diff --git a/CMakeLists.txt b/CMakeLists.txt
index 41f4014..2253b5c 100644
--- a/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.21)
 
-project(mat-json VERSION 3.1.4)
+project(mat-json VERSION 3.1.5)
 
 set(SOURCE_FILES
     src/external/dragonbox.cpp
diff --git a/include/matjson.hpp b/include/matjson.hpp
index bf5b03f..837a825 100644
--- a/include/matjson.hpp
+++ b/include/matjson.hpp
@@ -124,7 +124,7 @@ namespace matjson {
         Value(T*) = delete;
 
         Value(Value const&);
-        Value(Value&&);
+        Value(Value&&) noexcept;
         ~Value();
 
         Value& operator=(Value);
diff --git a/src/impl.hpp b/src/impl.hpp
index cb93127..3e6fcc4 100644
--- a/src/impl.hpp
+++ b/src/impl.hpp
@@ -15,11 +15,11 @@ class matjson::ValueImpl {
 
 public:
     template <class T>
-    ValueImpl(Type type, T value) : m_type(type), m_value(value) {}
+    ValueImpl(Type type, T&& value) : m_type(type), m_value(std::forward<T>(value)) {}
 
     template <class T>
-    ValueImpl(Type type, std::string key, T value) :
-        m_type(type), m_key(std::move(key)), m_value(value) {}
+    ValueImpl(Type type, std::string key, T&& value) :
+        m_type(type), m_key(std::move(key)), m_value(std::forward<T>(value)) {}
 
     ValueImpl(ValueImpl const&) = default;
 
diff --git a/src/parser.cpp b/src/parser.cpp
index dcba174..ad58c8e 100644
--- a/src/parser.cpp
+++ b/src/parser.cpp
@@ -15,17 +15,27 @@ bool isWhitespace(char c) {
     return c == ' ' || c == '\n' || c == '\r' || c == '\t';
 }
 
+template <class S = std::istream&>
 struct StringStream {
-    std::istream& stream;
-    int line = 1, column = 1;
+    S stream;
+    int line = 1, column = 1, offset = 0;
+
+    static constexpr bool isStream = std::is_same_v<S, std::istream&>;
 
     auto error(std::string_view msg) const noexcept {
-        return Err(ParseError(std::string(msg), stream.tellg(), line, column));
+        return Err(ParseError(std::string(msg), offset, line, column));
     }
 
     Result<char, ParseError> take() noexcept {
         char ch;
-        if (!stream.get(ch)) return this->error("eof");
+        if constexpr (isStream) {
+            if (!stream.get(ch)) return this->error("eof");
+        } else {
+            if (stream.empty()) return this->error("eof");
+            ch = stream[0];
+            stream = stream.substr(1);
+        }
+        ++offset;
         if (ch == '\n') {
             ++line;
             column = 1;
@@ -38,40 +48,76 @@ struct StringStream {
 
     Result<std::string, ParseError> take(size_t n) {
         // this is only used for constants so its fine to not count lines
-        std::string buffer;
-        buffer.resize(n);
-        if (!stream.read(buffer.data(), n)) return this->error("eof");
-        column += n;
-        return Ok(buffer);
+        if constexpr (isStream) {
+            std::string buffer;
+            buffer.resize(n);
+            if (!stream.read(buffer.data(), n)) return this->error("eof");
+            column += n;
+            offset += n;
+            return Ok(std::move(buffer));
+        } else {
+            if (stream.size() < n) return this->error("eof");
+            std::string buffer = std::string(stream.substr(0, n));
+            stream = stream.substr(n);
+            column += n;
+            offset += n;
+            return Ok(std::move(buffer));
+        }
     }
 
     Result<char, ParseError> peek() noexcept {
-        auto ch = stream.peek();
-        if (ch == EOF) return this->error("eof");
-        return Ok(ch);
+        if constexpr (isStream) {
+            auto ch = stream.peek();
+            if (ch == EOF) return this->error("eof");
+            return Ok(ch);
+        } else {
+            if (stream.empty()) return this->error("eof");
+            return Ok(stream[0]);
+        }
     }
 
     // takes until the next char is not whitespace
     void skipWhitespace() noexcept {
-        while (stream.good() && isWhitespace(stream.peek())) {
-            char ch = stream.get();
-            if (ch == '\n') {
-                ++line;
-                column = 1;
+        if constexpr (isStream) {
+            while (stream.good() && isWhitespace(stream.peek())) {
+                char ch = stream.get();
+                ++offset;
+                if (ch == '\n') {
+                    ++line;
+                    column = 1;
+                }
+                else {
+                    ++column;
+                }
             }
-            else {
-                ++column;
+        } else {
+            while (!stream.empty() && isWhitespace(stream[0])) {
+                char ch = stream[0];
+                stream = stream.substr(1);
+                ++offset;
+                if (ch == '\n') {
+                    ++line;
+                    column = 1;
+                }
+                else {
+                    ++column;
+                }
             }
         }
     }
 
     explicit operator bool() const noexcept {
-        (void)stream.peek();
-        return stream.good();
+        if constexpr (isStream) {
+            (void)stream.peek();
+            return stream.good();
+        } else {
+            return !stream.empty();
+        }
     }
 };
 
