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Logo/CEOS_ARD_Logo_blue_lowres.png diff --git a/CEOS-ARD Logo/CEOS_ARD_Logo_green.png b/Logo/CEOS_ARD_Logo_green.png similarity index 100% rename from CEOS-ARD Logo/CEOS_ARD_Logo_green.png rename to Logo/CEOS_ARD_Logo_green.png diff --git a/CEOS-ARD Logo/CEOS_ARD_Logo_green_lowres.png b/Logo/CEOS_ARD_Logo_green_lowres.png similarity index 100% rename from CEOS-ARD Logo/CEOS_ARD_Logo_green_lowres.png rename to Logo/CEOS_ARD_Logo_green_lowres.png diff --git a/CEOS-ARD Logo/CEOS_ARD_Logo_white.png b/Logo/CEOS_ARD_Logo_white.png similarity index 100% rename from CEOS-ARD Logo/CEOS_ARD_Logo_white.png rename to Logo/CEOS_ARD_Logo_white.png diff --git a/CEOS-ARD Logo/CEOS_ARD_Logo_white_lowres.png b/Logo/CEOS_ARD_Logo_white_lowres.png similarity index 100% rename from CEOS-ARD Logo/CEOS_ARD_Logo_white_lowres.png rename to Logo/CEOS_ARD_Logo_white_lowres.png diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index bcc3582..9611d9a 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -1,15 +1,31 @@ -**CEOS Analysis Ready Data (CEOS-ARD) are satellite data that have been processed to a minimum set of requirements and organized into a form that allows immediate analysis with a minimum of additional user effort and interoperability both through time and with other datasets.** +# CEOS-ARD -Visit [ceos.org/ard](ceos.org/ard) for more information on CEOS-ARD, self-assessments and CEOS-ARD certified datasets. -ceos.org/ard is the official reference for all CEOS-ARD documentation, while this repository remains a development version. +> **CEOS Analysis Ready Data (CEOS-ARD) are satellite data that have been processed to a minimum set of requirements and organized into a form that allows immediate analysis with a minimum of additional user effort and interoperability both through time and with other datasets.** -# CEOS-ARD Framework +Visit [ceos.org/ard](https://ceos.org/ard) for more information on CEOS-ARD, self-assessments and CEOS-ARD certified datasets. +[ceos.org/ard](https://ceos.org/ard) is the official reference for all CEOS-ARD documentation, while this repository remains a development version. + +## Framework Many satellite data users lack the expertise, infrastructure and internet bandwidth to efficiently and effectively access, preprocess, and utilize the growing volume of space-based data for local, regional, and national decision-making. Furthermore, even sophisticated users of EO data typically invest a large proportion of their effort into data preparation. This is a major barrier to full and successful utilization of space-based data, and threatens the success of major global and regional initiatives supported by the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS). As data volumes grow, this barrier is becoming more significant for all users. Countries and international organizations have expressed a desire for support from CEOS to facilitate access to and processing of satellite data into CEOS Analysis Ready Data (CEOS-ARD) products. Systematic and regular provision of CEOS-ARD will greatly reduce the burden on global satellite data users. -The CEOS-ARD Governance Framework covers: +Read also into the [CEOS-ARD Strategy 2021](./CEOS-ARD Strategy 2021.pdf). + +## Product Family Specifications + +The following Product Family Specifications are currently defined: + +- [Aquatic Reflectance (Optical)](./Aquatic-Reflectance/README.md) +- [Nighttime Lights Surface Radiance (Optical)](./ANighttime-Lights-Surface-Radiance/README.md) +- [Surface Reflectance (Optical)](./Surface-Reflectance/README.md) +- [Surface Temperature (Optical)](./Surface-Temperature/README.md) +- [Synthetic Aperture Radar](./Synthetic-Aperture-Radar/README.md) + +## Governance Framework + +The [CEOS-ARD Governance Framework](./CEOS-ARD Governance Framework 2021.pdf) covers: ### Definition @@ -17,23 +33,27 @@ The definition of CEOS-ARD is not exclusive or prescriptive. The definition of C ### Product Family Specifications -Detail specific 'Threshold' and 'Goal' requirements for: +All of them detail specific 'Threshold' and 'Goal' requirements for: -– General Metadata -– Per-pixel Metadata -– Radiometric and Atmospheric Corrections -– Geometric Corrections +- General Metadata +- Per-pixel Metadata +- Radiometric and Atmospheric Corrections +- Geometric Corrections -A Product Family Specification Template has been developed to provide a starting point for future PFS, to ensure commonality in layout, general structure, interpretation and approach. It provides a foundation and common suite of assessment factors for all PFS. +A [Product Family Specification Template](./Template) has been developed to provide a starting point for future PFS, to ensure commonality in layout, general structure, interpretation and approach. It provides a foundation and common suite of assessment factors for all PFS. ### Product Assessments -Assess how well the specific product complies with each of the metadata and calibration criteria in the Product Family Specification. Includes a description of ‘how’ it complies. +Product Assessments checks how well the specific product complies with each of the metadata and calibration criteria in the Product Family Specification. Includes a description of ‘how’ it complies. The CEOS Working Group on Calibration & Validation (WGCV) has defined formal processes for how these assessments will be carried out, including the peer reviews that will be undertaken by the WGCV. -**Contact**: The CEOS-ARD team can be contacted at [ard-contact@lists.ceos.org](mailto:ard-contact@lists.ceos.org) +A [self-assessment guide](./CEOS-ARD Self-Assessment Guide 2023.pdf) has been made available. -### STAC Extensions +## STAC Extensions The CEOS-ARD Extension to the SpatioTemporal Asset Catalog (STAC) specification specifies how to create STAC Items and Collections that comply to the various CEOS-ARD product family specifications. The repository for this extension can be found [here](https://github.com/stac-extensions/ceos-ard). + +## Contact + +The CEOS-ARD team can be contacted at [ard-contact@lists.ceos.org](mailto:ard-contact@lists.ceos.org) diff --git a/Product Family Specifications/Word Versions/CARD4L_Product_Family_Specification_Aquatic_Reflectance-v1.0.docx b/Specifications/Aquatic-Reflectance/CARD4L_Product_Family_Specification_Aquatic_Reflectance-v1.0.docx similarity index 100% rename from Product Family Specifications/Word Versions/CARD4L_Product_Family_Specification_Aquatic_Reflectance-v1.0.docx rename to Specifications/Aquatic-Reflectance/CARD4L_Product_Family_Specification_Aquatic_Reflectance-v1.0.docx diff --git a/Product Family Specifications/PDF Versions/CARD4L_Product_Family_Specification_Aquatic_Reflectance-v1.0.pdf b/Specifications/Aquatic-Reflectance/CARD4L_Product_Family_Specification_Aquatic_Reflectance-v1.0.pdf similarity index 100% rename from Product Family Specifications/PDF Versions/CARD4L_Product_Family_Specification_Aquatic_Reflectance-v1.0.pdf rename to Specifications/Aquatic-Reflectance/CARD4L_Product_Family_Specification_Aquatic_Reflectance-v1.0.pdf diff --git a/Product Family Specifications/Aquatic-Reflectance.md b/Specifications/Aquatic-Reflectance/README.md similarity index 98% rename from Product Family Specifications/Aquatic-Reflectance.md rename to Specifications/Aquatic-Reflectance/README.md index 5e122b8..6b7dded 100644 --- a/Product Family Specifications/Aquatic-Reflectance.md +++ b/Specifications/Aquatic-Reflectance/README.md @@ -1,382 +1,382 @@ - - -# CEOS Analysis Ready Data
Product Family Specification: Aquatic Surface Reflectance - - -# **Document History** - -|**Version**|**Date**|**Description of Change**|**Author**| -| :- | :- | :- | :- | -|1.0|2 Feb 2022|Initial version.|

Andreia Siqueira (GA), Christopher Barnes (USGS/KBR), Steve Labahn, (USGS) Arnold Dekker (SatDek),

Barbara Bulgarelli (JRC-EC), Carsten Brockmann (Brockmann Consulting), Daniela Gurlin (Wisconsin DNR), Joseph D. Ortiz (Kent State), Igor Ogashawara (IGB Berlin), Anthony Vodacek (RIT), Nima Pahlevan (NASA), Liesbeth de Keukelare (VITO), Ils Reusen (VITO), Steef Peters (WaterInsight), Claudia Giardino (CNR), Tiit Kutser (WaterForCE), Steve Greb (UW-Madison), Sindy Sterckx (VITO), Vittorio E. Brando (CNR), Merrie-Beth Neely (GeoAquaWatch), Paul Digiacomo (NOAA)

| -||||| -||||| -||||| -||||| -||||| - -Andreia Siqueira, GA - -Christopher Barnes, USGS/KBR, USA - -Steve Labahn, USGS, USA - -Arnold Dekker, SatDek, Australia - -Barbara Bulgarelli, JRC-EC - -Carsten Brockmann, Brockmann Consulting, Germany - -Daniela Gurlin, Wisconsin DNR, USA - -Joseph D. Ortiz, Kent State, USA - -Igor Ogashawara, IGB Berlin, Germany - -Anthony Vodacek, RIT, USA - -Nima Pahlevan, NASA, USA - -Liesbeth de Keukelare, VITO, Belgium - -Ils Reusen, VITO, Belgium - -Sindy Sterckx, VITO, Belgium - -Steef Peters, WaterInsight, - -Claudia Giardino, CNR, Italy - -Vittorio E. Brando, CNR, Italy - -Tiit Kutser, WaterForCE - -Steve Greb, UW-Madison, USA - -Merrie-Beth Neely, GeoAquaWatch, USA - -Paul Digiacomo, NOAA, USA - -# **Description** -**Product Family Title:** **Aquatic Reflectance (CARD4L-AR)** - -**Applies to:*** Data collected with multispectral and hyperspectral sensors operating in the VIS/NIR/SWIR wavelengths over water bodies. These typically operate with ground sample distance and resolution in the order of 10-1000 m; however, the specification is not inherently limited to this resolution. - - -# **Definitions** - -|AR|Aquatic Reflectance| -| :-: | :- | -|Ancillary Data|Data other than instrument measurements, originating in the instrument itself or from the satellite, required to perform processing of the data. They include orbit data, attitude data, time information, spacecraft engineering data, calibration data, data quality information, and data from other instruments.| -|Auxiliary Data|The data required for instrument processing, which does not originate in the instrument itself or from the satellite. Some auxiliary data will be generated in the ground segment, whilst other data will be provided from external sources.| -|Metadata|Structured information that describes other information or information services. With well-defined metadata, users should be able to get basic information about data, without the need to have knowledge about its entire content.| -|MTF|Modulation Transfer Function| -|Spectral Resolution|Defines the narrowest spectral feature that can be resolved by a spectrometer.| -|Spatial Resolution|The highest magnification of the sensor at the ground surface.| -|Spectral Sampling Distance|Spectral sampling is the interval, in wavelength units, between discrete data points in the measured spectrum.| -|Spatial Sampling Distance|Spatial sampling distance is the barycentre-to-barycentre distance between adjacent spatial samples on the Earth's surface.| - -# **Requirements** -## **General Metadata** -*These are metadata records describing a distributed collection of pixels. The collection of pixels referred to must be contiguous in space and time. General metadata should allow the user to assess the overall suitability of the dataset, and must meet the following requirements:* - -|**#**|**Item**|**Threshold (Minimum)
Requirements**|**Target (Desired)
Requirements**|**Threshold
Self-Assessment**|**Target
Self-Assessment**|**Self-Assessment
Explanation/ Justification**|` `**Recommended Requirement Modification**| -| :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | -|**1.1**|**Traceability**|Not required.|

Data must be traceable to SI reference standard.

*Note 1: Relationship to 3.2. Traceability requires an estimate of measurement uncertainty.*

*Note 2: Information on traceability should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.*

||||| -|**1.2**|**Metadata Machine Readability**|Metadata is provided in a structure that enables a computer algorithm to be used consistently and to automatically identify and extract each component part for further use.|As threshold, but metadata should be provided in a community endorsed standard that facilitates machine-readability, such as ISO 19115-2.||||| -|**1.3**|**Data Collection Time**|The data collection time is identified in the metadata, expressed in date/time, to the second, with the time offset from UTC unambiguously identified.|Acquisition time for each pixel is identified (or can be reliably determined) in the metadata, expressed in date/time at UTC, to the second.||||| -|**1.4**|**Geographical Area**|The surface location to which the data relates is identified, typically as a series of four corner points, expressed in an accepted coordinate reference system (e.g., WGS84).|The geographic area covered by the observations is identified specifically, such as through a set of coordinates of a closely bounding polygon. The location to which each pixel refers is identified (or can be reliably determined) with the projection system (if any) and reference datum provided.||||| -|**1.5**|**Coordinate Reference System**|The metadata lists the coordinate reference system that has been used.|As threshold.||||| -|**1.6**|**Map Projection**|The metadata lists the map projection that has been used and any relevant parameters required in relation to use of data in that map projection.|As threshold.||||| -|**1.7**|**Geometric Correction Methods**|

Not required.

The user is not explicitly advised of the geometric correction source and methods.

|Information on geometric correction methods should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page, including reference database and auxiliary data such as elevation model(s) and reference chip-sets.||||| -|**1.8**|**Geometric Accuracy of the Data**|

Not required.

The user is not provided with results of geometric accuracy assessments pertaining to the dataset.

|

The metadata includes metrics describing the assessed geodetic accuracy of the data, expressed units of the coordinate system of the data. Accuracy is assessed by independent verification (as well as internal model-fit where applicable). Uncertainties are expressed quantitatively, for example, as root mean square error (RMSE) or Circular Error Probability (CEP90, CEP95), etc.

*Note 1: Information on geometric accuracy of the data should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.*

||||| -|**1.9**|**Instrument**|The instrument used to collect the data is identified in the metadata.|As threshold, but information should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page with references to the relevant CEOS Missions, Instruments, and Measurements Database record.||||| -|**1.10**|**Spectral Bands**|The central wavelength and full width at half maximum for each spectral band for which data is included is identified in the metadata, expressed in SI units.|

As threshold, with instrument spectral response details (e.g., full spectral response function) also included or directly accessible using details in the metadata.

*Note 1: Information on spectral bands should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.*

||||| -|**1.11**|**Sensor Calibration**|Not required.
The general metadata does not include sensor calibration details.|

Sensor calibration parameters are identified in the metadata or can be accessed using details included in the metadata. Ideally this would support machine-to-machine access.

*Note 1: Information on sensor calibration should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.*

||||| -|**1.12**|**Radiometric Accuracy**|The metadata provides the number of bits required (e.g., 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, etc.).|

The metadata includes metrics describing the assessed absolute radiometric uncertainty of the version of the data or product, expressed as absolute radiometric uncertainty relative to appropriate, known reference sites and standards (for example, pseudo-invariant calibration sites, rigorously collected field spectra, PICS, Rayleigh, DCC, etc.)

*Note 1: Information on radiometric accuracy should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.*

||||| -|**1.13**|**Algorithms**|

All algorithms, and the sequence in which they were applied in the generation process, are identified in the metadata. For example, these may be available through Algorithm Theoretical Basis documents.

*Note 1: Information on algorithms should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.*

|

As threshold, but only algorithms that have been published in a peer-reviewed journal.

*Note 1: It is possible that high-quality corrections are applied through non-disclosed processes. CARD4L does not per-se require full and open data and methods.*

*Note 2: Information on algorithms should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.*

||||| -|**1.14**|**Auxiliary Data**|

The metadata identifies the sources of auxiliary data used in the generation process, ideally expressed as a single DOI landing page.

Note 1: Auxiliary data includes DEMs, aerosols, land mask, bathymetry, NO2, etc. data sources.

|As threshold, but information on auxiliary data should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page and is also available for free online download, contemporaneously with the product or through a link to the source.||||| -|**1.15**|**Processing Chain Provenance**|Not required.|Information on processing chain provenance should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page containing detailed description of the processing steps used to generate the product, including the versions of software used, giving full transparency to the users.||||| -|**1.16**|**Data Access**|

Information on data access should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.

*Note 1: Manual and offline interaction action (e.g., login) may be required.*

|As threshold.||||| -|**1.17**|**Overall Data Quality**|

Machine-readable metrics describing the overall quality of the data are included in the metadata, at minimum the cloud cover extent, i.e.:

- Proportion of observations over land and over water affected by non-target phenomena, e.g., cloud and cloud shadows.

|As threshold.||||| - - -## **Per-Pixel Metadata** -*The following minimum metadata specifications apply to each pixel. Whether the metadata are provided in a single record relevant to all pixels, or separately for each pixel, is at the discretion of the data provider. Per-pixel metadata should allow users to discriminate between (choose) observations on the basis of their individual suitability for application.* - -|**#**|**Item**|**Threshold (Minimum)
Requirements**|**Target (Desired)
Requirements**|**Threshold
Self-Assessment**|**Target
Self-Assessment**|**Self-Assessment
Explanation/ Justification**|**Recommended Requirement Modification** | -| :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | -|**2.1**|**Metadata Machine Readability**|Metadata is provided in a structure that enables a computer algorithm to be used to consistently and automatically identify and extract each component part for further use.|As threshold.||||| -|**2.2**|**No Data**|Pixels that do not correspond to an observation (e.g., ‘empty pixels/invalid observation/below noise floor’) are flagged.|As threshold.||||| -|**2.3**|**Per-pixel Assessment**|

The metadata identifies pixels for which the per-pixel tests (below) have not all been successfully completed.

*Note 1: This may be the result of missing ancillary data for a subset of the pixels.*

|The metadata identifies which tests have, and have not, been successfully completed for each pixel.||||| -|**2.4**|**Saturation**|Metadata indicates where one or more spectral bands are saturated.|Metadata indicates which pixels are saturated for each spectral band.||||| -|**2.5**|**Cloud**|Metadata indicates whether a pixel is assessed as being cloud.|As threshold, information on cloud detection should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page along with the confidence in this assessment. Clouds and cirrus clouds are differentiated.||||| -|**2.6**|**Cloud Shadow**|Metadata indicates whether a pixel is assessed as being cloud shadow.|As threshold, but information on cloud shadow detection should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.||||| -|**2.7**|**Land/Water Mask**|The metadata indicates whether a pixel is assessed as being land or water. Information on land/water mask should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.|As threshold.||||| -|**2.8**|**Sea/Lake/
River Ice Mask**|The metadata indicates whether a pixel is assessed as being sea/lake/river ice or not. Information on sea/lake/river ice mask should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.|As threshold.||||| -|**2.9**|**Sun Glint**|

The metadata indicates whether a pixel is assessed as absent or correctable (moderate), or uncorrectable (severe) Sun glint.

*Note 1: Sun glint is deemed uncorrectable if the upper limit of the dynamic range of a sensor is reached (i.e., saturation occurs).*

|The metadata indicates the amount of Sun glint for each pixel and band.||||| -|**2.10**|**Sky Glint**|Not required.|The metadata indicates the amount of sky glint for each pixel and band.||||| -|**2.11**|**Whitecap/
Foam Mask**|The metadata indicates whether a pixel is assessed as affected by whitecaps or foam as a function of the wind speed or other.|As threshold.||||| -|**2.12**|**Solar and Viewing Geometry**|The metadata provides average solar and sensor viewing azimuth and zenith angles.|As threshold.||||| -|**2.13**|**Adjacency Effects**|

Not required. 

|The metadata provides the risk of per-pixel adjacency effects contamination, through flagging to denote per-pixel minimum, medium or high adjacency effects contamination.
*Note 1: This effect often occurs in increased turbid or optically shallow waters near shorelines that may confuse this assessment*.||||| -|**2.14**|**Floating Vegetation/
Surface Scum Mask**|The metadata indicates whether a pixel is assessed as affected by floating vegetation/surface scum.|As threshold.||||| -|**2.15**|**Aerosol Optical Depth Parameters**|The metadata indicates either per-pixel spectral Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD), or per-pixel AOD (550nm) and Angstrom exponent.|As threshold.||||| -|**2.16**|**Deep/
Shallow Water**|Not required.|The metadata indicates where available: the bottom depth referenced to the mean sea level for the oceans and referenced to mean levels for lakes. Information on bathymetry should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.||||| -|**2.17**|**Optically Deep or Optically Shallow Assessment**|The metadata indicates, based on likelihood (bathymetry maps and average *K*d (preferred) or based on turbidity or Secchi disk transparency), whether water pixels may be optically deep or optically shallow. This will most likely be bathymetry map contour based.|Based on an assessment from an inversion algorithm that estimates the optically deep or optically shallow per-pixel status.||||| -|**2.18**|**Turbid Water Flag**|The metadata indicates whether a pixel is assessed as being turbid or not. Information on turbid water mask should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.|As threshold.||||| -|**2.19**|**Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function Applied**|Not required.|Metadata indicates which pixels are corrected for BRDF effects.||||| -|**2.20**|**Altitude (ASL)**|The metadata indicates approximate altitude (ASL) of water body pixels is required for atmospheric correction (range = -430 to ~6500m)|As threshold.||||| - - -## **Radiometric and Atmospheric Corrections** -*The following requirements must be met for all pixels in a collection. The requirements indicate both the necessary outcomes (3.1-3.3) and the minimum steps necessary to be deemed to have achieved those outcomes (3.4 onwards). Radiometric corrections must lead to a valid measurement of aquatic reflectance.* - -|**#**|**Item**|**Threshold (Minimum)
Requirements**|**Target (Desired)
Requirements**|**Threshold
Self-Assessment**|**Target
Self-Assessment**|**Self-Assessment
Explanation/ Justification**|**Recommended Requirement Modification** | -| :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | -|**3.1**|**Measurement**|Pixel values are expressed as a measurement of the Aquatic Reflectance (AR=pi\**R*rs) or the Remote Sensing Reflectance (sr-1) of the water bodies. This is a dimensionless value.|Aquatic Reflectance or Remote Sensing Reflectance measurements are SI traceable (see also 1.1).||||| -|**3.2**|**Measurement Uncertainty**|

Not required.

*Note 1: In current practice, users determine fitness for purpose based on knowledge of the lineage of the data, rather than on a specific estimate of measurement uncertainty.*

|

An estimate of the uncertainty of the values is provided in measurement units. Following Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM).

*Note 1: This is a requirement for SI traceability. See also 1.1.*

*Note 2: Information on measurement uncertainty should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.*

||||| -|**3.3**|**Measurement Normalisation**|Not required.|

Measurements are normalised for solar and viewing conditions, including BRDF correction (see also 3.14).

*Note 1: Information on measurement normalisation should be available in the metadata as single DOI landing page.*

||||| -|**3.4**|**Atmospheric Reflectance Correction**|

Metadata indicates corrections are applied for molecular (Rayleigh) scattering and aerosol scattering and absorption.

Metadata contains a single DOI landing page with references to a citable peer-reviewed algorithm, technical documentation regarding the implementation of that algorithm and the sources of ancillary data used to make corrections.

*Note 1: Examples of technical documentation include an Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document, product user guide, etc.*

|As threshold.||||| -|**3.5**|**Water Vapour Corrections**|

Corrections are applied for water vapour if spectral bands are affected. Metadata contains a single DOI landing page with references to a citable peer-reviewed algorithm, technical documentation regarding the implementation of that algorithm.

