diff --git a/lib/mocha/class_methods.rb b/lib/mocha/class_methods.rb
index bbb323c5..cf93ab5f 100644
--- a/lib/mocha/class_methods.rb
+++ b/lib/mocha/class_methods.rb
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ def initialize(klass)
 
       def mocha(instantiate: true)
         if instantiate
-          @mocha ||= Mocha::Mockery.instance.mock_impersonating_any_instance_of(@stubba_object)
+          @mocha ||= Mocha::Mockery.instance.mock_impersonating_any_instance_of(@stubba_object).responds_like_instance_of(@stubba_object)
         else
           defined?(@mocha) ? @mocha : nil
         end
diff --git a/lib/mocha/expectation.rb b/lib/mocha/expectation.rb
index e072b6d4..e4cefc33 100644
--- a/lib/mocha/expectation.rb
+++ b/lib/mocha/expectation.rb
@@ -700,7 +700,7 @@ def matches_method?(method_name)
 
     # @private
     def match?(invocation, ignoring_order: false)
-      order_independent_match = @method_matcher.match?(invocation.method_name) && @parameters_matcher.match?(invocation.arguments) && @block_matcher.match?(invocation.block)
+      order_independent_match = @method_matcher.match?(invocation.method_name) && @parameters_matcher.match?(invocation) && @block_matcher.match?(invocation.block)
       ignoring_order ? order_independent_match : order_independent_match && in_correct_order?
     end
 
diff --git a/lib/mocha/invocation.rb b/lib/mocha/invocation.rb
index a7a32f33..13a29735 100644
--- a/lib/mocha/invocation.rb
+++ b/lib/mocha/invocation.rb
@@ -10,11 +10,12 @@ module Mocha
   class Invocation
     attr_reader :method_name, :block
 
-    def initialize(mock, method_name, arguments = [], block = nil)
+    def initialize(mock, method_name, arguments = [], block = nil, responder = nil)
       @mock = mock
       @method_name = method_name
       @arguments = arguments
       @block = block
+      @responder = responder
       @yields = []
       @result = nil
     end
@@ -65,6 +66,12 @@ def full_description
       "\n  - #{call_description} #{result_description}"
     end
 
+    def method_accepts_keyword_arguments?
+      return true unless @responder
+
+      @responder.method(@method_name).parameters.any? { |k, _v| %i[keyreq key keyrest].include?(k) }
+    end
+
     private
 
     def argument_description
diff --git a/lib/mocha/mock.rb b/lib/mocha/mock.rb
index d84151cb..45feefe1 100644
--- a/lib/mocha/mock.rb
+++ b/lib/mocha/mock.rb
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 require 'mocha/parameters_matcher'
 require 'mocha/argument_iterator'
 require 'mocha/expectation_error_factory'
-require 'mocha/deprecation'
+require 'mocha/ruby_version'
 
 module Mocha
   # Traditional mock object.
@@ -324,7 +324,7 @@ def method_missing(symbol, *arguments, &block)
     def handle_method_call(symbol, arguments, block)
       check_expiry
       check_responder_responds_to(symbol)
-      invocation = Invocation.new(self, symbol, arguments, block)
+      invocation = Invocation.new(self, symbol, arguments, block, @responder)
 
       matching_expectations = all_expectations.matching_expectations(invocation)
 
@@ -402,9 +402,13 @@ def raise_unexpected_invocation_error(invocation, matching_expectation)
     end
 
     def check_responder_responds_to(symbol)
-      if @responder && !@responder.respond_to?(symbol) # rubocop:disable Style/GuardClause
-        raise NoMethodError, "undefined method `#{symbol}' for #{mocha_inspect} which responds like #{@responder.mocha_inspect}"
-      end
+      return unless @responder
+
+      legacy_behaviour_for_array_flatten = !RUBY_V23_PLUS && !@responder.respond_to?(symbol) && (symbol == :to_ary)
+
+      return if @responder.respond_to?(symbol, true) && !legacy_behaviour_for_array_flatten
+
+      raise NoMethodError, "undefined method `#{symbol}' for #{mocha_inspect} which responds like #{@responder.mocha_inspect}"
     end
 
