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常用git命令
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<h1 id="常用"><a href="#常用" class="headerlink" title="常用"></a>常用</h1><p>克隆远程项目到本地 默认在当前test目录<br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">git clone xxx.com/test.git</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>列出本地分支<br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">git branch</span><br><span class="line">``` </span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">列出远程分枝</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>git branch -r //列出远程和本地分枝<br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">列出本地和远程分支</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>git branche -a<br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">拉取远程develop分支到本地</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>git fetch origin develop<br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">从当前分支创建feature分支并切换到feature</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>git checkout -b feature<br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">查看变动的文件</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>git status<br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">查看改动的内容</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>git diff<br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">提交修改</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>git add filename 提交某个文件<br>git add . 提交全部修改<br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">撤销修改</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>git checkout filename 丢弃某个文件的改动<br>git checkout . //丢弃全部修改<br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">本地提交</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>git commit -m “comment info”<br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">提交到远程</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>git push<br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">拉取更新</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>git pull<br><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">合并别的分支到当前分支(可能有冲突)</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>git merge branchname<br><code>`</code></p>
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以太坊truffle开发实战
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<time title="Created: 2019-08-07 12:11:49 / Modified: 15:36:19" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-08-07T12:11:49+08:00">2019-08-07</time>
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<h1 id="以太坊dapp开发入门指引"><a href="#以太坊dapp开发入门指引" class="headerlink" title="以太坊dapp开发入门指引"></a>以太坊dapp开发入门指引</h1><h2 id="简介"><a href="#简介" class="headerlink" title="简介"></a>简介</h2><p>适合想了解以太坊dapp开发,了解要做哪些事情，这篇教程以一个简单的部署在区块链上的投票合约为例详细讲述以太坊开发全流程体验。有过程序开基础的人可直接入手，代码很简单预计花费1小时。包含的技术点：</p>
<ul>
<li>使用以太坊开发的truffle框架</li>
<li>使用ganache图形界面版做测试环境</li>
<li>使用solidity 编写投票合约</li>
<li>将合约部署到ganache</li>
<li>使用web3.js调用合约里的方法进行投票和获取票数</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="环境准备"><a href="#环境准备" class="headerlink" title="环境准备"></a>环境准备</h2><p>安装node，npm, truffle, ganache(界面版),web3,lite-server</p>
<h2 id="流程"><a href="#流程" class="headerlink" title="流程"></a>流程</h2><h3 id="1-创建项目目录"><a href="#1-创建项目目录" class="headerlink" title="1,创建项目目录"></a>1,创建项目目录</h3><figure class="highlight sh"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">mkdir Voting && <span class="built_in">cd</span> Voting</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="2，初始化truffle项目"><a href="#2，初始化truffle项目" class="headerlink" title="2，初始化truffle项目"></a>2，初始化truffle项目</h3><figure class="highlight sh"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 用truffle 初始化项目,会生成一些目录和文件</span></span><br><span class="line">truffle init</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="3-创建合约"><a href="#3-创建合约" class="headerlink" title="3,创建合约"></a>3,创建合约</h3><figure class="highlight sh"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 创建一个合约,文件生成在contracts/Voting.sol</span></span><br><span class="line">truffle create contract Voting</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="4-用solidity编写合约代码"><a href="#4-用solidity编写合约代码" class="headerlink" title="4,用solidity编写合约代码"></a>4,用solidity编写合约代码</h3><figure class="highlight sh"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 编写合约代码</span></span><br><span class="line">见contracts/Voting.sol</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="5-编译合约"><a href="#5-编译合约" class="headerlink" title="5,编译合约"></a>5,编译合约</h3><figure class="highlight sh"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 编译合约，检查是否报错</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="built_in">cd</span> Voting && truffle compile</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="6-部署前的配置"><a href="#6-部署前的配置" class="headerlink" title="6,部署前的配置"></a>6,部署前的配置</h3><ul>
