diff --git a/discojs/src/aggregator/base.ts b/discojs/src/aggregator/base.ts
index f95ca4a08..3bf634345 100644
--- a/discojs/src/aggregator/base.ts
+++ b/discojs/src/aggregator/base.ts
@@ -1,9 +1,12 @@
+import createDebug from "debug";
 import { Map, Set } from 'immutable'
 
 import type { client } from '../index.js'
 
 import { EventEmitter } from '../utils/event_emitter.js'
 
+const debug = createDebug("discojs:aggregator");
+
 export enum AggregationStep {
   ADD,
   UPDATE,
@@ -98,17 +101,16 @@ export abstract class Base<T> extends EventEmitter<{'aggregation': T }> {
   log (step: AggregationStep, from?: client.NodeID): void {
     switch (step) {
       case AggregationStep.ADD:
-        console.log(`Adding contribution from node ${from ?? '"unknown"'} for round (${this.communicationRound}, ${this.round})`)
+        debug(`adding contribution from node ${from ?? '"unknown"'} for round (${this.communicationRound}, ${this.round})`);
         break
       case AggregationStep.UPDATE:
         if (from === undefined) {
           return
         }
-        console.log(`> Updating contribution from node ${from} for round (${this.communicationRound}, ${this.round})`)
+        debug(`updating contribution from node ${from ?? '"unknown"'} for round (${this.communicationRound}, ${this.round})`)
         break
       case AggregationStep.AGGREGATE:
-        console.log('*'.repeat(80))
-        console.log(`Buffer is full. Aggregating weights for round (${this.communicationRound}, ${this.round})\n`)
+        debug(`buffer full, aggregating weights for round (${this.communicationRound}, ${this.round})`)
         break
       default: {
         const _: never = step
diff --git a/discojs/src/aggregator/mean.ts b/discojs/src/aggregator/mean.ts
index 75bcf3899..8be9b9106 100644
--- a/discojs/src/aggregator/mean.ts
+++ b/discojs/src/aggregator/mean.ts
@@ -1,9 +1,12 @@
+import createDebug from "debug";
 import type { Map } from "immutable";
 
 import { AggregationStep, Base as Aggregator } from "./base.js";
 import type { WeightsContainer, client } from "../index.js";
 import { aggregation } from "../index.js";
 
+const debug = createDebug("discojs:aggregator:mean");
+
 type ThresholdType = 'relative' | 'absolute'
 
 /** 
@@ -60,7 +63,8 @@ export class MeanAggregator extends Aggregator<WeightsContainer> {
     else {
       // Print a warning regarding the default behavior when thresholdType is not specified
       if (thresholdType === undefined) {
-        console.warn(
+	// TODO enforce validity by splitting features instead of warning
+        debug(
           "[WARN] Setting the aggregator's threshold to 100% of the nodes' contributions by default. " +
           "To instead wait for a single contribution, set thresholdType = 'absolute'"
         )
@@ -91,8 +95,8 @@ export class MeanAggregator extends Aggregator<WeightsContainer> {
       throw new Error("only a single communication round");
 
     if (!this.nodes.has(nodeId) || !this.isWithinRoundCutoff(round)) {
-      if (!this.nodes.has(nodeId)) console.warn("Contribution rejected because node id is not registered")
-      if (!this.isWithinRoundCutoff(round)) console.warn(`Contribution rejected because round ${round} is not within round cutoff`)
+      if (!this.nodes.has(nodeId)) debug(`contribution rejected because node ${nodeId} is not registered`);
+      if (!this.isWithinRoundCutoff(round)) debug(`contribution rejected because round ${round} is not within cutoff`);
       return false;  
     }
 
diff --git a/discojs/src/client/decentralized/base.ts b/discojs/src/client/decentralized/base.ts
index 97ee48a3e..6ebe1902c 100644
--- a/discojs/src/client/decentralized/base.ts
+++ b/discojs/src/client/decentralized/base.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import createDebug from "debug";
 import { Map, Set } from 'immutable'
 
 import type { WeightsContainer } from "../../index.js";
@@ -9,6 +10,8 @@ import { type EventConnection, WebSocketServer, waitMessage, type PeerConnection
 import { PeerPool } from './peer_pool.js'
 import * as messages from './messages.js'
 
+const debug = createDebug("discojs:client:decentralized");
+
 /**
  * Represents a decentralized client in a network of peers. Peers coordinate each other with the
  * help of the network's server, yet only exchange payloads between each other. Communication
@@ -57,7 +60,7 @@ export class Base extends Client {
     this.server.send(msg)
     
     const peerIdMsg = await waitMessage(this.server, type.AssignNodeID)
-    console.log(`[${peerIdMsg.id}] assigned id generated by server`)
+    debug(`[${peerIdMsg.id}] assigned id generated by server`);
 
     if (this._ownId !== undefined) {
       throw new Error('received id from server but was already received')
@@ -154,10 +157,10 @@ export class Base extends Client {
         (conn) => { this.receivePayloads(conn, round) }
       )
 
-      console.log(`[${this.ownId}] received peers for round ${round}:`, connections.keySeq().toJS())
+      debug(`[${this.ownId}] received peers for round ${round}: %o`, connections.keySeq().toJS());
       this.connections = connections
     } catch (e) {
-      console.error(e)
+      debug(`[${this.ownId}] while beginning round: %o`, e);
       this.aggregator.setNodes(Set(this.ownId))
       this.connections = Map()
     }
@@ -176,7 +179,7 @@ export class Base extends Client {
   private receivePayloads (connections: Map<NodeID, PeerConnection>, round: number): void {
     connections.forEach(async (connection, peerId) => {
       let currentCommunicationRounds = 0
-      console.log(`waiting for peer ${peerId}`)
+      debug(`waiting for peer ${peerId}`);
       do {
         try {
           const message = await waitMessageWithTimeout(connection, type.Payload,
@@ -184,13 +187,13 @@ export class Base extends Client {
           const decoded = serialization.weights.decode(message.payload)
 
