BIND 9 is principally written in C, with some additional code written in Python, Perl and Bourne shell. Style guidelines for each of these are below.
An ANSI standard C compiler and library are assumed. Feel free to use any ANSI C feature.
Given a reasonable set of things to warn about (e.g. -W -Wall for gcc), the goal is to compile with no warnings.
All source files should have a copyright. The copyright year(s) should be kept current. The files and the copyright year(s) should be listed in util/copyrights. When an existing file is updated in the source repository, its copyright notice and dates are updated automatically.
Use tabs for indentation. Spaces before statements are only allowed when
needed to line up a continued expression. In the following example, spaces
used for indentation are indicated with "_":
if (i == 0) {
printf("this is going to be %s very long %s statement\\n",
_______"a", "printf");
}
Text editors should be configured with tabstop set to 8 characters, and
tabs should not be expanded to into spaces. The following vim settings
conform well to BIND 9 C style:
set showmatch
set showmode
set autoindent
set expandtab
filetype plugin on
let c_syntax_for_h = 1
autocmd FileType c,cc,cpp set cindent
autocmd FileType c,cc,cpp set cino=(0:0l1
autocmd FileType c,cc,cpp set fo=rotcq
autocmd FileType c,cc,cpp set noexpandtab ts=8
autocmd FileType python set ts=4 sw=4
filetype indent on
Vertical whitespace is encouraged for improved code legibility: closely related statements should be grouped, and then the groups separated with a single empty line. There should never be two or more empty lines adjacent to one another.
Lines should be no longer than 79 characters, even if it requires violating indentation rules to make them fit. Since ANSI C is assumed, the best way to deal with strings that extend past column 79 is to break them into two or more sections separated from each other by a newline and indentation:
puts("This string got very far to the "
"right and wrapped. ANSI catenation "
"rules will turn this into one "
"long string.");
Comments should be used whenever they improve the readability or comprehensibility of the code. Comments describing public functions are usually in the header file below the function prototype; comments describing static functions are above the function declaration.
Comments may be single-line or multiline. A single-line comment should be at the end of the line if there is other text on the line, and should start in the same column as other nearby end-of-line comments. The comment should be at the same indentation level as the code it is referring to.
Multiline comments should start with "/*" on a line by itself.
Subsequent lines should have " *" lined-up with the "*" above. The end of
the comment should be " */" on a line by itself, again with the "*"
lined-up with the one above. Comments should start with a capital letter
and end with a period.
Good:
/*
* Private variables.
*/
static int a /* Description of 'a'. */
static int b /* Description of 'b'. */
static char * c /* Description of 'c'. */
The following lint and lint-like comments should be used where appropriate:
/* ARGSUSED */
/* FALLTHROUGH */
/* NOTREACHED */
/* VARARGS */
.h files should not rely on other files having been included. .h files should prevent multiple inclusion. The OS is assumed to prevent multiple inclusion of its .h files.
A header file defining a public interface is generally placed in the source
tree two levels below the C file that implements the interface. For
example, the include file defining the interface for lib/dns/zone.c is in
lib/dns/include/dns/zone.h. (The second "dns" in the path enables the file
to be included via "#include <dns/zone.h>".)
Public header files should include interface documentation in Doxygen format.
Private header files, describing interfaces that are for internal use
within a library but not for public use, are kept in the source tree at the
same level as their related C files, and often have "_p" in their names,
e.g. lib/isc/task_p.h.
Header files that define modules should have a structure like the
following. Note that <isc/lang.h> MUST be included by any public header
file using the ISC_LANG_BEGINDECLS and ISC_LANG_ENDDECLS macros, so the
correct name-mangling happens for function declarations when C++ programs
include the file. <isc/lang.h> SHOULD be included for private header files
or for public files that do not declare any functions.
