hma.json

[
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": "1,1,Short title and extent,\"This Act may be called the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955."
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": "1,2,Application of Act,\"This Act applies-"
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
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  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
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  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
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  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": "1,3,Definitions,\"In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,"
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": "Provided that the rule is certain and not unreasonable or opposed to public policy; and Provided further that in the case of a rule applicable only to a family it has not been discontinued by the family;"
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
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  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
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    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
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    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
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    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
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    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
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    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
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    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
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    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
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    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
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    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
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    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
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    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": "1,4,Over-riding effect of Act,\"Save as otherwise expressly provided in this Act,"
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": "2,5,Conditions for a Hindu marriage,\"A marriage may be solemnized between any two Hindus, if the following conditions are fulfilled, namely-"
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
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    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
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    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
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    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
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    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
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    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
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    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
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  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": "2,6,Guardianship in marriage,\"Repealed by the Child Marriage Restraint (Amendment) Act, 1978, (2 of 1978), section 6 and Schedule"
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": "2,7,Ceremonies for a Hindu marriage,\"A Hindu marriage may be solemnized in accordance with the customary rites and ceremonies of either party thereto."
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": "2,8,Registration of Hindu marriages,\"For the purpose of facilitating the proof of Hindu marriages, the State Government may make rules providing that the parties to any such marriage may have the particulars relating to their marriage entered in such manner and subject to such conditions as may be prescribed in a Hindu Marriage Register kept for the purpose."
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": "3,9,Restitution of conjugal rights,\"When either the husband or the wife has, without reasonable excuse, withdrawn from the society of the other, the aggrieved party may apply, by petition to the district court, for restitution of conjugal rights and the court, on being satisfied of the truth of the statements made in such petition and that there is no legal ground why the application should not be granted, may decree restitution of conjugal rights accordingly."
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": "3,10,Judicial separation,\"Either party to a marriage, whether solemnised before or after the commencement of this Act, may present a petition praying for a decree for judicial separation on any of the grounds specified in sub-section (1) of section 13, and in the case of a wife also on any of the grounds specified in sub-section (2) thereof, as grounds on which a petition for divorce might have been presented."
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": "4,11,Void marriages,\"Any marriage solemnised after the commencement of this Act shall be null and void and may, on a petition presented by either party thereto against the other party, be so declared by a decree of nullity if it contravenes any one of the conditions specified in clauses (i), (iv) and (v) of section 5."
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": "4,12,Voidable marriages,\"Any marriage solemnised, whether before or after the commencement of this Act, shall be voidable and may be annulled by a decree of nullity on any of the following grounds, namely:-"
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
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    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
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    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
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  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": "4,13,Divorce,\"(1)"
  },
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    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
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    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
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    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
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    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
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    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
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    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
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    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
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    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
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    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
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    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
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    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
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    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
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    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
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    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": "4,13A,Alternate relief in divorce proceedings,\"In any proceeding under this Act, on a petition for dissolution of marriage by a decree of divorce, except in so far as the petition is founded on the grounds mentioned in clauses (ii), (vi) and (vii) of sub-section (1) of section 13, the court may, if it considers it just so to do having regard to the circumstances of the case, pass instead a decree for judicial separation."
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": "4,13B,Divorce by mutual consent,\"Subject to the provisions of this Act a petition for dissolution of marriage by a decree of divorce may be presented to the district court by both the parties to a marriage together, whether such marriage was solemnized before or after the commencement of the Marriage Laws (Amendment) Act, 1976 (68 of 1976), on the ground that they have been living separately for a period of one year or more, that they have not been able to live together and that they have mutually agreed that the marriage should be dissolved."
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": "1 This condition can now be waived by the Court."