           if (!this.aggregator.add(peerId, decoded, round, message.round)) {
-            console.warn(`[${this.ownId}] Failed to add contribution from peer ${peerId}`)
+            debug(`[${this.ownId}] failed to add contribution from peer ${peerId}`);
           }
         } catch (e) {
           if (this.isDisconnected) {
             return
           }
-          console.error(e instanceof Error ? e.message : e)
+          debug(`[${this.ownId}] while receiving payloads: %o`, e);
         }
       } while (++currentCommunicationRounds < this.aggregator.communicationRounds)
     })
@@ -229,12 +232,12 @@ export class Base extends Client {
                   payload: encoded
                 }
                 peer.send(msg)
-                console.log(`[${this.ownId}] send weight update to peer`, msg.peer, msg)
+                debug(`[${this.ownId}] send weight update to peer ${msg.peer}: %O`, msg);
               }
             }
           }))
-        } catch {
-          throw new Error('error while sending weights')
+        } catch (cause) {
+          throw new Error('error while sending weights', { cause })
         }
       }
       // Wait for aggregation before proceeding to the next communication round.
@@ -248,7 +251,7 @@ export class Base extends Client {
         if (this.isDisconnected) {
           return weights
         }
-        console.error(e)
+        debug(`[${this.ownId}] while waiting for aggregation: %o`, e);
         break
       }
 
diff --git a/discojs/src/client/decentralized/peer_pool.ts b/discojs/src/client/decentralized/peer_pool.ts
index ca2924d50..ebcff8788 100644
--- a/discojs/src/client/decentralized/peer_pool.ts
+++ b/discojs/src/client/decentralized/peer_pool.ts
@@ -1,9 +1,12 @@
+import createDebug from "debug";
 import { Map, type Set } from 'immutable'
 
 import { Peer, type SignalData } from './peer.js'
 import { type NodeID } from '../types.js'
 import { PeerConnection, type EventConnection } from '../event_connection.js'
 
+const debug = createDebug("discojs:client:decentralized:pool");
+
 // TODO cleanup old peers
 
 export class PeerPool {
@@ -14,7 +17,7 @@ export class PeerPool {
   ) {}
 
   async shutdown (): Promise<void> {
-    console.info(`[${this.id}] is shutting down all its connections`)
+    debug(`[${this.id}] is shutting down all its connections`);
 
     // Add a timeout o.w. the promise hangs forever if the other peer is already disconnected
     await Promise.race([
@@ -25,7 +28,7 @@ export class PeerPool {
   }
 
   signal (peerId: NodeID, signal: SignalData): void {
-    console.info(`[${this.id}] signals for`, peerId)
+    debug(`[${this.id}] signals for %s`, peerId);
 
     const peer = this.peers.get(peerId)
     if (peer === undefined) {
@@ -45,7 +48,7 @@ export class PeerPool {
       throw new Error('peers to connect contains our id')
     }
 
-    console.info(`[${this.id}] is connecting peers:`, peersToConnect.toJS())
+    debug(`[${this.id}] is connecting peers: %o`, peersToConnect.toArray());
 
     const newPeers = Map(
       peersToConnect
@@ -53,7 +56,7 @@ export class PeerPool {
         .map((id) => [id, new Peer(id, id < this.id)] as [string, Peer])
     )
 
-    console.info(`[${this.id}] asked to connect new peers:`, newPeers.keySeq().toJS())
+    debug(`[${this.id}] asked to connect new peers: %o`, newPeers.keySeq().toArray());
     const newPeersConnections = newPeers.map((peer) => new PeerConnection(this.id, peer, signallingServer))
 
     // adding peers to pool before connecting them because they must be set to call signal on them
@@ -62,7 +65,7 @@ export class PeerPool {
     clientHandle(this.peers)
 
     await Promise.all(newPeersConnections.valueSeq().map((conn) => conn.connect()))
-    console.info(`[${this.id}] knowns connected peers:`, this.peers.keySeq().toJS())
+    debug(`[${this.id}] knowns connected peers: %o`, this.peers.keySeq().toArray())
 
     return this.peers
       .filter((_, id) => peersToConnect.has(id))
diff --git a/discojs/src/client/event_connection.ts b/discojs/src/client/event_connection.ts
index ad607df18..87459b29e 100644
--- a/discojs/src/client/event_connection.ts
+++ b/discojs/src/client/event_connection.ts
@@ -1,13 +1,17 @@
-import WebSocket from 'isomorphic-ws'
+import createDebug from "debug";
+import WebSocket from "isomorphic-ws";
+import msgpack from "msgpack-lite";
+
 import type { Peer, SignalData } from './decentralized/peer.js'
 import { type NodeID } from './types.js'
-import msgpack from 'msgpack-lite'
 import * as decentralizedMessages from './decentralized/messages.js'
 import { type, type NarrowMessage, type Message } from './messages.js'
 import { timeout } from './utils.js'
 
 import { EventEmitter } from '../utils/event_emitter.js'
 
+const debug = createDebug("discojs:client:connections");
+
 export interface EventConnection {
   on: <K extends type>(type: K, handler: (event: NarrowMessage<K>) => void) => void
   once: <K extends type>(type: K, handler: (event: NarrowMessage<K>) => void) => void
@@ -61,7 +65,9 @@ export class PeerConnection extends EventEmitter<{ [K in type]: NarrowMessage<K>
       this.emit(msg.type, msg)
     })
 
-    this.peer.on('close', () => { console.warn('From', this._ownId, ': peer', this.peer.id, 'closed connection') })
+    this.peer.on("close", () => {
+      debug(`[${this._ownId}] peer ${this.peer.id} closed connection`);
+    });
 
     await new Promise<void>((resolve) => {
       this.peer.on('connect', resolve)
diff --git a/discojs/src/client/federated/base.ts b/discojs/src/client/federated/base.ts
index 8be2c8833..591796b8e 100644
--- a/discojs/src/client/federated/base.ts
+++ b/discojs/src/client/federated/base.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import createDebug from "debug";
+
 import {
   serialization,
   type WeightsContainer,
@@ -11,6 +13,8 @@ import {
 } from "../event_connection.js";
 import * as messages from "./messages.js";
 