<li>打开ganache软件界面版<br>如图：软件自动生成了10个账户和对应的rpc地址和端口</li>
</ul>
<p><img src="/images/pasted-50.png" alt="upload successful"></p>
<ul>
<li>在Voting/truffle.config.js（truffle自动生成的）里面修改监听的url和端口，这个是ganache中给的</li>
</ul>
<p><img src="/images/pasted-52.png" alt="upload successful"></p>
<ul>
<li>在Voting/migrations/里复制一个migration.js 少动修改作为部署配置<br>如Voting/migrations/2_migtation_vote.js</li>
</ul>
<p><img src="/images/pasted-54.png" alt="upload successful"><br><figure class="highlight sh"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 部署合约</span></span><br><span class="line">$ <span class="built_in">cd</span> Voting </span><br><span class="line">$ truffle migrate --reset</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>部署成功后合约就永久在区块链上了</p>
<h3 id="7，调用合约方法"><a href="#7，调用合约方法" class="headerlink" title="7，调用合约方法"></a>7，调用合约方法</h3><p>调用合约使用web3.js, 本案例直接用html引入js展示调用<br>具体看 Voting/src下的html,js 代码很简单，里面注释充分，不多讲。</p>
<h3 id="8，预览"><a href="#8，预览" class="headerlink" title="8，预览"></a>8，预览</h3><p><img src="/images/pasted-56.png" alt="upload successful"><br>package.json中红框内写lite-server,如果没有安装就<br><figure class="highlight plain"><figcaption><span>install lite-server``` 安装。</span></figcaption><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">创建Voting/bs-config.js 这个是用作node.js 服务器用的：</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">然后浏览器访问：</span><br><span class="line">```sh</span><br><span class="line">$ cd Voting</span><br><span class="line">$ npm run dev</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p><img src="/images/pasted-60.png" alt="upload successful"><br>此时浏览器会自动打开<a href="http://localhost:3000/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">http://localhost:3000/</a></p>
<p><img src="/images/pasted-62.png" alt="upload successful"><br>打开浏览器开发者模式的console,观察web3.js调用结果。</p>
<p>如有疑问多看代码，代码很少，注释很多，本篇只梳理开发流程。<br>至此一个简单的以太坊dapp在测试环境开发完成。</p>
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比特币中的交易详解
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<h1 id="比特币中的交易详解"><a href="#比特币中的交易详解" class="headerlink" title="比特币中的交易详解"></a>比特币中的交易详解</h1><p>UTXO 是 Unspent Transaction Output 的缩写，意指“为花费的交易输出”，是中本聪最早在比特币中采用的一种技术方案。因为比特币中没有账户的概念，也就没有保存用户余额数值的机制。因为区块链中的历史交易都是被保存且不可修改的，而每一个交易（如前所述的Transaction）中又保存了“谁转移了多少给谁”的信息，所以要计算用户账户余额，只需要遍历所有交易进行累计即可。</p>
<p>账户的余额其实是之前其他人转给该账户的钱处于锁定状态，要使用这笔钱就要解锁并且把发送人改为别人即可。 一笔交易是一系列的输入输出的集合，输入是寻找用户可花费的输出（utxo）, 输出是用户这笔交易要把金额给谁，包含输出给别人（转账）， 输出给自己（找零）,直接要代码定义的结构更直观。</p>
<h2 id="基本概念"><a href="#基本概念" class="headerlink" title="基本概念"></a>基本概念</h2><h3 id="1，-输入"><a href="#1，-输入" class="headerlink" title="1， 输入"></a>1， 输入</h3><figure class="highlight go"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">type</span> TXInput <span class="keyword">struct</span> {</span><br><span class="line"> Txid []<span class="keyword">byte</span> </span><br><span class="line"> Vout <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="comment">// 是utxo 的某个下标 </span></span><br><span class="line"> Signature []<span class="keyword">byte</span></span><br><span class="line"> PubKey []<span class="keyword">byte</span></span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<blockquote>
<blockquote>
</blockquote>
<p>输入TXInput:</p>
<ul>
<li>Txid : 交易ID（这个输入使用的是哪个交易的输出）</li>
<li>Vout : 该输入单元指向本次交易输出数组的下标，通俗讲就是，这个输入使用的是Txid中的第几个输出。</li>
<li>Signature : 输入发起方（转账出去方）的私钥签名本Transaction，表示自己认证了这个输入TXInput。</li>
