_doesnt_restore_balance_on_success(self):
-        alice = self.make_participant('alice', balance=50)
-        e_id = record_exchange(self.db, 'ach', D('-43.98'), D('1.60'), alice, 'pre')
+        alice = self.make_participant('alice', balance=50, last_ach_result='')
+        ba = ExchangeRoute.from_network(alice, 'balanced-ba')
+        e_id = record_exchange(self.db, ba, D('-43.98'), D('1.60'), alice, 'pre')
         assert alice.balance == D('4.42')
-        record_exchange_result( self.db, e_id, 'succeeded', None, alice)
+        record_exchange_result(self.db, e_id, 'succeeded', None, alice)
         alice = Participant.from_username('alice')
         assert alice.balance == D('4.42')
 
     def test_record_exchange_result_updates_balance_for_positive_amounts(self):
-        alice = self.make_participant('alice', balance=4)
-        e_id = record_exchange(self.db, 'bill', D('31.59'), D('0.01'), alice, 'pre')
+        alice = self.make_participant('alice', balance=4, last_bill_result='')
+        cc = ExchangeRoute.from_network(alice, 'balanced-cc')
+        e_id = record_exchange(self.db, cc, D('31.59'), D('0.01'), alice, 'pre')
         assert alice.balance == D('4.00')
-        record_exchange_result( self.db, e_id, 'succeeded', None, alice)
+        record_exchange_result(self.db, e_id, 'succeeded', None, alice)
         alice = Participant.from_username('alice')
         assert alice.balance == D('35.59')
 
@@ -363,10 +355,10 @@ def test_sync_with_balanced_deletes_charges_that_didnt_happen(self):
         assert Participant.from_username('janet').balance == 0
 
     def test_sync_with_balanced_reverts_credits_that_didnt_happen(self):
-        self.make_exchange('bill', 41, 0, self.homer)
+        self.make_exchange('balanced-cc', 41, 0, self.homer)
         with mock.patch('gratipay.billing.exchanges.record_exchange_result') as rer \
-           , mock.patch('balanced.Customer') as Customer:
-            rer.side_effect = Customer.side_effect = Foobar
+           , mock.patch('gratipay.billing.exchanges.thing_from_href') as tfh:
+            rer.side_effect = tfh.side_effect = Foobar
             with self.assertRaises(Foobar):
                 ach_credit(self.db, self.homer, 0, 0)
         exchange = self.db.one("SELECT * FROM exchanges WHERE amount < 0")
diff --git a/tests/py/test_billing_payday.py b/tests/py/test_billing_payday.py
index 3edbb609c3..89a5f06e0a 100644
--- a/tests/py/test_billing_payday.py
+++ b/tests/py/test_billing_payday.py
@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ def test_ncc_failing(self, cch, fch):
     def test_update_cached_amounts(self):
         team = self.make_participant('team', claimed_time='now', number='plural')
         alice = self.make_participant('alice', claimed_time='now', last_bill_result='')
-        bob = self.make_participant('bob', claimed_time='now', last_bill_result=None)
+        bob = self.make_participant('bob', claimed_time='now')
         carl = self.make_participant('carl', claimed_time='now', last_bill_result="Fail!")
         dana = self.make_participant('dana', claimed_time='now')
         emma = self.make_participant('emma')
@@ -322,7 +322,7 @@ def test_payin_cancels_uncaptured_holds(self, log):
         self.janet.set_tip_to(self.homer, 42)
         alice = self.make_participant('alice', claimed_time='now',
                                       is_suspicious=False)
-        self.make_exchange('bill', 50, 0, alice)
+        self.make_exchange('balanced-cc', 50, 0, alice)
         alice.set_tip_to(self.janet, 50)
         Payday.start().payin()
         assert log.call_args_list[-3][0] == ("Captured 0 card holds.",)
@@ -347,10 +347,10 @@ def test_payin_cant_make_balances_more_negative(self):
                 payday.update_balances(cursor)
 
     @mock.patch.object(Payday, 'fetch_card_holds')
-    @mock.patch('balanced.Customer')
-    def test_card_hold_error(self, Customer, fch):
+    @mock.patch('gratipay.billing.exchanges.thing_from_href')
+    def test_card_hold_error(self, tfh, fch):
         self.janet.set_tip_to(self.homer, 17)
-        Customer.side_effect = Foobar
+        tfh.side_effect = Foobar
         fch.return_value = {}
         Payday.start().payin()
         payday = self.fetch_payday()
@@ -455,7 +455,8 @@ def test_transfer_takes(self):
 
     @mock.patch.object(Payday, 'fetch_card_holds')
     def test_transfer_takes_doesnt_make_negative_transfers(self, fch):
-        hold = balanced.CardHold(amount=1500, meta={'participant_id': self.janet.id})
+        hold = balanced.CardHold(amount=1500, meta={'participant_id': self.janet.id},
+                                 card_href=self.card_href)
         hold.capture = lambda *a, **kw: None
         hold.save = lambda *a, **kw: None
         fch.return_value = {self.janet.id: hold}
diff --git a/tests/py/test_bitcoin_json.py b/tests/py/test_bitcoin_json.py
deleted file mode 100644
index bb2378760d..0000000000
--- a/tests/py/test_bitcoin_json.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,36 +0,0 @@
-from __future__ import print_function, unicode_literals
-
-import json
-
-from gratipay.testing import Harness
-
-
-class Tests(Harness):
-    def change_bitcoin_address(self, address, user='alice', should_fail=True):
-        self.make_participant('alice')
-        if should_fail:
-            response = self.client.PxST("/alice/bitcoin.json",
-                               {'bitcoin_address': address,},
-                                auth_as=user
-            )
-        else:
-            response = self.client.POST("/alice/bitcoin.json",
-                               {'bitcoin_address': address,},
-                                auth_as=user
-            )
-        return response
-
-    def test_participant_can_change_their_address(self):
-        response = self.change_bitcoin_address(
-            '17NdbrSGoUotzeGCcMMCqnFkEvLymoou9j', should_fail=False)
-        actual = json.loads(response.body)['bitcoin_address']
-        assert actual == '17NdbrSGoUotzeGCcMMCqnFkEvLymoou9j', actual
-
-    def test_anonymous_gets_403(self):
-        response = self.change_bitcoin_address(
-            '17NdbrSGoUotzeGCcMMCqnFkEvLymoou9j', user=None)
-        assert response.code == 403, response.code
-
-    def test_invalid_is_400(self):
-        response = self.change_bitcoin_address('12345')
-        assert response.code == 400, response.code
diff --git a/tests/py/test_callbacks.py b/tests/py/test_callbacks.py
index 02d8ccbba6..895f1bf9fe 100644
--- a/tests/py/test_callbacks.py
+++ b/tests/py/test_callbacks.py
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 from mock import patch
 
 from gratipay.billing.exchanges import record_exchange
+from gratipay.models.exchange_route import ExchangeRoute
 from gratipay.testing import Harness
 