     def check_expiry
diff --git a/lib/mocha/object_methods.rb b/lib/mocha/object_methods.rb
index 9c58beee..c5df8890 100644
--- a/lib/mocha/object_methods.rb
+++ b/lib/mocha/object_methods.rb
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ module ObjectMethods
     # @private
     def mocha(instantiate: true)
       if instantiate
-        @mocha ||= Mocha::Mockery.instance.mock_impersonating(self)
+        @mocha ||= Mocha::Mockery.instance.mock_impersonating(self).responds_like(self)
       else
         defined?(@mocha) ? @mocha : nil
       end
diff --git a/lib/mocha/parameter_matchers/instance_methods.rb b/lib/mocha/parameter_matchers/instance_methods.rb
index 218950b5..65da0c28 100644
--- a/lib/mocha/parameter_matchers/instance_methods.rb
+++ b/lib/mocha/parameter_matchers/instance_methods.rb
@@ -9,10 +9,10 @@ module ParameterMatchers
     # @private
     module InstanceMethods
       # @private
-      def to_matcher(expectation: nil, top_level: false)
+      def to_matcher(expectation: nil, top_level: false, method_accepts_keyword_arguments: true)
         if Base === self
           self
-        elsif Hash === self && top_level
+        elsif Hash === self && (top_level || method_accepts_keyword_arguments)
           Mocha::ParameterMatchers::PositionalOrKeywordHash.new(self, expectation)
         else
           Mocha::ParameterMatchers::Equals.new(self)
diff --git a/lib/mocha/parameters_matcher.rb b/lib/mocha/parameters_matcher.rb
index fd9a3fec..bf931bd6 100644
--- a/lib/mocha/parameters_matcher.rb
+++ b/lib/mocha/parameters_matcher.rb
@@ -11,18 +11,15 @@ def initialize(expected_parameters = [ParameterMatchers::AnyParameters.new], exp
       @matching_block = matching_block
     end
 
-    def match?(actual_parameters = [])
+    def match?(invocation)
+      actual_parameters = invocation.arguments || []
       if @matching_block
         @matching_block.call(*actual_parameters)
       else
-        parameters_match?(actual_parameters)
+        matchers(invocation).all? { |matcher| matcher.matches?(actual_parameters) } && actual_parameters.empty?
       end
     end
 
-    def parameters_match?(actual_parameters)
-      matchers.all? { |matcher| matcher.matches?(actual_parameters) } && actual_parameters.empty?
-    end
-
     def mocha_inspect
       if @matching_block
         '(arguments_accepted_by_custom_matching_block)'
@@ -33,8 +30,10 @@ def mocha_inspect
       end
     end
 
-    def matchers
-      @expected_parameters.map { |p| p.to_matcher(expectation: @expectation, top_level: true) }
+    def matchers(invocation = nil)
+      @expected_parameters.map do |p|
+        p.to_matcher(expectation: @expectation, top_level: true, method_accepts_keyword_arguments: invocation ? invocation.method_accepts_keyword_arguments? : true)
+      end
     end
   end
 end
diff --git a/lib/mocha/ruby_version.rb b/lib/mocha/ruby_version.rb
index 88e7a900..12dbbaa4 100644
--- a/lib/mocha/ruby_version.rb
+++ b/lib/mocha/ruby_version.rb
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 module Mocha
+  RUBY_V23_PLUS = Gem::Version.new(RUBY_VERSION.dup) >= Gem::Version.new('2.3')
   RUBY_V27_PLUS = Gem::Version.new(RUBY_VERSION.dup) >= Gem::Version.new('2.7')
   RUBY_V30_PLUS = Gem::Version.new(RUBY_VERSION.dup) >= Gem::Version.new('3.0')
   RUBY_V34_PLUS = Gem::Version.new(RUBY_VERSION.dup) >= Gem::Version.new('3.4')
diff --git a/test/acceptance/responds_like_test.rb b/test/acceptance/responds_like_test.rb
index 8a030355..45f8fa79 100644
--- a/test/acceptance/responds_like_test.rb
+++ b/test/acceptance/responds_like_test.rb
@@ -132,14 +132,14 @@ def foo; end
     assert_passed(test_result)
   end
 