<li>PubKey : 输入发起方的公钥</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="2，-输出"><a href="#2，-输出" class="headerlink" title="2， 输出"></a>2， 输出</h3><figure class="highlight go"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">type</span> TXOutput <span class="keyword">struct</span> {</span><br><span class="line"> Value <span class="keyword">int</span> <span class="comment">//金额</span></span><br><span class="line"> PubKeyHash []<span class="keyword">byte</span></span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<blockquote>
<blockquote>
</blockquote>
<p>输出TXOutput：</p>
<ul>
<li>Value : 表示这个输出中的代币数量</li>
<li>PubKeyHash : 存放了一个用户的公钥的hash值，表示这个输出里面的Value是属于哪个用户的</li>
</ul>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="3，-一个交易（多个输入输出的集合）"><a href="#3，-一个交易（多个输入输出的集合）" class="headerlink" title="3， 一个交易（多个输入输出的集合）"></a>3， 一个交易（多个输入输出的集合）</h3><figure class="highlight go"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">type</span> Transaction <span class="keyword">struct</span> {</span><br><span class="line"> ID []<span class="keyword">byte</span> <span class="comment">//交易唯一ID</span></span><br><span class="line"> Vin []TXInput <span class="comment">//交易输入序列</span></span><br><span class="line"> Vout []TXOutput <span class="comment">//交易输出序列</span></span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h1 id="交易范例"><a href="#交易范例" class="headerlink" title="交易范例"></a>交易范例</h1><p>Alice 去咖啡店买一杯咖啡，她需要支付给老板Bob的咖啡金额是5 个比特币。接下来看代码如何实现：</p>
<h2 id="1，在区块链中查询Alice的未花费的输出"><a href="#1，在区块链中查询Alice的未花费的输出" class="headerlink" title="1，在区块链中查询Alice的未花费的输出"></a>1，在区块链中查询Alice的未花费的输出</h2><p>如果一个账户需要进行一次交易，把自己的代币转给别人，由于没有一个账号系统可以直接查询余额和变更，而在utxo模型里面一个用户账户余额就是这个用户的所有utxo（未花费的输出）记录的合集，因此需要查询用户的转账额度是否足够，以及本次转账需要消耗哪些output（将“未花费”的output变成”已花费“的output），通过遍历区块链中每个区块中的每个交易中的output来得到结果。<br>下面看看怎么查找一个特定用户的utxo，utxo_set.go相关代码如下：<br><figure class="highlight go"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 找到用户可花费的输出，满足花费的金额即可，返回的可花费的金额 和 对应的交易输出的下标</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 注意返回的可花费的金额accumulated 是 大于等于 要花费的金额的，因为可花费金额是该用户的多笔不同金额的utxo累加的</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// 如果返回的utxo金额累计大于要花费的金额，则多出的部分就是找零，相当于多个utxo是面额不同的金额累加成一个大额</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">//注意： 返回的第二个参数是某笔交易的某个下标 如 trans[txid_1111]=1 就是txid_1111这个交易的下标为1的输出被选用了</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// FindSpendableOutputs finds and returns unspent outputs to reference in inputs</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">func</span> <span class="params">(u UTXOSet)</span> <span class="title">FindSpendableOutputs</span><span class="params">(pubkeyHash []<span class="keyword">byte</span>, amount <span class="keyword">int</span>)</span> <span class="params">(<span class="keyword">int</span>, <span class="keyword">map</span>[<span class="keyword">string</span>][]<span class="keyword">int</span>)</span></span> {</span><br><span class="line"> unspentOutputs := <span class="built_in">make</span>(<span class="keyword">map</span>[<span class="keyword">string</span>][]<span class="keyword">int</span>)</span><br><span class="line"> accumulated := <span class="number">0</span></span><br><span class="line"> db := u.Blockchain.db</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> err := db.View(<span class="function"><span class="keyword">func</span><span class="params">(tx *bolt.Tx)</span> <span class="title">error</span></span> {</span><br><span class="line"> b := tx.Bucket([]<span class="keyword">byte</span>(utxoBucket))</span><br><span class="line"> c := b.Cursor()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">for</span> k, v := c.First(); k != <span class="literal">nil</span>; k, v = c.Next() {</span><br><span class="line"> txID := hex.EncodeToString(k)</span><br><span class="line"> outs := DeserializeOutputs(v)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">for</span> outIdx, out := <span class="keyword">range</span> outs.Outputs {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> out.IsLockedWithKey(pubkeyHash) && accumulated < amount {</span><br><span class="line"> accumulated += out.Value</span><br><span class="line"> unspentOutputs[txID] = <span class="built_in">append</span>(unspentOutputs[txID], outIdx)</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="literal">nil</span></span><br><span class="line"> })</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> err != <span class="literal">nil</span> {</span><br><span class="line"> log.Panic(err)</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> accumulated, unspentOutputs</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>FindSpendableOutputs查找区块链上pubkeyHash账户的utxo集合，直到这些集合的累计未花费金额达到需求的amount为止。</p>