 
@@ -30,10 +31,11 @@ def test_no_csrf_cookie_set_for_callbacks(self):
 
     @patch('gratipay.billing.exchanges.record_exchange_result')
     def test_credit_callback(self, rer):
-        alice = self.make_participant('alice')
+        alice = self.make_participant('alice', last_ach_result='')
+        ba = ExchangeRoute.from_network(alice, 'balanced-ba')
         for status in ('succeeded', 'failed'):
             error = 'FOO' if status == 'failed' else None
-            e_id = record_exchange(self.db, 'ach', 10, 0, alice, 'pre')
+            e_id = record_exchange(self.db, ba, 10, 0, alice, 'pre')
             body = json.dumps({
                 "events": [
                     {
diff --git a/tests/py/test_charts_json.py b/tests/py/test_charts_json.py
index 08055c5c43..ac43b5532e 100644
--- a/tests/py/test_charts_json.py
+++ b/tests/py/test_charts_json.py
@@ -20,8 +20,8 @@ def setUp(self):
         self.alice = self.make_participant('alice', claimed_time='now')
         self.bob = self.make_participant('bob', claimed_time='now')
         self.carl = self.make_participant('carl', claimed_time='now')
-        self.make_exchange('bill', 10, 0, self.alice)
-        self.make_exchange('bill', 10, 0, self.bob)
+        self.make_exchange('balanced-cc', 10, 0, self.alice)
+        self.make_exchange('balanced-cc', 10, 0, self.bob)
         self.make_participant('notactive', claimed_time='now')
 
         self.alice.set_tip_to(self.carl, '1.00')
diff --git a/tests/py/test_close.py b/tests/py/test_close.py
index 2c3fc2fe7a..5643245045 100644
--- a/tests/py/test_close.py
+++ b/tests/py/test_close.py
@@ -3,12 +3,11 @@
 from datetime import date
 from decimal import Decimal as D
 
-import balanced
 import mock
 import pytest
 
 from gratipay.billing.payday import Payday
-from gratipay.exceptions import NoBalancedCustomerHref, NotWhitelisted
+from gratipay.exceptions import NotWhitelisted
 from gratipay.models.community import Community
 from gratipay.models.participant import Participant
 from gratipay.testing import Harness
@@ -83,27 +82,15 @@ def test_ach_credit_failure_doesnt_cause_500(self, ach_credit):
 
     # wbtba - withdraw_balance_to_bank_account
 
-    def test_wbtba_withdraws_balance_to_bank_account(self):
+    @mock.patch('gratipay.billing.exchanges.thing_from_href')
+    def test_wbtba_withdraws_balance_to_bank_account(self, tfh):
         alice = self.make_participant( 'alice'
                                      , balance=D('10.00')
                                      , is_suspicious=False
-                                     , balanced_customer_href='new'
+                                     , last_ach_result=''
                                       )
-
-        bank_account = balanced.BankAccount( name='Alice G. Krebs'
-                                           , routing_number='321174851'
-                                           , account_number='9900000001'
-                                           , account_type='checking'
-                                            ).save()
-        bank_account.associate_to_customer(alice.balanced_customer_href)
-
         alice.close('bank')
 
-    def test_wbtba_raises_NoBalancedCustomerHref_if_no_balanced_customer_href(self):
-        alice = self.make_participant('alice', balance=D('10.00'), is_suspicious=False)
-        with pytest.raises(NoBalancedCustomerHref):
-            alice.withdraw_balance_to_bank_account()
-
     def test_wbtba_raises_NotWhitelisted_if_not_whitelisted(self):
         alice = self.make_participant('alice', balance=D('10.00'))
         with pytest.raises(NotWhitelisted):
diff --git a/tests/py/test_history.py b/tests/py/test_history.py
index 3de3cfc7ef..f2c04c0a06 100644
--- a/tests/py/test_history.py
+++ b/tests/py/test_history.py
@@ -15,10 +15,10 @@
 def make_history(harness):
     alice = harness.make_participant('alice', claimed_time=datetime(2001, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0))
     harness.alice = alice
-    harness.make_exchange('bill', 50, 0, alice)
-    harness.make_exchange('bill', 12, 0, alice, status='failed')
-    harness.make_exchange('ach', -40, 0, alice)
-    harness.make_exchange('ach', -5, 0, alice, status='failed')
+    harness.make_exchange('balanced-cc', 50, 0, alice)
+    harness.make_exchange('balanced-cc', 12, 0, alice, status='failed')
+    harness.make_exchange('balanced-ba', -40, 0, alice)
+    harness.make_exchange('balanced-ba', -5, 0, alice, status='failed')
     harness.db.run("""
         UPDATE exchanges
            SET timestamp = "timestamp" - interval '1 year'
@@ -29,10 +29,10 @@ def make_history(harness):
       ORDER BY timestamp ASC
          LIMIT 1
     """))
-    harness.make_exchange('bill', 35, 0, alice)
-    harness.make_exchange('bill', 49, 0, alice, status='failed')
-    harness.make_exchange('ach', -15, 0, alice)
-    harness.make_exchange('ach', -7, 0, alice, status='failed')
+    harness.make_exchange('balanced-cc', 35, 0, alice)
+    harness.make_exchange('balanced-cc', 49, 0, alice, status='failed')
+    harness.make_exchange('balanced-ba', -15, 0, alice)
+    harness.make_exchange('balanced-ba', -7, 0, alice, status='failed')
 
 
 class TestHistory(Harness):
@@ -41,9 +41,9 @@ def test_iter_payday_events(self):
         Payday.start().run()
         team = self.make_participant('team', number='plural', claimed_time='now')
         alice = self.make_participant('alice', claimed_time='now')
-        self.make_exchange('bill', 10000, 0, team)
-        self.make_exchange('bill', 10000, 0, alice)
-        self.make_exchange('bill', -5000, 0, alice)
+        self.make_exchange('balanced-cc', 10000, 0, team)
+        self.make_exchange('balanced-cc', 10000, 0, alice)
+        self.make_exchange('balanced-cc', -5000, 0, alice)
         self.db.run("""
             UPDATE transfers
                SET timestamp = "timestamp" - interval '1 month'
@@ -94,9 +94,9 @@ def test_iter_payday_events(self):
 
