vlangwriter.vala

/* Copyleft 2020 -- pancake - this code is based on the gowriter */

using Vala;

// This class is responsible for figuring out *what* to call things,
//   like, what an appropriate Go symbol name is, or the source C symbol in a struct.
// The GoWriter decides *where* to place the names generated by this class.
public class VlangNamer {
	private string pfx;
	private GLib.HashTable<string, DataType> specializations
		= new GLib.HashTable<string, DataType>(GLib.str_hash, GLib.str_equal);
	private GLib.List<DataType> ordered_specializations = new GLib.List<DataType>();
	public VlangNamer(string pfx) {
		this.pfx = pfx;
	}

	public void add_specialization(TypeParameter t, DataType d) {
		specializations.insert(t.name, d);
		ordered_specializations.append(d);
	}

	// converts symbol names with underscores to camelCase.
	// this function should not be called directly. See `camelcase`.
	// allows trailing '_' characters.
	private static string cleanup_underscores(string name) {
		if (name.length == 0) {
			return "";
		} else if (name.length == 1) {
			// accept trailing '_'
			return name;
		} else if (name.index_of("_") == -1) {
			return name;
		} else {  // there is a '_' here somewhere
			int i = name.index_of("_");
			if (i == name.length - 1) {
				// accept trailing '_'
				return name;
			}
			// there must be at least one more character

			// everything before the '_'
			string before = "";
			if (i != 0) {
				before = name.substring(0, i);
			}

			// find next non-'_' character uppercase, or all '_' if thats all thats left
			// j will be the index of this character
			string next;
			int j = i + 1;
			while (true) {
				before = name.substring(0, i);
				if (name[j] != '_') {
					next = name.substring(j, 1); // .up();
					break;
				}
				j++;
				if (j == name.length) {  // only '_' remain
					next = name.substring(i, j - i);  // so catch them all
					break;
				}
			}

			if (j >= name.length - 1) {
				return before + next;
			} else {
				// do rest of string
				return before + next + cleanup_underscores(name.substring(j + 1));
			}
		}
	}


	public string get_field_name(Field f) {
		return f.name;
	}

	// renames the C symbol for a field
	// useful because Go convention is to rename "type" --> "_type"
	public string get_field_cname(Field f) {
		string n = Vala.get_ccode_name(f);
		if (n == "type") {
			return "_type";
		} else {
			return n;
		}
	}

	public string get_method_name(Method m) {
		return m.name;
	}

	public string get_method_cname(Method m) {
		return Vala.get_ccode_name(m);
	}

	public string get_parameter_name(Vala.Parameter p) {
		return p.name;
	}

	public string get_enum_name(Enum e) {
		return e.name;
	}

	public string get_enum_value_name(Vala.EnumValue v) {
		return v.name;
	}

	public string get_enum_value_cname(Vala.EnumValue v) {
		return v.name;
	}

	public string get_constructor_name(Class c, Method m) {
		string postfix = "";
		if (m.name != ".new") {
			postfix = m.name;
		}
		return "New%s%s".printf(get_class_name(c), postfix);
	}

	private string mangle_datatype(DataType d) {
#if VALA_0_48
		string ret = d.type_symbol.name;  // i think should unify with get_type_declaration?
#else
		string ret = d.data_type.name;  // i think should unify with get_type_declaration?
#endif
		if (d.get_type_arguments().size > 0) {
			foreach(var dd in d.get_type_arguments()) {
				ret += "_";
				ret += mangle_datatype(dd);
			}
		}
		return ret;
	}