<p>blockchain_go中使用嵌入式key-value数据库boltdb存储区块链和未花费输出等信息，其中utxoBucket是所有用户未花费输出的bucket，其中的key表示交易ID，value是这个交易中未被引用的所有output的集合。所以通过遍历查询本次交易需要花费的output，得到Transaction的txID和这个output在Transaction中的输出数组中的下标组合unspentOutputs。</p>
<p>另外一个重点是utxobucket中保存的未花费输出结合是关于所有账户的，要查询特定账户需要对账户进行判断，因为TXOutput中有pubkeyhash字段，用来表示该输出属于哪个用户，此处采用out.IsLockedWithKey(pubkeyHash)判断特定output是否是属于给定用户。</p>
<h2 id="2-构建一个交易"><a href="#2-构建一个交易" class="headerlink" title="2, 构建一个交易"></a>2, 构建一个交易</h2><p>需要发起一笔交易的时候，需要新建一个Transaction，通过交易发起人的钱包得到足够的未花费输出，构建出交易的输入和输出，完成签名即可，blockchain_go中的实现如下</p>
<p>函数参数：</p>
<ul>
<li>wallet : 用户钱包参数，存储用户的公私钥，用于交易的签名和验证。</li>
<li>to : 交易转账的目的地址（转账给谁）。</li>
<li>amount : 需要交易的代币额度。</li>
<li>UTXOSet : uxto集合，查询用户的未花费输出。<figure class="highlight go"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">func</span> <span class="title">NewUTXOTransaction</span><span class="params">(wallet *Wallet, to <span class="keyword">string</span>, amount <span class="keyword">int</span>, UTXOSet *UTXOSet)</span> *<span class="title">Transaction</span></span> {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">var</span> inputs []TXInput</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">var</span> outputs []TXOutput</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> pubKeyHash := HashPubKey(wallet.PublicKey)</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// 查询用户可花费金额 和 对应的可花费交易的下标</span></span><br><span class="line"> acc, validOutputs := UTXOSet.FindSpendableOutputs(pubKeyHash, amount)</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">//可花费金额小于 要输出的金额 则报错</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> acc < amount {</span><br><span class="line"> log.Panic(<span class="string">"ERROR: Not enough funds"</span>)</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// Build a list of inputs</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">for</span> txid, outs := <span class="keyword">range</span> validOutputs {</span><br><span class="line"> txID, err := hex.DecodeString(txid)</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> err != <span class="literal">nil</span> {</span><br><span class="line"> log.Panic(err)</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">for</span> _, out := <span class="keyword">range</span> outs {</span><br><span class="line"> input := TXInput{txID, out, <span class="literal">nil</span>, wallet.PublicKey}</span><br><span class="line"> inputs = <span class="built_in">append</span>(inputs, input)</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// Build a list of outputs</span></span><br><span class="line"> from := fmt.Sprintf(<span class="string">"%s"</span>, wallet.GetAddress())</span><br><span class="line"> outputs = <span class="built_in">append</span>(outputs, *NewTXOutput(amount, to))</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// 如果返回的utxo金额累计大于要花费的金额，则多出的部分就是找零，相当于多个utxo是面额不同的金额累加成一个大额</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> acc > amount {</span><br><span class="line"> outputs = <span class="built_in">append</span>(outputs, *NewTXOutput(acc-amount, from)) <span class="comment">// a change 零钱</span></span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> tx := Transaction{<span class="literal">nil</span>, inputs, outputs}</span><br><span class="line"> tx.ID = tx.Hash()</span><br><span class="line"> UTXOSet.Blockchain.SignTransaction(&tx, wallet.PrivateKey)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span> &tx</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
</li>
</ul>
<p>因为用户的总金额是通过若干未花费输出累计起来的，而每个output所携带金额不一而足，所以每次转账可能需要消耗多个不同的output，而且还可能涉及找零问题。以上查询返回了一批未花费输出列表validOutputs和他们总共的金额acc. 找出来的未花费输出列表就是本次交易的输入，并将输出结果构造output指向目的用户，并检查是否有找零，将找零返还。</p>
<p>如果交易顺利完成，转账发起人的“未花费输出”被消耗掉变成了花费状态，而转账接收人to得到了一笔新的“未花费输出”，之后他自己需要转账时，查询自己的未花费输出，即可使用这笔钱。</p>
<p>最后需要对交易进行签名，表示交易确实是由发起人本人发起（私钥签名），而不是被第三人冒充。</p>