/*
* Copyright (C) 2016 Internet Systems Consortium, Inc. ("ISC")
*
* This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
* License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
* file, You can obtain one at http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
*/
#ifndef ISC_WHATEVER_H
#define ISC_WHATEVER_H 1
/*****
***** Module Info
*****/
/*
* (Module name here.)
*
* (One line description here.)
*
* (Extended description and notes here.)
*
* MP:
* (Information about multiprocessing considerations
* here, e.g. locking requirements.)
*
* Reliability:
* (Any reliability concerns should be mentioned here.)
*
* Resources:
* (A rough guide to how resources are used by this module.)
*
* Security:
* (Any security issues are discussed here.)
*
* Standards:
* (Any standards relevant to the module are listed here.)
*/
/***
*** Imports
***/
/* #includes here. */
#include <isc/lang.h>
/***
*** Types
***/
/* (Type definitions here.) */
/***
*** Functions
***/
ISC_LANG_BEGINDECLS
/* (Function declarations here, with full prototypes.) */
ISC_LANG_ENDDECLS
#endif /* ISC_WHATEVER_H */
The first file to be included in a C source file must be config.h. The
config.h file must never be included by any public header file (that is,
any header file that will be installed by "make install").
Try to include only necessary files, not everything under the sun.
Operating-system-specific files should not be included by most modules; if
they are needed, they should be used with #ifdef and controlled by
configure.
There should be at most one statement per line. The comma operator should not be used to form compound statements.
Bad:
if (i > 0) {
printf("yes\\n"); i = 0; j = 0;
x = 4, y *= 2;
}
The use of ANSI C function prototypes is required.
The return type of the function should be listed on a line by itself when specifying the implementation of the function. The opening curly brace should occur on the same line as the argument list, unless the argument list is more than one line long:
static inline void
func1(int i) {
/* whatever */
}
int
func2(int first_argument, int next_argument,
int last_argument)
{
/* whatever */
}
To suppress compiler warnings, unused function arguments must be
declared within the function via the UNUSED() macro.
In the function body, local variable declarations must be at the beginning
of the function, followed by any REQUIRE() statements, then UNUSED()
declarations, then all other code, in that order. These sections should be
separated by blank lines.
Curly Braces do not get their own indentation.
An opening brace does not start a new line. The statements enclosed by the braces should not be on the same line as the opening or closing brace. A closing brace should be the only thing on the line, unless it's part of an else clause.
Generally speaking, when a control statement (e.g., if, for or while) has
only a single action associated with it, then no bracing is used around the
statement. Exceptions include when the compiler would complain about an
ambiguous else clause, or when extra bracing improves readability or
safety.
Good:
static void
f(int i) {
if (i > 0) {
printf("yes\\n");
i = 0;
} else
printf("no\\n");
}
Bad:
void f(int i)
{
if(i<0){i=0;printf("was negative\\n");}
if (i > 0)
{
printf("yes\\n");
i = 0;
}}
- DO put a space between operators like
=,+,==, etc. - DO put a space after
,. - DO put a space after
;in aforstatement. - DO put spaces after C reserved words such as
if,for,while, anddo. - DO put a space after
return, and parenthesize the return value. - Do NOT put a space between a variable or function name and
(or[. - Do NOT put a space after the
sizeofoperator name, and DO parenthesize its argument:malloc(4 * sizeof(long)). - Do NOT put a space immediately after a
(or immediately before a), unless it improves readability. The same goes for[and]. - Do NOT put a space before
++or--when used in post-increment/ decrement mode, or after them when used in pre-increment/decrement mode. - Do NOT put a space before
;when terminating a statement or in aforstatement. - Do NOT put a space after
*when used to dereference a pointer, or on either side of->. - Do NOT put a space after
~. - The
|operator may either have a space on both sides or it may have no spaces, depending on readability. Either way, if the|operator is used more than once in a statement, then the spacing must be consistent.
If a function returns a value, it should be cast to (void) if you don't
care what the value is, except for printf and its variants, fputc,
fwrite (when writing text), fflush, memmove, memset, strcpy,
strncpy, and strcat.