	// get the name of a class. If its a generic class, then
	//   we use the set of specializations in our local context
	//   to mangle the name.
	// this must keep in sync with get_specialized_type_declaration
	public string get_class_name(Class c) {
		bool has_specializations = false;
		foreach(var s in ordered_specializations) {
			has_specializations = true;
			break;
		}

		string postfix = "";
		if (has_specializations) {
			foreach(DataType d in ordered_specializations) {
				postfix += "_";
				postfix += mangle_datatype(d);
			}
		}

		return "%s%s%s".printf(this.pfx, c.name, postfix);
	}

	// get the name of an already specialized generic class. That is,
	//  turning something like vapi: List<int> into go: List_int.
	// this must be kept in sync with get_class_name
	public string get_specialized_type_declaration(DataType d) {
		return mangle_datatype(d);
	}
	public string get_class_cname(Class c) {
		return Vala.get_ccode_name(c);
	}

	public string get_struct_name(Struct s) {
		return "%s%s".printf(this.pfx, s.name);
	}

	public string get_struct_cname(Struct s) {
		return Vala.get_ccode_name(s);
	}

	public string get_namespace_name(Namespace ns) {
		return ns.name;
	}

	inline bool is_generic(string type) {
		// TODO: fix things so we don't need this
		return (type.index_of ("<") != -1 && type.index_of (">") != -1);
	}

	private string get_ctype (string _type) {
		string type = _type;
		string? iter_type = null;
		if (type == "null") {
			error ("Cannot resolve type");
		}
		if (is_generic (type)) {
			int ptr = type.index_of ("<");
			iter_type = (ptr==-1)?type:type[ptr:type.length];
			iter_type = iter_type.replace ("<", "");
			iter_type = iter_type.replace (">", "");
			type = type.split ("<", 2)[0];
		}
		type = type.replace ("?","");

		switch (type) {
		case "gconstpointer":
		case "gpointer":
		case "void*":
			return "void*";
		case "gsize":
			return "size_t";
		case "gdouble":
			return "double";
		case "gfloat":
			return "float";
		case "ut8":
		case "uint8":
		case "guint8":
			return "byte";
		case "gchar**":
			return "char **";
		case "char":
		case "gchar":
			return "char";
		case "gchar*":
		case "string":
		case "const gchar*":
			return "string"; // XXX lost const?
		case "void":
			return "void";
		case "int[]":
		case "int":
		case "gint":
			return "int";
		case "guint":
			return "uint";
		case "glong":
			return "long";
		case "st64":
		case "int64":
		case "gint64":
			return "long";
		case "ut64":
		case "uint64":
		case "guint64":
			return "ulong";
		/* XXX swig does not support unsigned char* */
		case "uint8*":
		case "guint8*":
			return "byte*";
		case "guint16":
		case "uint16":
			return "ushort";
		case "ut32":
		case "uint32":
		case "guint32":
			return "unsigned int";
		case "bool": // no conversion needed
		case "gboolean":
			return "bool"; // XXX bool?
		default:
			break;
		}
		return type;
	}

	private inline string strip_non_class_name(string s) {
		return s.substring(0, s.index_of_char('<'));
	}

	// `s` should not contain a specializer (<...>)
	private inline string strip_namespace(string s) {
		int i1 = s.last_index_of_char('.') + 1;
		return s.substring(i1);
	}

	// given a DataType symbol, return a string that contains the Go source code for
	// a type specifier of that type.
	private string get_type_declaration(DataType type) {
		string basic_name = type.to_string();

		if (specializations.lookup(basic_name) != null) {
			// replace type specializations (things like "public G member1;"
			// NOTE: doesn't support some complex specializations, like public List<G> member1;"
			DataType dt = specializations.lookup(basic_name);
			basic_name = dt.to_string();
		} else if (type.to_string().index_of ("<") != -1) {
			basic_name = get_specialized_type_declaration(type);
		}

		// guess
		basic_name = strip_namespace(strip_non_class_name(basic_name));


		string typename = get_ctype (basic_name); // TODO: why are we using ctype here?
		// we can typecheck to determine if this is a pointer, so throw away '*'
		typename = typename.replace("*", "").strip();
		// if `type` is a pointer, then this will contain the appropriate '*'
		string maybe_pointer_sym = "";
		// if `type` is an array, then this will contain the appropriate "[]"
		string maybe_array_sym = "";
		if (type is PointerType) {
			// I suspect we don't support pointer-to-pointer
			if (typename == "void") {
				typename = "unsafe.Pointer";  // go specific hack type for void *
				// TODO: need to re-enable this somehow
				// this.needs_unsafe = true;
				maybe_pointer_sym = "";
			} else {
				maybe_pointer_sym = "*";
			}
		}

		if (type is ArrayType) {
			maybe_array_sym = "[]";
		}

		return "%s%s%s".printf(maybe_array_sym, maybe_pointer_sym, typename);
	}

	public string get_field_type_declaration(Field f) {
		return get_type_declaration(f.variable_type);
	}

	public string get_parameter_type_declaration(Vala.Parameter p) {
		return get_type_declaration(p.variable_type);
	}

	public string get_method_return_type_declaration(Method m) {
		return get_type_declaration(m.return_type);
	}
}