*Note 1: Examples of technical documentation include an Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document, product user guide, etc.*

|As threshold.||||| -|**3.6**|**Ozone Corrections**|

Data is corrected for ozone if spectral bands are affected.

Relevant metadata must be provided under 1.8 and 1.9.

Metadata contains a single DOI landing page with references to a citable peer-reviewed algorithm, technical documentation regarding the implementation of the ozone correction algorithm.

|As threshold.||||| -|**3.7**|**Other Trace Gaseous Absorption Corrections**|

Data is corrected for other trace gaseous absorption if spectral bands are affected.

Relevant metadata must be provided under 1.8 and 1.9.

Metadata contains a single DOI landing page with references to a citable peer-reviewed algorithm, technical documentation regarding the implementation of the other trace gaseous absorption correction algorithm.

|As threshold.||||| -|**3.8**|**Sun Glint Correction**|Not required.|The metadata indicates the surface contributions from Sun glint removed from the data if a pixel is assessed as being of correctable (moderate) Sun glint.||||| -|**3.9**|**Sky Glint Correction**|Sky glint is implicitly corrected for in the atmospheric correction procedure.|Sky glint is separately assessed and corrected for in the data processing. The metadata indicates the surface contributions from sky glint are removed from the data.||||| -|**3.10**|**Whitecap/
Foam Correction**|The water-leaving reflectance or radiance is corrected for the contribution from surface whitecaps and foam if a pixel is assessed as affected by whitecaps or foam.|As threshold.||||| -|**3.11**|**Adjacency Effects Correction**|Not required.|Information on adjacency effects correction (for example, citable peer-reviewed algorithm approach, technical documentation of the implementation, sources of ancillary data) should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.||||| -|**3.12**|**Floating Vegetation/
Surface Scum Correction**|The metadata indicates whether a pixel has been corrected for floating vegetation/surface scum or not. In that case information on floating vegetation/surface scum water mask should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.|As threshold.||||| -|**3.13**|**Turbid Water Correction**|The metadata indicates whether the atmospheric correction accounted for a pixel being turbid or not. In that case information on turbid water mask should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.|As threshold.||||| -|**3.14**|**Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function Correction**|Not required.|Data is corrected for BRDF effects (see also 3.3.).||||| - - -## **Geometric Corrections** -*Geometric corrections must place the measurement accurately on the surface of the Earth (that is, geolocate the measurement) allowing measurements taken through time to be compared.* - -|**#**|**Item**|**Threshold (Minimum)
Requirements**|**Target (Desired)
Requirements**|**Threshold
Self-Assessment**|**Target
Self-Assessment**|**Self-Assessment
Explanation/ Justification**|**Recommended Requirement Modification**| -| :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | -|**4.1**|**Geometric Correction**|

Sub-pixel accuracy is achieved in relative geolocation, that is, the pixels from the same instrument and platform are consistently located, and are thus comparable, through time.

Sub-pixel accuracy is taken to be less than or equal to 0.5-pixel radial root mean square error (rRMSE) or equivalent in Circular Error Probability (CEP) relative to a defined reference image.

A consistent gridding/sampling frame is used, including common cell size, origin, and nominal sample point location within the cell (centre, ll, ur).

Relevant metadata must be provided under 1.8 and 1.9.

*Note 1: The threshold level will not necessarily enable interoperability between data from* different *sources as the geometric corrections for each of the sources may differ.*

|

Sub-pixel accuracy is achieved relative to an identified absolute independent terrestrial referencing system (such as a national map grid).

A consistent gridding/sampling frame is necessary to meet this requirement.

Relevant metadata must be provided under 1.8 and 1.9.

*Note 1: This requirement is intended to enable interoperability between imagery from different platforms that meet this level of correction and with non-image spatial data such as GIS layers and terrain models.*

||||| - -# **Summary Self-Assessment Table** - -||**Threshold**|**Target**| -| :-: | :-: | :-: | -|**1. General Metadata**||| -|1\.1 Traceability|Not Required|| -|1\.2 Metadata Machine Readability||| -|1\.3 Data Collection Time||| -|1\.4 Geographical Area||| -|1\.5 Coordinate Reference System||| -|1\.6 Map Projection||| -|1\.7 Geometric Correction Methods|Not Required|| -|1\.8 Geometric Accuracy of the Data|Not Required|| -|1\.9 Instrument||| -|1\.10 Spectral Bands||| -|1\.11 Sensor Calibration|Not Required|| -|1\.12 Radiometric Accuracy||| -|1\.13 Algorithms||| -|1\.14 Auxiliary Data||| -|1\.15 Processing Chain Provenance|Not Required|| -|1\.16 Data Access||| -|1\.17 Overall Data Quality||| -|||| -|**2. Per-Pixel Metadata**||| -|2\.1 Metadata Machine Readability||| -|2\.2 No Data||| -|2\.3 Per-pixel Assessment||| -|2\.4 Saturation||| -|2\.5 Cloud||| -|2\.6 Cloud Shadow||| -|2\.7 Land/Water Mask||| -|2\.8 Sea/Lake/River Ice Mask||| -|2\.9 Sun Glint||| -|2\.10 Sky Glint|Not Required|| -|2\.11 Whitecap/Foam Mask||| -|2\.12 Solar and Viewing Geometry||| -|2\.13 Adjacency Effects|Not Required|| -|2\.14 Floating Vegetation/Surface Scum Mask||| -|2\.15 Aerosol Optical Depth Parameters||| -|2\.16 Deep/Shallow Water|Not Required|| -|2\.17 Optically Deep or Optically Shallow Assessment||| -|2\.18 Turbid Water Flag||| -|2\.19 Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function Applied|Not Required|| -|2\.20 Altitude (ASL)||| -|||| -|**3. Radiometric and Atmospheric Corrections**||| -|3\.1 Measurement||| -|3\.2 Measurement Uncertainty|Not Required|| -|3\.3 Measurement Normalisation|Not Required|| -|3\.4 Atmospheric Reflectance Correction||| -|3\.5 Water Vapour Corrections||| -|3\.6 Ozone Corrections||| -|3\.7 Other Trace Gaseous Absorption Corrections||| -|3\.8 Sun Glint Correction|Not Required|| -|3\.9 Sky Glint Correction||| -|3\.10 Whitecap/Foam Correction||| -|3\.11 Adjacency Effects Correction|Not Required|| -|3\.12 Floating Vegetation/Surface Scum Correction||| -|3\.13 Turbid Water Correction||| -|3\.14 Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function Correction|Not Required|| -|||| -|**4. Geometric Corrections**||| -|4\.1 Geometric Correction||| - -# **Guidance** -This section aims to provide background and specific information on the processing steps that can be used to achieve analysis ready data. This Guidance material does not replace or over-ride the specifications. -# **Introduction to CARD4L** -**What is CEOS Analysis Ready Data for Land (CARD4L) products?** - -CARD4L products have been processed to a minimum set of requirements and organized into a form that allows immediate analysis with a minimum of additional user effort. These products would be resampled onto a common geometric grid (for a given product) and would provide baseline data for further interoperability both through time and with other datasets. - -CARD4L products are intended to be flexible and accessible products suitable for a wide range of users for a wide variety of applications, including particularly time series analysis and multi-sensor application development. They are also intended to support rapid ingestion and exploitation via high-performance computing, cloud computing and other future data architectures. They may not be suitable for all purposes and are not intended as a ‘replacement’ for other types of satellite products. - -**When can a product be called CARD4L?** - -The CARD4L branding is applied to a particular product once: - -- that product has been assessed as meeting CARD4L requirements by the agency responsible for production and distribution of the product, and -- that assessment has been peer reviewed by the CEOS Land Surface Imaging Virtual Constellation in consultation with other CEOS working groups as appropriate, including the CEOS Working Group on Calibration and Validation. - -Agencies or other entities considering undertaking an assessment process should contact the [Land Surface Imaging Virtual Constellation](http://ceos.org/ourwork/virtual-constellations/lsi/). - -A product can continue to use CARD4L branding as long as its generation and distribution remain consistent with the peer-reviewed assessment. - -**What is the difference between Threshold and Target?** - -Products that meet all threshold requirements should be immediately useful for scientific analysis or decision-making. - -Products that meet target requirements will reduce the overall product uncertainties and enhance broad-scale applications. For example, the products may enhance interoperability or provide increased accuracy through additional corrections that are not reasonable at the *threshold* level. - -Target requirements anticipate continuous improvement of methods and evolution of community expectations, which are both normal and inevitable in a developing field. Over time, *target* specifications may (and subject to due process) become accepted as *threshold* requirements. -# **Procedural Examples** -**Processes to produce Threshold Aquatic Reflectance CARD4L:** - -The following correction processes would typically be applied to produce CARD4L-AR Threshold: - -- *No example processes are provided at this time.* - -The following additional processes could be applied to produce CARD4L-AR Target: - -- *No example processes are provided at this time.* -# **Specific Examples** -**Processes to produce Threshold Aquatic Reflectance CARD4L.** - -- *No example processes are provided at this time.* -# **Reference Papers** -The following papers provide scientific and technical guidance: - -Botha, E.J., Brando, V.E., & Dekker, A.G., 2016. Effects of per-pixel variability on uncertainties in bathymetric retrievals from high-resolution satellite images. Remote Sens. 8(6), 459, . (*Supports requirements* *2.9, 2.13, 3.8 & 3.11*) - -Bourg, L., 2014. Sentinel-3 OLCI Level-0 and Level-1B ATBD. Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document S3-ACR-TN-007, Issue 5.0, ACRI, 10 December 2014. (*Supports requirement 2.9*) - -Brando, V.E., Anstee, J.M., Wettle, M., Dekker, A.G., Phinn, S.R., & Roelfsema, C., 2009. A physics based retrieval and quality assessment of bathymetry from suboptimal hyperspectral data. Remote Sens. Environ. 113(4), 755-770, . (*Supports requirement 2.17*) - -Bresciani, M., Adamo, M., De Carolis, G., Matta, E., Pasquariello, G., Vaičiūtė, D., & Giardino, C., 2014. Monitoring blooms and surface accumulation of cyanobacteria in the Curonian Lagoon by combining MERIS and ASAR data. Remote Sens. Environ. 146, 124-135, . (*Supports requirements 2.14 & 3.12*) - -Brockmann, C., Kirches, G., Militzer, J., & Stelzer, K., 2015. SENTINEL 3 – LAND-WATER MASK, Version 1.2. Technical Note S3\_LandWaterMask\_v1\_2.docx, Brockmann Consult GmbH, 14.08.2015. (*Supports requirement* *2.*7) - -Bulgarelli, B. & Zibordi, G., 2018a. On the detectability of adjacency effects in ocean color remote sensing of mid-latitude coastal environments by SeaWiFS, MODIS-A, MERIS, OLCI, OLI and MSI. Remote Sens. Environ. 209, 423-438, . (*Supports requirement 2.13*) - -Bulgarelli, B. & Zibordi, G., 2018b. Seasonal impact of adjacency effects in ocean color radiometry at the AAOT validation site. IEEE Geosci. Remote. Sens. Lett. 15(4), 488-492, . (*Supports requirement* *2.13*) - -Bulgarelli, B. & Zibordi, G., 2020. Adjacency radiance around a small island: implications for system vicarious calibration. Appl. Opt. 59(10), C63-C69, . (*Supports requirement* *2.13*) - -C-GLOPS-2, 2018. Lake Ice Extent (LIE) collection 250m Baltic Sea region, Version 1.0.1. Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document CGLOPS2\_QAR\_LIE-250m-V1.0.1, I1.03, Copernicus Global Land Service, 09.11.2018. (*Supports requirement 2.8*) - -Colin F.M., 2014. Glint Avoidance and Removal in the Maritime Environment. Thesis. Rochester Institute of Technology, accessed from on 27. September 2021. (*Supports requirements 2.9 & 2.10*) - -De Keukelaere, L., Sterckx, S., Adriaensen, S., Knaeps, E., Reusen, I., Giardino, C., Bresciani, M., Hunter, P., Neil, C., Van der Zande, D., & Vaiciute, D., 2018. Atmospheric correction of Landsat-8/OLI and Sentinel-2/MSI data using iCOR algorithm: validation for coastal and inland waters. Eur. J. Remote Sens. 51(1), 525-542, . (*Supports requirements 2.15, 3.6, 3.7 & 3.11*) - -Dekker A.G., Phinn S.R., Anstee J.M., Bissett P., Brando, V.E., Casey, B., Fearns, P., Hedley, J., Klonowski, W., Lee, Z.P., Lynch, M., Lyons, M., Mobley, C. & Roelfsema, C., 2011. Intercomparison of shallow water bathymetry, hydro-optics and benthos mapping techniques in Australian and Caribbean coastal environments. Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods 9(9), 396-425, . (*Supports requirement 2.17*) - -Dierssen, H.M., 2019. Hyperspectral measurements, parameterizations, and atmospheric correction of whitecaps and foam from visible to shortwave infrared for ocean color remote sensing. Front. Earth Sci. 7(14), . (*Supports requirements* *2.11 & 3.10*) - -Dierssen, H.M., 2021. Corrigendum: Hyperspectral measurements, parameterizations, and atmospheric correction of whitecaps and foam from visible to shortwave infrared for ocean color remote sensing. Front. Earth Sci. 9(683136), . (*Supports requirement 3.10*) - -Dworak, R., Liu, Y., Key, J., & Meier, W.N., 2021. A blended sea ice concentration product from AMSR2 and VIIRS. Remote Sens. 13(15), 2982, . (*Supports requirement 2.8*) - -Fan, Y., Li, W., Voss, K.J., Gatebe, C.K., & Stamnes, K., 2016. Neural network method to correct bidirectional effects in water-leaving radiance. Appl. Opt. 55(1), 10-21. . (*Supports requirements 2.19, 3.3, 3.14*) - -Foga, S., Scaramuzza, P.L., Guo, S., Zhu, Z., Dilley, R.D., Beckmann, T., Schmidt, G.L., Dwyer, J.L., Hughes, M.J., & Laue, B., 2017. Cloud detection algorithm comparison and validation for operational Landsat data products. Remote Sens. Environ. 194, 379-390, . (*Supports requirement* 2.5) - -Frouin, R.J., Franz, B.A., Ibrahim, A., Knobelspiesse, K., Ahmad, Z., ..., & Zhai, P.-W., 2019. Atmospheric correction of satellite ocean-color imagery during the PACE era. Front. Earth Sci. 7(145), . (*Supports requirements 2.11 & 3.10*) - -Gege, P. & Groetsch, P., 2016. A spectral model for correcting sun glint and sky glint. Conference paper: Ocean Optics XXIII, Oct. 23-28, 2016, Victoria, Canada. (*Supports requirement 3.9*) - -Gossn, J.I., Ruddick, K.G., & Dogliotti, A.I., 2019. Atmospheric correction of OLCI imagery over extremely turbid waters based on the red, NIR and 1016 nm bands and a new baseline residual technique. Remote Sens. 11(3), 220, . (Supports requirement 3.13) - -Groetsch, P.M.M., Foster R., & Gilerson, A., 2020. Exploring the limits for sky and sun glint correction of hyperspectral above-surface reflectance observations. Appl. Opt. 59(9), 2942-2954, . (*Supports requirements 3.8 & 3.9*) - -Harmel, T., Chami, M., Tormos, T., Reynaud, N., & Danis, P.-A, 2018. Sun glint correction of the Multi-Spectral Instrument (MSI)-SENTINEL-2 imagery over inland and sea waters from SWIR bands. Remote Sens. Environ. 204, 308-321, . (*Supports requirements 3.6, 3.7 & 3.8*) - -Ilori, C.O., Pahlevan, N., & Knudby, A., 2019. Analyzing performances of different atmospheric correction techniques for Landsat 8: Application for coastal remote sensing. Remote Sens. 11(4), 469, . (*Supports requirement 2.15*) - -JCGM, 2008. Evaluation of measurement data - Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement. JCGM 100:2008, GUM 1995 with minor corrections, First edition, September 2008. (*Supports requirement 3.2*) - -Jones, J.W., 2019. Improved automated detection of subpixel-scale inundation - Revised Dynamic Surface Water Extent (DSWE) partial surface water tests. Remote Sens. 11(4), 374, . (*Supports requirement* *2.7*) - -Kay, S., Hedley, J., & Lavender, S., 2013. Sun glint estimation in marine satellite images: a comparison of results from calculation and radiative transfer modeling. Appl. Opt. 52(23), 5631-5639, . (*Supports requirement* *2.9*) - -Kay, S., Hedley, J.D., & Lavender, S., 2009. Sun glint correction of high and low spatial resolution images of aquatic scenes: a review of methods for visible and near-infrared wavelengths. Remote Sens. 1(4), 697-730, . (Supports requirement 3.8) - -Kiselev, V., Bulgarelli, B., & Heege, T., 2015. Sensor independent adjacency correction algorithm for coastal and inland water systems. Remote Sens. Environ. 157, 85-95, . (*Supports requirement 3.11*) - -Koepke, P., 1984. Effective reflectance of oceanic whitecaps. Appl. Opt. 23(11), 1816-1824, . (*Supports requirements* *2.11 & 3.10*) - -Kutser, T., Hedley, J., Giardino, C., Roelfsema, C., & Brando, V., 2020. Remote sensing of shallow waters - A 50 year retrospective and future directions. Remote Sens. Environ. 240, 111619, . (*Supports requirement 2.17*) - -Kutser, T., Vahtmäe, E., & Praks, J., 2009. A sun glint correction method for hyperspectral imagery containing areas with non-negligible water leaving NIR signal. Remote Sens. Environ. 113(10), 2267-2274, . (*Supports requirement 3.8*) - -Lavender, S. & Kay, S., 2010. Sentinel-3 OLCI Glint Correction ATBD. Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document S3-L2-SD-03-C09-ARG- ATBD, Issue 2.0, ARGANS, 08 April 2010. (*Supports requirement 3.8*) - -Lee, Z., Du, K., Voss, K.J., Zibordi, G., Lubac, B., Arnone, R., & Weidemann, A., 2011. An inherent-optical-property-centered approach to correct the angular effects in water-leaving radiance. Appl. Opt. 50, 19, 3155-3167, . (*Supports requirements 2.19, 3.3, 3.14*) - -Liu, X., Steele, C., Simis, S., Warren, M., Tyler, A., Spyrakos, E., Selmes, N., & Hunter, P., 2021. Retrieval of Chlorophyll-a concentration and associated product uncertainty in optically diverse lakes and reservoirs. Remote Sens. Environ., 267, 112710, . - -Liu, Y. & Key, J.R., 2019. Ice Surface Temperature, Ice Concentration, and Ice Cover, Version 1.2. Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document ATBD\_GOES-R\_IceConcentration\_v1.2\_Feb2019, NOAA NESDIS Center for Satellite Applications and Research, February 8, 2019. (*Supports requirement* *2.8*) - -Liu, Y., Key, J., & Mahoney, R., 2016. Sea and freshwater ice concentration from VIIRS on Suomi NPP and the future JPSS satellites. Remote Sens. 8(6), 523, . (*Supports requirement* *2.8*) - -Matthews, M.W. & Odermatt, D., 2015. Improved algorithm for routine monitoring of cyanobacteria and eutrophication in inland and near-coastal waters. Remote Sens. Environ. 156, 374-382, . (*Supports requirements 2.14 & 3.12*) - -Matthews, M.W., Bernard, S., & Robertson, L., 2012. An algorithm for detecting trophic status (chlorophyll-a), cyanobacterial dominance, surface scums and floating vegetation in inland and coastal waters. Remote Sens. Environ. 124, 637-652, . (*Supports requirements 2.14 & 3.12*) - -Mikelsons, K., Wang, M., Wang, X.L., & Jiang, L., 2021. Global land mask for satellite ocean color remote sensing. Remote Sens. Environ. 257, 112356, . (*Supports requirement* 2.7) - -Mobley, C.D., Werdell, J., Franz, B., Ahmad, Z., & Bailey, S., 2016. Atmospheric Correction for Satellite Ocean Color Radiometry. NASA Tech. Memo. 20160011399, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 06/01/2016, . (*Supports requirements 2.19, 3.3 & 3.14*) - -Moore, G.F., Aiken, J., & Lavender, S.J., 1999. The atmospheric correction of water colour and the quantitative retrieval of suspended particulate matter in Case II waters: Application to MERIS. Int. J. Remote Sens. 20(9), 1713-1733, . (*Supports requirement 3.13*) - -Moore, K.D., Voss, K.J., & Gordon, H.R., 2000. Spectral reflectance of whitecaps: Their contribution to water-leaving radiance. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 105(C3), 6493-6499, . (*Supports requirements* *2.11 & 3.10*) - -Morel, A. & Bélanger, S., 2006. Improved detection of turbid waters from ocean color sensors information. Remote Sens. Environ. 102(3-4), 237-249, . (*Supports requirement 2.18*) - -Morel, A. & Gentili, 2008. Practical application of the “turbid water” flag in ocean color imagery: Interference with sun-glint contaminated pixels in open ocean. Remote Sens. Environ. 112(3), 934-938, . (*Supports requirement 2.18*) - -Pahlevan, N., Mangin, A., Balasubramanian, S.V., Smith, B., Alikas, K., ..., & Warren, M., 2021. ACIX-Aqua: A global assessment of atmospheric correction methods for Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 over lakes, rivers, and coastal waters. Remote Sens. Environ. 258, 112366, . (*Supports requirements 2.15, 3.2, 3.6 & 3.7*) - -Pahlevan, N., Schott, J.R., Franz, B.A., Zibordi, Z., Markham, B., Bailey, S., Schaaf, C.B., Ondrusek, M., Greb, S., & Strait, C.M., 2017. Landsat 8 remote sensing reflectance (Rrs) products: Evaluations, intercomparisons, and enhancements. Remote Sens. Environ. 190, 289-301, . (*Supports requirements 2.15, 3.6 & 3.7*) - -Park, Y.-J. & Ruddick, K., 2005. Model of remote-sensing reflectance including bidirectional effects for case 1 and case 2 waters. Appl. Opt. 44(7), 1236-1249, . (*Supports requirements 2.19, 3.3 & 3.14*) - -Pekel, J.-F., Cottam, A., Gorelick, N., & Belward, A.S., 2016. High-resolution mapping of global surface water and its long-term changes. Nature 540, 418-422, . (*Supports requirement 2.7*) - -Robinson, W.D., Franz, B.A., Patt, F.S., Bailey, S.W., & Werdell, P.J., 2003. Masks and Flags Updates. Chapter 6 In: Patt, F.S., et al., 2003: Algorithm Updates for the Fourth SeaWiFS Data Reprocessing. NASA Tech. Memo. 2003--206892, Vol. 22, Hooker, S.B. & Firestone, E.R, Eds., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland. (*Supports requirements 2.8 & 2.18*) - -Soppa, M.A., Silva, B., Steinmetz, F., Keith, D., Scheffler, D., Bohn, N., & Bracher, A., 2021. Assessment of Polymer atmospheric correction algorithm for hyperspectral remote sensing imagery over coastal waters. Sensors 21(12), 4125, . (*Supports requirements 2.19, 3.3 & 3.14*) - -Sterckx, S., Knaeps, E., Kratzer, S., & Ruddick, K., 2015. SIMilarity Environment Correction (SIMEC) applied to MERIS data over inland and coastal waters. Remote Sens. Environ. 157, 96-110, . (*Supports requirement 3.11*) - -Stumpf, R.P., Arnone, R.A., Gould, Jr., R.W., Martinolich, P.M., & Ransibrahmanakul, V. 2003. A partially coupled ocean-atmosphere model for retrieval of water-leaving radiance from SeaWiFS in coastal waters. Chapter 9 In: Patt, F.S., et al., 2003: Algorithm Updates for the Fourth SeaWiFS Data Reprocessing. NASA Tech. Memo. 2003--206892, Vol. 22, Hooker, S.B. & Firestone, E.R., Eds., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland. (*Supports requirement 3.13*) - -Vanhellemont, Q., 2019. Adaptation of the dark spectrum fitting atmospheric correction for aquatic applications of the Landsat and Sentinel-2 archives. Remote Sens. Environ. 225, 175-192, . (*Supports requirements 2.15 & 3.6*) - -Wang, M., Liu, X., Jiang, L., & Son, S.H., 2017. Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Ocean Color Products, Version 1.0. Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document ATBD\_OceanColor\_v1.0, NOAA NESDIS Center for Satellite Applications and Research, June 5, 2017. (*Supports requirements 2.11 & 3.10*) - -Warren, M.A., Simis, S.G., & Selmes, N., 2021. Complementary water quality observations from high and medium resolution Sentinel sensors by aligning chlorophyll-a and turbidity algorithms. Remote Sens. Environ. 265, 112651, . (*Supports requirement 3.2*) - -Zhang, X., He, S., Shabani, A., Zhai, P.-W., & Du, K., 2017. Spectral sea surface reflectance of skylight. Opt. Express 25(4), A1-A13, . (*Supports requirement 3.9*) - -Zheng, G. & DiGiacomo, P.M., 2017. Uncertainties and applications of satellite-derived coastal water quality products. Prog. Oceanogr. 159, 45-72, . (*Supports requirement 3.2*) - -Zhu, Z. & Woodcock, C.E, 2012. Object‐based cloud and cloud shadow detection in Landsat imagery. Remote Sens. Environ. 118, 83‐94, . (*Supports requirement* *2.5*) - -Zhu, Z., Wang, S., & Woodcock, C.E., 2015. Improvement and expansion of the Fmask algorithm: cloud, cloud shadow, and snow detection for Landsats 4‐7, 8, and Sentinel 2 images. Remote Sens. Environ. 159, 269‐277, . (*Supports requirement 2.5*) + + +# CEOS Analysis Ready Data
Product Family Specification: Aquatic Surface Reflectance + + +# **Document History** + +|**Version**|**Date**|**Description of Change**|**Author**| +| :- | :- | :- | :- | +|1.0|2 Feb 2022|Initial version.|