<h1 id="交易的签名和验证"><a href="#交易的签名和验证" class="headerlink" title="交易的签名和验证"></a>交易的签名和验证</h1><h4 id="签名"><a href="#签名" class="headerlink" title="签名"></a>签名</h4><p>交易的有效性需要首先建立在发起人签名的基础上，防止他人冒充转账或者发起人抵赖，blockchain_go中交易签名实现如下：<br><figure class="highlight go"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br><span class="line">46</span><br><span class="line">47</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment">// SignTransaction signs inputs of a Transaction</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">func</span> <span class="params">(bc *Blockchain)</span> <span class="title">SignTransaction</span><span class="params">(tx *Transaction, privKey ecdsa.PrivateKey)</span></span> {</span><br><span class="line"> prevTXs := <span class="built_in">make</span>(<span class="keyword">map</span>[<span class="keyword">string</span>]Transaction)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">for</span> _, vin := <span class="keyword">range</span> tx.Vin {</span><br><span class="line"> prevTX, err := bc.FindTransaction(vin.Txid)</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> err != <span class="literal">nil</span> {</span><br><span class="line"> log.Panic(err)</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"> prevTXs[hex.EncodeToString(prevTX.ID)] = prevTX</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> tx.Sign(privKey, prevTXs)</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">// Sign signs each input of a Transaction</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">func</span> <span class="params">(tx *Transaction)</span> <span class="title">Sign</span><span class="params">(privKey ecdsa.PrivateKey, prevTXs <span class="keyword">map</span>[<span class="keyword">string</span>]Transaction)</span></span> {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> tx.IsCoinbase() {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">return</span></span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">for</span> _, vin := <span class="keyword">range</span> tx.Vin {</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> prevTXs[hex.EncodeToString(vin.Txid)].ID == <span class="literal">nil</span> {</span><br><span class="line"> log.Panic(<span class="string">"ERROR: Previous transaction is not correct"</span>)</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> txCopy := tx.TrimmedCopy()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">for</span> inID, vin := <span class="keyword">range</span> txCopy.Vin {</span><br><span class="line"> prevTx := prevTXs[hex.EncodeToString(vin.Txid)]</span><br><span class="line"> txCopy.Vin[inID].Signature = <span class="literal">nil</span></span><br><span class="line"> <span class="comment">// 注意vin.Vout 是该账户之前存在的某比交易的某个可花费输出的下标</span></span><br><span class="line"> txCopy.Vin[inID].PubKey = prevTx.Vout[vin.Vout].PubKeyHash</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> dataToSign := fmt.Sprintf(<span class="string">"%x\n"</span>, txCopy)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> r, s, err := ecdsa.Sign(rand.Reader, &privKey, []<span class="keyword">byte</span>(dataToSign))</span><br><span class="line"> <span class="keyword">if</span> err != <span class="literal">nil</span> {</span><br><span class="line"> log.Panic(err)</span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line"> signature := <span class="built_in">append</span>(r.Bytes(), s.Bytes()...)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"> tx.Vin[inID].Signature = signature</span><br><span class="line"> txCopy.Vin[inID].PubKey = <span class="literal">nil</span></span><br><span class="line"> }</span><br><span class="line">}</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure></p>
<p>交易输入的签名信息是放在TXInput中的signature字段，其中需要包括用户的pubkey，用于之后的验证。需要对每一个输入做签名。</p>
<h4 id="验证"><a href="#验证" class="headerlink" title="验证"></a>验证</h4><p>交易签名是发生在交易产生时，交易完成后，Transaction会把交易广播给邻居。节点在进行挖矿时，会整理一段时间的所有交易信息，将这些信息打包进入新的区块，成功加入区块链以后，这个交易就得到了最终的确认。但是在挖矿节点打包交易前，需要对交易的有效性做验证，以防虚假数据，验证实现如下：</p>
<p>// MineBlock mines a new block with the provided transactions<br>func (bc <em>Blockchain) MineBlock(transactions []</em>Transaction) *Block {<br> var lastHash []byte<br> var lastHeight int</p>
<pre><code>for _, tx := range transactions {
// TODO: ignore transaction if it's not valid
if bc.VerifyTransaction(tx) != true {
log.Panic("ERROR: Invalid transaction")
}
}
...
...