// This class is responsible for figuring out *what* to call things,
//   like, what an appropriate V symbol name is, or the source C symbol in a struct.
// The VWriter decides *where* to place the names generated by this class.


public class VSrcWriter : ValabindWriter {
	public GLib.List<string> includefiles = new GLib.List<string> ();
	HashTable<string,bool> defined_classes = new HashTable<string,bool> (str_hash, str_equal);
	GLib.HashTable<string, GLib.HashTable<string, GLib.List<DataType>>> generic_classes = new GLib.HashTable<string, GLib.HashTable<string, GLib.List<DataType>>> (GLib.str_hash, GLib.str_equal);
	string classname = "";
	string classcname;
	string defs = "";
	string statics = "";
	string extends = "";
	string enums = "";
	string nspace;

	bool needs_unsafe = false;  // set to true if the 'unsafe' package needs to be imported because a void* pointer was encountered

	public VSrcWriter () {}

	string _indent = ""; // TODO(wb): removeme
	void debug(string s) {
		notice(_indent + s);
	}
	void indent() {
		_indent = _indent + "  ";
	}
	void dedent() {
		_indent = _indent.substring(0, _indent.length - 2);
	}

	public void set_generic_class_instances(GLib.HashTable<string, GLib.HashTable<string, GLib.List<DataType>>> generic_classes) {
		this.generic_classes = generic_classes;
	}

	private bool is_target_file (string path) {
		foreach (var file in source_files)
			if (file == path)
				return true;
		return false;
	}

	public override void visit_source_file (SourceFile source) {
		if (is_target_file (source.filename)) {
			source.accept_children (this);
		}
	}

	private void process_includes (Symbol s) {
		debug("process_includes(sym: %s)".printf(s.name));
		indent();
		foreach (var foo in Vala.get_ccode_header_filenames (s).split (",")) {
			debug("include(%s)".printf(foo));
			var include = true;
			foreach (var inc in includefiles) {
				if (inc == foo) {
					include = false;
					break;
				}
			}
			if (include) {
				includefiles.prepend (foo);
			}
		}
		dedent();
	}

	private bool is_string(CodeNode t) {
		if (t is DataType) {
			DataType a = t as DataType;
			return a.to_string() == "string";
		} else if (t is Field) {
			Field a = t as Field;
			return a.variable_type.to_string() == "string";
		} else if (t is Vala.Parameter) {
			Vala.Parameter a = t as Vala.Parameter;
			return a.variable_type.to_string() == "string";
		} else {
			warning("unexpected type to is_string");
			return false;
		}
	}

	// here, we use explicit accessors and mutators to fixup accessibility.
	private string walk_field (VlangNamer namer, string owner_name, Field f) {
		string ret = "";
		debug("walk_field(name: %s)".printf(f.name));
		indent();

		if (f.is_private_symbol()) {
			debug("private.");
			dedent();
			return ret;
		}

		// TODO: handle generics. ATM, type of `public G data` becomes `func ... GetData() void`