-Result<ValuePtr, ParseError> parseConstant(StringStream& stream) {
+template <class S>
+Result<ValuePtr, ParseError> parseConstant(StringStream<S>& stream) {
     GEODE_UNWRAP_INTO(auto first, stream.peek());
     switch (first) {
         case 't': {
@@ -120,7 +166,8 @@ void encodeUTF8(std::string& str, int32_t code_point) {
     }
 }
 
-Result<std::string, ParseError> parseString(StringStream& stream) noexcept {
+template <class S>
+Result<std::string, ParseError> parseString(StringStream<S>& stream) noexcept {
     // when this function is called we already know the first character is a quote
     GEODE_UNWRAP(stream.take());
     std::string str;
@@ -193,10 +240,11 @@ Result<std::string, ParseError> parseString(StringStream& stream) noexcept {
     }
     // eat the "
     GEODE_UNWRAP(stream.take());
-    return Ok(str);
+    return Ok(std::move(str));
 }
 
-Result<ValuePtr, ParseError> parseNumber(StringStream& stream) noexcept {
+template <class S>
+Result<ValuePtr, ParseError> parseNumber(StringStream<S>& stream) noexcept {
     std::string buffer;
     bool isFloating = false;
     bool isNegative = false;
@@ -274,21 +322,23 @@ Result<ValuePtr, ParseError> parseNumber(StringStream& stream) noexcept {
         // FIXME: std::stod is locale specific, might break on some machines
         return Ok(std::make_unique<ValueImpl>(Type::Number, std::stod(buffer)));
 #else
-        return fromCharsHelper.operator()<double>();
+        return fromCharsHelper.template operator()<double>();
 #endif
     }
     else if (isNegative) {
-        return fromCharsHelper.operator()<intmax_t>();
+        return fromCharsHelper.template operator()<intmax_t>();
     }
     else {
-        return fromCharsHelper.operator()<uintmax_t>();
+        return fromCharsHelper.template operator()<uintmax_t>();
     }
 }
 
 // parses a json element with optional whitespace around it
-Result<ValuePtr, ParseError> parseElement(StringStream& stream) noexcept;
+template <class S>
+Result<ValuePtr, ParseError> parseElement(StringStream<S>& stream) noexcept;
 
-Result<ValuePtr, ParseError> parseObject(StringStream& stream) noexcept {
+template <class S>
+Result<ValuePtr, ParseError> parseObject(StringStream<S>& stream) noexcept {
     GEODE_UNWRAP(stream.take());
     stream.skipWhitespace();
     std::vector<Value> object;
@@ -312,7 +362,7 @@ Result<ValuePtr, ParseError> parseObject(StringStream& stream) noexcept {
 
             GEODE_UNWRAP_INTO(auto value, parseElement(stream));
             value->setKey(key);
-            object.push_back(ValueImpl::asValue(std::move(value)));
+            object.emplace_back(std::move(ValueImpl::asValue(std::move(value))));
 
             GEODE_UNWRAP_INTO(char c, stream.peek());
             if (c == ',') {
@@ -328,10 +378,11 @@ Result<ValuePtr, ParseError> parseObject(StringStream& stream) noexcept {
     }
     // eat the }
     GEODE_UNWRAP(stream.take());
-    return Ok(std::make_unique<ValueImpl>(Type::Object, object));
+    return Ok(std::make_unique<ValueImpl>(Type::Object, std::move(object)));
 }
 
-Result<ValuePtr, ParseError> parseArray(StringStream& stream) noexcept {
+template <class S>
+Result<ValuePtr, ParseError> parseArray(StringStream<S>& stream) noexcept {
     GEODE_UNWRAP(stream.take());
     stream.skipWhitespace();
     std::vector<Value> array;
@@ -339,7 +390,7 @@ Result<ValuePtr, ParseError> parseArray(StringStream& stream) noexcept {
     if (p != ']') {
         while (true) {
             GEODE_UNWRAP_INTO(auto element, parseElement(stream));
-            array.push_back(ValueImpl::asValue(std::move(element)));
+            array.emplace_back(std::move(ValueImpl::asValue(std::move(element))));
 
             GEODE_UNWRAP_INTO(char c, stream.peek());
             if (c == ',') {
@@ -355,10 +406,11 @@ Result<ValuePtr, ParseError> parseArray(StringStream& stream) noexcept {
     }
     // eat the ]
     GEODE_UNWRAP(stream.take());
-    return Ok(std::make_unique<ValueImpl>(Type::Array, array));
+    return Ok(std::make_unique<ValueImpl>(Type::Array, std::move(array)));
 }
 