Andreia Siqueira (GA), Christopher Barnes (USGS/KBR), Steve Labahn, (USGS) Arnold Dekker (SatDek),

Barbara Bulgarelli (JRC-EC), Carsten Brockmann (Brockmann Consulting), Daniela Gurlin (Wisconsin DNR), Joseph D. Ortiz (Kent State), Igor Ogashawara (IGB Berlin), Anthony Vodacek (RIT), Nima Pahlevan (NASA), Liesbeth de Keukelare (VITO), Ils Reusen (VITO), Steef Peters (WaterInsight), Claudia Giardino (CNR), Tiit Kutser (WaterForCE), Steve Greb (UW-Madison), Sindy Sterckx (VITO), Vittorio E. Brando (CNR), Merrie-Beth Neely (GeoAquaWatch), Paul Digiacomo (NOAA)

| +||||| +||||| +||||| +||||| +||||| + +Andreia Siqueira, GA + +Christopher Barnes, USGS/KBR, USA + +Steve Labahn, USGS, USA + +Arnold Dekker, SatDek, Australia + +Barbara Bulgarelli, JRC-EC + +Carsten Brockmann, Brockmann Consulting, Germany + +Daniela Gurlin, Wisconsin DNR, USA + +Joseph D. Ortiz, Kent State, USA + +Igor Ogashawara, IGB Berlin, Germany + +Anthony Vodacek, RIT, USA + +Nima Pahlevan, NASA, USA + +Liesbeth de Keukelare, VITO, Belgium + +Ils Reusen, VITO, Belgium + +Sindy Sterckx, VITO, Belgium + +Steef Peters, WaterInsight, + +Claudia Giardino, CNR, Italy + +Vittorio E. Brando, CNR, Italy + +Tiit Kutser, WaterForCE + +Steve Greb, UW-Madison, USA + +Merrie-Beth Neely, GeoAquaWatch, USA + +Paul Digiacomo, NOAA, USA + +# **Description** +**Product Family Title:** **Aquatic Reflectance (CARD4L-AR)** + +**Applies to:*** Data collected with multispectral and hyperspectral sensors operating in the VIS/NIR/SWIR wavelengths over water bodies. These typically operate with ground sample distance and resolution in the order of 10-1000 m; however, the specification is not inherently limited to this resolution. + + +# **Definitions** + +|AR|Aquatic Reflectance| +| :-: | :- | +|Ancillary Data|Data other than instrument measurements, originating in the instrument itself or from the satellite, required to perform processing of the data. They include orbit data, attitude data, time information, spacecraft engineering data, calibration data, data quality information, and data from other instruments.| +|Auxiliary Data|The data required for instrument processing, which does not originate in the instrument itself or from the satellite. Some auxiliary data will be generated in the ground segment, whilst other data will be provided from external sources.| +|Metadata|Structured information that describes other information or information services. With well-defined metadata, users should be able to get basic information about data, without the need to have knowledge about its entire content.| +|MTF|Modulation Transfer Function| +|Spectral Resolution|Defines the narrowest spectral feature that can be resolved by a spectrometer.| +|Spatial Resolution|The highest magnification of the sensor at the ground surface.| +|Spectral Sampling Distance|Spectral sampling is the interval, in wavelength units, between discrete data points in the measured spectrum.| +|Spatial Sampling Distance|Spatial sampling distance is the barycentre-to-barycentre distance between adjacent spatial samples on the Earth's surface.| + +# **Requirements** +## **General Metadata** +*These are metadata records describing a distributed collection of pixels. The collection of pixels referred to must be contiguous in space and time. General metadata should allow the user to assess the overall suitability of the dataset, and must meet the following requirements:* + +|**#**|**Item**|**Threshold (Minimum)
Requirements**|**Target (Desired)
Requirements**|**Threshold
Self-Assessment**|**Target
Self-Assessment**|**Self-Assessment
Explanation/ Justification**|` `**Recommended Requirement Modification**| +| :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | +|**1.1**|**Traceability**|Not required.|

Data must be traceable to SI reference standard.

*Note 1: Relationship to 3.2. Traceability requires an estimate of measurement uncertainty.*

*Note 2: Information on traceability should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.*

||||| +|**1.2**|**Metadata Machine Readability**|Metadata is provided in a structure that enables a computer algorithm to be used consistently and to automatically identify and extract each component part for further use.|As threshold, but metadata should be provided in a community endorsed standard that facilitates machine-readability, such as ISO 19115-2.||||| +|**1.3**|**Data Collection Time**|The data collection time is identified in the metadata, expressed in date/time, to the second, with the time offset from UTC unambiguously identified.|Acquisition time for each pixel is identified (or can be reliably determined) in the metadata, expressed in date/time at UTC, to the second.||||| +|**1.4**|**Geographical Area**|The surface location to which the data relates is identified, typically as a series of four corner points, expressed in an accepted coordinate reference system (e.g., WGS84).|The geographic area covered by the observations is identified specifically, such as through a set of coordinates of a closely bounding polygon. The location to which each pixel refers is identified (or can be reliably determined) with the projection system (if any) and reference datum provided.||||| +|**1.5**|**Coordinate Reference System**|The metadata lists the coordinate reference system that has been used.|As threshold.||||| +|**1.6**|**Map Projection**|The metadata lists the map projection that has been used and any relevant parameters required in relation to use of data in that map projection.|As threshold.||||| +|**1.7**|**Geometric Correction Methods**|

Not required.

The user is not explicitly advised of the geometric correction source and methods.

|Information on geometric correction methods should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page, including reference database and auxiliary data such as elevation model(s) and reference chip-sets.||||| +|**1.8**|**Geometric Accuracy of the Data**|

Not required.

The user is not provided with results of geometric accuracy assessments pertaining to the dataset.

|

The metadata includes metrics describing the assessed geodetic accuracy of the data, expressed units of the coordinate system of the data. Accuracy is assessed by independent verification (as well as internal model-fit where applicable). Uncertainties are expressed quantitatively, for example, as root mean square error (RMSE) or Circular Error Probability (CEP90, CEP95), etc.

*Note 1: Information on geometric accuracy of the data should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.*

||||| +|**1.9**|**Instrument**|The instrument used to collect the data is identified in the metadata.|As threshold, but information should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page with references to the relevant CEOS Missions, Instruments, and Measurements Database record.||||| +|**1.10**|**Spectral Bands**|The central wavelength and full width at half maximum for each spectral band for which data is included is identified in the metadata, expressed in SI units.|

As threshold, with instrument spectral response details (e.g., full spectral response function) also included or directly accessible using details in the metadata.

*Note 1: Information on spectral bands should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.*

||||| +|**1.11**|**Sensor Calibration**|Not required.
The general metadata does not include sensor calibration details.|

Sensor calibration parameters are identified in the metadata or can be accessed using details included in the metadata. Ideally this would support machine-to-machine access.

*Note 1: Information on sensor calibration should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.*

||||| +|**1.12**|**Radiometric Accuracy**|The metadata provides the number of bits required (e.g., 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, etc.).|

The metadata includes metrics describing the assessed absolute radiometric uncertainty of the version of the data or product, expressed as absolute radiometric uncertainty relative to appropriate, known reference sites and standards (for example, pseudo-invariant calibration sites, rigorously collected field spectra, PICS, Rayleigh, DCC, etc.)

*Note 1: Information on radiometric accuracy should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.*

||||| +|**1.13**|**Algorithms**|

All algorithms, and the sequence in which they were applied in the generation process, are identified in the metadata. For example, these may be available through Algorithm Theoretical Basis documents.

*Note 1: Information on algorithms should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.*

|

As threshold, but only algorithms that have been published in a peer-reviewed journal.

*Note 1: It is possible that high-quality corrections are applied through non-disclosed processes. CARD4L does not per-se require full and open data and methods.*

*Note 2: Information on algorithms should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.*

||||| +|**1.14**|**Auxiliary Data**|

The metadata identifies the sources of auxiliary data used in the generation process, ideally expressed as a single DOI landing page.

Note 1: Auxiliary data includes DEMs, aerosols, land mask, bathymetry, NO2, etc. data sources.

|As threshold, but information on auxiliary data should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page and is also available for free online download, contemporaneously with the product or through a link to the source.||||| +|**1.15**|**Processing Chain Provenance**|Not required.|Information on processing chain provenance should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page containing detailed description of the processing steps used to generate the product, including the versions of software used, giving full transparency to the users.||||| +|**1.16**|**Data Access**|

Information on data access should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.

*Note 1: Manual and offline interaction action (e.g., login) may be required.*

|As threshold.||||| +|**1.17**|**Overall Data Quality**|

Machine-readable metrics describing the overall quality of the data are included in the metadata, at minimum the cloud cover extent, i.e.:

- Proportion of observations over land and over water affected by non-target phenomena, e.g., cloud and cloud shadows.

|As threshold.||||| + + +## **Per-Pixel Metadata** +*The following minimum metadata specifications apply to each pixel. Whether the metadata are provided in a single record relevant to all pixels, or separately for each pixel, is at the discretion of the data provider. Per-pixel metadata should allow users to discriminate between (choose) observations on the basis of their individual suitability for application.* + +|**#**|**Item**|**Threshold (Minimum)
Requirements**|**Target (Desired)
Requirements**|**Threshold
Self-Assessment**|**Target
Self-Assessment**|**Self-Assessment
Explanation/ Justification**|**Recommended Requirement Modification** | +| :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | +|**2.1**|**Metadata Machine Readability**|Metadata is provided in a structure that enables a computer algorithm to be used to consistently and automatically identify and extract each component part for further use.|As threshold.||||| +|**2.2**|**No Data**|Pixels that do not correspond to an observation (e.g., ‘empty pixels/invalid observation/below noise floor’) are flagged.|As threshold.||||| +|**2.3**|**Per-pixel Assessment**|

The metadata identifies pixels for which the per-pixel tests (below) have not all been successfully completed.

*Note 1: This may be the result of missing ancillary data for a subset of the pixels.*

|The metadata identifies which tests have, and have not, been successfully completed for each pixel.||||| +|**2.4**|**Saturation**|Metadata indicates where one or more spectral bands are saturated.|Metadata indicates which pixels are saturated for each spectral band.||||| +|**2.5**|**Cloud**|Metadata indicates whether a pixel is assessed as being cloud.|As threshold, information on cloud detection should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page along with the confidence in this assessment. Clouds and cirrus clouds are differentiated.||||| +|**2.6**|**Cloud Shadow**|Metadata indicates whether a pixel is assessed as being cloud shadow.|As threshold, but information on cloud shadow detection should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.||||| +|**2.7**|**Land/Water Mask**|The metadata indicates whether a pixel is assessed as being land or water. Information on land/water mask should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.|As threshold.||||| +|**2.8**|**Sea/Lake/
River Ice Mask**|The metadata indicates whether a pixel is assessed as being sea/lake/river ice or not. Information on sea/lake/river ice mask should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.|As threshold.||||| +|**2.9**|**Sun Glint**|

The metadata indicates whether a pixel is assessed as absent or correctable (moderate), or uncorrectable (severe) Sun glint.

*Note 1: Sun glint is deemed uncorrectable if the upper limit of the dynamic range of a sensor is reached (i.e., saturation occurs).*

|The metadata indicates the amount of Sun glint for each pixel and band.||||| +|**2.10**|**Sky Glint**|Not required.|The metadata indicates the amount of sky glint for each pixel and band.||||| +|**2.11**|**Whitecap/
Foam Mask**|The metadata indicates whether a pixel is assessed as affected by whitecaps or foam as a function of the wind speed or other.|As threshold.||||| +|**2.12**|**Solar and Viewing Geometry**|The metadata provides average solar and sensor viewing azimuth and zenith angles.|As threshold.||||| +|**2.13**|**Adjacency Effects**|

Not required. 

|The metadata provides the risk of per-pixel adjacency effects contamination, through flagging to denote per-pixel minimum, medium or high adjacency effects contamination.
*Note 1: This effect often occurs in increased turbid or optically shallow waters near shorelines that may confuse this assessment*.||||| +|**2.14**|**Floating Vegetation/
Surface Scum Mask**|The metadata indicates whether a pixel is assessed as affected by floating vegetation/surface scum.|As threshold.||||| +|**2.15**|**Aerosol Optical Depth Parameters**|The metadata indicates either per-pixel spectral Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD), or per-pixel AOD (550nm) and Angstrom exponent.|As threshold.||||| +|**2.16**|**Deep/
Shallow Water**|Not required.|The metadata indicates where available: the bottom depth referenced to the mean sea level for the oceans and referenced to mean levels for lakes. Information on bathymetry should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.||||| +|**2.17**|**Optically Deep or Optically Shallow Assessment**|The metadata indicates, based on likelihood (bathymetry maps and average *K*d (preferred) or based on turbidity or Secchi disk transparency), whether water pixels may be optically deep or optically shallow. This will most likely be bathymetry map contour based.|Based on an assessment from an inversion algorithm that estimates the optically deep or optically shallow per-pixel status.||||| +|**2.18**|**Turbid Water Flag**|The metadata indicates whether a pixel is assessed as being turbid or not. Information on turbid water mask should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.|As threshold.||||| +|**2.19**|**Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function Applied**|Not required.|Metadata indicates which pixels are corrected for BRDF effects.||||| +|**2.20**|**Altitude (ASL)**|The metadata indicates approximate altitude (ASL) of water body pixels is required for atmospheric correction (range = -430 to ~6500m)|As threshold.||||| + + +## **Radiometric and Atmospheric Corrections** +*The following requirements must be met for all pixels in a collection. The requirements indicate both the necessary outcomes (3.1-3.3) and the minimum steps necessary to be deemed to have achieved those outcomes (3.4 onwards). Radiometric corrections must lead to a valid measurement of aquatic reflectance.* + +|**#**|**Item**|**Threshold (Minimum)
Requirements**|**Target (Desired)
Requirements**|**Threshold
Self-Assessment**|**Target
Self-Assessment**|**Self-Assessment
Explanation/ Justification**|**Recommended Requirement Modification** | +| :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | +|**3.1**|**Measurement**|Pixel values are expressed as a measurement of the Aquatic Reflectance (AR=pi\**R*rs) or the Remote Sensing Reflectance (sr-1) of the water bodies. This is a dimensionless value.|Aquatic Reflectance or Remote Sensing Reflectance measurements are SI traceable (see also 1.1).||||| +|**3.2**|**Measurement Uncertainty**|

Not required.

*Note 1: In current practice, users determine fitness for purpose based on knowledge of the lineage of the data, rather than on a specific estimate of measurement uncertainty.*

|

An estimate of the uncertainty of the values is provided in measurement units. Following Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM).

*Note 1: This is a requirement for SI traceability. See also 1.1.*

*Note 2: Information on measurement uncertainty should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.*

||||| +|**3.3**|**Measurement Normalisation**|Not required.|

Measurements are normalised for solar and viewing conditions, including BRDF correction (see also 3.14).

*Note 1: Information on measurement normalisation should be available in the metadata as single DOI landing page.*

||||| +|**3.4**|**Atmospheric Reflectance Correction**|

Metadata indicates corrections are applied for molecular (Rayleigh) scattering and aerosol scattering and absorption.

Metadata contains a single DOI landing page with references to a citable peer-reviewed algorithm, technical documentation regarding the implementation of that algorithm and the sources of ancillary data used to make corrections.

*Note 1: Examples of technical documentation include an Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document, product user guide, etc.*

|As threshold.||||| +|**3.5**|**Water Vapour Corrections**|

Corrections are applied for water vapour if spectral bands are affected. Metadata contains a single DOI landing page with references to a citable peer-reviewed algorithm, technical documentation regarding the implementation of that algorithm.

*Note 1: Examples of technical documentation include an Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document, product user guide, etc.*

|As threshold.||||| +|**3.6**|**Ozone Corrections**|

Data is corrected for ozone if spectral bands are affected.

Relevant metadata must be provided under 1.8 and 1.9.

Metadata contains a single DOI landing page with references to a citable peer-reviewed algorithm, technical documentation regarding the implementation of the ozone correction algorithm.

|As threshold.||||| +|**3.7**|**Other Trace Gaseous Absorption Corrections**|

Data is corrected for other trace gaseous absorption if spectral bands are affected.

Relevant metadata must be provided under 1.8 and 1.9.

Metadata contains a single DOI landing page with references to a citable peer-reviewed algorithm, technical documentation regarding the implementation of the other trace gaseous absorption correction algorithm.

|As threshold.||||| +|**3.8**|**Sun Glint Correction**|Not required.|The metadata indicates the surface contributions from Sun glint removed from the data if a pixel is assessed as being of correctable (moderate) Sun glint.||||| +|**3.9**|**Sky Glint Correction**|Sky glint is implicitly corrected for in the atmospheric correction procedure.|Sky glint is separately assessed and corrected for in the data processing. The metadata indicates the surface contributions from sky glint are removed from the data.||||| +|**3.10**|**Whitecap/
Foam Correction**|The water-leaving reflectance or radiance is corrected for the contribution from surface whitecaps and foam if a pixel is assessed as affected by whitecaps or foam.|As threshold.||||| +|**3.11**|**Adjacency Effects Correction**|Not required.|Information on adjacency effects correction (for example, citable peer-reviewed algorithm approach, technical documentation of the implementation, sources of ancillary data) should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.||||| +|**3.12**|**Floating Vegetation/
Surface Scum Correction**|The metadata indicates whether a pixel has been corrected for floating vegetation/surface scum or not. In that case information on floating vegetation/surface scum water mask should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.|As threshold.||||| +|**3.13**|**Turbid Water Correction**|The metadata indicates whether the atmospheric correction accounted for a pixel being turbid or not. In that case information on turbid water mask should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.|As threshold.||||| +|**3.14**|**Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function Correction**|Not required.|Data is corrected for BRDF effects (see also 3.3.).||||| + + +## **Geometric Corrections** +*Geometric corrections must place the measurement accurately on the surface of the Earth (that is, geolocate the measurement) allowing measurements taken through time to be compared.* + +|**#**|**Item**|**Threshold (Minimum)
Requirements**|**Target (Desired)
Requirements**|**Threshold
Self-Assessment**|**Target
Self-Assessment**|**Self-Assessment
Explanation/ Justification**|**Recommended Requirement Modification**| +| :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | +|**4.1**|**Geometric Correction**|

Sub-pixel accuracy is achieved in relative geolocation, that is, the pixels from the same instrument and platform are consistently located, and are thus comparable, through time.

Sub-pixel accuracy is taken to be less than or equal to 0.5-pixel radial root mean square error (rRMSE) or equivalent in Circular Error Probability (CEP) relative to a defined reference image.

A consistent gridding/sampling frame is used, including common cell size, origin, and nominal sample point location within the cell (centre, ll, ur).

Relevant metadata must be provided under 1.8 and 1.9.

*Note 1: The threshold level will not necessarily enable interoperability between data from* different *sources as the geometric corrections for each of the sources may differ.*

|

Sub-pixel accuracy is achieved relative to an identified absolute independent terrestrial referencing system (such as a national map grid).

A consistent gridding/sampling frame is necessary to meet this requirement.

Relevant metadata must be provided under 1.8 and 1.9.