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": "4,14,No petition for divorce to be presented within one year of marriage,\"Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, it shall not be competent for any court to entertain any petition for dissolution of a marriage by a decree of divorce, unless at the date of the presentation of the petition one years has elapsed since the date of the marriage:"
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": "Provided that the court may, upon application made to it in accordance with such rules as may be made by the High Court in that behalf, allow a petition to be presented before one year has elapsed since the date of the marriage on the ground that the case is one of exceptional hardship to the petitioner or of exceptional depravity on the part of the respondent, but if it appears to the court at the hearing of the petition that the petitioner obtained leave to present the petition by any misrepresentation or concealment of the nature of the case, the court may, if it pronounces a decree, do so subject to the condition that the decree shall not have effect until after the expiry of one year from the date of the marriage or may dismiss the petition without prejudice to any petition which may be brought after expiration of the said one year upon the same or substantially the same facts as those alleged in support of the petition so dismissed."
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": "4,15,Divorced persons when may marry again,\"When a marriage has been dissolved by a decree of divorce and either there is no right of appeal against the decree or, if there is such a right of appeal, the time for appealing has expired without an appeal having been presented, or an appeal has been presented but has been dismissed, it shall be lawful for either party to the marriage to marry again."
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": "4,16,Legitimacy of children of void and voidable marriages,\"Notwithstanding that marriage is null and void under section 11, any child of such marriage who would have been legitimate if the marriage had been valid, shall be legitimate, whether such child is born before or after the commencement of the Marriage Laws (Amendment) Act, 1976 (68 of 1976), and whether or not a decree of nullity is granted in respect of that marriage under this Act and whether or not the marriage is held to be void otherwise than on a petition under this Act."
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": "4,17,Punishment of bigamy,\"Any marriage between two Hindus solemnized after the commencement of this Act is void if at the date of such marriage either party had a husband or wife living; and the provisions of sections 494 and 495 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (45 of 1860), shall apply accordingly."
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": "4,18,Punishment for contravention of certain other conditions for a Hindu marriage,\"Every person who procures a marriage of himself or herself to be solemnized under this Act in contravention of the conditions specified in clauses (iii), (iv),and (v) of section 5 shall be punishable—"
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": "5,19,Court to which petition shall be presented,\"Every petition under this Act shall be presented to the district court within the local limits of whose ordinary original civil jurisdiction -"
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": "(iiia) in case the wife is the petitioner, where she is residing on the date of presentation of the petition, or"
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": "5,20,Contents and verification of petitions,\"Every petition presented under this Act shall state as distinctly as the nature of the case permits the facts on which the claim to relief is founded and, except in a petition under section 11, shall also state that there is no collusion between the petitioner and the other party to the marriage."
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": "5,21,Application of Act 5 of 1908,\"Subject to the other provisions contained in this Act and to such rules as the High Court may make in this behalf, all proceedings under this Act shall be regulated, as far as may be, by the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908."
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": "5,21A,Power to transfer petitions in certain cases,\"Where-"
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
  },
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    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
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    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
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    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
  },
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    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
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    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
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    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
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  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": "5,21B,Special provision relating to trial and disposal of petitions under the Act,\"The trial of a petition under this Act shall, so far as is practicable consistently with the interests of justice in respect of the trial, be continued from day to day until its conclusion unless the court finds the adjournment of the trial beyond the following day to be necessary for reasons to be recorded."
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": "5,21C,Documentary evidence,\"Notwithstanding anything in any enactment to the contrary, no document shall be inadmissible in evidence in any proceeding at the trial of a petition under this Act on the ground that it is not duly stamped or registered."
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": "5,22,Proceedings to be in camera and may not be printed or published,\"Every proceeding under this Act shall be conducted in camera and it shall not be lawful for any person to print or publish any matter in relation to any such proceeding except a judgment of the High Court or of the Supreme Court printed or published with the previous permission of the court."
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": "5,23,Decree in proceedings,\"In any proceeding under this Act, whether defended or not, if the court is satisfied that-"
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": "(bb) when a divorce is sought on the ground of mutual consent, such consent has not been obtained by force, fraud or undue influence, and"
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": "Provided that nothing contained in this sub-section shall apply to any proceeding wherein relief is sought on any of the grounds specified in clause (ii), clause (iii), clause (iv), clause (v), clause (vi) or clause (vii) of sub-section (1) of section 13."