-Result<ValuePtr, ParseError> parseValue(StringStream& stream) noexcept {
+template <class S>
+Result<ValuePtr, ParseError> parseValue(StringStream<S>& stream) noexcept {
     GEODE_UNWRAP_INTO(char p, stream.peek());
     switch (p) {
         case 't':
@@ -386,14 +438,16 @@ Result<ValuePtr, ParseError> parseValue(StringStream& stream) noexcept {
     }
 }
 
-Result<ValuePtr, ParseError> parseElement(StringStream& stream) noexcept {
+template <class S>
+Result<ValuePtr, ParseError> parseElement(StringStream<S>& stream) noexcept {
     stream.skipWhitespace();
     GEODE_UNWRAP_INTO(auto value, parseValue(stream));
     stream.skipWhitespace();
     return Ok(std::move(value));
 }
 
-Result<ValuePtr, ParseError> parseRoot(StringStream& stream) noexcept {
+template <class S>
+Result<ValuePtr, ParseError> parseRoot(StringStream<S>& stream) noexcept {
     GEODE_UNWRAP_INTO(auto value, parseElement(stream));
     // if theres anything left in the stream that is not whitespace
     // it should be considered an error
@@ -404,7 +458,7 @@ Result<ValuePtr, ParseError> parseRoot(StringStream& stream) noexcept {
 }
 
 Result<Value, ParseError> Value::parse(std::istream& sourceStream) {
-    StringStream stream{sourceStream};
+    StringStream<std::istream&> stream{sourceStream};
 
     return parseRoot(stream).map([](auto impl) {
         return ValueImpl::asValue(std::move(impl));
@@ -412,6 +466,9 @@ Result<Value, ParseError> Value::parse(std::istream& sourceStream) {
 }
 
 Result<Value, ParseError> Value::parse(std::string_view source) {
-    std::istringstream strStream{std::string(source)};
-    return Value::parse(strStream);
+    StringStream<std::string_view> stream{source};
+
+    return parseRoot(stream).map([](auto impl) {
+        return ValueImpl::asValue(std::move(impl));
+    });
 }
diff --git a/src/value.cpp b/src/value.cpp
index b6588c1..0f0337a 100644
--- a/src/value.cpp
+++ b/src/value.cpp
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ Value::Value(Value const& other) {
     m_impl = std::make_unique<ValueImpl>(*other.m_impl.get());
 }
 
-Value::Value(Value&& other) {
+Value::Value(Value&& other) noexcept {
     if (other.m_impl == getDummyNullValue()->m_impl) {
         m_impl = std::make_unique<ValueImpl>(Type::Null, std::monostate{});
         return;
diff --git a/test/test.cpp b/test/test.cpp
index 4855442..a5477c8 100644
--- a/test/test.cpp
+++ b/test/test.cpp
@@ -382,11 +382,27 @@ TEST_CASE("ParseError line numbers") {
     auto err = matjson::parse("{").unwrapErr();
     REQUIRE(err.line == 1);
     REQUIRE(err.column == 2);
+    REQUIRE(err.offset == 1);
 
     err = matjson::parse("{\n\"hello").unwrapErr();
 
     REQUIRE(err.line == 2);
     REQUIRE(err.column == 7);
+    REQUIRE(err.offset == 8);
+}
+
+TEST_CASE("ParseError line numbers from stream") {
+    std::istringstream stream("{");
+    auto err = matjson::parse(stream).unwrapErr();
+    REQUIRE(err.line == 1);
+    REQUIRE(err.column == 2);
+    REQUIRE(err.offset == 1);
+
+    stream = std::istringstream("{\n\"hello");
+    err = matjson::parse(stream).unwrapErr();
+    REQUIRE(err.line == 2);
+    REQUIRE(err.column == 7);
+    REQUIRE(err.offset == 8);
 }
 
 TEST_CASE("parseAs") {
@@ -401,6 +417,8 @@ TEST_CASE("Parse from stream") {
     std::istringstream stream(R"({"name": "Hello!","value": 123})");
 
     auto res = matjson::parse(stream).unwrap();
+    // parsing should consume the whole stream
+    REQUIRE(stream.eof());
 
     REQUIRE(res == CoolStruct{.name = "Hello!", .value = 123});
 
@@ -412,6 +430,10 @@ TEST_CASE("Parse from stream") {
     stream = std::istringstream("[1, 2, 3");
     REQUIRE(matjson::parse(stream).isErr());
 
+    stream = std::istringstream("[1, 2!, 3");
+    REQUIRE(matjson::parse(stream).isErr());
+    REQUIRE(!stream.eof());
+
     stream = std::istringstream("");
     REQUIRE(matjson::parse(stream).isErr());