Certain functions will return values or not depending on the operating
system or even compiler flags; these include openlog and srandom. The
return value of these should not be used nor cast to (void).
All error conditions must be handled.
Mixing of error status and valid results within a single type should be avoided.
Good:
os_result_t result;
os_descriptor_t s;
result = os_socket_create(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0, &s);
if (result != OS_R_SUCCESS) {
/* Do something about the error. */
return;
}
Not so good:
int s;
/*
* Obviously using interfaces like socket() (below) is allowed
* since otherwise you couldn't call operating system routines; the
* point is not to write more interfaces like them.
*/
s = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
if (s < 0) {
/* Do something about the error using errno. */
return;
}
Careful thought should be given to whether an integral type should be
signed or unsigned, and to whether a specific size is required. int
should be used for generic variables (e.g. iteration counters, array
subscripts). Other than for generic variables, if a negative value isn't
meaningful, the variable should be unsigned. Assignments and comparisons
between signed and unsigned integers should be avoided; suppressing the
warnings with casts is not desireable.
Typedefs are provided to specify particular sizes of integral variables,
e.g., isc_uint32_t (unsigned 32-bit integer), isc_int16_t (signed
16-bit integer). These may be used when unsigned long or short could
be ambiguous.
A function should report success or failure, and do so accurately. It should never fail silently. Use of design by contract can help here.
When a function is designed to return results to the caller by assigning
to caller variables through pointer arguments, it should perform the
assignment only if it succeeds, and leave the variables unmodified if it
fails. A REQUIRE() statement should be used to ensure that the pointer
is in a sane state when the function is called.
The isc_result_t is provided for use by result codes. See the
results section of the developer
information page for more details.
Bit testing should be as follows:
Good:
/* Test if flag set. */
if ((flags & FOO) != 0) {
}
/* Test if flag clear. */
if ((flags & BAR) == 0) {
}
/* Test if both flags set. */
if ((flags & (FOO|BAR)) == (FOO|BAR)) {
}
Bad:
/* Test if flag set. */
if (flags & FOO) {
}
/* Test if flag clear. */
if (! (flags & BAR)) {
}
Explicit testing against zero is required for numeric, non-boolean variables.
Good:
int i = 10;
/* ... */
if (i != 0) {
/* Do something. */
}
Bad:
int i = 10;
/* ... */
if (i) {
/* Do something. */
}
The null pointer value should be referred to as NULL, not 0.
Testing to see whether a pointer is NULL should be an explicit
comparison; do not treat a pointer variable as if it were a boolean.
Good:
char *c = NULL;
/* ... */
if (c != NULL) {
/* Do something. */
}
Bad:
char *c = NULL;
/* ... */
if (c) {
/* Do something. */
}
The ?: operator should mostly be avoided. It is tolerated when deciding
what value to pass as a parameter to a function, such as frequently happens
with printf, and also when a simple (non-compound) value is being used in
assignment or as part of a calculation.
If a statement containing a ternary operator spills over more than one
line, put the ? and : at the begginning of the following lines with two
additional spaces of indent.
Using the ternary operator to specify a return value is very rarely permissible, and never when returning result codes.
Good:
printf("%c is%s a number.\\n", c, isdigit(c) ? "" : " NOT");
l = (l1 < l2) ? l1 : l2;
s = (a_very_long_variable < an_even_longer_variable)
? "true"
: "false";
if (gp.length + (go < 16384 ? 2 : 3) >= name->length) {
/* whatever */
}
Okay:
return ((length1 < length2) ? -1 : 1);
Bad:
return (success ? ISC_R_SUCCESS : ISC_R_FAILURE);
Variables should not have their values assigned or changed when being passed as parameters, except perhaps for the increment and decrement operators.
Bad:
isc_mem_get(mctx, size = 20);
Okay:
fputc(c++, stdout);
When the data a pointer points to has been freed, or is otherwise no longer
valid, the pointer should be set to NULL unless the pointer is part of a
structure which is itself going to be freed immediately.