     def test_iter_payday_events_with_failed_exchanges(self):
         alice = self.make_participant('alice', claimed_time='now')
-        self.make_exchange('bill', 50, 0, alice)
-        self.make_exchange('bill', 12, 0, alice, status='failed')
-        self.make_exchange('ach', -40, 0, alice, status='failed')
+        self.make_exchange('balanced-cc', 50, 0, alice)
+        self.make_exchange('balanced-cc', 12, 0, alice, status='failed')
+        self.make_exchange('balanced-ba', -40, 0, alice, status='failed')
         events = list(iter_payday_events(self.db, alice))
         assert len(events) == 5
         assert events[0]['kind'] == 'day-open'
diff --git a/tests/py/test_pages.py b/tests/py/test_pages.py
index 16dde7e398..c3e4f9dd3b 100644
--- a/tests/py/test_pages.py
+++ b/tests/py/test_pages.py
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ class TestPages(Harness):
 
     def browse(self, setup=None, **kw):
         alice = self.make_participant('alice', claimed_time='now', number='plural')
-        exchange_id = self.make_exchange('bill', 19, 0, alice)
+        exchange_id = self.make_exchange('balanced-cc', 19, 0, alice)
         alice.insert_into_communities(True, 'Wonderland', 'wonderland')
         alan = self.make_participant('alan', claimed_time='now')
         alice.add_member(alan)
@@ -86,22 +86,6 @@ def test_widget(self):
         actual = self.client.GET('/cheese/widget.html').body
         assert expected in actual
 
-    def test_bank_account(self):
-        expected = "add or change your bank account"
-        actual = self.client.GET('/bank-account.html').body
-        assert expected in actual
-
-    def test_bank_account_auth(self):
-        self.make_participant('alice', claimed_time='now')
-        expected = '<em id="status">not connected</em>'
-        actual = self.client.GET('/bank-account.html', auth_as='alice').body
-        assert expected in actual
-
-    def test_credit_card(self):
-        expected = "add or change your credit card"
-        actual = self.client.GET('/credit-card.html').body
-        assert expected in actual
-
     def test_github_associate(self):
         assert self.client.GxT('/on/github/associate').code == 400
 
@@ -163,13 +147,6 @@ def test_sign_out_doesnt_redirect_xhr(self):
                                     HTTP_X_REQUESTED_WITH=b'XMLHttpRequest')
         assert response.code == 200
 
-    def test_receipts_signed_in(self):
-        self.make_participant('alice', claimed_time='now')
-        self.db.run("INSERT INTO exchanges (id, participant, amount, fee) "
-                    "VALUES(100,'alice',1,0.1)")
-        request = self.client.GET("/alice/receipts/100.html", auth_as="alice")
-        assert request.code == 200
-
     def test_settings_page_available_balance(self):
         self.make_participant('alice', claimed_time='now')
         self.db.run("UPDATE participants SET balance = 123.00 WHERE username = 'alice'")
diff --git a/tests/py/test_participant.py b/tests/py/test_participant.py
index c41ad3670d..7819beb8c6 100644
--- a/tests/py/test_participant.py
+++ b/tests/py/test_participant.py
@@ -538,7 +538,7 @@ def test_stt_resets_is_free_rider_to_null(self):
 