		// TODO: make this a function `is_string`
		if (is_string(f)) {
			ret += "fn (s %s) Get%s() %s {\n".printf(owner_name, namer.get_field_name(f), namer.get_field_type_declaration(f));
			ret += "    return C.VString(s.%s)\n".printf(namer.get_field_cname(f));
			ret += "}\n";

			ret += "fn (s *%s) Set%s(a %s) {\n".printf(owner_name, namer.get_field_name(f), namer.get_field_type_declaration(f));
			ret += "    s.%s = C.CString(a)\n".printf(namer.get_field_cname(f));
			ret += "    return\n";
			ret += "}\n";
		} else {
			ret += "fn (s %s) Get%s() %s {\n".printf(owner_name, namer.get_field_name(f), namer.get_field_type_declaration(f));
			ret += "    return s.%s\n".printf(namer.get_field_cname(f));
			ret += "}\n";

			ret += "fn (s *%s) Set%s(a %s) {\n".printf(owner_name, namer.get_field_name(f), namer.get_field_type_declaration(f));
			ret += "    s.%s = a\n".printf(namer.get_field_cname(f));
			ret += "    return\n";
			ret += "}\n";
		}

		dedent();
		return ret;
	}

	private string walk_class_field(VlangNamer namer, Class c, Field f) {
		return walk_field(namer, namer.get_class_name(c), f);
	}

	private string walk_struct_field(VlangNamer namer, Struct s, Field f) {
		return walk_field(namer, namer.get_struct_name(s), f);
	}

	private string walk_namespace_field(VlangNamer namer, Namespace ns, Field f) {
		return walk_field(namer, "Vns" + namer.get_namespace_name(ns), f);
	}

	private string walk_struct (VlangNamer namer, Struct s) {
		string ret = "";
		debug("walk_struct(name: %s)".printf(s.name));
		indent();

		ret += "type %s C.%s\n".printf(namer.get_struct_name(s), namer.get_struct_cname(s));
		foreach (var f in s.get_fields()) {
			ret += walk_struct_field(namer, s, f);
		}
		ret += "\n";

		dedent();
		return ret;
	}

	private string walk_enum (VlangNamer namer, Vala.Enum e) {
		string ret = "";
		var pfx = Vala.get_ccode_prefix(e);
		debug("walk_enum(pfx: %s, name: %s)".printf(pfx, e.name));
		indent();

		ret += "const (\n";
		foreach (var v in e.get_values()) {
			debug("enum(name: %s)".printf(v.name));
			ret += "    %s%s = C.%s%s\n".printf(pfx, namer.get_enum_value_name(v), pfx, namer.get_enum_value_cname(v));
		}
		ret += ")\n";
		ret += "type %s int\n\n".printf(namer.get_enum_name(e));

		dedent();
		return ret;
	}

	// is_string: if the parameter is a string
	// arg_name: the C symbol parameter name
	// maybe_pointer_sym: might contain a '*' if needed for the V symbol. Useful for `out` parameters.
	// arg_type: the parameter type in all its glory
	delegate string parameter_visitor(bool is_string, string maybe_pointer_sym, Vala.Parameter p);

	private string get_function_parameters(VlangNamer namer, Method f, parameter_visitor v) {
		string args = "";

		bool first = true;
		foreach (var p in f.get_parameters ()) {
			string maybe_pointer_sym = "";
			if (p.direction != ParameterDirection.IN) {
				// TODO: exploit multiple return values?
				if (p.direction == ParameterDirection.OUT) {
					if (! is_string(p)) {
						maybe_pointer_sym = "*";
					}
				} else if (p.direction == ParameterDirection.REF) {
					if (! is_string(p)) {
						maybe_pointer_sym = "*";
					}
				}
			}

			if (first) {
				first = false;
			} else {
				args += ", ";
			}

			// TODO: consider special handling of `uint8  *buf, int len`?
			args += v(is_string(p), maybe_pointer_sym, p);
		}

		return args;
	}

	// BUG: doesn't support '...' parameters
	private string get_function_declaration_parameters(VlangNamer namer, Method f) {
		parameter_visitor formatter = (is_string, maybe_pointer_sym, p) => {
			// what about array of char *?  I think we have to let the caller deal with it
			// hopefully overflows don't happen here?
			return "%s %s%s".printf (namer.get_parameter_name(p), maybe_pointer_sym, namer.get_parameter_type_declaration(p));
		};
		return get_function_parameters(namer, f, formatter);
	}