+const debug = createDebug("discojs:client:federated");
+
 /**
  * Client class that communicates with a centralized, federated server, when training
  * a specific task in the federated setting.
@@ -77,7 +81,7 @@ export class Base extends Client {
       this.server,
       type.AssignNodeID,
     );
-    console.info(`[${received.id}] assign id generated by the server`);
+    debug(`[${received.id}] assign id generated by the server`);
     this._ownId = received.id;
   }
 
@@ -126,9 +130,7 @@ export class Base extends Client {
     } else {
       // Unexpected case: for some reason, the server result is stale.
       // We proceed to the next round without its result.
-      console.info(
-        `[${this.ownId}] Server result is either stale or not received`,
-      );
+      debug(`[${this.ownId}] server result is either stale or not received`);
       this.aggregator.nextRound();
     }
 
@@ -171,7 +173,7 @@ export class Base extends Client {
         return serverResult;
       }
     } catch (e) {
-      console.error(e);
+      debug(`[${this.ownId}] while receiving results: %o`, e);
     }
   }
 }
diff --git a/discojs/src/dataset/data/tabular_data.ts b/discojs/src/dataset/data/tabular_data.ts
index 7996223b7..b4c41a27b 100644
--- a/discojs/src/dataset/data/tabular_data.ts
+++ b/discojs/src/dataset/data/tabular_data.ts
@@ -21,9 +21,8 @@ export class TabularData extends Data {
     // load/read the tabular file's lines on training.
     try {
       await dataset.iterator()
-    } catch (e) {
-      console.error('Data input format is not compatible with the chosen task.')
-      throw (e)
+    } catch (cause) {
+      throw new Error('data input format not compatible with chosen task', { cause })
     }
 
     return new TabularData(dataset, task, size)
diff --git a/discojs/src/models/gpt/index.ts b/discojs/src/models/gpt/index.ts
index 8f7f7b2b0..10b435d89 100644
--- a/discojs/src/models/gpt/index.ts
+++ b/discojs/src/models/gpt/index.ts
@@ -2,6 +2,8 @@
  * this code is taken from gpt-tfjs with modifications from @peacefulotter and @lukemovement
  **/
 
+import createDebug from "debug";
+import { List } from 'immutable';
 import * as tf from '@tensorflow/tfjs'
 import { PreTrainedTokenizer } from '@xenova/transformers';
 
@@ -14,7 +16,8 @@ import type { Prediction, Sample } from '../model.js'
 import { GPTForCausalLM } from './model.js'
 import { DEFAULT_CONFIG, type GPTConfig } from './config.js'
 import evaluate from './evaluate.js';
-import { List } from 'immutable';
+
+const debug = createDebug("discojs:models:gpt");
 
 export type GPTSerialization = {
   weights: WeightsContainer
@@ -176,8 +179,7 @@ export class GPT extends Model {
       this.model.optimizer.dispose()
     }
     const disposeResults = this.model.dispose()
-    if (disposeResults.refCountAfterDispose > 0) {
-      console.error("The GPT model was not disposed correctly (refcount > 0)", disposeResults)
-    }
+    if (disposeResults.refCountAfterDispose > 0)
+      debug("model not disposed correctly: %o", disposeResults);
   }
 }
diff --git a/discojs/src/models/gpt/model.ts b/discojs/src/models/gpt/model.ts
index e553856bf..3bb2cacb6 100644
--- a/discojs/src/models/gpt/model.ts
+++ b/discojs/src/models/gpt/model.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import createDebug from "debug";
 import * as tf from '@tensorflow/tfjs'
 
 import type { GPTConfig } from './config.js'
@@ -6,6 +7,8 @@ import { getCustomAdam, clipByGlobalNormObj } from './optimizers.js'
 import evaluate from './evaluate.js'
 import { GPTArchitecture } from './layers.js'
 
+const debug = createDebug("discojs:models:gpt");
+
 /**
  * tfjs does not export LazyIterator and Dataset...
  */
@@ -116,18 +119,18 @@ class GPTModel extends tf.LayersModel {
           iteration % this.config.evaluateEvery == 0
         ){
           const iterationLogs = await evaluate(this, evalDataset, this.config.maxEvalBatches)
-          console.log(iterationLogs)
+          debug('evaluation metrics: %O', iterationLogs);
         }
         const memory = tf.memory().numBytes / 1024 / 1024 / 1024
-        console.log(
-          `Epoch: ${epoch}`,
-          `\tStep: ${iteration} / ${this.config.maxIter}`,
-          `\tLoss: ${loss.toFixed(3)}`,
-          `\tMemory: ${memory.toFixed(2)} GB`,
-          `\tNumber of tensors allocated: ${tf.memory().numTensors}`,
-          `\tPreprocessing time: ${preprocessingTime.toFixed(0)} ms`,
-          `\tWeight update time: ${weightUpdateTime.toFixed(0)} ms`
-        )
+        debug("training metrics: %O", {
+          epoch,
+          iteration,
+          loss,
+          memory,
+          allocated: tf.memory().numTensors,
+          preprocessingTime,
+          weightUpdateTime,
+        });
         iteration++
         next = await iterator.next()
       }
diff --git a/discojs/src/models/gpt/optimizers.ts b/discojs/src/models/gpt/optimizers.ts
index d8474f053..7509d51f2 100644
--- a/discojs/src/models/gpt/optimizers.ts
+++ b/discojs/src/models/gpt/optimizers.ts
@@ -73,7 +73,6 @@ class AdamW extends tf.AdamOptimizer {
     excludeFromWeightDecay?: string[]
     gradientClipNorm?: number
   }) {
-    console.log('Using custom AdamW optimizer')
     const defaultParams = {
       learningRate: 0.1,
       beta1: 0.9,
diff --git a/discojs/src/task/task_handler.ts b/discojs/src/task/task_handler.ts
index 79da2be56..c8ed43b3d 100644
--- a/discojs/src/task/task_handler.ts
+++ b/discojs/src/task/task_handler.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import axios from 'axios'
+import createDebug from "debug";
 import { Map } from 'immutable'
 
 import type { Model } from '../index.js'
@@ -7,6 +8,8 @@ import { serialization } from '../index.js'
 import type { Task, TaskID } from './task.js'
 import { isTask } from './task.js'
 
+const debug = createDebug("discojs:task:handlers");
+
 const TASK_ENDPOINT = 'tasks'
 
 export async function pushTask (
@@ -33,7 +36,7 @@ export async function fetchTasks (url: URL): Promise<Map<TaskID, Task>> {
   } else if (!tasks.every(isTask)) {
     for (const task of tasks) {
       if (!isTask(task)) {
-        console.error("task has invalid format:", task)  
+        debug("task has invalid format: :O", task)  
       }
     }
     throw new Error('invalid tasks response, the task object received is not well formatted')
diff --git a/docs/DISCOJS.md b/docs/DISCOJS.md
index aa76bdd93..dd6a490b3 100644
--- a/docs/DISCOJS.md
+++ b/docs/DISCOJS.md
@@ -136,7 +136,6 @@ cache before building.
 