Good:
char *text;
/* text is initialized here. */
isc_mem_free(mctx, text);
text = NULL;
All public interfaces to functions, macros, typedefs, and variables
provided by the library, should use names of the form
{library}_{module}_{what}, such as:
isc_buffer_t /* typedef */
dns_name_setbuffer(name, buffer) /* function */
ISC_LIST_HEAD(list) /* macro */
isc_commandline_argument /* variable */
Structures which are typedef'd generally have the name of the typedef
sans the final _t:
typedef struct dns_rbtnode dns_rbtnode_t;
struct dns_rbtnode {
/* ... members ... */
}
In some cases, structures are specific to a single C file and are
opaque outside that file. In these cases, the typedef occurs in the
associated header file, but the structure definition in the C file
itself. Examples of this include the zone object dns_zone_t;
the structure is only acessable via get/set functions in
lib/dns/zone.c. Other times, structure members can be accessed
from outside the C file where they are implemented; examples include
dns_view_t. Which way to implement a particular object is up to
the developer's discretion.
Generally speaking, macros are defined with all capital letters, but this
is not universally consistent (eg, numerous isc_buffer_{foo} macros).
The {module} and {what} segments of the name do not have underscores
separating natural word elements, as demonstrated in
isc_commandline_argument and dns_name_setbuffer above. The {module}
part is usually the same as the basename of the source file, but sometimes
other {module} interfaces appear within one file, such as dns_label_*
interfaces in lib/dns/name.c. However, in the public libraries the file
name must be the same as some module interface provided by the file; e.g.,
dns_rbt_* interfaces would not be declared in a file named redblack.c (in
lieu of any other dns_redblack_* interfaces in the file).
The one notable exception to this naming rule is the interfaces provided by
<isc/util.h>. There's a large caveat associated with the public
description of this file that it is hazardous to use because it pollutes
the general namespace.
When the signature of a public function needs to change, the old function
name should be retained for backward compatibility, if at all possible.
For example, when dns_zone_setfile() needed to include a file format
parameter, it was changed to dns_zone_setfile2(); the original function
name became a wrapper for the new function, calling it with the default
value of the format parameter:
isc_result_t
dns_zone_setfile(dns_zone_t *zone, const char *file) {
return (dns_zone_setfile2(zone, file, dns_masterformat_text);
}
isc_result_t
dns_zone_setfile2(dns_zone_t *zone, const char *file,
dns_masterformat_t format)
{
...
}
When a module provides an interface for internal use by other modules in
the library or by unit tests, it should use the same naming convention
described for the public interfaces, except {library} and {module} are
separated by a double-underscore. This indicates that the name is
internal, its API is not as formal as the public API, and thus it might
change without any sort of notice. Examples of this usage include
dns__zone_loadpending() and isc__taskmgr_ready().
In many cases, a public interface is instantiated by a private back-end
implementation. The double-underscore naming style is sometimes used in
that situation; for example, isc_task_attach() calls the attach
function provided by a task API implementation; in BIND 9, this function
is provided by isc__task_attach().
Other times, private interface implementations are static functions
that are pointed to by "method" tables. For example, the dns_db
interface is implemented in several places, including lib/dns/rbtdb.c
(the red-black tree database used for internal storage of zones and
cache data) and lib/dns/sdlz.c (an interface to DLZ modules).
An object of type dns_dbmethods_t is created for each of these,
containing function pointers to the local implementations of each
of the dns_db API functions. The dns_db_findnode() function
is provided by static functions called findnode() in each file,
and so on.
When an object is allocated from the heap, all fields in the object must be initialized.
Source which becomes obsolete should be removed, not just disabled with
#if 0 ... #endif.