*Note 1: This requirement is intended to enable interoperability between imagery from different platforms that meet this level of correction and with non-image spatial data such as GIS layers and terrain models.*

||||| + +# **Summary Self-Assessment Table** + +||**Threshold**|**Target**| +| :-: | :-: | :-: | +|**1. General Metadata**||| +|1\.1 Traceability|Not Required|| +|1\.2 Metadata Machine Readability||| +|1\.3 Data Collection Time||| +|1\.4 Geographical Area||| +|1\.5 Coordinate Reference System||| +|1\.6 Map Projection||| +|1\.7 Geometric Correction Methods|Not Required|| +|1\.8 Geometric Accuracy of the Data|Not Required|| +|1\.9 Instrument||| +|1\.10 Spectral Bands||| +|1\.11 Sensor Calibration|Not Required|| +|1\.12 Radiometric Accuracy||| +|1\.13 Algorithms||| +|1\.14 Auxiliary Data||| +|1\.15 Processing Chain Provenance|Not Required|| +|1\.16 Data Access||| +|1\.17 Overall Data Quality||| +|||| +|**2. Per-Pixel Metadata**||| +|2\.1 Metadata Machine Readability||| +|2\.2 No Data||| +|2\.3 Per-pixel Assessment||| +|2\.4 Saturation||| +|2\.5 Cloud||| +|2\.6 Cloud Shadow||| +|2\.7 Land/Water Mask||| +|2\.8 Sea/Lake/River Ice Mask||| +|2\.9 Sun Glint||| +|2\.10 Sky Glint|Not Required|| +|2\.11 Whitecap/Foam Mask||| +|2\.12 Solar and Viewing Geometry||| +|2\.13 Adjacency Effects|Not Required|| +|2\.14 Floating Vegetation/Surface Scum Mask||| +|2\.15 Aerosol Optical Depth Parameters||| +|2\.16 Deep/Shallow Water|Not Required|| +|2\.17 Optically Deep or Optically Shallow Assessment||| +|2\.18 Turbid Water Flag||| +|2\.19 Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function Applied|Not Required|| +|2\.20 Altitude (ASL)||| +|||| +|**3. Radiometric and Atmospheric Corrections**||| +|3\.1 Measurement||| +|3\.2 Measurement Uncertainty|Not Required|| +|3\.3 Measurement Normalisation|Not Required|| +|3\.4 Atmospheric Reflectance Correction||| +|3\.5 Water Vapour Corrections||| +|3\.6 Ozone Corrections||| +|3\.7 Other Trace Gaseous Absorption Corrections||| +|3\.8 Sun Glint Correction|Not Required|| +|3\.9 Sky Glint Correction||| +|3\.10 Whitecap/Foam Correction||| +|3\.11 Adjacency Effects Correction|Not Required|| +|3\.12 Floating Vegetation/Surface Scum Correction||| +|3\.13 Turbid Water Correction||| +|3\.14 Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function Correction|Not Required|| +|||| +|**4. Geometric Corrections**||| +|4\.1 Geometric Correction||| + +# **Guidance** +This section aims to provide background and specific information on the processing steps that can be used to achieve analysis ready data. This Guidance material does not replace or over-ride the specifications. +# **Introduction to CARD4L** +**What is CEOS Analysis Ready Data for Land (CARD4L) products?** + +CARD4L products have been processed to a minimum set of requirements and organized into a form that allows immediate analysis with a minimum of additional user effort. These products would be resampled onto a common geometric grid (for a given product) and would provide baseline data for further interoperability both through time and with other datasets. + +CARD4L products are intended to be flexible and accessible products suitable for a wide range of users for a wide variety of applications, including particularly time series analysis and multi-sensor application development. They are also intended to support rapid ingestion and exploitation via high-performance computing, cloud computing and other future data architectures. They may not be suitable for all purposes and are not intended as a ‘replacement’ for other types of satellite products. + +**When can a product be called CARD4L?** + +The CARD4L branding is applied to a particular product once: + +- that product has been assessed as meeting CARD4L requirements by the agency responsible for production and distribution of the product, and +- that assessment has been peer reviewed by the CEOS Land Surface Imaging Virtual Constellation in consultation with other CEOS working groups as appropriate, including the CEOS Working Group on Calibration and Validation. + +Agencies or other entities considering undertaking an assessment process should contact the [Land Surface Imaging Virtual Constellation](http://ceos.org/ourwork/virtual-constellations/lsi/). + +A product can continue to use CARD4L branding as long as its generation and distribution remain consistent with the peer-reviewed assessment. + +**What is the difference between Threshold and Target?** + +Products that meet all threshold requirements should be immediately useful for scientific analysis or decision-making. + +Products that meet target requirements will reduce the overall product uncertainties and enhance broad-scale applications. For example, the products may enhance interoperability or provide increased accuracy through additional corrections that are not reasonable at the *threshold* level. + +Target requirements anticipate continuous improvement of methods and evolution of community expectations, which are both normal and inevitable in a developing field. Over time, *target* specifications may (and subject to due process) become accepted as *threshold* requirements. +# **Procedural Examples** +**Processes to produce Threshold Aquatic Reflectance CARD4L:** + +The following correction processes would typically be applied to produce CARD4L-AR Threshold: + +- *No example processes are provided at this time.* + +The following additional processes could be applied to produce CARD4L-AR Target: + +- *No example processes are provided at this time.* +# **Specific Examples** +**Processes to produce Threshold Aquatic Reflectance CARD4L.** + +- *No example processes are provided at this time.* +# **Reference Papers** +The following papers provide scientific and technical guidance: + +Botha, E.J., Brando, V.E., & Dekker, A.G., 2016. Effects of per-pixel variability on uncertainties in bathymetric retrievals from high-resolution satellite images. Remote Sens. 8(6), 459, . (*Supports requirements* *2.9, 2.13, 3.8 & 3.11*) + +Bourg, L., 2014. Sentinel-3 OLCI Level-0 and Level-1B ATBD. Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document S3-ACR-TN-007, Issue 5.0, ACRI, 10 December 2014. (*Supports requirement 2.9*) + +Brando, V.E., Anstee, J.M., Wettle, M., Dekker, A.G., Phinn, S.R., & Roelfsema, C., 2009. A physics based retrieval and quality assessment of bathymetry from suboptimal hyperspectral data. Remote Sens. Environ. 113(4), 755-770, . (*Supports requirement 2.17*) + +Bresciani, M., Adamo, M., De Carolis, G., Matta, E., Pasquariello, G., Vaičiūtė, D., & Giardino, C., 2014. Monitoring blooms and surface accumulation of cyanobacteria in the Curonian Lagoon by combining MERIS and ASAR data. Remote Sens. Environ. 146, 124-135, . (*Supports requirements 2.14 & 3.12*) + +Brockmann, C., Kirches, G., Militzer, J., & Stelzer, K., 2015. SENTINEL 3 – LAND-WATER MASK, Version 1.2. Technical Note S3\_LandWaterMask\_v1\_2.docx, Brockmann Consult GmbH, 14.08.2015. (*Supports requirement* *2.*7) + +Bulgarelli, B. & Zibordi, G., 2018a. On the detectability of adjacency effects in ocean color remote sensing of mid-latitude coastal environments by SeaWiFS, MODIS-A, MERIS, OLCI, OLI and MSI. Remote Sens. Environ. 209, 423-438, . (*Supports requirement 2.13*) + +Bulgarelli, B. & Zibordi, G., 2018b. Seasonal impact of adjacency effects in ocean color radiometry at the AAOT validation site. IEEE Geosci. Remote. Sens. Lett. 15(4), 488-492, . (*Supports requirement* *2.13*) + +Bulgarelli, B. & Zibordi, G., 2020. Adjacency radiance around a small island: implications for system vicarious calibration. Appl. Opt. 59(10), C63-C69, . (*Supports requirement* *2.13*) + +C-GLOPS-2, 2018. Lake Ice Extent (LIE) collection 250m Baltic Sea region, Version 1.0.1. Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document CGLOPS2\_QAR\_LIE-250m-V1.0.1, I1.03, Copernicus Global Land Service, 09.11.2018. (*Supports requirement 2.8*) + +Colin F.M., 2014. Glint Avoidance and Removal in the Maritime Environment. Thesis. Rochester Institute of Technology, accessed from on 27. September 2021. (*Supports requirements 2.9 & 2.10*) + +De Keukelaere, L., Sterckx, S., Adriaensen, S., Knaeps, E., Reusen, I., Giardino, C., Bresciani, M., Hunter, P., Neil, C., Van der Zande, D., & Vaiciute, D., 2018. Atmospheric correction of Landsat-8/OLI and Sentinel-2/MSI data using iCOR algorithm: validation for coastal and inland waters. Eur. J. Remote Sens. 51(1), 525-542, . (*Supports requirements 2.15, 3.6, 3.7 & 3.11*) + +Dekker A.G., Phinn S.R., Anstee J.M., Bissett P., Brando, V.E., Casey, B., Fearns, P., Hedley, J., Klonowski, W., Lee, Z.P., Lynch, M., Lyons, M., Mobley, C. & Roelfsema, C., 2011. Intercomparison of shallow water bathymetry, hydro-optics and benthos mapping techniques in Australian and Caribbean coastal environments. Limnol. Oceanogr. Methods 9(9), 396-425, . (*Supports requirement 2.17*) + +Dierssen, H.M., 2019. Hyperspectral measurements, parameterizations, and atmospheric correction of whitecaps and foam from visible to shortwave infrared for ocean color remote sensing. Front. Earth Sci. 7(14), . (*Supports requirements* *2.11 & 3.10*) + +Dierssen, H.M., 2021. Corrigendum: Hyperspectral measurements, parameterizations, and atmospheric correction of whitecaps and foam from visible to shortwave infrared for ocean color remote sensing. Front. Earth Sci. 9(683136), . (*Supports requirement 3.10*) + +Dworak, R., Liu, Y., Key, J., & Meier, W.N., 2021. A blended sea ice concentration product from AMSR2 and VIIRS. Remote Sens. 13(15), 2982, . (*Supports requirement 2.8*) + +Fan, Y., Li, W., Voss, K.J., Gatebe, C.K., & Stamnes, K., 2016. Neural network method to correct bidirectional effects in water-leaving radiance. Appl. Opt. 55(1), 10-21. . (*Supports requirements 2.19, 3.3, 3.14*) + +Foga, S., Scaramuzza, P.L., Guo, S., Zhu, Z., Dilley, R.D., Beckmann, T., Schmidt, G.L., Dwyer, J.L., Hughes, M.J., & Laue, B., 2017. Cloud detection algorithm comparison and validation for operational Landsat data products. Remote Sens. Environ. 194, 379-390, . (*Supports requirement* 2.5) + +Frouin, R.J., Franz, B.A., Ibrahim, A., Knobelspiesse, K., Ahmad, Z., ..., & Zhai, P.-W., 2019. Atmospheric correction of satellite ocean-color imagery during the PACE era. Front. Earth Sci. 7(145), . (*Supports requirements 2.11 & 3.10*) + +Gege, P. & Groetsch, P., 2016. A spectral model for correcting sun glint and sky glint. Conference paper: Ocean Optics XXIII, Oct. 23-28, 2016, Victoria, Canada. (*Supports requirement 3.9*) + +Gossn, J.I., Ruddick, K.G., & Dogliotti, A.I., 2019. Atmospheric correction of OLCI imagery over extremely turbid waters based on the red, NIR and 1016 nm bands and a new baseline residual technique. Remote Sens. 11(3), 220, . (Supports requirement 3.13) + +Groetsch, P.M.M., Foster R., & Gilerson, A., 2020. Exploring the limits for sky and sun glint correction of hyperspectral above-surface reflectance observations. Appl. Opt. 59(9), 2942-2954, . (*Supports requirements 3.8 & 3.9*) + +Harmel, T., Chami, M., Tormos, T., Reynaud, N., & Danis, P.-A, 2018. Sun glint correction of the Multi-Spectral Instrument (MSI)-SENTINEL-2 imagery over inland and sea waters from SWIR bands. Remote Sens. Environ. 204, 308-321, . (*Supports requirements 3.6, 3.7 & 3.8*) + +Ilori, C.O., Pahlevan, N., & Knudby, A., 2019. Analyzing performances of different atmospheric correction techniques for Landsat 8: Application for coastal remote sensing. Remote Sens. 11(4), 469, . (*Supports requirement 2.15*) + +JCGM, 2008. Evaluation of measurement data - Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement. JCGM 100:2008, GUM 1995 with minor corrections, First edition, September 2008. (*Supports requirement 3.2*) + +Jones, J.W., 2019. Improved automated detection of subpixel-scale inundation - Revised Dynamic Surface Water Extent (DSWE) partial surface water tests. Remote Sens. 11(4), 374, . (*Supports requirement* *2.7*) + +Kay, S., Hedley, J., & Lavender, S., 2013. Sun glint estimation in marine satellite images: a comparison of results from calculation and radiative transfer modeling. Appl. Opt. 52(23), 5631-5639, . (*Supports requirement* *2.9*) + +Kay, S., Hedley, J.D., & Lavender, S., 2009. Sun glint correction of high and low spatial resolution images of aquatic scenes: a review of methods for visible and near-infrared wavelengths. Remote Sens. 1(4), 697-730, . (Supports requirement 3.8) + +Kiselev, V., Bulgarelli, B., & Heege, T., 2015. Sensor independent adjacency correction algorithm for coastal and inland water systems. Remote Sens. Environ. 157, 85-95, . (*Supports requirement 3.11*) + +Koepke, P., 1984. Effective reflectance of oceanic whitecaps. Appl. Opt. 23(11), 1816-1824, . (*Supports requirements* *2.11 & 3.10*) + +Kutser, T., Hedley, J., Giardino, C., Roelfsema, C., & Brando, V., 2020. Remote sensing of shallow waters - A 50 year retrospective and future directions. Remote Sens. Environ. 240, 111619, . (*Supports requirement 2.17*) + +Kutser, T., Vahtmäe, E., & Praks, J., 2009. A sun glint correction method for hyperspectral imagery containing areas with non-negligible water leaving NIR signal. Remote Sens. Environ. 113(10), 2267-2274, . (*Supports requirement 3.8*) + +Lavender, S. & Kay, S., 2010. Sentinel-3 OLCI Glint Correction ATBD. Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document S3-L2-SD-03-C09-ARG- ATBD, Issue 2.0, ARGANS, 08 April 2010. (*Supports requirement 3.8*) + +Lee, Z., Du, K., Voss, K.J., Zibordi, G., Lubac, B., Arnone, R., & Weidemann, A., 2011. An inherent-optical-property-centered approach to correct the angular effects in water-leaving radiance. Appl. Opt. 50, 19, 3155-3167, . (*Supports requirements 2.19, 3.3, 3.14*) + +Liu, X., Steele, C., Simis, S., Warren, M., Tyler, A., Spyrakos, E., Selmes, N., & Hunter, P., 2021. Retrieval of Chlorophyll-a concentration and associated product uncertainty in optically diverse lakes and reservoirs. Remote Sens. Environ., 267, 112710, . + +Liu, Y. & Key, J.R., 2019. Ice Surface Temperature, Ice Concentration, and Ice Cover, Version 1.2. Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document ATBD\_GOES-R\_IceConcentration\_v1.2\_Feb2019, NOAA NESDIS Center for Satellite Applications and Research, February 8, 2019. (*Supports requirement* *2.8*) + +Liu, Y., Key, J., & Mahoney, R., 2016. Sea and freshwater ice concentration from VIIRS on Suomi NPP and the future JPSS satellites. Remote Sens. 8(6), 523, . (*Supports requirement* *2.8*) + +Matthews, M.W. & Odermatt, D., 2015. Improved algorithm for routine monitoring of cyanobacteria and eutrophication in inland and near-coastal waters. Remote Sens. Environ. 156, 374-382, . (*Supports requirements 2.14 & 3.12*) + +Matthews, M.W., Bernard, S., & Robertson, L., 2012. An algorithm for detecting trophic status (chlorophyll-a), cyanobacterial dominance, surface scums and floating vegetation in inland and coastal waters. Remote Sens. Environ. 124, 637-652, . (*Supports requirements 2.14 & 3.12*) + +Mikelsons, K., Wang, M., Wang, X.L., & Jiang, L., 2021. Global land mask for satellite ocean color remote sensing. Remote Sens. Environ. 257, 112356, . (*Supports requirement* 2.7) + +Mobley, C.D., Werdell, J., Franz, B., Ahmad, Z., & Bailey, S., 2016. Atmospheric Correction for Satellite Ocean Color Radiometry. NASA Tech. Memo. 20160011399, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, 06/01/2016, . (*Supports requirements 2.19, 3.3 & 3.14*) + +Moore, G.F., Aiken, J., & Lavender, S.J., 1999. The atmospheric correction of water colour and the quantitative retrieval of suspended particulate matter in Case II waters: Application to MERIS. Int. J. Remote Sens. 20(9), 1713-1733, . (*Supports requirement 3.13*) + +Moore, K.D., Voss, K.J., & Gordon, H.R., 2000. Spectral reflectance of whitecaps: Their contribution to water-leaving radiance. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 105(C3), 6493-6499, . (*Supports requirements* *2.11 & 3.10*) + +Morel, A. & Bélanger, S., 2006. Improved detection of turbid waters from ocean color sensors information. Remote Sens. Environ. 102(3-4), 237-249, . (*Supports requirement 2.18*) + +Morel, A. & Gentili, 2008. Practical application of the “turbid water” flag in ocean color imagery: Interference with sun-glint contaminated pixels in open ocean. Remote Sens. Environ. 112(3), 934-938, . (*Supports requirement 2.18*) + +Pahlevan, N., Mangin, A., Balasubramanian, S.V., Smith, B., Alikas, K., ..., & Warren, M., 2021. ACIX-Aqua: A global assessment of atmospheric correction methods for Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 over lakes, rivers, and coastal waters. Remote Sens. Environ. 258, 112366, . (*Supports requirements 2.15, 3.2, 3.6 & 3.7*) + +Pahlevan, N., Schott, J.R., Franz, B.A., Zibordi, Z., Markham, B., Bailey, S., Schaaf, C.B., Ondrusek, M., Greb, S., & Strait, C.M., 2017. Landsat 8 remote sensing reflectance (Rrs) products: Evaluations, intercomparisons, and enhancements. Remote Sens. Environ. 190, 289-301, . (*Supports requirements 2.15, 3.6 & 3.7*) + +Park, Y.-J. & Ruddick, K., 2005. Model of remote-sensing reflectance including bidirectional effects for case 1 and case 2 waters. Appl. Opt. 44(7), 1236-1249, . (*Supports requirements 2.19, 3.3 & 3.14*) + +Pekel, J.-F., Cottam, A., Gorelick, N., & Belward, A.S., 2016. High-resolution mapping of global surface water and its long-term changes. Nature 540, 418-422, . (*Supports requirement 2.7*) + +Robinson, W.D., Franz, B.A., Patt, F.S., Bailey, S.W., & Werdell, P.J., 2003. Masks and Flags Updates. Chapter 6 In: Patt, F.S., et al., 2003: Algorithm Updates for the Fourth SeaWiFS Data Reprocessing. NASA Tech. Memo. 2003--206892, Vol. 22, Hooker, S.B. & Firestone, E.R, Eds., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland. (*Supports requirements 2.8 & 2.18*) + +Soppa, M.A., Silva, B., Steinmetz, F., Keith, D., Scheffler, D., Bohn, N., & Bracher, A., 2021. Assessment of Polymer atmospheric correction algorithm for hyperspectral remote sensing imagery over coastal waters. Sensors 21(12), 4125, . (*Supports requirements 2.19, 3.3 & 3.14*) + +Sterckx, S., Knaeps, E., Kratzer, S., & Ruddick, K., 2015. SIMilarity Environment Correction (SIMEC) applied to MERIS data over inland and coastal waters. Remote Sens. Environ. 157, 96-110, . (*Supports requirement 3.11*) + +Stumpf, R.P., Arnone, R.A., Gould, Jr., R.W., Martinolich, P.M., & Ransibrahmanakul, V. 2003. A partially coupled ocean-atmosphere model for retrieval of water-leaving radiance from SeaWiFS in coastal waters. Chapter 9 In: Patt, F.S., et al., 2003: Algorithm Updates for the Fourth SeaWiFS Data Reprocessing. NASA Tech. Memo. 2003--206892, Vol. 22, Hooker, S.B. & Firestone, E.R., Eds., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland. (*Supports requirement 3.13*) + +Vanhellemont, Q., 2019. Adaptation of the dark spectrum fitting atmospheric correction for aquatic applications of the Landsat and Sentinel-2 archives. Remote Sens. Environ. 225, 175-192, . (*Supports requirements 2.15 & 3.6*) + +Wang, M., Liu, X., Jiang, L., & Son, S.H., 2017. Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) Ocean Color Products, Version 1.0. Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document ATBD\_OceanColor\_v1.0, NOAA NESDIS Center for Satellite Applications and Research, June 5, 2017. (*Supports requirements 2.11 & 3.10*) + +Warren, M.A., Simis, S.G., & Selmes, N., 2021. Complementary water quality observations from high and medium resolution Sentinel sensors by aligning chlorophyll-a and turbidity algorithms. Remote Sens. Environ. 265, 112651, . (*Supports requirement 3.2*) + +Zhang, X., He, S., Shabani, A., Zhai, P.-W., & Du, K., 2017. Spectral sea surface reflectance of skylight. Opt. Express 25(4), A1-A13, . (*Supports requirement 3.9*) + +Zheng, G. & DiGiacomo, P.M., 2017. Uncertainties and applications of satellite-derived coastal water quality products. Prog. Oceanogr. 159, 45-72, . (*Supports requirement 3.2*) + +Zhu, Z. & Woodcock, C.E, 2012. Object‐based cloud and cloud shadow detection in Landsat imagery. Remote Sens. Environ. 118, 83‐94, . (*Supports requirement* *2.5*) + +Zhu, Z., Wang, S., & Woodcock, C.E., 2015. Improvement and expansion of the Fmask algorithm: cloud, cloud shadow, and snow detection for Landsats 4‐7, 8, and Sentinel 2 images. Remote Sens. Environ. 159, 269‐277, . (*Supports requirement 2.5*) diff --git a/Product Family Specifications/Word Versions/CARD4L_Product_Family_Specification_Nighttime_Light_Radiance-v1.0.docx b/Specifications/Nighttime-Lights-Surface-Radiance/CARD4L_Product_Family_Specification_Nighttime_Light_Radiance-v1.0.docx similarity index 100% rename from Product Family Specifications/Word Versions/CARD4L_Product_Family_Specification_Nighttime_Light_Radiance-v1.0.docx rename to Specifications/Nighttime-Lights-Surface-Radiance/CARD4L_Product_Family_Specification_Nighttime_Light_Radiance-v1.0.docx diff --git a/Product Family Specifications/PDF Versions/CARD4L_Product_Family_Specification_Nighttime_Light_Radiance-v1.0.pdf b/Specifications/Nighttime-Lights-Surface-Radiance/CARD4L_Product_Family_Specification_Nighttime_Light_Radiance-v1.0.pdf similarity index 100% rename from Product Family Specifications/PDF Versions/CARD4L_Product_Family_Specification_Nighttime_Light_Radiance-v1.0.pdf rename to Specifications/Nighttime-Lights-Surface-Radiance/CARD4L_Product_Family_Specification_Nighttime_Light_Radiance-v1.0.pdf diff --git a/Product Family Specifications/Nighttime-Lights-Surface-Radiance.md b/Specifications/Nighttime-Lights-Surface-Radiance/README.md similarity index 98% rename from Product Family Specifications/Nighttime-Lights-Surface-Radiance.md rename to Specifications/Nighttime-Lights-Surface-Radiance/README.md index a7dd5d3..6da2bc4 100644 --- a/Product Family Specifications/Nighttime-Lights-Surface-Radiance.md +++ b/Specifications/Nighttime-Lights-Surface-Radiance/README.md @@ -1,207 +1,207 @@ - - -# CEOS Analysis Ready Data
Product Family Specification: Nighttime Lights Surface Radiance - - -# **Document History** - -|**Version**|**Date**|**Description of Change**|**Author**| -| :- | :- | :- | :- | -|0\.0.1|11\.12.2020|Zero Draft translating previous materials to this format. With many thanks to all CEOS contributors.|Wang, Román| -|0\.0.2|12\.09.2020|Removed references to Black Marble to keep specification focused on the general measurement. Suggested acronym of Nighttime Light Surface Radiance (NLSR).|Killough| -|0\.1.0|23\.06.2022|Corrected references and author affiliation.|