     def test_only_funded_tips_count(self):
         alice = self.make_participant('alice', claimed_time='now', last_bill_result='')
-        bob = self.make_participant('bob', claimed_time='now', last_bill_result=None)
+        bob = self.make_participant('bob', claimed_time='now')
         carl = self.make_participant('carl', claimed_time='now', last_bill_result="Fail!")
         dana = self.make_participant('dana', claimed_time='now')
         alice.set_tip_to(dana, '3.00')
@@ -731,3 +731,10 @@ def test_archive_records_an_event(self):
     def test_suggested_payment_is_zero_for_new_user(self):
         alice = self.make_participant('alice')
         assert alice.suggested_payment == 0
+
+class TestGetBalancedAccount(Harness):
+    def test_get_balanced_account_creates_new_customer_href(self):
+        alice = self.make_participant('alice')
+        account = alice.get_balanced_account()
+        alice = Participant.from_username('alice')
+        assert alice.balanced_customer_href == account.href
diff --git a/tests/py/test_public_json.py b/tests/py/test_public_json.py
index 403d6281d6..b97098101f 100644
--- a/tests/py/test_public_json.py
+++ b/tests/py/test_public_json.py
@@ -159,6 +159,7 @@ def test_jsonp_works(self):
         assert raw == '''\
 foo({
     "avatar": null,
+    "cryptocoins": {},
     "elsewhere": {
         "github": {
             "id": %(elsewhere_id)s,
diff --git a/tests/py/test_routes.py b/tests/py/test_routes.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3a273cab08
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/py/test_routes.py
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function, unicode_literals
+
+import balanced
+import mock
+
+from gratipay.testing.balanced import BalancedHarness
+from gratipay.models.exchange_route import ExchangeRoute
+from gratipay.models.participant import Participant
+
+
+class TestRoutes(BalancedHarness):
+
+    def hit(self, username, action, network, address, expected=200):
+        r =  self.client.POST('/%s/routes/%s.json' % (username, action),
+                              data=dict(network=network, address=address),
+                              auth_as=username, raise_immediately=False)
+        assert r.code == expected
+        return r
+
+    def test_associate_and_delete_valid_card(self):
+        card = balanced.Card(
+            number='4242424242424242',
+            expiration_year=2020,
+            expiration_month=12
+        ).save()
+        customer = self.david.get_balanced_account()
+        self.hit('david', 'associate', 'balanced-cc', card.href)
+
+        cards = customer.cards.all()
+        assert len(cards) == 1
+        assert cards[0].href == card.href
+
+        assert self.david.get_credit_card_error() == ''
+
+        self.hit('david', 'delete', 'balanced-cc', card.href)
+
+        david = Participant.from_username('david')
+        assert david.get_credit_card_error() == 'invalidated'
+        assert david.balanced_customer_href
+
+    def test_associate_invalid_card(self):
+        self.hit('david', 'associate', 'balanced-cc', '/cards/CC123123123123', expected=400)
+        assert self.david.get_credit_card_error() is None
+
+    def test_associate_and_delete_bank_account_valid(self):
+        bank_account = balanced.BankAccount( name='Alice G. Krebs'
+                                           , routing_number='321174851'
+                                           , account_number='9900000001'
+                                           , account_type='checking'
+                                            ).save()
+        customer = self.david.get_balanced_account()
+        customer.merchant_status = 'underwritten'
+        with mock.patch.object(Participant, 'get_balanced_account') as gba:
+            gba.return_value = customer
+            self.hit('david', 'associate', 'balanced-ba', bank_account.href)
+
+        bank_accounts = customer.bank_accounts.all()
+        assert len(bank_accounts) == 1
+        assert bank_accounts[0].href == bank_account.href
+
+        assert self.david.get_bank_account_error() == ''
+
+        self.hit('david', 'delete', 'balanced-ba', bank_account.href)
+
+        david = Participant.from_username('david')
+        assert david.get_bank_account_error() == 'invalidated'
+        assert david.balanced_customer_href
+
+    @mock.patch.object(Participant, 'get_balanced_account')
+    def test_associate_bank_account_invalid(self, gba):
+        gba.return_value.merchant_status = 'underwritten'
+        self.hit('david', 'associate', 'balanced-ba', '/bank_accounts/BA123123123', expected=400)
+        assert self.david.get_bank_account_error() is None
+
+    def test_associate_bitcoin(self):
+        addr = '17NdbrSGoUotzeGCcMMCqnFkEvLymoou9j'
+        self.hit('david', 'associate', 'bitcoin', addr)
+        route = ExchangeRoute.from_network(self.david, 'bitcoin')
+        assert route.address == addr
+        assert route.error == ''
+
+    def test_associate_bitcoin_invalid(self):
+        self.hit('david', 'associate', 'bitcoin', '12345', expected=400)
+        assert not ExchangeRoute.from_network(self.david, 'bitcoin')
+
+    def test_bank_account(self):
+        expected = "add or change your bank account"
+        actual = self.client.GET('/alice/routes/bank-account.html').body
+        assert expected in actual
+
+    def test_bank_account_auth(self):
+        self.make_participant('alice', claimed_time='now')
+        expected = '<em id="status">not connected</em>'
+        actual = self.client.GET('/alice/routes/bank-account.html', auth_as='alice').body
+        assert expected in actual
+
+    def test_credit_card(self):
+        self.make_participant('alice', claimed_time='now')
+        expected = "add or change your credit card"
+        actual = self.client.GET('/alice/routes/credit-card.html').body
+        assert expected in actual
+
+    def test_credit_card_page_shows_card_missing(self):
+        self.make_participant('alice', claimed_time='now')
+        expected = 'Your credit card is <em id="status">missing'
+        actual = self.client.GET('/alice/routes/credit-card.html', auth_as='alice').body.decode('utf8')
+        assert expected in actual
+
+    def test_credit_card_page_loads_when_there_is_a_card(self):
+        expected = 'Your credit card is <em id="status">working'
+        actual = self.client.GET('/janet/routes/credit-card.html', auth_as='janet').body.decode('utf8')
+        assert expected in actual
+
+    def test_credit_card_page_shows_card_failing(self):
+        ExchangeRoute.from_network(self.janet, 'balanced-cc').update_error('Some error')
+        expected = 'Your credit card is <em id="status">failing'
+        actual = self.client.GET('/janet/routes/credit-card.html', auth_as='janet').body.decode('utf8')
+        assert expected in actual
+
+    def test_receipt_page_loads(self):
+        ex_id = self.make_exchange('balanced-cc', 113, 30, self.janet)
+        url_receipt = '/janet/receipts/{}.html'.format(ex_id)
+        actual = self.client.GET(url_receipt, auth_as='janet').body.decode('utf8')
+        assert 'Visa' in actual
diff --git a/tests/py/test_scripts.py b/tests/py/test_scripts.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..74c09dff5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/py/test_scripts.py
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function, unicode_literals
+
+import mock
+
+from gratipay.testing import Harness
+from gratipay.models.exchange_route import ExchangeRoute
+from gratipay.models.participant import Participant
+from tasks import set_paypal_email, bitcoin_payout
+
+
+class TestScripts(Harness):
+    def test_set_paypal_email(self):
+        alice = self.make_participant('alice', api_key='abcdefgh')
+        set_paypal_email(username='alice', email='alice@gmail.com', api_key_fragment=alice.api_key[0:8])
+        route = ExchangeRoute.from_network(alice, 'paypal')
+        assert route.address == 'alice@gmail.com'
+
+    @mock.patch('tasks.coinbase_request')
+    def test_bitcoin_payout(self, cb):
+        # https://developers.coinbase.com/api#send-money
+        cb.return_value.status_code = 200
+        cb.return_value.json = lambda: {
+            'success': True,
+            'transfer': {
+                'fees': {
+                    'coinbase': {'currency_iso': 'USD', 'cents': 10},
+                    'bank': {'currency_iso': 'USD', 'cents': 15}
+                },
+                'subtotal': {'currency': 'USD', 'amount': 20},
+                'btc': {'currency': 'BTC', 'amount': 1}
+            }
+        }
+        alice = self.make_participant('alice', api_key='abcdefgh', balance=100)
+        route = ExchangeRoute.insert(alice, 'bitcoin', '17NdbrSGoUotzeGCcMMCqnFkEvLymoou9j')
+        bitcoin_payout(username='alice', amount=20, api_key_fragment=alice.api_key[0:8])
+        alice = Participant.from_username('alice')
+        assert alice.balance == 79.75
+        exchange = self.db.one("""
+            SELECT *
+              FROM exchanges
+             WHERE participant='alice'
+        """)
+        assert exchange.amount == -20
+        assert exchange.fee == 0.25
+        assert exchange.route == route.id
+
diff --git a/tests/py/test_stats.py b/tests/py/test_stats.py
index 822040718d..9a152e6b08 100644
--- a/tests/py/test_stats.py
+++ b/tests/py/test_stats.py
@@ -83,7 +83,7 @@ def test_get_tip_distribution_ignores_bad_cc(self):
         assert actual == expected
 
     def test_get_tip_distribution_ignores_missing_cc(self):
-        missing_cc = self.make_participant('missing_cc', claimed_time='now', last_bill_result=None)
+        missing_cc = self.make_participant('missing_cc', claimed_time='now')
         self.alice.set_tip_to(self.bob, '1.00')
         missing_cc.set_tip_to(self.bob, '3.00')
         expected = ([[Decimal('1.00'), 1L, Decimal('1.00'), 1, Decimal('1')]],
diff --git a/www/%username/bitcoin.json.spt b/www/%username/bitcoin.json.spt
deleted file mode 100644
index e22c9450fd..0000000000
--- a/www/%username/bitcoin.json.spt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,26 +0,0 @@
-"""Save a bitcoin address.
-
-"""
-from aspen import Response
-from gratipay.models import add_event
-from gratipay.utils import bitcoin
-
-[---------------------------------------------------------------]
-
-if user.ANON:
-    raise Response(403)
-request.allow("POST")
-
-bit_address = request.body['bitcoin_address'].strip()
-if bit_address != '' and not bitcoin.validate(bit_address):
-    raise Response(400, _("This is not a valid Bitcoin address."))
-
-with website.db.get_cursor() as c:
-    add_event(c, 'participant', dict(id=user.participant.id, action='set', values=dict(bitcoin_address=bit_address)))
-    c.execute(
-        "UPDATE participants SET bitcoin_address=%s WHERE username=%s"
-        , (bit_address, user.participant.username)
-    )
-
-[---] application/json via json_dump
-{"bitcoin_address": bit_address, "username": user.participant.username}
diff --git a/www/%username/receipts/%exchange_id.int.html.spt b/www/%username/receipts/%exchange_id.int.html.spt
index a0322189c7..2cb97000bd 100644
--- a/www/%username/receipts/%exchange_id.int.html.spt
+++ b/www/%username/receipts/%exchange_id.int.html.spt
@@ -1,19 +1,29 @@
+import balanced
+
 from aspen import Response
+from gratipay.models.exchange_route import ExchangeRoute
 from gratipay.utils import get_participant
-from gratipay.billing import BalancedCard
 