...
return block
</code></pre><p>}<br>// VerifyTransaction verifies transaction input signatures<br>func (bc <em>Blockchain) VerifyTransaction(tx </em>Transaction) bool {<br> if tx.IsCoinbase() {<br> return true<br> }</p>
<pre><code>prevTXs := make(map[string]Transaction)
for _, vin := range tx.Vin {
prevTX, err := bc.FindTransaction(vin.Txid)
if err != nil {
log.Panic(err)
}
prevTXs[hex.EncodeToString(prevTX.ID)] = prevTX
}
return tx.Verify(prevTXs)
</code></pre><p>}<br>// Verify verifies signatures of Transaction inputs<br>func (tx *Transaction) Verify(prevTXs map[string]Transaction) bool {<br> if tx.IsCoinbase() {<br> return true<br> }</p>
<pre><code>for _, vin := range tx.Vin {
if prevTXs[hex.EncodeToString(vin.Txid)].ID == nil {
log.Panic("ERROR: Previous transaction is not correct")
}
}
txCopy := tx.TrimmedCopy()
curve := elliptic.P256()
for inID, vin := range tx.Vin {
prevTx := prevTXs[hex.EncodeToString(vin.Txid)]
txCopy.Vin[inID].Signature = nil
txCopy.Vin[inID].PubKey = prevTx.Vout[vin.Vout].PubKeyHash
r := big.Int{}
s := big.Int{}
sigLen := len(vin.Signature)
r.SetBytes(vin.Signature[:(sigLen / 2)])
s.SetBytes(vin.Signature[(sigLen / 2):])
x := big.Int{}
y := big.Int{}
keyLen := len(vin.PubKey)
x.SetBytes(vin.PubKey[:(keyLen / 2)])
y.SetBytes(vin.PubKey[(keyLen / 2):])
dataToVerify := fmt.Sprintf("%x\n", txCopy)
rawPubKey := ecdsa.PublicKey{Curve: curve, X: &x, Y: &y}
if ecdsa.Verify(&rawPubKey, []byte(dataToVerify), &r, &s) == false {
return false
}
txCopy.Vin[inID].PubKey = nil
}
return true
</code></pre><p>}<br>可以看到验证的时候也是每个交易的每个TXInput都单独进行验证，和签名过程很相似，需要构造相同的交易数据txCopy，验证时会用到签名设置的TxInput.PubKeyHash生成一个原始的PublicKey，将前面的signature分拆后通过ecdsa.Verify进行验证。</p>
<h1 id="总结"><a href="#总结" class="headerlink" title="总结"></a>总结</h1><p>以上简单分析和整理了blockchain_go中的交易和UTXO机制的实现过程，加深了区块链中的挖矿，交易和转账的基础技术原理的理解。</p>
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Pycharm设置翻译器（解决pip安装的包跟踪问题）
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<span class="post-meta-item-text">Posted on</span>
<time title="Created: 2019-05-28 16:31:14" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2019-05-28T16:31:14+08:00">2019-05-28</time>
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<p>问题：</p>
<p>默认打开pycharm 会提示你：</p>
<p><img src="/images/pasted-34.png" alt="upload successful"></p>
<p>并且安装的包也无法跟踪</p>
<p>解决方法：</p>
<p>创建项目这样配置<br><img src="/images/pasted-48.png" alt="upload successful"></p>
<p>其他的项目创建或打开，点击那个上面的提示，将project interpreter 设置成上图即可</p>
<hr>
<h2 id="以下设置可能没卵用，废弃"><a href="#以下设置可能没卵用，废弃" class="headerlink" title="以下设置可能没卵用，废弃"></a>以下设置可能没卵用，废弃</h2><p>1， 点击这个提示或者（setting->preference 里搜索 interpreter）到这个页面：</p>
<p><img src="/images/pasted-38.png" alt="upload successful"></p>
<p>2，点击show all</p>
<p><img src="/images/pasted-40.png" alt="upload successful"></p>
<p>3，点击+ 后， 这一步是重点：</p>
<p><img src="/images/pasted-42.png" alt="upload successful"></p>
<p>4，点击Ok保存， 如此之后， 页面的提示会消失，后续其他项目也可以选这个配置。比如这个这个项目没有配置interpreter了， 且也无法跟踪代码就如下操作：</p>
<p><img src="/images/pasted-44.png" alt="upload successful"></p>
<p>5，设置完成，问题解决</p>
<p>新建项目就这么选</p>
<p><img src="/images/pasted-46.png" alt="upload successful"></p>
<p>已经建好的项目就修改interpreter就行了</p>
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