Ramachandran

| - -# **Contributing Authors (in alphabetical order)** -** Brian Killough, NASA Langley Research Center, CEOS Systems Engineering Office, USA - -` `Bhaskar Ramachandran, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, USA - -` `Miguel Román, Leidos Inc., Civil Group, USA - -` `Zhuosen Wang, University of Maryland/GSFC, USA - -# **Description** -**Product Family Title:** **Nighttime Light Surface Radiance (CARD4L-NLSR)** - -**Applies to:*** Data collected with nighttime light sensors operating in the VIS/NIR wavelengths. These typically operate with ground sample distance and resolution in the order of 10-1000m; however, the Specification is not inherently limited to this resolution. -# **Definitions** - -|NLSR|Nighttime Light Surface Radiance| -| :-: | :- | -|Ancillary Data|Data other than instrument measurements, originating in the instrument itself or from the satellite, required to perform processing of the data. They include orbit data, attitude data, time information, spacecraft engineering data, calibration data, data quality information, and data from other instruments.| -|Auxiliary Data|The data required for instrument processing, which does not originate in the instrument itself or from the satellite. Some auxiliary data will be generated in the ground segment, whilst other data will be provided from external sources.| -|Metadata|Structured information that describes other information or information services. With well-defined metadata, users should be able to get basic information about data, without the need to have knowledge about its entire content.| -|MTF|Modulation Transfer Function| -|Spectral Resolution|Defines the narrowest spectral feature that can be resolved by a spectrometer.| -|Spatial Resolution|The highest magnification of the sensor at the ground surface.| -|Spectral Sampling Distance|Spectral sampling is the interval, in wavelength units, between discrete data points in the measured spectrum.| -|Spatial Sampling Distance|Spatial sampling distance is the barycentre-to-barycentre distance between adjacent spatial samples on the Earth's surface.| -# -# **Requirements** -## **General Metadata** -*These are metadata records describing a distributed collection of pixels. The collection of pixels referred to must be contiguous in space and time. General metadata should allow the user to assess the overall suitability of the dataset, and must meet the following requirements:* - -|**#**|**Item**|

**Threshold (Minimum)**

**Requirements**

|**Target (Desired)
Requirements**|**Threshold
Self-Assessment**|**Target
Self-Assessment**|**Self-Assessment
Explanation/ Justification**|**Recommended
Requirement
Modification**| -| :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | -|**1.1**|**Traceability**|Not required.|

Data must be traceable to SI reference standard.
*Note 1: Relationship to 3.2. Traceability requires an estimate of measurement uncertainty.*

*Note 2: Information on traceability should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.*

||||| -|**1.2**|**Metadata Machine Readability**|Metadata is provided in a structure that enables a computer algorithm to be used consistently and to automatically identify and extract each component part for further use.|As threshold, but metadata should be provided in a community endorsed standard that facilitates
machine-readability, such as ISO 19115-2.||||| -|**1.3**|**Data Collection Time**|

The data collection time is identified in the metadata, expressed in date/time, to the second, with the time offset from UTC unambiguously identified.

|Acquisition time for each pixel is identified (or can be reliably determined) in the metadata, expressed in date/time at UTC, to the second.||||| -|**1.4**|**Geographical
Area**|The surface location to which the data relates is identified, typically as a series of four corner points, expressed in an accepted coordinate reference system (e.g., WGS84).|The geographic area covered by the observations is identified specifically, such as through a set of coordinates of a closely bounding polygon. The location to which each pixel refers is identified (or can be reliably determined) with the projection system (if any) and reference datum provided. ||||| -|**1.5**|**Coordinate Reference System**|The metadata lists the coordinate reference system that has been used.|As threshold.||||| -|**1.6**|**Map Projection**|The metadata lists the map projection that has been used and any relevant parameters required in relation to use of data in that map projection.|As threshold.||||| -|**1.7**|**Geometric Correction Methods**|

Not required.

The user is not explicitly advised of the geometric correction source and methods.

|Information on geometric correction methods should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page, including reference database and auxiliary data such as elevation model(s) and reference chip-sets.||||| -|**1.8**|**Geometric
Accuracy of the Data**|

Not required.

The user is not provided with results of geometric accuracy assessments pertaining to the dataset.

|

The metadata includes metrics describing the assessed geodetic accuracy of the data, expressed units of the coordinate system of the data. Accuracy is assessed by independent verification (as well as internal model-fit where applicable). Uncertainties are expressed quantitatively, for example, as root mean square error (RMSE) or Circular Error Probability (CEP90, CEP95), etc.

*Note 1: Information on geometric accuracy of the data should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.*

||||| -|**1.9**|**Instrument**|The instrument used to collect the data is identified in the metadata.|As threshold, but information should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page with references to the relevant CEOS Missions, Instruments, and Measurements Database record.||||| -|**1.10**|**Spectral Bands**|

The central wavelength for each band for which data is included is identified in the metadata, expressed in SI units.

|

As threshold, with instrument spectral response details (e.g., full spectral response function) also included or directly accessible using details in the metadata.
Central wavelength and bandwidth at full-width half maximum value of the relative spectral response function are provided at least.

*Note 1: Information on spectral bands should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.*

||||| -|**1.11**|**Sensor Calibration**|

Not required.

The general metadata does not include sensor calibration details.

|

Sensor calibration parameters are identified in the metadata or can be accessed using details included in the metadata. Ideally this would support machine-to-machine access.

*Note 1: Information on sensor calibration should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.*

||||| -|**1.12**|**Radiometric Accuracy**|

Not required.

The general metadata does not include information on the radiometric accuracy of the data.

|

The metadata includes metrics describing the assessed absolute radiometric uncertainty of the version of the data or product, expressed as absolute radiometric uncertainty relative to appropriate, known reference sites and standards (for example, pseudo-invariant calibration sites, rigorously collected field spectra, Rayleigh, DCC, etc.)

*Note 1: Information on radiometric accuracy should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.*

||||| -|**1.13**|**Algorithms**|

All algorithms, and the sequence in which they were applied in the generation process, are identified in the metadata. For example, these may be available through Algorithm Theoretical Basis documents.

*Note 1: Information on algorithms should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.*

|

As threshold, but only algorithms that have been published in a peer-reviewed journal.

*Note 1: It is possible that high quality corrections are applied through non-disclosed processes*. *CARD4L does not per-se require full and open data and methods.*

*Note 2: Information on algorithms should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.*

||||| -|**1.14**|**Auxiliary Data**|

The metadata identifies the sources of auxiliary data used in the generation process, ideally expressed as a single DOI landing page.

*Note 1: Auxiliary data includes DEMs, aerosols, etc. data sources.*

|

As threshold, but information on auxiliary data should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page and is also available for free online download, contemporaneously with the product or through a link to the source.

||||| -|**1.15**|

**Processing Chain Provenance**

|Not required.|

Information on processing chain provenance should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page containing detailed description of the processing steps used to generate the product, the organization that performed the processing, and the versions of software used, giving full transparency to the users.

||||| -|**1.16**|

**Data Access**

|

Information on data access should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.

*Note 1: Manual and offline interaction action (e.g., login) may be required.*

|As threshold.||||| -|**1.17**|**Overall Data Quality**|Not applicable.|

Machine-readable metrics describing the overall quality of the data are included in the metadata, at minimum the cloud cover extent, i.e.:

- Proportion of observations over land (c.f. ocean) affected by non-target phenomena, e.g., cloud and cloud shadows

||||| - - -## **Per-Pixel Metadata** -*The following minimum metadata specifications apply to each pixel. Whether the metadata are provided in a single record relevant to all pixels or separately for each pixel is at the discretion of the data provider. Per-pixel metadata should allow users to discriminate between (choose) observations on the basis of their individual suitability for application.* - -|**#**|**Item**|

**Threshold (Minimum)**

**Requirements**

|**Target (Desired)
Requirements**|**Threshold
Self-Assessment**|**Target
Self-Assessment**|**Self-Assessment
Explanation/ Justification**|**Recommended
Requirement
Modification**| -| :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | -|**2.1**|**Metadata Machine Readability**|Metadata is provided in a structure that enables a computer algorithm to be used to consistently and automatically identify and extract each component part for further use.|As threshold.||||| -|**2.2**|**No Data**|Pixels that do not correspond to an observation (‘empty pixels’) are flagged.|As threshold.||||| -|**2.3**|

**Incomplete
Testing**

|

The metadata identifies pixels for which the per-pixel tests (below) have not all been successfully completed.

*Note 1: This may be the result of missing ancillary data for a subset of the pixels.*

|The metadata identifies which tests have, and have not, been successfully completed for each pixel.||||| -|**2.4**|**Saturation**|Metadata indicates where one or more spectral bands are saturated.|Metadata indicates which pixels are saturated for each spectral band.||||| -|**2.5**|**Cloud**|Metadata indicates whether a pixel is assessed as being cloud.|As threshold, information on cloud detection should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.||||| -|**2.6**|**Cloud Shadow**|Not required.|Metadata indicates whether a pixel is assessed as being cloud shadow. Information on cloud shadow detection should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.||||| -|**2.7**|**Land/Water
Mask**|Metadata indicates whether a pixel is land or water.|As threshold, information on land/water mask should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.||||| -|**2.8**|**Snow/Ice Mask**|Metadata indicates whether a pixel is snow/ice.|As threshold, information on snow/ice mask should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.||||| -|**2.9**|**Terrain Shadow Mask**|Not required.|The metadata indicates pixels that are not directly illuminated due to terrain shadowing.||||| -|**2.10**|**Terrain Occlusion**|Not required.|The metadata indicates pixels that are not visible to the sensor due to terrain occlusion during off-nadir viewing.||||| -|**2.11**|**Lunar and Viewing Geometry**|Provide average lunar and sensor viewing azimuth and zenith angles.|Provide per-pixel lunar and sensor viewing azimuth and zenith angles.||||| -|**2.12**|**Terrain Illumination Correction**|Not required.|Coefficients used for terrain illumination correction are provided for each pixel.||||| -|**2.13**|**Aerosol Optical Depth Parameters**|Not required.|To be determined.||||| -|**2.14**|**Moon Illumination Fraction**|Provide average moon illumination fraction.|Provide per-pixel moon illumination fraction||||| -|**2.15**|**Brightness Temperature**|Provide brightness temperature from thermal bands. |As threshold.||||| -|**2.16**|**Solar Zenith Angle**|Provide solar zenith angle to support stray-light corrections (see also 3.6).|As threshold.||||| - -## **Radiometric and Atmospheric Corrections** -*The following requirements must be met for all pixels in a collection. The requirements indicate both the necessary outcomes (3.1-3.3) and the minimum steps necessary to be deemed to have achieved those outcomes (3.4 onward). Radiometric corrections must lead to a valid measurement of surface reflectance.* - -|**#**|**Item**|

**Threshold (Minimum)**

**Requirements**

|**Target (Desired)
Requirements**|**Threshold
Self-Assessment**|**Target
Self-Assessment**|**Self-Assessment
Explanation/ Justification**|**Recommended
Requirement
Modification**| -| :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | -|**3.1**|**Measurement**|Pixel values that are expressed as a measurement of the nighttime light radiance. |Nighttime light radiance measurements are SI traceable (see also 1.1).||||| -|**3.2**|**Measurement Uncertainty**|

Not required.

*Note 1: In current practice, users determine fitness for purpose based on knowledge of the lineage of the data, rather than on a specific estimate of measurement uncertainty.*

|

An estimate of the certainty of the values is provided in measurement units.

*Note 1: This is a requirement for SI traceability. See also 1.1.*

*Note 2: Information on measurement uncertainty should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.*

||||| -|**3.3**|**Measurement Normalisation**|Not required.|

Measurements are normalised for viewing conditions (i.e., nadir view angle). This may include radiative transfer modelling.

*Note 1: Information on measurement normalisation should be available in the metadata as single DOI landing page.*

||||| -|**3.4**|**Atmospheric Corrections**|

Corrections are applied for atmospheric scattering.

Metadata contains a single DOI landing page with references to:

- a citable peer-reviewed algorithm

- technical documentation regarding the implementation of that algorithm

- the sources of ancillary data used to make corrections

*Note 1: Examples of technical documentation include an Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document, product user guide, etc.*

|As threshold.||||| -|**3.5**|**Lunar Radiance Corrections**|

Corrections are applied for lunar radiance.

Metadata contains a single DOI landing page with references to:

- a citable peer-reviewed algorithm

- technical documentation regarding the implementation of that algorithm and the lunar model used.

*Note 1: Examples of technical documentation include an Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document, product user guide, etc.*

|As threshold.||||| -|**3.6**|**Stray Light Corrections**|

Corrections are applied for stray light.

Metadata contains a single DOI landing page with references to:

- a citable peer-reviewed algorithm

- technical documentation regarding the implementation of that algorithm and any models used.

*Note 1: Examples of technical documentation include an Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document, product user guide, etc.*

|As threshold.||||| - -## **Geometric Corrections** -*Geometric corrections must place the measurement accurately on the surface of the Earth (that is, geolocate the measurement) allowing measurements taken through time to be compared.* - -|**#**|**Item**|

**Threshold (Minimum)**

**Requirements**

|**Target (Desired)
Requirements**|**Threshold
Self-Assessment**|**Target
Self-Assessment**|**Self-Assessment
Explanation/ Justification**|**Recommended
Requirement
Modification**| -| :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | -|**4.1**|**Geometric
Correction**|

Sub-pixel accuracy is achieved in relative geolocation, that is, the pixels from the same instrument and platform are consistently located, and are thus comparable, through time.

Sub-pixel accuracy is taken to be less than or equal to 0.5-pixel radial root mean square error (rRMSE) or equivalent in Circular Error Probability (CEP) relative to a defined reference image.

A consistent gridding/sampling frame is used, including common cell size, origin, and nominal sample point location within the cell (centre, ll, ur).

Relevant metadata must be provided under 1.8 and 1.9.

*Note 1: The threshold level will not necessarily enable interoperability between data from* different *sources as the geometric corrections for each of the sources may differ.*

|

Sub-pixel accuracy is achieved relative to an identified absolute independent terrestrial referencing system (such as a national map grid).

A consistent gridding/sampling frame is necessary to meet this requirement.

Relevant metadata must be provided under 1.8 and 1.9.

*Note 1: This requirement is intended to enable interoperability between imagery from different platforms that meet this level of correction and with non-image spatial data such as GIS layers and terrain models.*

||||| - - -# **Summary Self-Assessment Table** - -||**Threshold**|**Target**| -| :-: | :-: | :-: | -|**1. General Metadata**||| -|1\.1 Traceability||| -|1\.2 Metadata Machine Readability||| -|1\.3 Data Collection Time||| -|1\.4 Geographical Area||| -|1\.5 Coordinate Reference System||| -|1\.6 Map Projection||| -|1\.7 Geometric Correction Methods||| -|1\.8 Geometric Accuracy of the Data||| -|1\.9 Instrument||| -|1\.10 Spectral Bands||| -|1\.11 Sensor Calibration||| -|1\.12 Radiometric Accuracy||| -|1\.13 Algorithms||| -|1\.14 Auxiliary Data||| -|1\.15 Processing Chain Provenance||| -|1\.16 Data Access||| -|1\.17 Overall Data Quality||| -|**2. Per-Pixel Metadata**||| -|2\.1 Metadata Machine Readability||| -|2\.2 No Data||| -|2\.3 Incomplete Testing||| -|2\.4 Saturation||| -|2\.5 Cloud||| -|2\.6 Cloud Shadow||| -|2\.7 Land/Water Mask||| -|2\.8 Snow/Ice Mask||| -|2\.9 Terrain Shadow Mask||| -|2\.10 Terrain Occlusion||| -|2\.11 Lunar and Viewing Geometry||| -|2\.12 Terrain Illumination Correction||| -|2\.13 Aerosol Optical Depth Parameters||| -|2\.14 Moon Illumination Fraction ||| -|2\.15 Brightness Temperature ||| -|2\.16 Solar Zenith Angle||| -|**3. Radiometric and Atmospheric Corrections**||| -|3\.1 Measurement||| -|3\.2 Measurement Uncertainty||| -|3\.3 Measurement Normalisation||| -|3\.4 Atmospheric Corrections||| -|3\.5 Lunar Radiance Corrections||| -|3\.6 Stray Light Corrections||| -|**4. Geometric Corrections**||| -|4\.1 Geometric Correction||| - -# **Guidance** -This section aims to provide background and specific information on the processing steps that can be used to achieve analysis ready data. This Guidance material does not replace or override the specifications. -# **Introduction to CARD4L** -**What is CEOS Analysis Ready Data for Land (CARD4L) products?** - -CARD4L products have been processed to a minimum set of requirements and organized into a form that allows immediate analysis with a minimum of additional user effort. These products would be resampled onto a common geometric grid (for a given product) and would provide baseline data for further interoperability both through time and with other datasets. - -CARD4L products are intended to be flexible and accessible products suitable for a wide range of users for a wide variety of applications, including particularly time series analysis and multi-sensor application development. They are also intended to support rapid ingestion and exploitation via high-performance computing, cloud computing and other future data architectures. They may not be suitable for all purposes and are not intended as a ‘replacement’ for other types of satellite products. - -**When can a product be called CARD4L?** - -The CARD4L branding is applied to a particular product once: - -- the product has been assessed as meeting CARD4L requirements by the agency responsible for production and distribution of the product, and -- the assessment has been peer reviewed by the CEOS Land Surface Imaging Virtual Constellation in consultation with other CEOS working groups as appropriate, including the CEOS Working Group on Calibration and Validation. - -Agencies or other entities considering undertaking an assessment process should contact the [Land Surface Imaging Virtual Constellation](http://ceos.org/ourwork/virtual-constellations/lsi/). - -A product can continue to use CARD4L branding as long as its generation and distribution remain consistent with the peer-reviewed assessment. - -**What is the difference between Threshold and Target?** - -Products that meet all threshold requirements should be immediately useful for scientific analysis or decision-making. - -Products that meet target requirements will reduce the overall product uncertainties and enhance broad-scale applications. For example, the products may enhance interoperability or provide increased accuracy through additional corrections that are not reasonable at the *threshold* level. - -Target requirements anticipate continuous improvement of methods and evolution of community expectations, which are both normal and inevitable in a developing field. Over time, *target* specifications may (and subject to due process) become accepted as *threshold* requirements. -# **Procedural Examples** -**Processes to produce Threshold Nighttime Light Surface Radiance (NLSR) CARD4L:** - -The following correction processes would typically be applied to produce CARD4L-NLSR Threshold: - -- *No example processes are provided at this time.* - -The following additional processes could be applied to produce CARD4L-NLSR Target: - -- *No example processes are provided at this time.* -# **Specific Examples** -**Processes to produce Threshold Nighttime Light Surface Radiance CARD4L:** - -- *No example processes are provided at this time.* -# **Reference Papers** -The following papers provide scientific and technical guidance: - -Román, M.O., Wang, Z., Sun, Q., Kalb, V., Miller, S.D., Molthan, A., Schultz, L., Bell, J., Stokes, E.C., Pandey, B., Seto, K.C., Hall, D., Oda, T., Wolfe, R.E., Lin, G., Golpayegani, N., Devadiga, S., Davidson, C., Sarkar, S., Praderas, C., Schmaltz, J., Boller, R., Stevens, J., Ramos González, O.M., Padilla, E., Alonso, J., Detrés, Y., Armstrong, R., Miranda, I., Conte, Y., Marrero, N., MacManus, K., Esch, T., Masuoka, E.J., 2018. NASA's Black Marble nighttime lights product suite. Remote Sens. Environ. - -Wang, Z., Román, M.O., Kalb, V.L., Miller, S.D., Zhang, J., Shrestha, R.M., 2021. Quantifying uncertainties in nighttime light retrievals from Suomi-NPP and NOAA-20 VIIRS Day/Night Band data. Remote Sens. Environ. 263. - -Mills, S., & Miller, S.D., 2014, October. VIIRS Day-Night Band (DNB) calibration methods for improved uniformity. In Earth Observing Systems XIX (Vol. 9218, p. 921809). International Society for Optics and Photonics. - -Ryan, R.E. et al., 2019. The Terra Vega Active Light Source: A First Step in a New Approach to Perform Nighttime Absolute Radiometric Calibrations and Early Results Calibrating the VIIRS DNB. *Remote Sens.* 2019, *11*, 710. [https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11060710](https://gcc02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%2Frs11060710&data=04%7C01%7Cbrian.d.killough%40nasa.gov%7C790d52640470420063cf08d9098258f1%7C7005d45845be48ae8140d43da96dd17b%7C0%7C0%7C637551277751607761%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C1000&sdata=uJ870BxZ4SB4RdRDihH1q2aT0N52XxlxLru%2BcA0DdSY%3D&reserved=0) - + + +# CEOS Analysis Ready Data
Product Family Specification: Nighttime Lights Surface Radiance + + +# **Document History** + +|**Version**|**Date**|**Description of Change**|**Author**| +| :- | :- | :- | :- | +|0\.0.1|11\.12.2020|Zero Draft translating previous materials to this format. With many thanks to all CEOS contributors.|Wang, Román| +|0\.0.2|12\.09.2020|Removed references to Black Marble to keep specification focused on the general measurement. Suggested acronym of Nighttime Light Surface Radiance (NLSR).|Killough| +|0\.1.0|23\.06.2022|Corrected references and author affiliation.|

Ramachandran

| + +# **Contributing Authors (in alphabetical order)** +** Brian Killough, NASA Langley Research Center, CEOS Systems Engineering Office, USA + +` `Bhaskar Ramachandran, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, USA + +` `Miguel Román, Leidos Inc., Civil Group, USA + +` `Zhuosen Wang, University of Maryland/GSFC, USA + +# **Description** +**Product Family Title:** **Nighttime Light Surface Radiance (CARD4L-NLSR)** + +**Applies to:*** Data collected with nighttime light sensors operating in the VIS/NIR wavelengths. These typically operate with ground sample distance and resolution in the order of 10-1000m; however, the Specification is not inherently limited to this resolution. +# **Definitions** + +|NLSR|Nighttime Light Surface Radiance| +| :-: | :- | +|Ancillary Data|Data other than instrument measurements, originating in the instrument itself or from the satellite, required to perform processing of the data. They include orbit data, attitude data, time information, spacecraft engineering data, calibration data, data quality information, and data from other instruments.| +|Auxiliary Data|The data required for instrument processing, which does not originate in the instrument itself or from the satellite. Some auxiliary data will be generated in the ground segment, whilst other data will be provided from external sources.| +|Metadata|Structured information that describes other information or information services. With well-defined metadata, users should be able to get basic information about data, without the need to have knowledge about its entire content.| +|MTF|Modulation Transfer Function| +|Spectral Resolution|Defines the narrowest spectral feature that can be resolved by a spectrometer.| +|Spatial Resolution|The highest magnification of the sensor at the ground surface.| +|Spectral Sampling Distance|Spectral sampling is the interval, in wavelength units, between discrete data points in the measured spectrum.| +|Spatial Sampling Distance|Spatial sampling distance is the barycentre-to-barycentre distance between adjacent spatial samples on the Earth's surface.| +# +# **Requirements** +## **General Metadata** +*These are metadata records describing a distributed collection of pixels. The collection of pixels referred to must be contiguous in space and time. General metadata should allow the user to assess the overall suitability of the dataset, and must meet the following requirements:* + +|**#**|**Item**|

**Threshold (Minimum)**

**Requirements**

|**Target (Desired)
Requirements**|**Threshold
Self-Assessment**|**Target
Self-Assessment**|**Self-Assessment
Explanation/ Justification**|**Recommended
Requirement
Modification**| +| :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | +|**1.1**|**Traceability**|Not required.|

Data must be traceable to SI reference standard.
*Note 1: Relationship to 3.2. Traceability requires an estimate of measurement uncertainty.*

*Note 2: Information on traceability should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.*

||||| +|**1.2**|**Metadata Machine Readability**|Metadata is provided in a structure that enables a computer algorithm to be used consistently and to automatically identify and extract each component part for further use.|As threshold, but metadata should be provided in a community endorsed standard that facilitates
machine-readability, such as ISO 19115-2.||||| +|**1.3**|**Data Collection Time**|

The data collection time is identified in the metadata, expressed in date/time, to the second, with the time offset from UTC unambiguously identified.

|Acquisition time for each pixel is identified (or can be reliably determined) in the metadata, expressed in date/time at UTC, to the second.||||| +|**1.4**|**Geographical
Area**|The surface location to which the data relates is identified, typically as a series of four corner points, expressed in an accepted coordinate reference system (e.g., WGS84).|The geographic area covered by the observations is identified specifically, such as through a set of coordinates of a closely bounding polygon. The location to which each pixel refers is identified (or can be reliably determined) with the projection system (if any) and reference datum provided. ||||| +|**1.5**|**Coordinate Reference System**|The metadata lists the coordinate reference system that has been used.|As threshold.||||| +|**1.6**|**Map Projection**|The metadata lists the map projection that has been used and any relevant parameters required in relation to use of data in that map projection.|As threshold.||||| +|**1.7**|**Geometric Correction Methods**|

Not required.