 [-------------------]
 
 participant = get_participant(state, restrict=True)
 
-card = BalancedCard(participant.balanced_customer_href)
-exchange = website.db.one( "SELECT * FROM exchanges "
-                   "WHERE id=%s AND participant=%s"
-                 , (request.path['exchange_id'], request.path['username'])
-                 , back_as=dict)
+exchange = website.db.one("""
+    SELECT *
+      FROM exchanges
+     WHERE id = %s
+       AND participant = %s
+       AND amount > 0
+""", (request.path['exchange_id'], participant.username))
 if exchange is None:
     raise Response(404)
 
+route = ExchangeRoute.from_id(exchange.route)
+if route and route.network == 'balanced-cc':
+    card = balanced.Card.fetch(route.address)
+else:
+    card = balanced.Card(address={}, meta={})
+
 [-------------------]
 <style>
     body {
@@ -83,42 +93,42 @@ if exchange is None:
     <h1>Receipt</h1>
 
     <div id="their-info">
-        {{ card['name'] }}
+        {{ card.name }}
         ({{ participant.username }})<br />
-        {{ card['last4'] }} ({{ card['card_type'] }})<br />
-        {{ card['address_1'] }}<br />
-        {% if card['address_2'] %}
-        {{ card['address_2'] }}<br />
+        {{ card.number }} ({{ card.brand }})<br />
+        {{ card.address.line1 }}<br />
+        {% if card.address.line2 %}
+        {{ card.address.line2 }}<br />
         {% endif %}
-        {{ card['city_town'] }}{% if card['city_town'] %},{% endif %}
-        {{ card['state'] }}
-        {{ card['zip'] }}<br />
-        {{ locale.countries.get(card['country'], '') }}
+        {{ card.address.city }}{% if card.address.city %},{% endif %}
+        {{ card.address.state }}
+        {{ card.address.postal_code }}<br />
+        {{ locale.countries.get(card.address.country_code, '') }}
     </div>
 
     <table>
         <tr>
             <th>Amount:</th>
             <td>$</td>
-            <td>{{ exchange['amount'] }}</td>
+            <td>{{ exchange.amount }}</td>
         </tr>
         <tr>
             <th>Fee:</th>
             <td>$</td>
-            <td>{{ exchange['fee'] }}</td>
+            <td>{{ exchange.fee }}</td>
         </tr>
         <tr class="total">
             <th>Total:</th>
             <td>$</td>
-            <td>{{ exchange['fee'] + exchange['amount'] }}</td>
+            <td>{{ exchange.fee + exchange.amount }}</td>
         </tr>
     </table>
 
     <table id="txnid">
         <tr>
-            <td class="date">{{ exchange['timestamp'].strftime("%B %d, %Y").replace(' 0', ' ') }}</td>
+            <td class="date">{{ exchange.timestamp.strftime("%B %d, %Y").replace(' 0', ' ') }}</td>
             <td class="mdash">&mdash;</td>
-            <td class="txnid">Transaction ID: {{ exchange['id'] }}</td>
+            <td class="txnid">Transaction ID: {{ exchange.id }}</td>
         </tr>
     </table>
 
diff --git a/www/%username/routes/associate.json.spt b/www/%username/routes/associate.json.spt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..080e2a5556
--- /dev/null
+++ b/www/%username/routes/associate.json.spt
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function, unicode_literals
+
+from aspen import Response
+import balanced
+
+from gratipay.billing.exchanges import repr_exception
+from gratipay.models.exchange_route import ExchangeRoute
+from gratipay.utils import bitcoin, get_participant
+
+[---]
+
+request.allow('POST')
+participant = get_participant(state, restrict=True)
+
+network = request.body['network']
+address = request.body['address']
+
+old_route = ExchangeRoute.from_network(participant, network)
+
+change = getattr(old_route, 'address', '') != address
+
+if change:
+
+    if not address:
+        raise Response(400, _("The address cannot be empty."))
+
+    if network.startswith('balanced-'):
+        account = participant.get_balanced_account()
+
+        if network == 'balanced-ba' and account.merchant_status != 'underwritten':
+            raise Response(400, _("You need to verify your identity first."))
+
+        try:
+            ExchangeRoute.associate_balanced(participant, account, network, address)
+        except balanced.exc.HTTPError as err:
+            raise Response(400, repr_exception(err))
+
+    elif network == 'bitcoin':
+        if not bitcoin.validate(address):
+            raise Response(400, _("This is not a valid Bitcoin address."))
+        ExchangeRoute.insert(participant, network, address)
+
+    else:
+        raise Response(400, 'unknown network')
+
+    if old_route:
+        old_route.invalidate()
+
+[---] application/json via json_dump
+{}
diff --git a/www/bank-account.html.spt b/www/%username/routes/bank-account.html.spt
similarity index 86%
rename from www/bank-account.html.spt
rename to www/%username/routes/bank-account.html.spt
index adc93a11d5..1e3a669ac1 100644
--- a/www/bank-account.html.spt
+++ b/www/%username/routes/bank-account.html.spt
@@ -1,25 +1,26 @@
-from gratipay import billing
+import balanced
+
 from gratipay.billing.exchanges import MINIMUM_CREDIT
+from gratipay.models.exchange_route import ExchangeRoute
+from gratipay.utils import get_participant
 
 [-----------------------------------------------------------------------------]
-balanced_customer_href = None
 account = None
 bank_account = None
 status = ". . ."
 