-  def test_mock_which_responds_like_object_with_protected_method_raises_no_method_error_when_method_is_not_stubbed
+  def test_mock_which_responds_like_object_with_protected_method_raises_unexpected_invocation_exception_when_method_is_not_stubbed
     object = Class.new do
       def foo; end
       protected :foo
     end.new
     test_result = run_as_test do
       m = mock.responds_like(object)
-      assert_raises(NoMethodError) { m.foo } # vs Minitest::Assertion for public method
+      assert_raises(Minitest::Assertion) { m.foo }
     end
     assert_passed(test_result)
   end
@@ -170,7 +170,7 @@ def foo; end
     assert_passed(test_result)
   end
 
-  def test_mock_which_responds_like_object_with_protected_method_raises_no_method_error_when_method_is_stubbed
+  def test_mock_which_responds_like_object_with_protected_method_does_not_raise_exception_when_method_is_stubbed
     object = Class.new do
       def foo; end
       protected :foo
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ def foo; end
     test_result = run_as_test do
       m = mock.responds_like(object)
       m.stubs(:foo)
-      assert_raises(NoMethodError) { m.foo } # vs no exception for public method
+      assert_nil m.foo
     end
     assert_passed(test_result)
   end
@@ -198,14 +198,14 @@ def foo; end
     assert_passed(test_result)
   end
 
-  def test_mock_which_responds_like_object_with_private_method_raises_no_method_error_when_method_is_not_stubbed
+  def test_mock_which_responds_like_object_with_private_method_raises_unexpected_invocation_exception_when_method_is_not_stubbed
     object = Class.new do
       def foo; end
       private :foo
     end.new
     test_result = run_as_test do
       m = mock.responds_like(object)
-      assert_raises(NoMethodError) { m.foo } # vs Minitest::Assertion for public method
+      assert_raises(Minitest::Assertion) { m.foo }
     end
     assert_passed(test_result)
   end
@@ -236,7 +236,7 @@ def foo; end
     assert_passed(test_result)
   end
 
-  def test_mock_which_responds_like_object_with_private_method_raises_no_method_error_when_method_is_stubbed
+  def test_mock_which_responds_like_object_with_private_method_does_not_raise_exception_when_method_is_stubbed
     object = Class.new do
       def foo; end
       private :foo
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ def foo; end
     test_result = run_as_test do
       m = mock.responds_like(object)
       m.stubs(:foo)
-      assert_raises(NoMethodError) { m.foo } # vs no exception for public method
+      assert_nil m.foo
     end
     assert_passed(test_result)
   end
diff --git a/test/unit/parameters_matcher_test.rb b/test/unit/parameters_matcher_test.rb
index 116e135d..e02eebd1 100644
--- a/test/unit/parameters_matcher_test.rb
+++ b/test/unit/parameters_matcher_test.rb
@@ -2,91 +2,92 @@
 
 require File.expand_path('../../test_helper', __FILE__)
 require 'mocha/parameters_matcher'
+require 'mocha/invocation'
 
 class ParametersMatcherTest < Mocha::TestCase
   include Mocha
 
   def test_should_match_any_actual_parameters_if_no_expected_parameters_specified
     parameters_matcher = ParametersMatcher.new
-    assert parameters_matcher.match?([1, 2, 3])
+    assert parameters_matcher.match?(invocation_with_arguments([1, 2, 3]))
   end
 
   def test_should_match_if_actual_parameters_are_same_as_expected_parameters
     parameters_matcher = ParametersMatcher.new([4, 5, 6])
-    assert parameters_matcher.match?([4, 5, 6])
+    assert parameters_matcher.match?(invocation_with_arguments([4, 5, 6]))
   end
 
   def test_should_not_match_if_actual_parameters_are_different_from_expected_parameters
     parameters_matcher = ParametersMatcher.new([4, 5, 6])
-    assert !parameters_matcher.match?([1, 2, 3])
+    assert !parameters_matcher.match?(invocation_with_arguments([1, 2, 3]))
   end
 
   def test_should_not_match_if_there_are_less_actual_parameters_than_expected_parameters
     parameters_matcher = ParametersMatcher.new([4, 5, 6])
-    assert !parameters_matcher.match?([4, 5])
+    assert !parameters_matcher.match?(invocation_with_arguments([4, 5]))
   end
 
   def test_should_not_match_if_there_are_more_actual_parameters_than_expected_parameters
     parameters_matcher = ParametersMatcher.new([4, 5])
-    assert !parameters_matcher.match?([4, 5, 6])
+    assert !parameters_matcher.match?(invocation_with_arguments([4, 5, 6]))
   end
 