 ### Debugging
 
-The easiest way to see what is going on is by using `console.log`, often times we want to see what value is inside
-a variable to make sure what is going on, e.g. `console.log('uniName:', uniName)`, however there is a nice shortcut
-that is good to know: `console.log({uniName})`, by adding curly brackets we put uniName in an object which when printed
-will give the name and contents (e.g. epfl) of the variable: `{uniName: epfl}`.
+To debug a specific module, use the [`debug` package](https://www.npmjs.com/package/debug).
+You can see the module's logs by setting the environnement variable `DEBUG=discojs:name_of_your_module`,
+or if you want to see all the logs of discojs, you can use `DEBUG=discojs:*`.
diff --git a/package-lock.json b/package-lock.json
index 59049c912..5095caa4a 100644
--- a/package-lock.json
+++ b/package-lock.json
@@ -15,9 +15,11 @@
         "webapp"
       ],
       "dependencies": {
+        "debug": "4",
         "immutable": "4"
       },
       "devDependencies": {
+        "@types/debug": "4",
         "@typescript-eslint/eslint-plugin": "7",
         "eslint": "8",
         "typescript": "5",
@@ -2138,6 +2140,16 @@
         "@types/d3-selection": "*"
       }
     },
+    "node_modules/@types/debug": {
+      "version": "4.1.12",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@types/debug/-/debug-4.1.12.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-vIChWdVG3LG1SMxEvI/AK+FWJthlrqlTu7fbrlywTkkaONwk/UAGaULXRlf8vkzFBLVm0zkMdCquhL5aOjhXPQ==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "@types/ms": "*"
+      }
+    },
     "node_modules/@types/estree": {
       "version": "1.0.5",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@types/estree/-/estree-1.0.5.tgz",
@@ -2229,6 +2241,13 @@
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT"
     },
+    "node_modules/@types/ms": {
+      "version": "0.7.34",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@types/ms/-/ms-0.7.34.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-nG96G3Wp6acyAgJqGasjODb+acrI7KltPiRxzHPXnP3NgI28bpQDRv53olbqGXbfcgF5aiiHmO3xpwEpS5Ld9g==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT"
+    },
     "node_modules/@types/msgpack-lite": {
       "version": "0.1.11",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@types/msgpack-lite/-/msgpack-lite-0.1.11.tgz",
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index c43d094d7..5b5012252 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -11,9 +11,11 @@
     "webapp"
   ],
   "dependencies": {
+    "debug": "4",
     "immutable": "4"
   },
   "devDependencies": {
+    "@types/debug": "4",
     "@typescript-eslint/eslint-plugin": "7",
     "eslint": "8",
     "typescript": "5",
diff --git a/server/src/get_server.ts b/server/src/get_server.ts
index 2f80fa587..b28ca1860 100644
--- a/server/src/get_server.ts
+++ b/server/src/get_server.ts
@@ -59,7 +59,6 @@ export class Disco {
         }
       })
     )
-    console.log()
 
     return server
   }
diff --git a/server/src/router/decentralized/server.ts b/server/src/router/decentralized/server.ts
index e3a459fe7..e1f9c426c 100644
--- a/server/src/router/decentralized/server.ts
+++ b/server/src/router/decentralized/server.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import createDebug from "debug";
 import { v4 as randomUUID } from 'uuid'
 import msgpack from 'msgpack-lite'
 import type WebSocket from 'ws'
@@ -12,6 +13,8 @@ import messages = client.decentralized.messages
 import AssignNodeID = client.messages.AssignNodeID
 import MessageTypes = client.messages.type
 
+const debug = createDebug("server:router:decentralized")
+
 export class Decentralized extends Server {
   /**
    * Map associating task ids to their sets of nodes who have contributed.
@@ -56,10 +59,8 @@ export class Decentralized extends Server {
     ws.on('message', (data: Buffer) => {
       try {
         const msg: unknown = msgpack.decode(data)
-        if (!messages.isMessageToServer(msg)) {
-          console.warn('invalid message received:', msg)
-          return
-        }
+        if (!messages.isMessageToServer(msg))
+          return debug("invalid message received: %o", msg);
 
         switch (msg.type) {
           // A new peer joins the network for a task
@@ -71,7 +72,7 @@ export class Decentralized extends Server {
               type: MessageTypes.AssignNodeID,
               id: peerId
             }
-            console.info('Peer', peerId, 'joined', task.id)
+            debug("peer ${peerId} joined ${task.id}");
 