 if not user.ANON:
-    participant = user.participant
-    balanced_customer_href = participant.balanced_customer_href
-    last_ach_result = participant.last_ach_result
+    participant = get_participant(state, restrict=True)
 
     status = _("Your bank account is {0}not connected{1}")
-    if balanced_customer_href:
+    route = ExchangeRoute.from_network(participant, 'balanced-ba')
+    if route:
+        account = participant.get_balanced_account()
+        bank_account = balanced.BankAccount.fetch(route.address)
+        last_ach_result = route.error
         if last_ach_result == "":
             status = _("Your bank account is {0}connected{1}")
 
-        account = participant.get_balanced_account()
-        bank_account = billing.BalancedBankAccount(balanced_customer_href)
-
 title = _("Bank Account")
 [-----------------------------------------------------------------------------]
 {% extends "templates/base.html" %}
@@ -39,10 +40,7 @@ title = _("Bank Account")
 
 {% if not user.ANON %}
 <script>
-    $(document).ready(function()
-    {
-        Gratipay.payments.ba.init("{{ user.participant.username }}");
-    });
+    $(document).ready(function() { Gratipay.payments.ba.init(); });
 </script>
 {% endif %}
 
@@ -86,8 +84,9 @@ title = _("Bank Account")
 
         </form>
 
-        {% if bank_account and bank_account.is_setup %}
-        <form id="delete" action="bank-account.json" method="POST"
+
+        {% if bank_account %}
+        <form id="delete" data-network="balanced-ba" data-address="{{ bank_account.href }}"
               data-confirm="{{ _('Are you sure you want to disconnect your bank account?') }}">
             <button>{{ _("Disconnect My Bank Account") }}</button>
         </form>
diff --git a/www/credit-card.html.spt b/www/%username/routes/credit-card.html.spt
similarity index 77%
rename from www/credit-card.html.spt
rename to www/%username/routes/credit-card.html.spt
index 14b9c19fd1..f04981f9d6 100644
--- a/www/credit-card.html.spt
+++ b/www/%username/routes/credit-card.html.spt
@@ -1,30 +1,30 @@
-from gratipay import billing
+import balanced
+
+from gratipay.models.exchange_route import ExchangeRoute
+from gratipay.utils import get_participant
 
 [-----------------------------------------------------------------------------]
 
 status = status_msg = ". . ."
-balanced_customer_href = None
 
 if not user.ANON:
-    balanced_customer_href = user.participant.balanced_customer_href
-    last_bill_result = user.participant.last_bill_result
+    participant = get_participant(state, restrict=True)
 
     status = "missing"
     status_msg = _("Your credit card is {0}missing{1}")
-    if balanced_customer_href:
-        if last_bill_result is not None:
-            if last_bill_result == "":
-                status = "working"
-                status_msg = _("Your credit card is {0}working{1}")
-            else:
-                status = "failing"
-                status_msg = _("Your credit card is {0}failing{1}")
-
-    card = billing.BalancedCard(balanced_customer_href)
-    # the id on the card might not match unless the db
-    # is updated to use the new style of urls
 
-    username = user.participant.username
+    route = ExchangeRoute.from_network(participant, 'balanced-cc')
+    if route:
+        card = balanced.Card.fetch(route.address)
+        last_bill_result = route.error
+        if last_bill_result == "":
+            status = "working"
+            status_msg = _("Your credit card is {0}working{1}")
+        else:
+            status = "failing"
+            status_msg = _("Your credit card is {0}failing{1}")
+    else:
+        card = balanced.Card(address={}, meta={})
 
 title = _("Credit Card")
 
@@ -43,9 +43,8 @@ title = _("Credit Card")
 
 {% if not user.ANON %}
 <script>
-    $(document).ready(function()
-    {
-        Gratipay.payments.cc.init("{{ user.participant.username }}");
+    $(document).ready(function() {
+        Gratipay.payments.cc.init();
         $('#country').chosen();
     });
 </script>
@@ -103,40 +102,41 @@ title = _("Credit Card")
 
             <label>
                 <span>{{ _("Full Name on Card") }}</span>
-                <input id="name" value="{{ card['name'] }}" />
+                <input id="name" value="{{ card.name }}" />
             </label>
 
             <label>
                 <span>{{ _("Address 1") }}</span>
-                <input id="address_1" value="{{ card['address_1'] }}" />
+                <input id="address_1" value="{{ card.address.line1 }}" />
             </label>
 
             <label>
                 <span>{{ _("Address 2") }}</span>
-                <input id="address_2" value="{{ card['address_2'] }}" />
+                <input id="address_2" value="{{ card.address.line2 or card.meta.address_2 }}" />
             </label>
 
             <label>
                 <span>{{ _("City or Town") }}</span>
-                <input id="city_town" value="{{ card['city_town'] }}" />
+                <input id="city_town" value="{{ card.address.city or card.meta.city_town }}" />
             </label>
 
             <label class="half">
                 <span>{{ _("State or Province") }}</span>
-                <input id="state" value="{{ card['state'] }}" />
+                <input id="state" value="{{ card.address.state or card.meta.region }}" />
             </label>
 
             <label class="half right">
                 <span>{{ _("ZIP or Postal Code") }}</span>
-                <input id="zip" value="{{ card['zip'] }}" />
+                <input id="zip" value="{{ card.address.postal_code }}" />
             </label>
 
             <label>
                 <span>{{ _("Country") }}</span>
                 <select id="country" data-placeholder="{{ _('Select your country...') }}">
                     <option value=""></option>
+                {% set country = card.address.country_code or card.meta.country %}
                 {% for each in locale.countries.items() %}
-                    <option value="{{ each[0] }}" {{ 'selected' if each[0] == card['country'] else '' }}>{{ each[1] }}</option>
+                    <option value="{{ each[0] }}" {{ 'selected' if each[0] == country else '' }}>{{ each[1] }}</option>
                 {% endfor %}
                 </select>
             </label>
@@ -146,7 +146,7 @@ title = _("Credit Card")
         </form>
 
         {% if status != "missing" %}
-        <form id="delete" action="credit-card.json" method="POST"
+        <form id="delete" data-network="balanced-cc" data-address="{{ card.href }}"
               data-confirm="{{ _('Are you sure you want to disconnect your credit card?') }}">
             <button>{{ _("Disconnect My Credit Card") }}</button>
         </form>
diff --git a/www/%username/routes/delete.json.spt b/www/%username/routes/delete.json.spt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4b1c4ccb44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/www/%username/routes/delete.json.spt
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+from __future__ import absolute_import, division, print_function, unicode_literals
+
+from aspen import Response
+
+from gratipay.models.exchange_route import ExchangeRoute
+from gratipay.utils import get_participant
+
+[---]
+
+request.allow('POST')
+participant = get_participant(state, restrict=True)
+
+route = ExchangeRoute.from_address(participant,
+                                   request.body['network'],
+                                   request.body['address'])
+if route:
+    route.invalidate()
+else:
+    raise Response(400, _("It seems you're trying to delete something that doesn't exist."))
+
+[---] application/json via json_dump
+{}
diff --git a/www/%username/settings/close.spt b/www/%username/settings/close.spt
index e63c492511..681c48c58e 100644
--- a/www/%username/settings/close.spt
+++ b/www/%username/settings/close.spt
@@ -53,11 +53,11 @@ if request.method == 'POST':
 