	// BUG: doesn't support '...' parameters
	private string get_function_call_parameters(VlangNamer namer, Method f) {
		parameter_visitor formatter = (is_string, maybe_pointer_sym, p) => {
			if (is_string) {
				// what about array of char *?  I think we have to let the caller deal with it
				// hopefully overflows don't happen here?
				// return "C.CString(%s)".printf (namer.get_parameter_name(p));
				return "%s.str".printf (namer.get_parameter_name(p));
			} else {
				return "%s".printf (namer.get_parameter_name(p));
			}
		};
		return get_function_parameters(namer, f, formatter);
	}

	private bool is_void_function(Method f) {
		return f.return_type.to_string() == "void";
	}

	// see tests t/go/namespace_functions.vapi
	private string walk_function(VlangNamer namer, Namespace ns, Method f) {
		string ret = "";
		string nsname = namer.get_namespace_name(ns);
		string cname = namer.get_method_cname(f);

		debug("walk_function(ns: %s, name: %s)".printf(nsname, cname));
		indent();

		if (f is CreationMethod) {
			warning("constructor where function expected");
		}
		if (f.is_private_symbol ()) {
			debug("private.");
			dedent();
			return ret;
		}

		string def_args = get_function_declaration_parameters(namer, f);
		string call_args = get_function_call_parameters(namer, f);
		if ( ! is_void_function(f)) {
			ret += "pub fn %s(%s) %s {\n".printf (namer.get_method_name(f), def_args, namer.get_method_return_type_declaration(f));
			// ret += "fn (_ Vns%s) %s(%s) %s {\n".printf (nsname, namer.get_method_name(f), def_args, namer.get_method_return_type_declaration(f));
			if (is_string(f.return_type)) {
				// we have to let the caller deal with array of char *
				// what happens if there are embedded nulls?
				// ret += "    return C.VString(%s(%s))\n".printf (cname, call_args);
				ret += "    return string(%s(%s))\n".printf (cname, call_args);
			} else {
				// TODO: what about void*?
				ret += "    unsafe {return C.%s(%s)}\n".printf (cname, call_args);
			}
		} else {
			ret += "fn (_ Vns%s) %s(%s) {\n".printf (nsname, namer.get_method_name(f), def_args);
			ret += "    %s(%s)\n".printf (cname, call_args);
		}
		ret += "}\n";

		dedent();
		return ret;
	}

	private string walk_method (VlangNamer namer, Class c, Method m) {
		string ret = "";
		string classname = namer.get_class_name(c);
		string cname = namer.get_method_cname(m);
		debug("walk_method(ns: %s, name: %s)".printf(classname, cname));
		indent();

		// TODO: "unowned"/static methods
		if (m is CreationMethod) {
			warning("constructor where function expected");
		}
		if (m.is_private_symbol ()) {
			debug("private.");
			dedent();
			return ret;
		}

		string def_args = get_function_declaration_parameters(namer, m);
		string call_args = get_function_call_parameters(namer, m);

		ret += "fn (this *%s) %s(".printf(classname, namer.get_method_name(m));
		if (def_args != "") {
			ret += "%s".printf(def_args);
		}
		ret += ") ";
		if ( ! is_void_function(m)) {
			ret += "%s ".printf(namer.get_method_return_type_declaration(m));
		}
		ret += "{\n";
		ret += "    ";
		if ( ! is_void_function(m)) {
			ret += "return ";
			if (is_string(m.return_type)) {
				// TODO: use wrap_type function
				ret += "C.VString(";
			}

			ret += "%s(this".printf(cname);
			if (call_args != "") {
				ret += ", %s".printf(call_args);
			}
			ret += ")";

			if (is_string(m.return_type)) {
				ret += ")";
			}
			ret += "\n";
		} else {
			ret += "%s(this".printf(cname);
			if (call_args != "") {
				ret += ", %s".printf(call_args);
			}
			ret += ")\n";
		}
		ret += "}\n";

		dedent();
		return ret;
	}

	private string walk_constructor(VlangNamer namer, Class c, Method m, string free_function) {
		string ret = "";
		string classname = namer.get_class_name(c);
		string cname = namer.get_method_cname(m);
		debug("walk_method(ns: %s, name: %s)".printf(classname, cname));
		indent();