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": "5,23A,Relief for respondent in divorce and other proceedings,\"In any proceeding for divorce or judicial separation or restitution of conjugal rights, the respondent may not only oppose the relief sought on the ground of petitioner’s adultery, cruelty or desertion, but also make a counter-claim for any relief under this Act on that ground; and if the petitioner’s adultery, cruelty or desertion is proved, the court may give to the respondent any relief under this Act to which he or she would have been entitled if he or she had presented a petition seeking such relief on that ground."
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": "5,24,Maintenance pendente lite and expenses of proceedings,\"Where in any proceeding under this Act it appears to the court that either the wife or the husband, as the case may be, has no independent income sufficient for her or his support and the necessary expenses of the proceeding, it may, on the application of the wife or the husband, order the respondent to pay to the petitioner the expenses of the proceeding, and monthly during the proceeding such sum as, having regard to the petitioner’s own income and the income of the respondent, it may seem to the court to be reasonable."
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": "Provided that the application for the payment of the expenses of the proceeding and such monthly sum during the proceeding, shall, as far as possible, be disposed of within sixty days from the date of service of notice on the wife or the husband, as the case may be."
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": "5,25,Permanent alimony and maintenance,\"Any court exercising jurisdiction under this Act may, at the time of passing any decree or at any time subsequent thereto, on application made to it for the purpose by either the wife or the husband, as the case may be, order that the respondent shall pay to the applicant for her or his maintenance and support such gross sum or such monthly or periodical sum for a term not exceeding the life of the applicant as, having regard to the respondent’s own income and other property, if any, the income and other property of the applicant, the conduct of the parties and other circumstances of the case, it may seem to the court to be just, and any such payment may be secured, if necessary, by a charge on the immovable property of the respondent."
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": "5,26,Custody of children,\"In any proceeding under this Act, the court may, from time to time, pass such interim orders and make such provisions in the decree as it may deem just and proper with respect to the custody, maintenance and education of minor children, consistently with their wishes, wherever possible, and may, after the decree, upon application by petition for the purpose, make from time to time, all such orders and provisions with respect to the custody, maintenance and education of such children as might have been made by such decree or interim orders in case the proceeding for obtaining such decree were still pending, and the court may also from time to time revoke, suspend or vary any such orders and provisions previously made;"
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": "Provided that the application with respect to the maintenance and education of the minor children, pending the proceeding for obtaining such decree, shall, as far as possible, be disposed of within sixty days from the date of service of notice on the respondent."
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": "5,27,Disposal of property,\"In any proceeding under this Act, the court may make such provisions in the decree as it deems just and proper with respect to any property presented, at or about the time of marriage, which may belong jointly to both the husband and the wife."
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": "5,28,Appeals from decrees and orders,\"All decrees made by the court in any proceeding under this Act shall, subject to the provisions of sub-section (3), be appealable as decrees of the court made in the exercise of its original civil jurisdiction, and every such appeal shall lie to the court to which appeals ordinarily lie from the decisions of the court given in the exercise of its original civil jurisdiction."
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": "5,28A,Enforcement of decrees and orders,All decrees and orders made by the court in any proceeding under this Act shall be enforced in the like manner as the decrees and orders of the court made in the exercise of its original civil jurisdiction for the time being in forced."
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": "6,29,Savings,\"A marriage solemnized between Hindus before the commencement of this Act, which is otherwise valid, shall not be deemed to be invalid or even to have been invalid by reason only of the fact that the parties thereto belonged to the same gotra or pravara or belonged to different religions, castes or subdivisions of the same caste."
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": ""
  },
  {
    "chapter,section,section_title,section_desc": "6,30,Repeals,\"Rep. by the Repealing and Amending Act, 1960 (58 of 1960), section 2 and First Schedule."
  }
]