             <ul>
 
-                {% if participant.last_ach_result == '' %}
+                {% if participant.get_bank_account_error() == '' %}
                     {% if participant.is_whitelisted %}
                         <li><input type="radio" name="disbursement_strategy" id="r1"
                              value="bank" checked />
-                            <label for="r1">Send it to my <a href="/bank-account.html">bank
+                            <label for="r1">Send it to my <a href="../routes/bank-account.html">bank
                             account</a></label></li>
                     {% else %}
 
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ if request.method == 'POST':
 
                     {% endif %}
                 {% else %}
-                    <li><label>Go <a href="/bank-account.html">set up a bank
+                    <li><label>Go <a href="../routes/bank-account.html">set up a bank
                     account</a> to be able to have your funds deposited there.
                     Due to our anti-fraud policies, a staff member will need to
                     review your account before completing the
diff --git a/www/%username/settings/index.html.spt b/www/%username/settings/index.html.spt
index a79256e874..8a079610db 100644
--- a/www/%username/settings/index.html.spt
+++ b/www/%username/settings/index.html.spt
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 
+from gratipay.models.exchange_route import ExchangeRoute
 from gratipay.utils import get_participant
 
 [-----------------------------------------------------------------------------]
@@ -71,23 +72,22 @@ emails = participant.get_emails()
             </h2>
             <table class="accounts">
                 <tr>
+                    {% set cc_error = participant.get_credit_card_error() %}
                     <td class="account-type">
                         <img src="{{ website.asset('card_icon.jpg') }}" />
                     </td>
                     <td class="account-details">
                         <div class="account-type">{{ _("Credit Card") }}</div>
-                        {% if participant.last_bill_result == "" %}
+                        {% if cc_error == "" %}
                             {{ _("Your credit card is {0}working{1}", "", "") }}
-                        {% elif participant.last_bill_result %}
+                        {% elif cc_error %}
                             {{ _("Your credit card is {0}failing{1}", "<b>"|safe, "</b>"|safe) }}
                         {% endif %}
                     </td>
                     <td class="account-action">
-                        {% if participant.last_bill_result is none %}
-                            <a class="button auth-button" href="/credit-card.html">{{ _("+ Add") }}</a>
-                        {% else %}
-                            <a class="button auth-button" href="/credit-card.html">{{ _("Edit") }}</a>
-                        {% endif %}
+                        <a class="button auth-button" href="../routes/credit-card.html">{{
+                            _("+ Add") if cc_error is none else _("Edit")
+                        }}</a>
                     </td>
                 </tr>
             </table>
@@ -102,33 +102,33 @@ emails = participant.get_emails()
             </h2>
             <table class="accounts">
                 <tr>
+                    {% set ba_error = participant.get_bank_account_error() %}
                     <td class="account-type">
                         <img src="{{ website.asset('bank_account_icon.jpg') }}" />
                     </td>
                     <td class="account-details">
                         <div class="account-type">{{ _("Bank Account") }}</div>
-                        {% if participant.last_ach_result == "" %}
+                        {% if ba_error == "" %}
                             {{ _("Your bank account is {0}working{1}", "", "") }}
-                        {% elif participant.last_ach_result %}
+                        {% elif ba_error %}
                             {{ _("Your bank account is {0}failing{1}", "<b>"|safe, "</b>"|safe) }}
                         {% endif %}
                     </td>
                     <td class="account-action">
-                        {% if participant.last_ach_result is none %}
-                            <a class="button auth-button" href="/bank-account.html">{{ _("+ Add") }}</a>
-                        {% else %}
-                            <a class="button auth-button" href="/bank-account.html">{{ _("Edit") }}</a>
-                        {% endif %}
+                        <a class="button auth-button" href="../routes/bank-account.html">{{
+                            _("+ Add") if ba_error is none else _("Edit")
+                        }}</a>
                     </td>
                 </tr>
-                {% if participant.paypal_email %}
+                {% set paypal = ExchangeRoute.from_network(participant, 'paypal') %}
+                {% if paypal %}
                 <tr>
                     <td class="account-type">
                         <img src="{{ website.asset('paypal.png') }}" />
                     </td>
                     <td colspan="2" class="account-details">
                         <div class="account-type">Paypal</div>
-                        <span>{{ participant.paypal_email }}</span>
+                        <span>{{ paypal.address }}</span>
                     </td>
                 </tr>
                 {% endif %}
diff --git a/www/about/faq.spt b/www/about/faq.spt
index 6c3c7f253e..cf2c6dc04e 100644
--- a/www/about/faq.spt
+++ b/www/about/faq.spt
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ subhead = _("Frequently Asked Questions")
 
         <ol>
 
-            <li><a href="/credit-card.html">Connect a credit card</a>. We will
+            <li><a href="/about/me/routes/credit-card.html">Connect a credit card</a>. We will
             charge you every Thursday to fund the gifts you have set up ($10
             minimum; we upcharge to cover a processing fee of 2.9% + 30&cent;;
             expect additional fees from non-U.S. banks).</li>
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ subhead = _("Frequently Asked Questions")
 
         <ol>
 
-            <li><a href="https://gratipay.com/bank-account.html">Connect a
+            <li><a href="/about/me/routes/bank-account.html">Connect a
                 bank account</a>. Funds will be deposited every Friday ($10 minimum; no fee;
             U.S.-only).</li>
 
diff --git a/www/about/features/index.spt b/www/about/features/index.spt
index 2a95ef5ed0..153ca3cc61 100644
--- a/www/about/features/index.spt
+++ b/www/about/features/index.spt
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ title = _("Features")
     </p>
 