		// TODO: "unowned"/static methods
		if (m.is_private_symbol ()) {
			debug("private.");
			dedent();
			return ret;
		}

		ret += "fn %s(".printf(namer.get_constructor_name(c, m));
		ret += "%s".printf(get_function_declaration_parameters(namer, m));
		ret += ") *%s {\n".printf(classname);

		ret += "    var ret *%s\n".printf(classname);
		ret += "    ret = C.%s(".printf(cname);
		ret += "%s".printf(get_function_call_parameters(namer, m));
		ret += ")\n";
		if (free_function != "") {
			ret += "    SetFinalizer(ret, func(r *%s) {\n".printf(classname);
			ret += "        C.%s(r)\n".printf(free_function);
			ret += "    })\n";
		}
		ret += "    return ret\n";
		ret += "}\n";

		dedent();
		return ret;
	}

	private string get_class_src(VlangNamer namer, Class c) {
		string ret = "";
		foreach (var k in c.get_structs ()) {
			ret += walk_struct (namer, k);
		}
		foreach (var k in c.get_classes ()) {
			ret += walk_class (k);
		}
		classname = namer.get_class_name(c);
		classcname = namer.get_class_cname(c);

		process_includes (c);
		if (defined_classes.lookup (classname)) {
			debug("already defined");
			dedent();
			return ret;
		}
		defined_classes.insert (classname, true);

		bool has_constructor = false;
		foreach (var m in c.get_methods ()) {
			if (m is CreationMethod) {
				has_constructor = true;
				break;
			}
		}

		ret += "type %s C.%s\n".printf(classname, classcname);
		foreach (var f in c.get_fields()) {
			ret += walk_class_field(namer, c, f);
		}

		foreach (var e in c.get_enums ()) {
			ret += walk_enum (namer, e);
		}

		foreach (var m in c.get_methods ()) {
			if ( ! (m is CreationMethod)) {
				ret += walk_method (namer, c, m);
			} else {
				string free_function = "";
				if (Vala.is_reference_counting (c)) {
					string? freefun = Vala.get_ccode_unref_function (c);
					if (freefun != null && freefun != "") {
						free_function = freefun;
					}
				} else {
					// BUG?: this method always seems to return a free function (default: ${cprefix}_free)
					//   even if there is no `free_function` defined in the `CCode` block
					// see test in t/go/classes.vapi
					string? freefun = Vala.get_ccode_free_function (c);
					if (freefun != null) {
						free_function = freefun;
					}
				}
				ret += walk_constructor(namer, c, m, free_function);
			}
		}

		ret += "\n";
		dedent();
		return ret;
	}

	private string walk_class (Class c) {
		string ret = "";
		debug("walk_class(name: %s)".printf(c.name));

		indent();

		if (this.generic_classes.contains(c.name)) {
			debug("generic class");
			indent();

			unowned GLib.HashTable<string, GLib.List<DataType>> specializations;
			specializations = this.generic_classes.lookup(c.name);

			specializations.foreach((k, v) => {
				debug("specialization: %s".printf(k));
				indent();

				// TODO: might need to change the prefix
				VlangNamer namer = new VlangNamer("");

				GLib.List<weak DataType> vv = v.copy();
				foreach(var t in c.get_type_parameters()) {
					debug("%s -> %s".printf(t.name, vv.nth_data(0).to_string()));
					namer.add_specialization(t, vv.nth_data(0));
					vv.delete_link(vv.nth(0));  // pop(0)
				}

				ret += "// %s<".printf(c.name);
				foreach(var t in v.copy()) {
					ret += t.to_string();
					ret += ", ";
				}
				ret += ">\n";
				ret += get_class_src(namer, c);

				dedent();
			});
			dedent();
		} else {
			// TODO: might need to change the prefix
			VlangNamer namer = new VlangNamer("");
			ret += get_class_src(namer, c);
		}

		dedent();
		return ret;
	}


	// go doesn't really support namespaces. Often code is namespaced by
	//  directory hierarchy, but thats for code organization.
	// we eat namespaces here, as they don't generate anything besides their children.
	public override void visit_namespace (Namespace ns) {
		string ret = "";
		debug("walk_namespace(name: %s)".printf(ns.name));
		indent();
		if (ns.name == "") {
			return;
		}