The user is not explicitly advised of the geometric correction source and methods.

|Information on geometric correction methods should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page, including reference database and auxiliary data such as elevation model(s) and reference chip-sets.||||| +|**1.8**|**Geometric
Accuracy of the Data**|

Not required.

The user is not provided with results of geometric accuracy assessments pertaining to the dataset.

|

The metadata includes metrics describing the assessed geodetic accuracy of the data, expressed units of the coordinate system of the data. Accuracy is assessed by independent verification (as well as internal model-fit where applicable). Uncertainties are expressed quantitatively, for example, as root mean square error (RMSE) or Circular Error Probability (CEP90, CEP95), etc.

*Note 1: Information on geometric accuracy of the data should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.*

||||| +|**1.9**|**Instrument**|The instrument used to collect the data is identified in the metadata.|As threshold, but information should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page with references to the relevant CEOS Missions, Instruments, and Measurements Database record.||||| +|**1.10**|**Spectral Bands**|

The central wavelength for each band for which data is included is identified in the metadata, expressed in SI units.

|

As threshold, with instrument spectral response details (e.g., full spectral response function) also included or directly accessible using details in the metadata.
Central wavelength and bandwidth at full-width half maximum value of the relative spectral response function are provided at least.

*Note 1: Information on spectral bands should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.*

||||| +|**1.11**|**Sensor Calibration**|

Not required.

The general metadata does not include sensor calibration details.

|

Sensor calibration parameters are identified in the metadata or can be accessed using details included in the metadata. Ideally this would support machine-to-machine access.

*Note 1: Information on sensor calibration should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.*

||||| +|**1.12**|**Radiometric Accuracy**|

Not required.

The general metadata does not include information on the radiometric accuracy of the data.

|

The metadata includes metrics describing the assessed absolute radiometric uncertainty of the version of the data or product, expressed as absolute radiometric uncertainty relative to appropriate, known reference sites and standards (for example, pseudo-invariant calibration sites, rigorously collected field spectra, Rayleigh, DCC, etc.)

*Note 1: Information on radiometric accuracy should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.*

||||| +|**1.13**|**Algorithms**|

All algorithms, and the sequence in which they were applied in the generation process, are identified in the metadata. For example, these may be available through Algorithm Theoretical Basis documents.

*Note 1: Information on algorithms should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.*

|

As threshold, but only algorithms that have been published in a peer-reviewed journal.

*Note 1: It is possible that high quality corrections are applied through non-disclosed processes*. *CARD4L does not per-se require full and open data and methods.*

*Note 2: Information on algorithms should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.*

||||| +|**1.14**|**Auxiliary Data**|

The metadata identifies the sources of auxiliary data used in the generation process, ideally expressed as a single DOI landing page.

*Note 1: Auxiliary data includes DEMs, aerosols, etc. data sources.*

|

As threshold, but information on auxiliary data should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page and is also available for free online download, contemporaneously with the product or through a link to the source.

||||| +|**1.15**|

**Processing Chain Provenance**

|Not required.|

Information on processing chain provenance should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page containing detailed description of the processing steps used to generate the product, the organization that performed the processing, and the versions of software used, giving full transparency to the users.

||||| +|**1.16**|

**Data Access**

|

Information on data access should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.

*Note 1: Manual and offline interaction action (e.g., login) may be required.*

|As threshold.||||| +|**1.17**|**Overall Data Quality**|Not applicable.|

Machine-readable metrics describing the overall quality of the data are included in the metadata, at minimum the cloud cover extent, i.e.:

- Proportion of observations over land (c.f. ocean) affected by non-target phenomena, e.g., cloud and cloud shadows

||||| + + +## **Per-Pixel Metadata** +*The following minimum metadata specifications apply to each pixel. Whether the metadata are provided in a single record relevant to all pixels or separately for each pixel is at the discretion of the data provider. Per-pixel metadata should allow users to discriminate between (choose) observations on the basis of their individual suitability for application.* + +|**#**|**Item**|

**Threshold (Minimum)**

**Requirements**

|**Target (Desired)
Requirements**|**Threshold
Self-Assessment**|**Target
Self-Assessment**|**Self-Assessment
Explanation/ Justification**|**Recommended
Requirement
Modification**| +| :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | +|**2.1**|**Metadata Machine Readability**|Metadata is provided in a structure that enables a computer algorithm to be used to consistently and automatically identify and extract each component part for further use.|As threshold.||||| +|**2.2**|**No Data**|Pixels that do not correspond to an observation (‘empty pixels’) are flagged.|As threshold.||||| +|**2.3**|

**Incomplete
Testing**

|

The metadata identifies pixels for which the per-pixel tests (below) have not all been successfully completed.

*Note 1: This may be the result of missing ancillary data for a subset of the pixels.*

|The metadata identifies which tests have, and have not, been successfully completed for each pixel.||||| +|**2.4**|**Saturation**|Metadata indicates where one or more spectral bands are saturated.|Metadata indicates which pixels are saturated for each spectral band.||||| +|**2.5**|**Cloud**|Metadata indicates whether a pixel is assessed as being cloud.|As threshold, information on cloud detection should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.||||| +|**2.6**|**Cloud Shadow**|Not required.|Metadata indicates whether a pixel is assessed as being cloud shadow. Information on cloud shadow detection should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.||||| +|**2.7**|**Land/Water
Mask**|Metadata indicates whether a pixel is land or water.|As threshold, information on land/water mask should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.||||| +|**2.8**|**Snow/Ice Mask**|Metadata indicates whether a pixel is snow/ice.|As threshold, information on snow/ice mask should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.||||| +|**2.9**|**Terrain Shadow Mask**|Not required.|The metadata indicates pixels that are not directly illuminated due to terrain shadowing.||||| +|**2.10**|**Terrain Occlusion**|Not required.|The metadata indicates pixels that are not visible to the sensor due to terrain occlusion during off-nadir viewing.||||| +|**2.11**|**Lunar and Viewing Geometry**|Provide average lunar and sensor viewing azimuth and zenith angles.|Provide per-pixel lunar and sensor viewing azimuth and zenith angles.||||| +|**2.12**|**Terrain Illumination Correction**|Not required.|Coefficients used for terrain illumination correction are provided for each pixel.||||| +|**2.13**|**Aerosol Optical Depth Parameters**|Not required.|To be determined.||||| +|**2.14**|**Moon Illumination Fraction**|Provide average moon illumination fraction.|Provide per-pixel moon illumination fraction||||| +|**2.15**|**Brightness Temperature**|Provide brightness temperature from thermal bands. |As threshold.||||| +|**2.16**|**Solar Zenith Angle**|Provide solar zenith angle to support stray-light corrections (see also 3.6).|As threshold.||||| + +## **Radiometric and Atmospheric Corrections** +*The following requirements must be met for all pixels in a collection. The requirements indicate both the necessary outcomes (3.1-3.3) and the minimum steps necessary to be deemed to have achieved those outcomes (3.4 onward). Radiometric corrections must lead to a valid measurement of surface reflectance.* + +|**#**|**Item**|

**Threshold (Minimum)**

**Requirements**

|**Target (Desired)
Requirements**|**Threshold
Self-Assessment**|**Target
Self-Assessment**|**Self-Assessment
Explanation/ Justification**|**Recommended
Requirement
Modification**| +| :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | +|**3.1**|**Measurement**|Pixel values that are expressed as a measurement of the nighttime light radiance. |Nighttime light radiance measurements are SI traceable (see also 1.1).||||| +|**3.2**|**Measurement Uncertainty**|

Not required.

*Note 1: In current practice, users determine fitness for purpose based on knowledge of the lineage of the data, rather than on a specific estimate of measurement uncertainty.*

|

An estimate of the certainty of the values is provided in measurement units.

*Note 1: This is a requirement for SI traceability. See also 1.1.*

*Note 2: Information on measurement uncertainty should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.*

||||| +|**3.3**|**Measurement Normalisation**|Not required.|

Measurements are normalised for viewing conditions (i.e., nadir view angle). This may include radiative transfer modelling.

*Note 1: Information on measurement normalisation should be available in the metadata as single DOI landing page.*

||||| +|**3.4**|**Atmospheric Corrections**|

Corrections are applied for atmospheric scattering.

Metadata contains a single DOI landing page with references to:

- a citable peer-reviewed algorithm

- technical documentation regarding the implementation of that algorithm

- the sources of ancillary data used to make corrections

*Note 1: Examples of technical documentation include an Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document, product user guide, etc.*

|As threshold.||||| +|**3.5**|**Lunar Radiance Corrections**|

Corrections are applied for lunar radiance.

Metadata contains a single DOI landing page with references to:

- a citable peer-reviewed algorithm

- technical documentation regarding the implementation of that algorithm and the lunar model used.

*Note 1: Examples of technical documentation include an Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document, product user guide, etc.*

|As threshold.||||| +|**3.6**|**Stray Light Corrections**|

Corrections are applied for stray light.

Metadata contains a single DOI landing page with references to:

- a citable peer-reviewed algorithm

- technical documentation regarding the implementation of that algorithm and any models used.

*Note 1: Examples of technical documentation include an Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document, product user guide, etc.*

|As threshold.||||| + +## **Geometric Corrections** +*Geometric corrections must place the measurement accurately on the surface of the Earth (that is, geolocate the measurement) allowing measurements taken through time to be compared.* + +|**#**|**Item**|

**Threshold (Minimum)**

**Requirements**

|**Target (Desired)
Requirements**|**Threshold
Self-Assessment**|**Target
Self-Assessment**|**Self-Assessment
Explanation/ Justification**|**Recommended
Requirement
Modification**| +| :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | +|**4.1**|**Geometric
Correction**|

Sub-pixel accuracy is achieved in relative geolocation, that is, the pixels from the same instrument and platform are consistently located, and are thus comparable, through time.

Sub-pixel accuracy is taken to be less than or equal to 0.5-pixel radial root mean square error (rRMSE) or equivalent in Circular Error Probability (CEP) relative to a defined reference image.

A consistent gridding/sampling frame is used, including common cell size, origin, and nominal sample point location within the cell (centre, ll, ur).

Relevant metadata must be provided under 1.8 and 1.9.

*Note 1: The threshold level will not necessarily enable interoperability between data from* different *sources as the geometric corrections for each of the sources may differ.*

|

Sub-pixel accuracy is achieved relative to an identified absolute independent terrestrial referencing system (such as a national map grid).

A consistent gridding/sampling frame is necessary to meet this requirement.

Relevant metadata must be provided under 1.8 and 1.9.

*Note 1: This requirement is intended to enable interoperability between imagery from different platforms that meet this level of correction and with non-image spatial data such as GIS layers and terrain models.*

||||| + + +# **Summary Self-Assessment Table** + +||**Threshold**|**Target**| +| :-: | :-: | :-: | +|**1. General Metadata**||| +|1\.1 Traceability||| +|1\.2 Metadata Machine Readability||| +|1\.3 Data Collection Time||| +|1\.4 Geographical Area||| +|1\.5 Coordinate Reference System||| +|1\.6 Map Projection||| +|1\.7 Geometric Correction Methods||| +|1\.8 Geometric Accuracy of the Data||| +|1\.9 Instrument||| +|1\.10 Spectral Bands||| +|1\.11 Sensor Calibration||| +|1\.12 Radiometric Accuracy||| +|1\.13 Algorithms||| +|1\.14 Auxiliary Data||| +|1\.15 Processing Chain Provenance||| +|1\.16 Data Access||| +|1\.17 Overall Data Quality||| +|**2. Per-Pixel Metadata**||| +|2\.1 Metadata Machine Readability||| +|2\.2 No Data||| +|2\.3 Incomplete Testing||| +|2\.4 Saturation||| +|2\.5 Cloud||| +|2\.6 Cloud Shadow||| +|2\.7 Land/Water Mask||| +|2\.8 Snow/Ice Mask||| +|2\.9 Terrain Shadow Mask||| +|2\.10 Terrain Occlusion||| +|2\.11 Lunar and Viewing Geometry||| +|2\.12 Terrain Illumination Correction||| +|2\.13 Aerosol Optical Depth Parameters||| +|2\.14 Moon Illumination Fraction ||| +|2\.15 Brightness Temperature ||| +|2\.16 Solar Zenith Angle||| +|**3. Radiometric and Atmospheric Corrections**||| +|3\.1 Measurement||| +|3\.2 Measurement Uncertainty||| +|3\.3 Measurement Normalisation||| +|3\.4 Atmospheric Corrections||| +|3\.5 Lunar Radiance Corrections||| +|3\.6 Stray Light Corrections||| +|**4. Geometric Corrections**||| +|4\.1 Geometric Correction||| + +# **Guidance** +This section aims to provide background and specific information on the processing steps that can be used to achieve analysis ready data. This Guidance material does not replace or override the specifications. +# **Introduction to CARD4L** +**What is CEOS Analysis Ready Data for Land (CARD4L) products?** + +CARD4L products have been processed to a minimum set of requirements and organized into a form that allows immediate analysis with a minimum of additional user effort. These products would be resampled onto a common geometric grid (for a given product) and would provide baseline data for further interoperability both through time and with other datasets. + +CARD4L products are intended to be flexible and accessible products suitable for a wide range of users for a wide variety of applications, including particularly time series analysis and multi-sensor application development. They are also intended to support rapid ingestion and exploitation via high-performance computing, cloud computing and other future data architectures. They may not be suitable for all purposes and are not intended as a ‘replacement’ for other types of satellite products. + +**When can a product be called CARD4L?** + +The CARD4L branding is applied to a particular product once: + +- the product has been assessed as meeting CARD4L requirements by the agency responsible for production and distribution of the product, and +- the assessment has been peer reviewed by the CEOS Land Surface Imaging Virtual Constellation in consultation with other CEOS working groups as appropriate, including the CEOS Working Group on Calibration and Validation. + +Agencies or other entities considering undertaking an assessment process should contact the [Land Surface Imaging Virtual Constellation](http://ceos.org/ourwork/virtual-constellations/lsi/). + +A product can continue to use CARD4L branding as long as its generation and distribution remain consistent with the peer-reviewed assessment. + +**What is the difference between Threshold and Target?** + +Products that meet all threshold requirements should be immediately useful for scientific analysis or decision-making. + +Products that meet target requirements will reduce the overall product uncertainties and enhance broad-scale applications. For example, the products may enhance interoperability or provide increased accuracy through additional corrections that are not reasonable at the *threshold* level. + +Target requirements anticipate continuous improvement of methods and evolution of community expectations, which are both normal and inevitable in a developing field. Over time, *target* specifications may (and subject to due process) become accepted as *threshold* requirements. +# **Procedural Examples** +**Processes to produce Threshold Nighttime Light Surface Radiance (NLSR) CARD4L:** + +The following correction processes would typically be applied to produce CARD4L-NLSR Threshold: + +- *No example processes are provided at this time.* + +The following additional processes could be applied to produce CARD4L-NLSR Target: + +- *No example processes are provided at this time.* +# **Specific Examples** +**Processes to produce Threshold Nighttime Light Surface Radiance CARD4L:** + +- *No example processes are provided at this time.* +# **Reference Papers** +The following papers provide scientific and technical guidance: + +Román, M.O., Wang, Z., Sun, Q., Kalb, V., Miller, S.D., Molthan, A., Schultz, L., Bell, J., Stokes, E.C., Pandey, B., Seto, K.C., Hall, D., Oda, T., Wolfe, R.E., Lin, G., Golpayegani, N., Devadiga, S., Davidson, C., Sarkar, S., Praderas, C., Schmaltz, J., Boller, R., Stevens, J., Ramos González, O.M., Padilla, E., Alonso, J., Detrés, Y., Armstrong, R., Miranda, I., Conte, Y., Marrero, N., MacManus, K., Esch, T., Masuoka, E.J., 2018. NASA's Black Marble nighttime lights product suite. Remote Sens. Environ. + +Wang, Z., Román, M.O., Kalb, V.L., Miller, S.D., Zhang, J., Shrestha, R.M., 2021. Quantifying uncertainties in nighttime light retrievals from Suomi-NPP and NOAA-20 VIIRS Day/Night Band data. Remote Sens. Environ. 263. + +Mills, S., & Miller, S.D., 2014, October. VIIRS Day-Night Band (DNB) calibration methods for improved uniformity. In Earth Observing Systems XIX (Vol. 9218, p. 921809). International Society for Optics and Photonics. + +Ryan, R.E. et al., 2019. The Terra Vega Active Light Source: A First Step in a New Approach to Perform Nighttime Absolute Radiometric Calibrations and Early Results Calibrating the VIIRS DNB. *Remote Sens.* 2019, *11*, 710. [https://doi.org/10.3390/rs11060710](https://gcc02.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%2Frs11060710&data=04%7C01%7Cbrian.d.killough%40nasa.gov%7C790d52640470420063cf08d9098258f1%7C7005d45845be48ae8140d43da96dd17b%7C0%7C0%7C637551277751607761%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C1000&sdata=uJ870BxZ4SB4RdRDihH1q2aT0N52XxlxLru%2BcA0DdSY%3D&reserved=0) + diff --git a/Product Family Specifications/Word Versions/CEOS-ARD_Product_Family_Specification_Surface_Reflectance-v5.0.1.docx b/Specifications/Surface-Reflectance/CEOS-ARD_Product_Family_Specification_Surface_Reflectance-v5.0.1.docx similarity index 100% rename from Product Family Specifications/Word Versions/CEOS-ARD_Product_Family_Specification_Surface_Reflectance-v5.0.1.docx rename to Specifications/Surface-Reflectance/CEOS-ARD_Product_Family_Specification_Surface_Reflectance-v5.0.1.docx diff --git a/Product Family Specifications/PDF Versions/CEOS-ARD_Product_Family_Specification_Surface_Reflectance-v5.0.1.pdf b/Specifications/Surface-Reflectance/CEOS-ARD_Product_Family_Specification_Surface_Reflectance-v5.0.1.pdf similarity index 100% rename from Product Family Specifications/PDF Versions/CEOS-ARD_Product_Family_Specification_Surface_Reflectance-v5.0.1.pdf rename to Specifications/Surface-Reflectance/CEOS-ARD_Product_Family_Specification_Surface_Reflectance-v5.0.1.pdf diff --git a/Product Family Specifications/Surface-Reflectance.md b/Specifications/Surface-Reflectance/README.md similarity index 99% rename from Product Family Specifications/Surface-Reflectance.md rename to Specifications/Surface-Reflectance/README.md index 1f2d67c..ff523b2 100644 --- a/Product Family Specifications/Surface-Reflectance.md +++ b/Specifications/Surface-Reflectance/README.md @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ - + # CEOS Analysis Ready Data
Product Family Specification: Surface Reflectance diff --git a/Product Family Specifications/Word Versions/CARD4L_Product_Family_Specification_Surface_Temperature-v5.0.docx b/Specifications/Surface-Temperature/CARD4L_Product_Family_Specification_Surface_Temperature-v5.0.docx similarity index 100% rename from Product Family Specifications/Word Versions/CARD4L_Product_Family_Specification_Surface_Temperature-v5.0.docx rename to Specifications/Surface-Temperature/CARD4L_Product_Family_Specification_Surface_Temperature-v5.0.docx diff --git a/Product Family Specifications/PDF Versions/CARD4L_Product_Family_Specification_Surface_Temperature-v5.0.pdf b/Specifications/Surface-Temperature/CARD4L_Product_Family_Specification_Surface_Temperature-v5.0.pdf similarity index 100% rename from Product Family Specifications/PDF Versions/CARD4L_Product_Family_Specification_Surface_Temperature-v5.0.pdf rename to Specifications/Surface-Temperature/CARD4L_Product_Family_Specification_Surface_Temperature-v5.0.pdf diff --git a/Product Family Specifications/Surface-Temperature.md b/Specifications/Surface-Temperature/README.md similarity index 99% rename from Product Family Specifications/Surface-Temperature.md rename to Specifications/Surface-Temperature/README.md index 18d78e6..e869c8d 100644 --- a/Product Family Specifications/Surface-Temperature.md +++ b/Specifications/Surface-Temperature/README.md @@ -1,261 +1,261 @@ - - -# CEOS Analysis Ready Data
Product Family Specification: Surface Temperature - - -# **Document History** - -|**Version**|**Date**|**Description of change**|**Author**| -| :- | :- | :- | :- | -|0\.0.2|23\.03.2017|Zero Draft based on materials provided by Geoscience Australia and the USGS in particular.|Ross | -||16\.04.2017|Included document history; || -|1\.0.0|18\.04.2017|

Revised to:

- Formatting and structure

- Included guidance section

|Lewis| -|1\.0.1|18\.04.2017|Merged ‘geometric source’ and ‘geometric method’ elements.|Lewis| -|2\.0|25\.08.2017|Incorporated first round of revisions following feedback from the UK and others.|Lewis| -|2\.1|06\.09.2017|Feedback from ESA; removed reference to bands (1.10) as these are not relevant to ST; Feedback on 1.13 included to the effect that ST algorithm may not be supplied at Threshold level. Added qualifying notes to 2.7,2.8.|Lewis| -|3\.0|05\.12.2017|Feedback during the teleconference.|Lewis| -|3\.1|22\.12.2017|Feedback during and after (emails) the teleconference (05/12/2017) included.|Siqueira| -|3\.2|01\.08.2018|Outcome from LSI-VC-6 meeting addressed: *Surface Brightness Temperature (SBT) is not needed as a CARD4L product – there is no clear user base. The Surface Temperature (ST) PFS will be retained, with references to SBT removed in the next update cycle."* Therefore, ST became the minimum requirement (threshold) for CARD4L ST PFS.|Siqueira| -|3\.3|21\.01.2019|Feedback from ESA and USGS self-assessment included. Added Annex 1 containing examples (provided by USGS and ESA) on selected requirements.|Siqueira| -|3\.3.1|06\.02.2019|Final draft shared with LSI-VC list and LSI-VC-7 meeting participants seeking support for document endorsement at the LSI-VC-7 meeting.|Siqueira| -|3\.3.1|20\.02.2019|Comments and suggestions from LSI-VC-7 meeting (minutes) and feedback from USGS incorporated.|Siqueira| -|3\.3.2|28\.02.2019|Formatting and verbiage updates for consistency.|Metzger| -|4\.0|02\.03.2019|Version endorsed at LSI-VC7 meeting (14Feb 2019)|LSI-VC| -|4\.1|26\.06.2019|Added self-assessment columns|Bontje| -|4\.2|04\.09.2019|Requirement 3.2 (Corrections for Atmosphere and Emissivity) rewording - agreed at LSI-VC8 meeting.|Siqueira| -|

4\.3

4\.4

5\.0

|

08\.05.2020

25\.05.2020

08\.06.2020

|

This review cycle considers feedback received from USGS and ESA after the formal self-assessment for Surface Temperature products (Landsat and Sentinel-2). Minor editorial changes were done throughout the document. Requirements 1.2, 1.14, 1.16 and 2.1 have been updated.