     <p>Participants in the U.S. can <a
-        href="https://gratipay.com/bank-account.html">connect a bank
+        href="/about/me/routes/bank-account.html">connect a bank
         account</a> to have funds <a
         href="http://blog.gittip.com/post/30116848405/with-payouts-gratipay-is-minimally-viable">deposited
         weekly</a>. It takes one business day for deposits
diff --git a/www/about/stats.spt b/www/about/stats.spt
index ece662d50e..79b4366af9 100644
--- a/www/about/stats.spt
+++ b/www/about/stats.spt
@@ -23,7 +23,14 @@ subhead = _("Stats")
 yesterday = datetime.datetime.utcnow() - datetime.timedelta(hours=24)
 db = website.db
 escrow = db.one("SELECT sum(balance) FROM participants", default=0)
-nach = db.one("SELECT count(*) FROM participants WHERE last_ach_result = '' AND is_suspicious IS NOT true")
+nach = db.one("""
+    SELECT count(*)
+      FROM current_exchange_routes r
+      JOIN participants p ON p.id = r.participant
+     WHERE r.network = 'balanced-ba'
+       AND r.error = ''
+       AND p.is_suspicious IS NOT true
+""")
 if nach < 10:
     nach = CARDINALS[nach].title()
 else:
@@ -32,7 +39,14 @@ payday = db.one( "SELECT ts_start, ts_end FROM paydays WHERE ts_start > %s"
                , (yesterday,)
                 )
 npeople = db.one("SELECT count(*) FROM participants WHERE claimed_time IS NOT NULL AND is_suspicious IS NOT true")
-ncc = db.one("SELECT count(*) FROM participants WHERE last_bill_result = '' AND is_suspicious IS NOT true")
+ncc = db.one("""
+    SELECT count(*)
+      FROM current_exchange_routes r
+      JOIN participants p ON p.id = r.participant
+     WHERE r.network = 'balanced-cc'
+       AND r.error = ''
+       AND p.is_suspicious IS NOT true
+""")
 pcc = "%5.1f" % ((ncc * 100.0) / npeople) if npeople > 0 else 0.0
 transfer_volume = db.one("SELECT transfer_volume FROM paydays ORDER BY ts_end DESC LIMIT 1", default=0)
 tips_stats = db.one("""
@@ -180,19 +194,19 @@ def out():
 
     <p><b>{{ commaize(npeople) }} people</b> have joined Gratipay. Of those,
     {{ pcc }}% ({{ commaize(ncc) }}) have a working credit card on
-    file.{% if not user.ANON and user.participant.last_bill_result == '' %}
+    file.{% if not user.ANON and user.participant.get_credit_card_error() == '' %}
     You're one of them.{% elif not user.ANON %} You're not one of them.</p>
 
-    <p><b><a href="/credit-card.html" class="highlight">Click here to set up a
-        credit card</a></b>.{% endif %}</p>
+    <p><b><a href="/about/me/routes/credit-card.html" class="highlight">Click
+        here to set up a credit card</a></b>.{% endif %}</p>
 
     <p><b>${{ commaize(escrow, 2) }}</b> is escrowed within Gratipay.
     {{ nach }} people have connected a bank account</a> for withdrawals.
-    {% if not user.ANON and user.participant.last_ach_result == '' %}You're one of them.
+    {% if not user.ANON and user.participant.get_bank_account_error() == '' %}You're one of them.
     {% elif not user.ANON %}You're not one of them.</p>
 
-    <p><b><a href="/bank-account.html" class="highlight">Click here to connect
-        a bank account</a></b>.{% endif %}</p>
+    <p><b><a href="/about/me/routes/bank-account.html" class="highlight">Click
+        here to connect a bank account</a></b>.{% endif %}</p>
 
     <p><b>${{ commaize(transfer_volume, 2) }}</b> changed hands
         <b>{{ last_thursday }}</b>.</p>
diff --git a/www/assets/bitcoin.png b/www/assets/cryptocoins/bitcoin.png
similarity index 100%
rename from www/assets/bitcoin.png
rename to www/assets/cryptocoins/bitcoin.png
diff --git a/www/bank-account.json.spt b/www/bank-account.json.spt
deleted file mode 100644
index 8993553722..0000000000
--- a/www/bank-account.json.spt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,58 +0,0 @@
-from aspen import Response
-import balanced
-
-from gratipay import billing
-
-[-----------------------------------------------------------------------------]
-
-if user.ANON:
-    raise Response(403)
-participant = user.participant
-
-request.allow('POST')
-
-body = request.body
-out = {}
-
-if body.get('action') == 'delete':
-    if participant.balanced_customer_href:
-        balanced_account = participant.get_balanced_account()
-        billing.clear(website.db, u"bank account", participant, balanced_account)
-
-elif body.get('action') == 'store-error':
-    billing.store_result(website.db, u"bank account", participant, body['msg'])
-
-else:
-
-    # Get a balanced account.
-    # =======================
-    # This will create one if user.balanced_customer_href is None.
-
-    balanced_account = participant.get_balanced_account()
-
-
-    # Ensure the user is identified.
-    # ==============================
-
-    if balanced_account.merchant_status != 'underwritten':
-        raise Response(400, _("You need to verify your identity first."))
-
-
-    # No errors? Great! Let's add the bank account.
-    # =============================================
-
-    # Clear out any old ones first.
-    billing.clear(website.db, u"bank account", participant, balanced_account)
-
-    bank_account_uri = body['bank_account_uri']
-    error = billing.associate( website.db
-                             , u"bank account"
-                             , participant
-                             , balanced_account
-                             , bank_account_uri
-                              )
-    if error:
-        raise Response(400, error)
-
-[---] application/json via json_dump
-out
diff --git a/www/credit-card.json.spt b/www/credit-card.json.spt
deleted file mode 100644
index 563d6b7a56..0000000000
--- a/www/credit-card.json.spt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,51 +0,0 @@
-"""Save a payment method token (balanced_customer_href) for a user.
-
-When the user fills out the payment details form in the UI, we send the new
-info to Balanced (using the balanced.js library). Balanced always gives us a
-single-use token in return, provided that the credit card info validated. This
-present script is called next. It takes the token and tries to associate it with
-a Balanced account object (creating one as needed).
-
-"""
-from aspen import Response
-from gratipay import billing
-
-[-----------------------------------------------------------------------------]
-
-if user.ANON:
-    raise Response(403)
-participant = user.participant
-
-request.allow('POST')
-body = request.body
-out = {}
-
-if body.get('action') == 'delete':
-    if participant.balanced_customer_href:
-        balanced_account = participant.get_balanced_account()
-        billing.clear(website.db, u'credit card', participant, balanced_account)
-
-elif body.get('action') == 'store-error':
-    billing.store_result(website.db, u'credit card', participant, body['msg'])
-
-else:
-
-    # Associate the single-use token representing the credit card details (we
-    # call it "card_uri" here because that's how Balanced refers to it).
-    # Possible error codes would be 409 (this card cannot be associated with
-    # this account in this case).
-
-    card_uri = body['card_uri']
-
-    balanced_account = participant.get_balanced_account()
-    error = billing.associate( website.db
-                             , u"credit card"
-                             , participant
-                             , balanced_account
-                             , card_uri
-                              )
-    if error:
-        raise Response(400, error)
-
-[---] application/json via json_dump
-out