             // Add the new task and its set of nodes
             if (!this.readyNodes.has(task.id)) {
@@ -130,7 +131,7 @@ export class Decentralized extends Server {
           }
         }
       } catch (e) {
-        console.error('when processing WebSocket message:', e)
+        debug("when processing WebSocket message: %o", e);
       }
     })
   }
diff --git a/server/src/router/federated/server.ts b/server/src/router/federated/server.ts
index 9055a21bf..e83a897d3 100644
--- a/server/src/router/federated/server.ts
+++ b/server/src/router/federated/server.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import createDebug from "debug";
 import WebSocket from 'ws'
 import { v4 as randomUUID } from 'uuid'
 import { List, Map } from 'immutable'
@@ -21,6 +22,8 @@ import AssignNodeID = client.messages.AssignNodeID
 
 import MessageTypes = client.messages.type
 
+const debug = createDebug("server:router:federated")
+
 /**
  * Represents a log entry for a given request. Consists of:
  * - the request type corresponding to the exchanged message
@@ -145,7 +148,7 @@ export class Federated extends Server {
         }
         ws.send(msgpack.encode(msg))
       })
-      .catch(console.error)
+      .catch((e) => debug("while waiting for weights: %o", e))
   }
 
   protected handle (task: Task, ws: WebSocket): void {
@@ -162,13 +165,13 @@ export class Federated extends Server {
     ws.on('message', (data: Buffer) => {
       const msg: unknown = msgpack.decode(data)
       if (!client.federated.messages.isMessageFederated(msg)) {
-        console.error('invalid federated message received on WebSocket')
+        debug("invalid federated message received on WebSocket: %o", msg);
         return // TODO send back error
       }
 
       if (msg.type === MessageTypes.ClientConnected) {
         this.logsAppend(task.id, clientId, MessageTypes.ClientConnected, 0)
-        console.info('client', clientId, 'joined', task.id)
+        debug(`client ${clientId} joined ${task.id}`)
 
         const msg: AssignNodeID = {
           type: MessageTypes.AssignNodeID,
@@ -185,7 +188,7 @@ export class Federated extends Server {
 
         // TODO support multiple communication round
         if (!aggregator.add(clientId, weights, round, 0)) {
-          console.info(`dropped contribution from client ${clientId} for round ${round}`)
+          debug(`dropped contribution from client ${clientId} for round ${round}`);
           return // TODO what to answer?
         }
       }
diff --git a/server/src/router/router.ts b/server/src/router/router.ts
index 6a42a4165..f0d100461 100644
--- a/server/src/router/router.ts
+++ b/server/src/router/router.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import createDebug from "debug";
 import express from 'express'
 import type expressWS from 'express-ws'
 
@@ -8,6 +9,8 @@ import { Federated } from './federated/index.js'
 import { Decentralized } from './decentralized/index.js'
 import { Tasks } from './tasks.js'
 
+const debug = createDebug("server:router");
+
 export class Router {
   // TODO choose between federated and/or decentralized
 
@@ -28,7 +31,7 @@ export class Router {
     process.nextTick(() =>
       wsApplier.getWss().on('connection', (ws, req) => {
         if (!federated.isValidUrl(req.url) && !decentralized.isValidUrl(req.url)) {
-          console.log('Connection refused')
+          debug("connection refused on %s", req.url);
           ws.terminate()
           ws.close()
         }
diff --git a/server/src/router/tasks.ts b/server/src/router/tasks.ts
index 6fa5e61df..a9ae7bb3d 100644
--- a/server/src/router/tasks.ts
+++ b/server/src/router/tasks.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import createDebug from "debug";
 import type { Request, Response } from 'express'
 import express from 'express'
 import { Set } from 'immutable'
@@ -8,6 +9,8 @@ import { serialization, isTask } from '@epfml/discojs'
 import type { Config } from '../config.js'
 import type { TasksAndModels } from '../tasks.js'
 
+const debug = createDebug("server:router:tasks");
+
 export class Tasks {
   private readonly ownRouter: express.Router
 
@@ -30,10 +33,10 @@ export class Tasks {
       if (typeof raw !== 'object' || raw === null) {
 	return res.status(400)
       }
-      const { model, newTask }: Partial<Record<'model' | 'newTask', unknown>> = raw
+      const { model: encoded, newTask }: Partial<Record<'model' | 'newTask', unknown>> = raw
 
       if (!(
-        model !== undefined &&
+        encoded !== undefined &&
         newTask !== undefined &&
         isTask(newTask)
       )) {
@@ -41,12 +44,14 @@ export class Tasks {
         return
       }
 
-      serialization.model.decode(model)
-        .then(async (model) => {
-          await tasksAndModels.addTaskAndModel(newTask, model)
-        })
-        .then(() => res.status(200).end('Successful task upload'))
-        .catch(console.error)
+      serialization.model
+        .decode(encoded)
+        .then((model) => tasksAndModels.addTaskAndModel(newTask, model))
+        .then(() => res.status(200).end("Successful task upload"))
+        .catch((e) => {
+          debug("while adding model: %o", e);
+          res.status(500);
+        });
     })
 
     // delay listening
@@ -93,6 +98,6 @@ export class Tasks {
     const encoded = await serialization.model.encode(taskAndModel[1])
 
     response.status(200).send(encoded)
-    console.log(`${file} download for task ${id} succeeded`)
+    debug(`${file} download for task ${id} succeeded`)
   }
 }
diff --git a/server/src/tasks.ts b/server/src/tasks.ts
index 3d1bd44c6..9434d4024 100644
--- a/server/src/tasks.ts
+++ b/server/src/tasks.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import createDebug from "debug";
 import { List, Set } from 'immutable'
 import { createHash } from 'node:crypto'
 import fs from 'node:fs/promises'
@@ -7,6 +8,7 @@ import '@tensorflow/tfjs-node'
 import { Task, Path, Digest, TaskProvider, isTask } from '@epfml/discojs'
 import { Model, defaultTasks, models, serialization } from '@epfml/discojs'
 
+const debug = createDebug("server:tasks");
 