   def test_should_not_match_if_not_all_required_parameters_are_supplied
     optionals = ParameterMatchers::Optionally.new(6, 7)
     parameters_matcher = ParametersMatcher.new([4, 5, optionals])
-    assert !parameters_matcher.match?([4])
+    assert !parameters_matcher.match?(invocation_with_arguments([4]))
   end
 
   def test_should_match_if_all_required_parameters_match_and_no_optional_parameters_are_supplied
     optionals = ParameterMatchers::Optionally.new(6, 7)
     parameters_matcher = ParametersMatcher.new([4, 5, optionals])
-    assert parameters_matcher.match?([4, 5])
+    assert parameters_matcher.match?(invocation_with_arguments([4, 5]))
   end
 
   def test_should_match_if_all_required_and_optional_parameters_match_and_some_optional_parameters_are_supplied
     optionals = ParameterMatchers::Optionally.new(6, 7)
     parameters_matcher = ParametersMatcher.new([4, 5, optionals])
-    assert parameters_matcher.match?([4, 5, 6])
+    assert parameters_matcher.match?(invocation_with_arguments([4, 5, 6]))
   end
 
   def test_should_match_if_all_required_and_optional_parameters_match_and_all_optional_parameters_are_supplied
     optionals = ParameterMatchers::Optionally.new(6, 7)
     parameters_matcher = ParametersMatcher.new([4, 5, optionals])
-    assert parameters_matcher.match?([4, 5, 6, 7])
+    assert parameters_matcher.match?(invocation_with_arguments([4, 5, 6, 7]))
   end
 
   def test_should_not_match_if_all_required_and_optional_parameters_match_but_too_many_optional_parameters_are_supplied
     optionals = ParameterMatchers::Optionally.new(6, 7)
     parameters_matcher = ParametersMatcher.new([4, 5, optionals])
-    assert !parameters_matcher.match?([4, 5, 6, 7, 8])
+    assert !parameters_matcher.match?(invocation_with_arguments([4, 5, 6, 7, 8]))
   end
 
   def test_should_not_match_if_all_required_parameters_match_but_some_optional_parameters_do_not_match
     optionals = ParameterMatchers::Optionally.new(6, 7)
     parameters_matcher = ParametersMatcher.new([4, 5, optionals])
-    assert !parameters_matcher.match?([4, 5, 6, 0])
+    assert !parameters_matcher.match?(invocation_with_arguments([4, 5, 6, 0]))
   end
 
   def test_should_not_match_if_some_required_parameters_do_not_match_although_all_optional_parameters_do_match
     optionals = ParameterMatchers::Optionally.new(6, 7)
     parameters_matcher = ParametersMatcher.new([4, 5, optionals])
-    assert !parameters_matcher.match?([4, 0, 6])
+    assert !parameters_matcher.match?(invocation_with_arguments([4, 0, 6]))
   end
 
   def test_should_not_match_if_all_required_parameters_match_but_no_optional_parameters_match
     optionals = ParameterMatchers::Optionally.new(6, 7)
     parameters_matcher = ParametersMatcher.new([4, 5, optionals])
-    assert !parameters_matcher.match?([4, 5, 0, 0])
+    assert !parameters_matcher.match?(invocation_with_arguments([4, 5, 0, 0]))
   end
 
   def test_should_match_if_actual_parameters_satisfy_matching_block
     parameters_matcher = ParametersMatcher.new { |x, y| x + y == 3 }
-    assert parameters_matcher.match?([1, 2])
+    assert parameters_matcher.match?(invocation_with_arguments([1, 2]))
   end
 
   def test_should_not_match_if_actual_parameters_do_not_satisfy_matching_block
     parameters_matcher = ParametersMatcher.new { |x, y| x + y == 3 }
-    assert !parameters_matcher.match?([2, 3])
+    assert !parameters_matcher.match?(invocation_with_arguments([2, 3]))
   end
 
   def test_should_remove_outer_array_braces
@@ -110,4 +111,10 @@ def test_should_indicate_that_matcher_logic_is_defined_by_custom_block
     parameters_matcher = ParametersMatcher.new { true }
     assert_equal '(arguments_accepted_by_custom_matching_block)', parameters_matcher.mocha_inspect
   end
+
+  private
+
+  def invocation_with_arguments(arguments)
+    Invocation.new(nil, nil, arguments, nil, nil)
+  end
 end