		classname = "";
		SourceReference? sr = ns.source_reference;
		if (sr == null || !is_target_file (sr.file.filename)) {  // TODO: should this be &&?
			dedent();
			return;
		}

		nspace = ns.name;
		process_includes (ns);
		foreach (var e in ns.get_enums ()) {
			// enums will float to the top-level "namespace" in V, since we aren't doing namespaces.
			ret += walk_enum (new VlangNamer(ns.name == modulename ? ns.name : ""), e);
		}
		foreach (var c in ns.get_structs()) {
			ret += walk_struct(new VlangNamer(ns.name == modulename ? ns.name : ""), c);
		}
		if (ns.get_methods().size + ns.get_fields().size > 0) {
			// V only does namespacing through file system paths, whish is
			//  probably not appropriate/feasible here
			//  so we fake it by creating a new type, and one instance of it,
			//  and attach the functions to it.
			// Note, this doesn't work for nested namespaces, but its better than nothing.
			//
			// for example:
			//   namespace N { public static void fn1(); }
			//
			// becomes:
			//   type VnstN int
			//   func (_ VnsN) Fn1() { fn1() }
			//   var N VnsN
			//
			// so a user can do:
			//   import "/some/path/test"
			//   test.N.Fn()
			string fake_ns_name = "Vns%s".printf(ns.name);
			ret += "struct %s {}\n".printf(fake_ns_name);
			foreach (var c in ns.get_fields()) {
				ret += walk_namespace_field(new VlangNamer(ns.name == modulename ? ns.name : ""), ns, c);
			}
			foreach (var m in ns.get_methods()) {
				ret += walk_function(new VlangNamer(ns.name == modulename ? ns.name : ""), ns, m);
			}
			// ret += "var %s %s\n".printf(ns.name, fake_ns_name);
			ret += "type %s = %s\n".printf(ns.name, fake_ns_name);
			ret += "\n";
		}
		foreach (var c in ns.get_classes ()) {
			ret += walk_class (c); //ns.name, c);
		}

		dedent();
		defs += ret;
	}

	public override void write (string file) {
		var stream = FileStream.open (file, "w");
		if (stream == null) {
			error ("Cannot open %s for writing".printf (file));
		}

		// before the `pre` stuff because we need `includefiles` to be populated.
		context.accept (this);

		var pre  = "module %s\n".printf(modulename);
		pre += "\n";
		// pre += "#pkgconfig %s\n".printf(modulename);
		foreach (var inc in includefiles) {
			pre += "#include \"%s\"\n".printf(inc);
		}
		if (this.needs_unsafe) {
//			pre += "import \"unsafe\"\n";
		}

		stream.printf ("/* valabind autogenerated V bindings for %s */\n".printf (modulename));
		stream.printf ("%s\n", pre);
		stream.printf ("%s\n", enums);
		stream.printf ("%s\n", statics);
		stream.printf ("%s\n", defs);
		stream.printf ("%s\n", extends);
	}
}

public class VlangWriter : ValabindWriter {
	public VlangWriter() {}

	public override string get_filename (string base_name) {
		return base_name + ".v";
	}

	private void clone_writer_config(ValabindWriter w) {
		w.modulename = this.modulename;
		w.library = this.library;
		w.include_dirs = this.include_dirs;
		w.namespaces = this.namespaces;

		w.init(this.vapidir, this.glibmode);
		foreach (var pkg in this.packages) {
			w.add_external_package(pkg);
		}
		foreach (var def in this.defines) {
			w.add_define(def);
		}
		foreach (var f in this.source_files) {
			w.add_source_file(f);
		}
	}

	public override void write (string file) {
		var f = new GenericClassFinder();
		this.clone_writer_config(f);
		f.parse();
		f.write(file);

		var g = new VSrcWriter();
		this.clone_writer_config(g);
		g.set_generic_class_instances(f.get_generic_class_instances());

		g.parse();
		g.write(file);
	}
}