 // default tasks and added ones
 // register 'taskAndModel' event to get tasks
@@ -59,7 +61,7 @@ export class TasksAndModels {
       try {
         await this.checkDigest(discoTask.digest, modelPath)
       } catch (e) {
-        console.warn('removing model files at', modelPath)
+        debug("removing model files at %s", modelPath)
         await fs.rm(modelPath, { recursive: true, force: true })
         throw e
       }
@@ -102,10 +104,10 @@ export class TasksAndModels {
 
     const computedDigest = hash.digest('base64')
     if (computedDigest !== digest.value) {
-      console.warn(`digest was\n ${computedDigest}\nbut expected\n${digest.value}`)
+      debug(`computed digest was %s but expected %s`, computedDigest, digest.value);
       throw new Error('digest mismatch')
     } else {
-      console.info('digest verified')
+      debug("digest verified");
     }
   }
 
diff --git a/server/src/topologies.ts b/server/src/topologies.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 5b930d327..000000000
--- a/server/src/topologies.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,165 +0,0 @@
-import { Stack } from 'immutable'
-
-class TreeNode<ID> {
-  leftChild?: TreeNode<ID>
-  rightChild?: TreeNode<ID>
-
-  constructor (
-    public id: ID,
-    public parent?: TreeNode<ID>
-  ) {}
-
-  addChild (child: TreeNode<ID>, left: boolean): void {
-    if (left) {
-      this.leftChild = child
-    } else {
-      this.rightChild = child
-    }
-  }
-
-  findDeepestNode (): { node: TreeNode<ID>, level: number } {
-    const defaultNode = { node: this, level: 0 }
-
-    const left = this.leftChild?.findDeepestNode() ?? defaultNode
-    const right = this.rightChild?.findDeepestNode() ?? defaultNode
-
-    if (left.level >= right.level) {
-      left.level++
-      return left
-    } else {
-      right.level++
-      return right
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-class BinaryTree<ID> {
-  private root: TreeNode<ID> | undefined
-  private readonly index = new Map<ID, TreeNode<ID>>()
-
-  addPeer (id: ID): Set<TreeNode<ID>> {
-    const affectedPeers = new Set<TreeNode<ID>>()
-
-    let newNode
-    if (this.root === undefined) {
-      newNode = new TreeNode<ID>(id)
-      this.root = newNode
-    } else {
-      const parent = this.findParent()
-      if (parent === undefined) {
-        throw new Error('no parent found')
-      }
-      affectedPeers.add(parent)
-      newNode = new TreeNode<ID>(id, parent)
-      if (parent.leftChild === undefined) {
-        parent.leftChild = newNode
-      } else {
-        parent.rightChild = newNode
-      }
-    }
-
-    this.index.set(id, newNode)
-    return affectedPeers
-  }
-
-  findParent (): TreeNode<ID> | undefined {
-    let queue = Stack.of(this.root)
-    for (;;) {
-      const node = queue.first()
-      if (node === undefined) {
-        break
-      }
-
-      if (node.leftChild === undefined || node.rightChild === undefined) {
-        return node
-      }
-
-      if (node.leftChild !== undefined) {
-        queue = queue.shift().push(node.leftChild)
-      }
-      if (node.rightChild !== undefined) {
-        queue = queue.shift().push(node.rightChild)
-      }
-    }
-
-    return undefined
-  }
-
-  removePeer (nodeId: ID): Set<ID> {
-    const node = this.index.get(nodeId)
-    if (node === undefined) {
-      throw new Error('no such ID')
-    }
-
-    const deepestNodeResult = node.findDeepestNode()
-
-    const deepestNode = deepestNodeResult.node
-    if (deepestNode.parent === undefined) {
-      this.root = undefined
-      return new Set()
-    }
-    const removeLeft = deepestNode.parent.leftChild === deepestNode
-
-    let childId = deepestNode.id
-    const deepestParent = deepestNode.parent
-
-    let current: TreeNode<ID> | undefined = deepestParent
-    const affectedPeers = new Set<ID>()
-    while (current !== node.parent && current !== undefined) {
-      const currentNeighbours = this.getNeighbours(current.id)
-      currentNeighbours.forEach((neighbour) => affectedPeers.add(neighbour))
-      const tmp = current.id
-      current.id = childId
-      this.index.set(current.id, current)
-      childId = tmp
-      current = current.parent
-    }
-    affectedPeers.delete(nodeId)
-
-    if (removeLeft) {
-      deepestParent.leftChild = undefined
-    } else {
-      deepestParent.rightChild = undefined
-    }
-    this.index.delete(nodeId)
-
-    return affectedPeers
-  }
-
-  getNeighbours (nodeId: ID): ID[] {
-    const node = this.index.get(nodeId)
-    if (node === undefined) {
-      throw new Error('no such ID')
-    }
-
-    const neighbours = []
-    if (node.parent !== undefined) {
-      neighbours.push(node.parent.id)
-    }
-    if (node.leftChild !== undefined) {
-      neighbours.push(node.leftChild.id)
-    }
-    if (node.rightChild !== undefined) {
-      neighbours.push(node.rightChild.id)
-    }
-    return neighbours
-  }
-
-  printTree (): void {
-    if (this.root === undefined) {
-      console.log('[undefined root]')
-    } else {
-      this.printNode(this.root, 1)
-    }
-  }
-
-  printNode (node: TreeNode<ID> | undefined, indent: number): void {
-    if (node !== undefined) {
-      console.log('--'.repeat(indent), node.id)
-      this.printNode(node.leftChild, indent + 1)
-      this.printNode(node.rightChild, indent + 1)
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-export default BinaryTree
diff --git a/server/tests/validator.spec.ts b/server/tests/validator.spec.ts
index 02084c986..0e2738925 100644
--- a/server/tests/validator.spec.ts
+++ b/server/tests/validator.spec.ts
@@ -49,9 +49,6 @@ describe('validator', function () {
     // Read data and predict with an untrained model
     for await (const _ of validator.test(data));
     const size = data.size ?? -1
-    if (size === -1) {
-      console.log('data.size was undefined')
-    }
     assert(
       validator.visitedSamples === data.size,
       `Expected ${size} visited samples but got ${validator.visitedSamples}`
@@ -121,9 +118,6 @@ describe('validator', function () {
     // Assert random initialization metrics
     for await (const _ of validator.test(data));
     const size = data.size ?? -1
-    if (size === -1) {
-      console.log('data.size was undefined')
-    }
     assert(
       validator.visitedSamples === data.size,
       `Expected ${size} visited samples but got ${validator.visitedSamples}`
diff --git a/webapp/src/components/App.vue b/webapp/src/components/App.vue
index 377f49329..b11ed7bf5 100644
--- a/webapp/src/components/App.vue
+++ b/webapp/src/components/App.vue
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@
 </template>
 
 <script lang="ts" setup>
+import createDebug from "debug";
 import { onMounted } from 'vue'
 import { RouterView } from 'vue-router'
 