When using a C library function, consider whether all operating systems
support it. Is it in the POSIX standard? If so, how long has it been
there? (BIND is still run on some operating systems released in the
1990s.) Is its behavior the same on all platforms? Is its signature
the same? Are integer parameters the same size and signedness? Does it
alwasy return the same values on success, and set the same errno codes
on failure?
If there is a chance the library call may not be completely portable,
edit configure.in to check for it on the local system and only call
it from within a suitable #ifdef. If the function is nonoptional,
it may be necessary to add your own implentation of it (or copy one
from a source with a BSD-compatible license).
BIND provides portable internal versions of many common library calls.
Some are designed to ensure that library calls have standardized
ISC result codes instead of using potentially
nonwportable errno values; these include the file operations
in isc_file and isc_stdio. Others, such as isc_tm_strptime(),
are needed to ensure consistent cross-platform behavior.
Others simply provide needed functions on platforms that don't
have them: for example, isc_string_strlcpy() is an implementation
of the BSD-specific strlcpy() function. On Linux and systems
without a strlcpy() function, it is #defined to isc_string_strlcpy()
In some cases, UNIX and Windows implementations of functions are kept
in separate files, such as lib/isc/unix/file.c and lib/isc/win32/file.c.
- Always use
memmove()rather thanmemcpy(). - If using
snprintf()in a source file, be sure it includes<isc/print.h>
Error and warning messages should be logged through the logging
system. Debugging printfs may be used during
development, but must be removed when the debugging is finished.
Log messages do not start with a capital letter, nor do they end in a period, and they are not followed by newlines.
When variable text such as a file name or domain name occurs as part of a log message, it should be enclosed in single quotes, as in "zone '%s' is lame".
When the variable text forms a separate phrase, such as when it separated from the rest of the message by a colon, it can be left unquoted:
isc_log_write(... "open: %s: %s", filename, isc_result_totext(result));
File names (__FILE__), line numbers (__LINE__), function names,
memory addresses, and other references to program internals may be used
in debugging messages and in messages to report programming errors detected
at runtime. They may not be used in messages that indicate errors in the
program's inputs or operation.
BIND 9 contains some optional tools written in Python, in the bin/python subdirectory. Python scripts are stored in the git repository as {toolname}.py.in; and {toolname}.py will be generated by configure (which determines, among other things, the path to the Python interpreter).
For Python coding, we abide by the Python style guidelines described here, with a few modifications:
-
The
__init__()method should always be the first one declared in a class definition, like so:class Foo: # constructor definition here def __init__(self): ... # other functions may follow def bar(self): ... Close all file and socket objects -
All Python standard library objects that have an underlying file descriptor (fd) should be closed explicitly using the
.close()method. -
In cases where a file is opened and closed in a single block, it is often preferable to use the
withstatement:with open('filename') as f: do_something_with(f)
Perl is NOT required for building, installing, or using the BIND 9 name
server. However, BIND 9 may use Perl for its system test environment, for
certain optional server add-on components, and in some cases for generating
source files (such as bind9.xsl.h, converted from bind9.xsl) which are
then committed to to the git repository.
Perl 5 is assumed; Perl scripts do not need to work in Perl 4.
Perl source code should follow the conventions for C source code where applicable.
Shell scripts must be as portable as possible and should therefore conform strictly to POSIX standards. Shell extensions such as those introduced in Bash should be avoided. Some pitfalls to avoid:
- To capture the output of a command, use
`backquotes`rather than$(parentheses) - For arithmetical computation, use
`expr {expression}`, not$((expression)) - To text string length use
`expr $string : ".*"`rather than`expr length $string` - To test for the presence of a string in a file without printing anything
to stdout, use
"grep string filename > /dev/null 2>&1", rather than"grep -q string filename". - To test for file existence use
"test -f"rather than"test -e" - Don't use newline (
\\n) when callingecho. Either use anotherechostatement, or use"cat << EOF". - To set a variable from outside awk, use
"awk '{...}' var=value"rather than"awk -vvar=value '{...}'"