@@ -58,10 +59,12 @@ import { useMemoryStore } from '@/store/memory'
 import BaseLayout from './containers/BaseLayout.vue'
 import SideBar from '@/components/sidebar/SideBar.vue'
 
+const debug = createDebug("webapp:App");
+
 const tasksStore = useTasksStore()
 const memoryStore = useMemoryStore()
 
-tasksStore.initTasks().catch(console.error)
+tasksStore.initTasks().catch((e) => debug("while init tasks: %o", e));
 
 onMounted(() => {
   memoryStore.setIndexedDB(!!window.indexedDB)
diff --git a/webapp/src/components/task_creation_form/TaskForm.vue b/webapp/src/components/task_creation_form/TaskForm.vue
index 0c1e1d5b4..4ee34691c 100644
--- a/webapp/src/components/task_creation_form/TaskForm.vue
+++ b/webapp/src/components/task_creation_form/TaskForm.vue
@@ -142,6 +142,7 @@
 </template>
 
 <script lang="ts" setup>
+import createDebug from "debug";
 import * as yup from 'yup'
 import { ref, shallowRef } from 'vue'
 import { Form as VeeForm, ErrorMessage } from 'vee-validate'
@@ -167,6 +168,7 @@ import NumberContainer from './containers/NumberContainer.vue'
 import FloatContainer from './containers/FloatContainer.vue'
 import CustomButton from '@/components/simple/CustomButton.vue'
 
+const debug = createDebug("webapp:TaskForm");
 const toaster = useToaster()
 
 // Maps sections to a form-wide yup schema object composed of labelled yup fields.
@@ -252,9 +254,9 @@ const onSubmit = async (rawTask: any): Promise<void> => {
   let model
   try {
     model = new models.TFJS(await tf.loadLayersModel(tf.io.browserFiles(modelFiles.value.toArray())))
-  } catch (error) {
-    console.error(error)
-    toaster.error('Model loading failed')
+  } catch (e) {
+    debug("while loading model:%o", e);
+    toaster.error('Model loading failed');
     return
   }
 
@@ -262,7 +264,7 @@ const onSubmit = async (rawTask: any): Promise<void> => {
     await pushTask(CONFIG.serverUrl, task, model)
   } catch (e) {
     toaster.error('An error occured server-side')
-    console.error(e instanceof Error ? e.message : e)
+    debug("while pushing task to server: %o", e);
     return
   }
   toaster.success('Task successfully submitted')
diff --git a/webapp/src/components/testing/Tester.vue b/webapp/src/components/testing/Tester.vue
index 11918350e..6f4b6dce4 100644
--- a/webapp/src/components/testing/Tester.vue
+++ b/webapp/src/components/testing/Tester.vue
@@ -201,6 +201,7 @@
   </div>
 </template>
 <script lang="ts" setup>
+import createDebug from "debug";
 import { storeToRefs } from 'pinia'
 import { computed, ref } from 'vue'
 
@@ -218,6 +219,7 @@ import TableLayout from '@/components/containers/TableLayout.vue'
 import { List } from 'immutable'
 import * as d3 from 'd3'
 
+const debug = createDebug("webapp:Tester");
 const { useIndexedDB } = storeToRefs(useMemoryStore())
 const toaster = useToaster()
 const validationStore = useValidationStore()
@@ -292,7 +294,6 @@ async function getValidator (): Promise<Validator | undefined> {
 }
 
 function handleDatasetBuildError (e: Error) {
-  console.log(e.message)
   if (e.message.includes('provided in columnConfigs does not match any of the column names')) {
     // missing field is specified between two "quotes"
     const missingFields: String = e.message.split('"')[1].split('"')[0]
@@ -319,11 +320,8 @@ async function modelInference (): Promise<void> {
   try {
     testingSet = (await props.datasetBuilder.build({ inference: true })).train
   } catch (e) {
-    if (e instanceof Error) {
-      handleDatasetBuildError(e)
-    } else {
-      console.error(e)
-    }
+    debug("while building dataset: %o", e);
+    if (e instanceof Error) handleDatasetBuildError(e)
     return
   }
 
@@ -353,12 +351,8 @@ async function modelInference (): Promise<void> {
     }
     toaster.success('Model inference finished successfully!')
   } catch (e) {
-    let msg = 'unable to run model inference'
-    if (e instanceof Error) {
-      msg += `: ${e.message}`
-    }
-    console.error(msg)
-    toaster.error('Something went wrong during model inference')
+    debug("while infering: %o", e);
+    toaster.error("Something went wrong during model inference");
   }
 }
 
@@ -381,11 +375,8 @@ async function testModel(): Promise<void> {
   try {
     testingSet = (await props.datasetBuilder.build()).train
   } catch (e) {
-    if (e instanceof Error) {
-      handleDatasetBuildError(e)
-    } else {
-      console.error(e)
-    }
+    debug("while building dataset: %o", e);
+    if (e instanceof Error) handleDatasetBuildError(e)
     return
   }
 
@@ -426,15 +417,11 @@ async function testModel(): Promise<void> {
 
     toaster.success('Model testing finished successfully!')
   } catch (e) {
-    let msg = 'unable to test model'
-    if (e instanceof Error) {
-      msg += `: ${e.message}`
-    }
-    console.error(msg)
-    toaster.error('Something went wrong during model testing')
-    } finally {
-      testGenerator.value = undefined;
-    }
+    debug("while testing: %o", e);
+    toaster.error("Something went wrong during model testing");
+  } finally {
+    testGenerator.value = undefined;
+  }
 }
 
 async function stopTest(): Promise<void> {
diff --git a/webapp/src/components/testing/Testing.vue b/webapp/src/components/testing/Testing.vue
index 8d0b437f9..afa4a66f4 100644
--- a/webapp/src/components/testing/Testing.vue
+++ b/webapp/src/components/testing/Testing.vue
@@ -173,6 +173,7 @@
   </div>
 </template>
 <script lang="ts" setup>
+import createDebug from "debug";
 import { watch, computed, shallowRef, onActivated, onMounted } from 'vue'
 import { RouterLink } from 'vue-router'
 import { storeToRefs } from 'pinia'
@@ -199,10 +200,10 @@ import IconCard from '@/components/containers/IconCard.vue'
 import DISCOllaboratives from '@/components/simple/DISCOllaboratives.vue'
 import { useToaster } from '@/composables/toaster'
 
+const debug = createDebug("webapp:Tester");
 const validationStore = useValidationStore()
 const memoryStore = useMemoryStore()
 const tasksStore = useTasksStore()
-
 const toaster = useToaster()
 
 const { step: stepRef, state: stateRef } = storeToRefs(validationStore)
@@ -279,8 +280,8 @@ const downloadModel = async (task: Task): Promise<void> => {
       });
     }
   } catch (e) {
+    debug("while downloading model: %o", e);
     toaster.error("Something went wrong, please try again later.")
-    console.error(e)
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/webapp/src/components/training/Trainer.vue b/webapp/src/components/training/Trainer.vue
index 8a3ebc044..83ffe1cbf 100644
--- a/webapp/src/components/training/Trainer.vue
+++ b/webapp/src/components/training/Trainer.vue
@@ -72,6 +72,7 @@
 </template>
 
 <script lang="ts" setup>
+import createDebug from "debug";
 import { List } from "immutable";
 import { ref, computed } from "vue";
 
@@ -88,6 +89,7 @@ import IconCard from "@/components/containers/IconCard.vue";
 import InfoIcon from "@/assets/svg/InfoIcon.vue";
 import { CONFIG } from '../../config'
 
+const debug = createDebug("webapp:training:Trainer");
 const toaster = useToaster();
 const memoryStore = useMemoryStore();
 
@@ -146,7 +148,7 @@ async function startTraining(distributed: boolean): Promise<void> {
       validationSplit: props.task.trainingInformation.validationSplit,
     });
   } catch (e) {
-    console.error(e);
+    debug("while building dataset: %o", e);
     if (
       e instanceof Error &&
       e.message.includes("provided in columnConfigs does not match any of the column names")
@@ -214,8 +216,8 @@ async function startTraining(distributed: boolean): Promise<void> {
     } else {
       toaster.error("An error occurred during training");
     }
-    console.error(e);
-    return
+    debug("while training: %o", e);
+    return;
   } finally {
     displayModelCaching.value = true // show model caching buttons again after training
     trainingGenerator.value = undefined;
diff --git a/webapp/src/main.ts b/webapp/src/main.ts
index 9d283bcd3..d5bfd0acd 100644
--- a/webapp/src/main.ts
+++ b/webapp/src/main.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
+import createDebug from "debug";
 import { createApp } from 'vue'
 import { createPinia } from 'pinia'
+import * as tf from "@tensorflow/tfjs";
 
 import App from '@/components/App.vue'
 import { router } from '@/router'
@@ -8,14 +10,14 @@ import { useToaster } from './composables/toaster'
 import '@/assets/css/tailwind.css'
 import '@/assets/css/styles.css'
 
-import * as tf from '@tensorflow/tfjs'
+const debug = createDebug("webapp");
 
 import { plugin as VueTippy } from 'vue-tippy'
 import 'tippy.js/dist/tippy.css' // optional for styling
 
 tf.ready()
-  .then(() => console.log(`Loaded ${tf.getBackend()} backend`))
-  .catch(console.error)
+  .then(() => debug(`loaded TFJS' ${tf.getBackend()} backend`))
+  .catch((e) => debug("while loading TFJS's backend: %o", e))
 
 // create vue app
 const app = createApp(App)
@@ -30,7 +32,7 @@ app.config.errorHandler = (err, instance, info) => {
     // Unknown error
     toaster.error('Something went wrong. Please try again later or reach out on slack.')
   }
-  console.error(err, instance, info)
+  debug("%s info=%s throwed %o", err, info, instance?.$options.name)
 }
 
 app
diff --git a/webapp/src/router/router.ts b/webapp/src/router/router.ts
index 4fea5cab4..103c6231b 100644
--- a/webapp/src/router/router.ts
+++ b/webapp/src/router/router.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import createDebug from "debug";
 import { createRouter, createWebHashHistory } from 'vue-router'
 
 import TrainingBar from '@/components/progress_bars/TrainingBar.vue'
@@ -15,6 +16,8 @@ import Tutorial from '@/components/information/Tutorial.vue'
 import Further from '@/components/information/Further.vue'
 import AboutUs from '@/components/pages/AboutUs.vue'
 
+const debug = createDebug("webapp:router");
+
 const router = createRouter({
   history: createWebHashHistory(),
   routes: [
@@ -112,7 +115,7 @@ const router = createRouter({
 // Handle router errors
 router.onError((err) => {
   // Handle the router error here
-  console.error('Router error:', err)
+  debug("router error: %o", err);
   // Add code for reporting or other error handling logic
   void router.push({ path: '/not-found' })
 })
diff --git a/webapp/src/store/tasks.ts b/webapp/src/store/tasks.ts
index 11eca451c..f0371dd95 100644
--- a/webapp/src/store/tasks.ts
+++ b/webapp/src/store/tasks.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import createDebug from "debug";
 import { defineStore } from 'pinia'
 import { shallowRef, ref } from 'vue'
 import { Map } from 'immutable'
@@ -9,11 +10,13 @@ import { useToaster } from '@/composables/toaster'
 import { CONFIG } from '@/config'
 import { useTrainingStore } from './training'
 
+const debug = createDebug("webapp:store");
+
 export const useTasksStore = defineStore('tasks', () => {
   const trainingStore = useTrainingStore()
 
   const tasks = shallowRef<Map<TaskID, Task>>(Map())
-  
+
   // 3-state variable used to test whether the tasks have been retrieved successfully,
   // if the retrieving failed, or if they are currently being loaded
   const status = ref<'success' | 'failed' | 'loading'>('loading')
@@ -34,7 +37,7 @@ export const useTasksStore = defineStore('tasks', () => {
       tasks.forEach(addTask)
       status.value = 'success'
     } catch (e) {
-      console.error('Fetching of tasks failed with error', e instanceof Error ? e.message : e)
+      debug("while fetching tasks: %o", e);
 
       //Only display UI message once
       if (status.value !== 'failed') {