Feedback from USGS added (email: 21/05/2020).

Tech edit.

|

Siqueira

Siqueira

Bontje, Labahn

| - -Adam Lewis, Geoscience Australia, Australia - -Jonathon Ross, Geoscience Australia, Australia - -Andreia Siqueira, Geoscience Australia, Australia - -Darcie Bontje, USGS, USA - -Steve Labahn, USGS, USA - -Mary Metzger, USGS, USA - -# **Description** -**Product Family Title:** **Surface Temperature (CARD4L-ST)** - -**Applies to:** Data collected with multispectral sensors operating in the thermal infrared (TIR) wavelengths. These typically operate with ground sample distance and resolution in the order of 10-100m; however, the Specification is not inherently limited to this resolution. - -At present, surface temperature measurements tend to be provided as either surface brightness temperature (SBT) or as land surface temperatures (LST) requiring the SBT to be modified according to the emissivity of the target. This specification identifies the Surface Temperature (ST) as being the minimum or Threshold requirement for analysis ready land surface data. Nevertheless, both SBT and LST are *land* measurements, requiring atmospheric corrections. -# **Definitions** - -|LST|Land Surface Temperature| -| :-: | :- | -|ST|Surface Temperature| -|SBT|Surface Brightness Temperature| -|Ancillary Data|Ancillary data is data other than instrument measurements, originating in the instrument itself or from the satellite, required to perform processing of the data. They include orbit data, attitude data, time information, spacecraft engineering data, calibration data, data quality information and data from other instruments.| -|Auxiliary Data|Auxiliary data is the data required for instrument processing, which does not originate in the instrument itself or from the satellite. Some auxiliary data will be generated in the ground segment, whilst other data will be provided from external sources.| -|Metadata|Metadata is structured information that describes other information or information services. With well-defined metadata, users should be able to get basic information about data, without the need to have knowledge about its entire content.| -|MTF|Modulation Transfer Function| -|Spectral Resolution|Spectral resolution defines the narrowest spectral feature that can be resolved by a spectrometer.| -|Spatial Resolution|The highest magnification of the sensor at the ground surface.| -|Spectral Sampling Distance|Spectral sampling is the interval, in wavelength units, between discrete data points in the measured spectrum.| -|Spatial Sampling Distance|Spatial sampling distance is the barycentre-to-barycentre distance between adjacent spatial samples on the Earth's surface.| - -# -# **Requirements** -## **General Metadata** -*These are metadata records describing a distributed collection of pixels. The collection of pixels referred to must be contiguous in space and time. General Metadata should allow the user to assess the overall suitability of the dataset, and must meet the following requirements:* - -|**#**|**Item**|

**Threshold (Minimum)**

**Requirements**

|

**Target (Desired)**

**Requirements**

|**Threshold
Self-Assessment**|**Target
Self-Assessment**|**Self-Assessment
Explanation/ Justification**|**Recommended
Requirement
Modification**| -| :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | -|**1.1**|**Traceability**|Not required.|

Data must be traceable to SI reference standard. Information on traceability should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.

Policy on measurement traceability:

Guidance on measurement traceability:

*Note 1: SI Traceability requires an estimate of measurement uncertainty.*

||||| -|**1.2**|**Metadata Machine Readability**|Metadata is provided in a structure that enables a computer algorithm to be used consistently and to automatically identify and extract each component part for further use.|As threshold, but metadata should be provided in a community endorsed standard that facilitates machine-readability, such as ISO 19115-2.||||| -|**1.3**|**Data Collection Time**|The start and stop time of data collection is identified in the metadata, expressed in date/time, to the second, with the time offset from UTC unambiguously identified.|Acquisition time for each pixel is identified (or can be reliably determined) in the metadata, expressed in date/time at UTC, to the second.||||| -|**1.4**|**Geographical Area**|The surface location to which the data relate is identified, typically as a series of four corner points, expressed in an accepted coordinate reference system (e.g., WGS84 coordinates).|The geographic area covered by the observations is identified specifically, such as through a set of coordinates of a closely bounding polygon. The location to which each pixel refers is identified (or can be reliably determined) expressed in projection coordinates with reference datum. ||||| -|**1.5**|**Coordinate Reference System**|The metadata lists the coordinate reference system that has been used.|As threshold.||||| -|**1.6**|**Map Projection**|Not required. |The metadata lists the map projection that has been used, if any, and any relevant parameters required in relation to use of data in that map projection.||||| -|**1.7**|**Geometric Correction Methods**|

Not required.

The user is not explicitly advised of the geometric correction source and methods.

|Information on geometric correction methods should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page containing information on geodetic correction methods used, including reference database and auxiliary data such as elevation model(s) and reference chip-sets. ||||| -|**1.8**|**Geometric Accuracy of the Data**|

Not required.

The user is not provided with results of geometric correction processes pertaining to the dataset.

|

The metadata includes metrics describing the assessed geodetic accuracy of the data, expressed units of the coordinate system of the data. Accuracy is assessed by independent verification (as well as internal model-fit where applicable). Uncertainties are expressed as root mean square error (RMSE) or Circular Error 90% Probability (CEP90).

*Note 1: Information on geometric accuracy of the data should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.*

||||| -|**1.9**|**Instrument**|The instrument used to collect the data is identified in the metadata.|As threshold, but information on instrument should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page with references to the relevant CEOS Missions, Instruments and Measurements Database record.||||| -|**1.10**|**Spectral Bands**|The central wavelength for each band for which data is included is identified in the metadata, expressed in SI units.|

As threshold, with instrument spectral response details (e.g., full spectral response function) also included or directly accessible using details in the metadata.
Central wavelength and bandwidth at full-width half maximum value of the relative spectral response function are provided at least.

*Note 1: Information on spectral bands should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.*

||||| -|**1.11**|**Sensor Calibration**|Not required.|

Sensor calibration parameters are identified in the metadata or can be accessed using details included in the metadata. Ideally this would support machine-to-machine access.

*Note 1: Information on sensory calibration should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.*

||||| -|**1.12**|**Radiometric Accuracy**|

Not required.

The general metadata does not include information on the radiometric accuracy of the data.

|

Information on radiometric accuracy should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page providing information on metrics describing the assessed absolute radiometric accuracy of the data, expressed as absolute radiometric uncertainty relative to a known reference standard.

*Note 1: For example, this may come from comparison with routine and rigorously collected in situ measurements.*

||||| -|**1.13**|**Algorithms**|All algorithms and versions, and the sequence in which they were applied in the generation process, are identified in the metadata.|

As threshold, but only algorithms that have been published in a peer-reviewed journal.

*Note 1: It is possible that high-quality corrections are applied through non-disclosed processes*. *CARD4L does not per-se require full and open data and methods.*

*Note 2: Information on algorithms should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.*

||||| -|**1.14**|**Auxiliary Data**|

The metadata identifies the sources of auxiliary data used in the generation process, ideally expressed as a single DOI landing page.

*Note 1: Auxiliary data includes DEMs, aerosols, etc. data sources.*

|

As threshold, but information on auxiliary data should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page and is also available for free online download, contemporaneously with the product or through a link to the source.

||||| -|**1.15**|**Processing Chain Provenance**|

Not required.

|Information on processing chain provenance should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page containing description of the processing chain used to generate the product, including the versions of the software used and information on the data collection baseline, giving full transparency to the users.||||| -|**1.16**|**Data Access**|

Information on data access should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.

*Note 1: Manual and offline interaction action (e.g., login) may be required.*

|

As threshold.

||||| -|**1.17**|**Overall Data Quality**|Not applicable.|The metadata includes details of the quality of the product based on quantitative assessment of the product with respect to high quality reference data with full traceability of the uncertainties. Validation and intercomparison statistics can provide the necessary quantification. ||||| - - -## **Per-Pixel Metadata** -*Per-pixel metadata should allow users to discriminate between (choose) observations on the basis of their individual suitability for application and includes ‘quality flags’. The following minimum metadata specifications apply to each pixel. Whether the metadata are provided in a single record relevant to all pixels or separately for each pixel is at the discretion of the data provider. Similarly, the mechanism or form of the per-pixel metadata (additional data bands, mask layers, etc.) is open to the provider.* - -|**#**|**Item**|**Threshold (Minimum) Requirements**|**Target (Desired)
Requirements**|**Threshold
Self-Assessment**|**Target
Self-Assessment**|**Self-Assessment
Explanation/ Justification**|**Recommended
Requirement
Modification**| -| :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | -|**2.1**|**Metadata Machine Readability**|Metadata is provided in a structure that enables a computer algorithm to be used to consistently and automatically identify and extract each component part for further use.|As threshold.||||| -|**2.2**|**No Data**|Pixels that do not correspond to an observation (‘empty pixels’) are flagged.|As threshold.||||| -|**2.3**|**Incomplete Testing**|

The metadata identifies pixels for which the per-pixel tests (below) have not all been successfully completed.

*Note 1: e.g., due to missing ancillary data for some pixels.*

|

The metadata identifies which tests have, and have not, been successfully completed for each pixel.

||||| -|**2.4**|**Saturation**|Metadata indicates where one or more pixel in the input spectral bands are saturated.|Metadata indicates which pixels are saturated for each spectral band.||||| -|**2.5**|**Cloud**|Metadata indicates whether a pixel is assessed as being cloud.|As threshold, but information on cloud detection should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.||||| -|**2.6**|**Cloud Shadow**|Metadata indicates whether a pixel is assessed as being cloud shadow.|As threshold, but information on cloud shadow detection should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.||||| -|**2.7**|**Snow/
Ice mask**|Not required.|The metadata indicates whether a pixel is assessed as being snow/ice or not. Information on snow/ice mask should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.||||| -|**2.8**|**Solar and Viewing Geometry**|Provide average solar and sensor viewing azimuth and zenith angles.|Provide per-pixel solar and sensor viewing azimuth and zenith angles.||||| - - -## **Radiometric and Atmospheric Corrections** -*The following requirements must be met for all pixels in a collection. Radiometric corrections must lead to a valid measurement of surface temperature.* - -|**#**|**Item**|

**Threshold (Minimum)**

**Requirements**

|**Target (Desired)
Requirements**|**Threshold
Self-Assessment**|**Target
Self-Assessment**|**Self-Assessment
Explanation/ Justification**|**Recommended
Requirement
Modification**| -| :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | -|**3.1**|**Measurement**|Pixel values are expressed as a measurement of the Surface Temperature of the land, expressed as Kelvin.|Surface temperature measurements are SI traceable (see also 1.1).||||| -|**3.2**|**Corrections for Atmosphere and Emissivity**|

Retrieval methods for estimating surface temperature are provided.

*Note 1: The metadata references (may be through a single DOI landing page) a citable peer-reviewed algorithm.*

|As threshold.||||| -|**3.3**|

**Measurement Uncertainty**

|

Not required.

|

Uncertainty, in Kelvin, of the surface temperature measurement for each pixel is provided.

*Note 1: Some of the intent of the initial wording (below), which refers to atmospheric windows, may have been lost:*

*Uncertainty, in units Kelvin, of the surface temperature for each pixel is also accompanied by distance from cloud (above) and atmospheric transmission (intervals, i.e., 0.4 - 0.55, 0.55 - 0.7, etc.).*

||||| - - -## **Geometric Corrections** -*Geometric corrections must place the measurement accurately on the surface of the Earth (that is, geolocate the measurement) allowing measurements taken through time to be compared.* - -|**#**|**Item**|

**Threshold (Minimum)**

**Requirements**

|**Target (Desired)
Requirements**|**Threshold
Self-Assessment**|**Target
Self-Assessment**|**Self-Assessment
Explanation/ Justification**|**Recommended
Requirement
Modification**| -| :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | -|**4.1**|**Geometric Correction**|

Sub-pixel accuracy is achieved in relative geolocation, that is, the pixels from the same instrument and platform are consistently located, and in thus comparable, through time.

Sub-pixel accuracy is taken to be less than or equal to 0.5 pixel radial root mean square error (rRMSE) or equivalent in Circular Error Probability (CEP) relative to a defined reference image.

A consistent gridding/sampling frame is necessary to meet this requirement.

Relevant metadata must be provided under 1.8 and 1.9.

*Note 1: The threshold level will not necessarily enable interoperability between data from* different *sources as the geometric corrections for each of the sources may differ.*

|

Sub-pixel accuracy is achieved relative to an identified absolute independent terrestrial referencing system (such as a national map grid).

A consistent gridding/sampling frame is necessary to meet this requirement.

Relevant metadata must be provided under 1.8 and 1.9.

*Note 1: This requirement is intended to enable interoperability between imagery from different platforms that meet this level of correction, and with non-image spatial data such as GIS layers and terrain models.*

||||| - -# -# **Summary Self-Assessment Table** - -||**Threshold**|**Target**| -| :-: | :-: | :-: | -|**1. General Metadata**||| -|1\.1 Traceability||| -|1\.2 Metadata Machine Readability||| -|1\.3 Data Collection Time||| -|1\.4 Geographical Area||| -|1\.5 Coordinate Reference System||| -|1\.6 Map Projection||| -|1\.7 Geometric Correction Methods||| -|1\.8 Geometric Accuracy of the Data||| -|1\.9 Instrument||| -|1\.10 Spectral Bands||| -|1\.11 Sensor Calibration||| -|1\.12 Radiometric Accuracy||| -|1\.13 Algorithms||| -|1\.14 Auxiliary Data||| -|1\.15 Processing Chain Provenance||| -|1\.16 Data Access||| -|1\.17 Overall Data Quality||| -|||| -|**2. Per-Pixel Metadata**||| -|2\.1 Metadata Machine Readability||| -|2\.2 No Data||| -|2\.3 Incomplete Testing||| -|2\.4 Saturation||| -|2\.5 Cloud||| -|2\.6 Cloud Shadow||| -|2\.7 Snow/Ice Mask||| -|2\.8 Solar and Viewing Geometry||| -|||| -|**3. Radiometric and Atmospheric Corrections**||| -|3\.1 Measurement||| -|3\.2 Corrections for Atmosphere and Emissivity||| -|3\.3 Measurement Uncertainty||| -|||| -|**4. Geometric Corrections**||| -|4\.1 Geometric Correction||| - - - -# **Guidance** -This section aims to provide background and specific information on the processing steps that can be used to achieve analysis ready data. This Guidance material does not replace or over-ride the specifications. -# **Introduction to CARD4L** -**What is CEOS Analysis Ready Data for Land (CARD4L) products?** - -CARD4L products have been processed to a minimum set of requirements and organized into a form that allows immediate analysis with a minimum of additional user effort. These products would be resampled onto a common geometric grid (for a given product) and would provide baseline data for further interoperability both through time and with other datasets. - -CARD4L products are intended to be flexible and accessible products suitable for a wide range of users for a wide variety of applications, including particularly time series analysis and multi-sensor application development. They are also intended to support rapid ingestion and exploitation via high-performance computing, cloud computing and other future data architectures. They may not be suitable for all purposes and are not intended as a ‘replacement’ for other types of satellite products. - -**When can a product be called CARD4L?** - -The CARD4L branding is applied to a particular product once: - -- that product has been assessed as meeting CARD4L requirements by the agency responsible for production and distribution of the product, and -- that assessment has been peer reviewed by the CEOS Land Surface Imaging Virtual Constellation in consultation with the CEOS Working Group on Calibration and Validation. - -Agencies or other entities considering undertaking an assessment process should contact the co-leads of the [Land Surface Imaging Virtual Constellation](http://ceos.org/ourwork/virtual-constellations/lsi/). - -A product can continue to use CARD4L branding as long as its generation and distribution remain consistent with the peer-reviewed assessment. - -**What is the difference between Threshold and Target?** - -Products that meet all threshold requirements should be immediately useful for scientific analysis or decision-making. - -Products that meet target requirements will reduce the overall product uncertainties and enhance broad-scale applications. For example, the products may enhance interoperability or provide increased accuracy through additional corrections that are not reasonable at the *threshold* level. - -Target requirements anticipate continuous improvement of methods and evolution of community expectations, which are both normal and inevitable in a developing field. Over time, *target* specifications may (and subject to due process) become accepted as *threshold* requirements. -# **Procedural Examples** -**Processes to produce Threshold Surface Temperature CARD4L-ST:** - -The following correction processes would typically be applied to produce CARD4L-ST Threshold: - -- *No example processes are provided at this time.* -# **Specific Examples** -**Processes to produce Threshold Surface Temperature CARD4L-ST:** - -- *No example processes are provided at this time.* -# **Reference papers** -The following papers provide scientific and technical guidance: - -Cook, M., Schott, J.R, Mandel, J., Raqueno, M. (2014). Development of an Operational Calibration Methodology for the Landsat Thermal Data Archive and Initial Testing of the Atmospheric Compensation Component of a Land Surface Temperature (LST) Product from the Archive. ***Remote Sensing*** 6 (11244-11266). doi:10.3390/rs61111244 ISSN 2072-4292. [www.mdpi.com/journal/remotesensing](http://www.mdpi.com/journal/remotesensing) - -Li et al., (2013) Satellite-derived land surface temperature: Current status and perspectives. ***Remote Sensing of Environment*** 131 14–37. . - - - -# **Annex 1 – CARD4L Requirement Examples (Surface Temperature)** -## **General Metadata** - -|**#**|**Item**|**Example 1**|**Example 2**| -| :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | -|**1.1**|**Traceability**|

Example of measurement traceability in metadata:

` `LC08ST

` `Surface Temperature

` `ST

` `

` `none

` `temperature (kelvin)

` `

` `st\_1.3.0

` `2018-11-30T04:47:38Z

Example of measurement uncertainty in metadata:

` `LC08STQA

` `Surface temperature quality band

` `STQA

` `

` `none

` `temperature (kelvin)

` `

` `st\_1.3.0

` `2018-11-30T04:47:38Z

|NA| -|**1.2**|**Metadata Machine Readability**|NA|NA| -|**1.3**|**Data Collection Time**|

Example of scene center time (UTC):

17:23:57.201686Z

|The granule start and end times are contained in the XML metadata:
` `
` `
` `
` `
` `2018-10-07T05:04:50.425838Z
` `2018-10-07T05:07:50.425838Z
` `
` `
` `
` `

Per pixel times are derived using information from the "time\_in.nc" and “indices\_in.nc” datafiles following a prescribed recipe| -|**1.4**|**Geographical Area**|

Example of the bounding coordinates in decimal degrees (WGS84):

` `-99.9109607425

` `-98.0134952569

` `43.3609828699

` `41.9778528562

Example of the corner points in the map projection system (Albers):

|NA| -|**1.5**|**Coordinate Reference System**|

Example of the projected coordinate system info:

|NA| -|**1.6**|**Map Projection**|

Example:

` `

` `

` `UL

` `

` `29.500000

` `45.500000

` `-96.000000

` `23.000000

` `0.000000

` `0.000000

` `

|NA| -|**1.7**|**Geometric Correction Source**|

Example of elevation source:

GLS2000

|The XML wrapper provides the source of the geometric calibration:


` `
` `
` `
` `
` `
` `

| -|**1.8**|**Geometric Accuracy of the Data**|

Example:

9.021

6.864

5.854

|NA| -|**1.9**|**Instrument**|

Example:

LANDSAT\_8

OLI/TIRS\_Combined

|

The XML wrapper provides the instrument details:

` `

` `

` `

` `

` `2016-011A

` `Sentinel-3

` `A

` `

` `Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometer

` `Earth Observation

` `

` `

` `

` `

` `

| -|**1.10**|**Spectral Bands**|NA|NA| -|**1.11**|**Sensor Calibration**|

Example:

LC08CPF\_20180101\_20180331\_01.02

|NA| -|**1.12**|**Radiometric Accuracy**|NA|NA| -|**1.13**|**Algorithms**|

Example for Surface Temperature algorithm version:

st\_1.3.0

|NA| -|**1.14**|**Auxiliary Data**|NA|All Auxiliary Datafiles (ADFs) are listed in the XML wrapper:
` `
` `
` `| -|**1.15**|**Processing Chain Provenance**|NA|Processing chain provenance information is stored in the XML wrapper under the following tag:
` `| -|**1.16**|**Data Access**|NA|NA| -|**1.17**|**Overall Data Quality**|NA|Overall data quality information is stored in the XML wrapper under the following tag:
` `| - - -## **Per-Pixel Metadata** - -|**#**|**Item**|**Example 1**|**Example 2**| -| :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | -|**2.1**|**Metadata Machine Readability**|NA|NA| -|**2.2**|**No Data**|

Example of the fill\_value specified for each band in metadata:

` `LC08ST

` `Surface Temperature

` `ST

` `

` `none

` `temperature (kelvin)

` `

` `st\_1.3.0

` `2018-11-30T04:47:38Z

|

The "flags\_in.nc" datafile contains per-pixel information on "no / bad data through saturation / incomplete testing etc". The following field has an "unfilled" flag:

` `ushort confidence\_in(rows, columns) ;
` `confidence\_in:flag\_masks = 1US, 2US, 4US, 8US, 16US, 32US, 64US, 128US, 256US, 512US, 1024US, 2048US, 4096US, 8192US, 16384US, 32768US ;
` `confidence\_in:flag\_meanings = "coastline ocean tidal land inland\_water unfilled spare spare cosmetic duplicate day twilight sun\_glint snow summary\_cloud summary\_pointing" ;

| -|**2.3**|**Incomplete Testing**|NA|The "flags\_in.nc" datafile contains per-pixel information on "no / bad data through saturation / incomplete testing etc". The following field has an "unfilled" flag:

` `ushort confidence\_in(rows, columns) ;
` `confidence\_in:flag\_masks = 1US, 2US, 4US, 8US, 16US, 32US, 64US, 128US, 256US, 512US, 1024US, 2048US, 4096US, 8192US, 16384US, 32768US ;
` `confidence\_in:flag\_meanings = "coastline ocean tidal land inland\_water unfilled spare spare cosmetic duplicate day twilight sun\_glint snow summary\_cloud summary\_pointing”;| -|**2.4**|**Saturation**|

Example of RADSATQA band showing the saturation information for the thermal bands used for Surface Temperature calculation:

` `LC08RADSAT

` `saturation mask

` `RADSATQA

` `

` `none

` `bitmap

` `

` `Data Fill Flag (0 = valid data, 1 = invalid data)

` `Band 1 Data Saturation Flag (0 = valid data, 1 = saturated data)

` `Band 2 Data Saturation Flag (0 = valid data, 1 = saturated data)

` `Band 3 Data Saturation Flag (0 = valid data, 1 = saturated data)

` `Band 4 Data Saturation Flag (0 = valid data, 1 = saturated data)

` `Band 5 Data Saturation Flag (0 = valid data, 1 = saturated data)

` `Band 6 Data Saturation Flag (0 = valid data, 1 = saturated data)

` `Band 7 Data Saturation Flag (0 = valid data, 1 = saturated data)

` `N/A

` `Band 9 Data Saturation Flag (0 = valid data, 1 = saturated data)

` `Band 10 Data Saturation Flag (0 = valid data, 1 = saturated data)

` `Band 11 Data Saturation Flag (0 = valid data, 1 = saturated data)

` `

` `LaSRC\_1.3.0

` `2018-11-30T04:47:38Z

|The "flags\_in.nc" datafile contains per-pixel information on "no / bad data through saturation / incomplete testing etc". The following field has an "unfilled" flag:

` `ushort confidence\_in(rows, columns) ;
` `confidence\_in:flag\_masks = 1US, 2US, 4US, 8US, 16US, 32US, 64US, 128US, 256US, 512US, 1024US, 2048US, 4096US, 8192US, 16384US, 32768US ;
` `confidence\_in:flag\_meanings = "coastline ocean tidal land inland\_water unfilled spare spare cosmetic duplicate day twilight sun\_glint snow summary\_cloud summary\_pointing" ;| -|**2.5**|**Cloud**|

Example of PIXELQA showing the bit value for cloud pixels (as well as cloud and cirrus confidence):

` `LC08PQA

` `level-2 pixel quality band

` `PIXELQA

` `

` `none

` `quality/feature classification

` `

` `fill

` `clear

` `water

` `cloud shadow

` `snow

` `cloud

` `cloud confidence

` `cloud confidence

` `cirrus confidence

` `cirrus confidence

` `terrain occlusion

` `unused

` `unused

` `unused

` `unused

` `unused

` `

` `generate\_pixel\_qa\_1.6.0

` `2018-11-30T04:47:38Z

|The "flags\_in.nc" datafile contains all the cloud masking flags
Three fields are relevant: i) cloud\_in; ii) confidence\_in; and iii) bayes\_in

The "cloud\_in" field contains all the individual threshold-based mask:
flag\_masks = 1US, 2US, 4US, 8US, 16US, 32US, 64US, 128U S, 256US, 512US, 1024US, 2048US, 4096US, 8192US, 16384US, 32768US ;
cloud\_in:flag\_meanings = "visible 1.37\_threshold 1.6\_small\_histo gram 1.6\_large\_histogram 2.25\_small\_histogram 2.25\_large\_histogram 11\_spatial\_co herence gross\_cloud thin\_cirrus medium\_high fog\_low\_stratus 11\_12\_view\_differenc e 3.7\_11\_view\_difference thermal\_histogram spare spare"

The "confidence\_in" field contains the "summary\_cloud\_mask" from the most appropriate cloud\_in flags; the value of the bit is 16384US

The "bayes\_in" field contains the "single\_moderate" probabilistic cloud flag; the value of the bit is 2UB| -|**2.6**|**Cloud Shadow**|Please see the cloud shadow part in the example provided in requirement 2.5|NA| -|**2.7**|**Snow/Ice Mask**|Please see the snow part in the example provided in requirement 2.5|NA| -|**2.8**|**Solar and Viewing Geometry**|NA|NA| - - -## **Radiometric and Atmospheric Corrections** - -|**#**|**Item**|**Example 1**|**Example 2**| -| :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | -|**3.1**|**Measurement**|NA|NA| -|**3.2**|**Corrections for Atmosphere (and Emissivity in the Case of ST)**|

NA

|NA| -|**3.3**|**Measurement Uncertainty**|NA|NA| - -## **Geometric Corrections** - -|**#**|**Item**|**Example 1**|**Example 2**| -| :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | -|**4.1**|**Geometric Correction**|NA|NA| - - + + +# CEOS Analysis Ready Data
Product Family Specification: Surface Temperature + + +# **Document History** + +|**Version**|**Date**|**Description of change**|**Author**| +| :- | :- | :- | :- | +|0\.0.2|23\.03.2017|Zero Draft based on materials provided by Geoscience Australia and the USGS in particular.|Ross | +||16\.04.2017|Included document history; || +|1\.0.0|18\.04.2017|

Revised to:

- Formatting and structure

- Included guidance section

|Lewis| +|1\.0.1|18\.04.2017|Merged ‘geometric source’ and ‘geometric method’ elements.|Lewis| +|2\.0|25\.08.2017|Incorporated first round of revisions following feedback from the UK and others.|Lewis| +|2\.1|06\.09.2017|Feedback from ESA; removed reference to bands (1.10) as these are not relevant to ST; Feedback on 1.13 included to the effect that ST algorithm may not be supplied at Threshold level. Added qualifying notes to 2.7,2.8.|Lewis| +|3\.0|05\.12.2017|Feedback during the teleconference.|Lewis| +|3\.1|22\.12.2017|Feedback during and after (emails) the teleconference (05/12/2017) included.|Siqueira| +|3\.2|01\.08.2018|Outcome from LSI-VC-6 meeting addressed: *Surface Brightness Temperature (SBT) is not needed as a CARD4L product – there is no clear user base. The Surface Temperature (ST) PFS will be retained, with references to SBT removed in the next update cycle."* Therefore, ST became the minimum requirement (threshold) for CARD4L ST PFS.|Siqueira| +|3\.3|21\.01.2019|Feedback from ESA and USGS self-assessment included. Added Annex 1 containing examples (provided by USGS and ESA) on selected requirements.|Siqueira| +|3\.3.1|06\.02.2019|Final draft shared with LSI-VC list and LSI-VC-7 meeting participants seeking support for document endorsement at the LSI-VC-7 meeting.|Siqueira| +|3\.3.1|20\.02.2019|Comments and suggestions from LSI-VC-7 meeting (minutes) and feedback from USGS incorporated.|Siqueira| +|3\.3.2|28\.02.2019|Formatting and verbiage updates for consistency.|Metzger| +|4\.0|02\.03.2019|Version endorsed at LSI-VC7 meeting (14Feb 2019)|LSI-VC| +|4\.1|26\.06.2019|Added self-assessment columns|Bontje| +|4\.2|04\.09.2019|Requirement 3.2 (Corrections for Atmosphere and Emissivity) rewording - agreed at LSI-VC8 meeting.|Siqueira| +|

4\.3

4\.4

5\.0

|

08\.05.2020

25\.05.2020

08\.06.2020

|

This review cycle considers feedback received from USGS and ESA after the formal self-assessment for Surface Temperature products (Landsat and Sentinel-2). Minor editorial changes were done throughout the document. Requirements 1.2, 1.14, 1.16 and 2.1 have been updated.

Feedback from USGS added (email: 21/05/2020).

Tech edit.

|

Siqueira

Siqueira

Bontje, Labahn

| + +Adam Lewis, Geoscience Australia, Australia + +Jonathon Ross, Geoscience Australia, Australia + +Andreia Siqueira, Geoscience Australia, Australia + +Darcie Bontje, USGS, USA + +Steve Labahn, USGS, USA + +Mary Metzger, USGS, USA + +# **Description** +**Product Family Title:** **Surface Temperature (CARD4L-ST)** + +**Applies to:** Data collected with multispectral sensors operating in the thermal infrared (TIR) wavelengths. These typically operate with ground sample distance and resolution in the order of 10-100m; however, the Specification is not inherently limited to this resolution. + +At present, surface temperature measurements tend to be provided as either surface brightness temperature (SBT) or as land surface temperatures (LST) requiring the SBT to be modified according to the emissivity of the target. This specification identifies the Surface Temperature (ST) as being the minimum or Threshold requirement for analysis ready land surface data. Nevertheless, both SBT and LST are *land* measurements, requiring atmospheric corrections. +# **Definitions** + +|LST|Land Surface Temperature| +| :-: | :- | +|ST|Surface Temperature| +|SBT|Surface Brightness Temperature| +|Ancillary Data|Ancillary data is data other than instrument measurements, originating in the instrument itself or from the satellite, required to perform processing of the data. They include orbit data, attitude data, time information, spacecraft engineering data, calibration data, data quality information and data from other instruments.| +|Auxiliary Data|Auxiliary data is the data required for instrument processing, which does not originate in the instrument itself or from the satellite. Some auxiliary data will be generated in the ground segment, whilst other data will be provided from external sources.| +|Metadata|Metadata is structured information that describes other information or information services. With well-defined metadata, users should be able to get basic information about data, without the need to have knowledge about its entire content.| +|MTF|Modulation Transfer Function| +|Spectral Resolution|Spectral resolution defines the narrowest spectral feature that can be resolved by a spectrometer.| +|Spatial Resolution|The highest magnification of the sensor at the ground surface.| +|Spectral Sampling Distance|Spectral sampling is the interval, in wavelength units, between discrete data points in the measured spectrum.| +|Spatial Sampling Distance|Spatial sampling distance is the barycentre-to-barycentre distance between adjacent spatial samples on the Earth's surface.| + +# +# **Requirements** +## **General Metadata** +*These are metadata records describing a distributed collection of pixels. The collection of pixels referred to must be contiguous in space and time. General Metadata should allow the user to assess the overall suitability of the dataset, and must meet the following requirements:* + +|**#**|**Item**|

**Threshold (Minimum)**

**Requirements**

|

**Target (Desired)**

**Requirements**

|**Threshold
Self-Assessment**|**Target
Self-Assessment**|**Self-Assessment
Explanation/ Justification**|**Recommended
Requirement
Modification**| +| :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | +|**1.1**|**Traceability**|Not required.|

Data must be traceable to SI reference standard. Information on traceability should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.

Policy on measurement traceability:

Guidance on measurement traceability:

*Note 1: SI Traceability requires an estimate of measurement uncertainty.*

||||| +|**1.2**|**Metadata Machine Readability**|Metadata is provided in a structure that enables a computer algorithm to be used consistently and to automatically identify and extract each component part for further use.|As threshold, but metadata should be provided in a community endorsed standard that facilitates machine-readability, such as ISO 19115-2.||||| +|**1.3**|**Data Collection Time**|The start and stop time of data collection is identified in the metadata, expressed in date/time, to the second, with the time offset from UTC unambiguously identified.|Acquisition time for each pixel is identified (or can be reliably determined) in the metadata, expressed in date/time at UTC, to the second.||||| +|**1.4**|**Geographical Area**|The surface location to which the data relate is identified, typically as a series of four corner points, expressed in an accepted coordinate reference system (e.g., WGS84 coordinates).|The geographic area covered by the observations is identified specifically, such as through a set of coordinates of a closely bounding polygon. The location to which each pixel refers is identified (or can be reliably determined) expressed in projection coordinates with reference datum. ||||| +|**1.5**|**Coordinate Reference System**|The metadata lists the coordinate reference system that has been used.|As threshold.||||| +|**1.6**|**Map Projection**|Not required. |The metadata lists the map projection that has been used, if any, and any relevant parameters required in relation to use of data in that map projection.||||| +|**1.7**|**Geometric Correction Methods**|

Not required.

The user is not explicitly advised of the geometric correction source and methods.

|Information on geometric correction methods should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page containing information on geodetic correction methods used, including reference database and auxiliary data such as elevation model(s) and reference chip-sets. ||||| +|**1.8**|**Geometric Accuracy of the Data**|

Not required.

The user is not provided with results of geometric correction processes pertaining to the dataset.

|

The metadata includes metrics describing the assessed geodetic accuracy of the data, expressed units of the coordinate system of the data. Accuracy is assessed by independent verification (as well as internal model-fit where applicable). Uncertainties are expressed as root mean square error (RMSE) or Circular Error 90% Probability (CEP90).

*Note 1: Information on geometric accuracy of the data should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.*

||||| +|**1.9**|**Instrument**|The instrument used to collect the data is identified in the metadata.|As threshold, but information on instrument should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page with references to the relevant CEOS Missions, Instruments and Measurements Database record.||||| +|**1.10**|**Spectral Bands**|The central wavelength for each band for which data is included is identified in the metadata, expressed in SI units.|

As threshold, with instrument spectral response details (e.g., full spectral response function) also included or directly accessible using details in the metadata.
Central wavelength and bandwidth at full-width half maximum value of the relative spectral response function are provided at least.

*Note 1: Information on spectral bands should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.*

||||| +|**1.11**|**Sensor Calibration**|Not required.|

Sensor calibration parameters are identified in the metadata or can be accessed using details included in the metadata. Ideally this would support machine-to-machine access.

*Note 1: Information on sensory calibration should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.*

||||| +|**1.12**|**Radiometric Accuracy**|

Not required.

The general metadata does not include information on the radiometric accuracy of the data.

|

Information on radiometric accuracy should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page providing information on metrics describing the assessed absolute radiometric accuracy of the data, expressed as absolute radiometric uncertainty relative to a known reference standard.

*Note 1: For example, this may come from comparison with routine and rigorously collected in situ measurements.*

||||| +|**1.13**|**Algorithms**|All algorithms and versions, and the sequence in which they were applied in the generation process, are identified in the metadata.|

As threshold, but only algorithms that have been published in a peer-reviewed journal.

*Note 1: It is possible that high-quality corrections are applied through non-disclosed processes*. *CARD4L does not per-se require full and open data and methods.*

*Note 2: Information on algorithms should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.*

||||| +|**1.14**|**Auxiliary Data**|

The metadata identifies the sources of auxiliary data used in the generation process, ideally expressed as a single DOI landing page.

*Note 1: Auxiliary data includes DEMs, aerosols, etc. data sources.*

|

As threshold, but information on auxiliary data should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page and is also available for free online download, contemporaneously with the product or through a link to the source.

||||| +|**1.15**|**Processing Chain Provenance**|

Not required.

|Information on processing chain provenance should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page containing description of the processing chain used to generate the product, including the versions of the software used and information on the data collection baseline, giving full transparency to the users.||||| +|**1.16**|**Data Access**|

Information on data access should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.

*Note 1: Manual and offline interaction action (e.g., login) may be required.*

|

As threshold.

||||| +|**1.17**|**Overall Data Quality**|Not applicable.|The metadata includes details of the quality of the product based on quantitative assessment of the product with respect to high quality reference data with full traceability of the uncertainties. Validation and intercomparison statistics can provide the necessary quantification. ||||| + + +## **Per-Pixel Metadata** +*Per-pixel metadata should allow users to discriminate between (choose) observations on the basis of their individual suitability for application and includes ‘quality flags’. The following minimum metadata specifications apply to each pixel. Whether the metadata are provided in a single record relevant to all pixels or separately for each pixel is at the discretion of the data provider. Similarly, the mechanism or form of the per-pixel metadata (additional data bands, mask layers, etc.) is open to the provider.* + +|**#**|**Item**|**Threshold (Minimum) Requirements**|**Target (Desired)
Requirements**|**Threshold
Self-Assessment**|**Target
Self-Assessment**|**Self-Assessment
Explanation/ Justification**|**Recommended
Requirement
Modification**| +| :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | +|**2.1**|**Metadata Machine Readability**|Metadata is provided in a structure that enables a computer algorithm to be used to consistently and automatically identify and extract each component part for further use.|As threshold.||||| +|**2.2**|**No Data**|Pixels that do not correspond to an observation (‘empty pixels’) are flagged.|As threshold.||||| +|**2.3**|**Incomplete Testing**|

The metadata identifies pixels for which the per-pixel tests (below) have not all been successfully completed.

*Note 1: e.g., due to missing ancillary data for some pixels.*

|

The metadata identifies which tests have, and have not, been successfully completed for each pixel.

||||| +|**2.4**|**Saturation**|Metadata indicates where one or more pixel in the input spectral bands are saturated.|Metadata indicates which pixels are saturated for each spectral band.||||| +|**2.5**|**Cloud**|Metadata indicates whether a pixel is assessed as being cloud.|As threshold, but information on cloud detection should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.||||| +|**2.6**|**Cloud Shadow**|Metadata indicates whether a pixel is assessed as being cloud shadow.|As threshold, but information on cloud shadow detection should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.||||| +|**2.7**|**Snow/
Ice mask**|Not required.|The metadata indicates whether a pixel is assessed as being snow/ice or not. Information on snow/ice mask should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.||||| +|**2.8**|**Solar and Viewing Geometry**|Provide average solar and sensor viewing azimuth and zenith angles.|Provide per-pixel solar and sensor viewing azimuth and zenith angles.||||| + + +## **Radiometric and Atmospheric Corrections** +*The following requirements must be met for all pixels in a collection. Radiometric corrections must lead to a valid measurement of surface temperature.* + +|**#**|**Item**|

**Threshold (Minimum)**

**Requirements**

|**Target (Desired)
Requirements**|**Threshold
Self-Assessment**|**Target
Self-Assessment**|**Self-Assessment
Explanation/ Justification**|**Recommended
Requirement
Modification**| +| :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | +|**3.1**|**Measurement**|Pixel values are expressed as a measurement of the Surface Temperature of the land, expressed as Kelvin.|Surface temperature measurements are SI traceable (see also 1.1).||||| +|**3.2**|**Corrections for Atmosphere and Emissivity**|

Retrieval methods for estimating surface temperature are provided.

*Note 1: The metadata references (may be through a single DOI landing page) a citable peer-reviewed algorithm.*

|As threshold.||||| +|**3.3**|

**Measurement Uncertainty**

|

Not required.

|

Uncertainty, in Kelvin, of the surface temperature measurement for each pixel is provided.

*Note 1: Some of the intent of the initial wording (below), which refers to atmospheric windows, may have been lost:*

*Uncertainty, in units Kelvin, of the surface temperature for each pixel is also accompanied by distance from cloud (above) and atmospheric transmission (intervals, i.e., 0.4 - 0.55, 0.55 - 0.7, etc.).*

||||| + + +## **Geometric Corrections** +*Geometric corrections must place the measurement accurately on the surface of the Earth (that is, geolocate the measurement) allowing measurements taken through time to be compared.* + +|**#**|**Item**|

**Threshold (Minimum)**

**Requirements**

|**Target (Desired)
Requirements**|**Threshold
Self-Assessment**|**Target
Self-Assessment**|**Self-Assessment
Explanation/ Justification**|**Recommended
Requirement
Modification**| +| :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | +|**4.1**|**Geometric Correction**|

Sub-pixel accuracy is achieved in relative geolocation, that is, the pixels from the same instrument and platform are consistently located, and in thus comparable, through time.

Sub-pixel accuracy is taken to be less than or equal to 0.5 pixel radial root mean square error (rRMSE) or equivalent in Circular Error Probability (CEP) relative to a defined reference image.

A consistent gridding/sampling frame is necessary to meet this requirement.

Relevant metadata must be provided under 1.8 and 1.9.

*Note 1: The threshold level will not necessarily enable interoperability between data from* different *sources as the geometric corrections for each of the sources may differ.*

|

Sub-pixel accuracy is achieved relative to an identified absolute independent terrestrial referencing system (such as a national map grid).

A consistent gridding/sampling frame is necessary to meet this requirement.

Relevant metadata must be provided under 1.8 and 1.9.

*Note 1: This requirement is intended to enable interoperability between imagery from different platforms that meet this level of correction, and with non-image spatial data such as GIS layers and terrain models.*

||||| + +# +# **Summary Self-Assessment Table** + +||**Threshold**|**Target**| +| :-: | :-: | :-: | +|**1. General Metadata**||| +|1\.1 Traceability||| +|1\.2 Metadata Machine Readability||| +|1\.3 Data Collection Time||| +|1\.4 Geographical Area||| +|1\.5 Coordinate Reference System||| +|1\.6 Map Projection||| +|1\.7 Geometric Correction Methods||| +|1\.8 Geometric Accuracy of the Data||| +|1\.9 Instrument||| +|1\.10 Spectral Bands||| +|1\.11 Sensor Calibration||| +|1\.12 Radiometric Accuracy||| +|1\.13 Algorithms||| +|1\.14 Auxiliary Data||| +|1\.15 Processing Chain Provenance||| +|1\.16 Data Access||| +|1\.17 Overall Data Quality||| +|||| +|**2. Per-Pixel Metadata**||| +|2\.1 Metadata Machine Readability||| +|2\.2 No Data||| +|2\.3 Incomplete Testing||| +|2\.4 Saturation||| +|2\.5 Cloud||| +|2\.6 Cloud Shadow||| +|2\.7 Snow/Ice Mask||| +|2\.8 Solar and Viewing Geometry||| +|||| +|**3. Radiometric and Atmospheric Corrections**||| +|3\.1 Measurement||| +|3\.2 Corrections for Atmosphere and Emissivity||| +|3\.3 Measurement Uncertainty||| +|||| +|**4. Geometric Corrections**||| +|4\.1 Geometric Correction||| + + + +# **Guidance** +This section aims to provide background and specific information on the processing steps that can be used to achieve analysis ready data. This Guidance material does not replace or over-ride the specifications. +# **Introduction to CARD4L** +**What is CEOS Analysis Ready Data for Land (CARD4L) products?** + +CARD4L products have been processed to a minimum set of requirements and organized into a form that allows immediate analysis with a minimum of additional user effort. These products would be resampled onto a common geometric grid (for a given product) and would provide baseline data for further interoperability both through time and with other datasets. + +CARD4L products are intended to be flexible and accessible products suitable for a wide range of users for a wide variety of applications, including particularly time series analysis and multi-sensor application development. They are also intended to support rapid ingestion and exploitation via high-performance computing, cloud computing and other future data architectures. They may not be suitable for all purposes and are not intended as a ‘replacement’ for other types of satellite products. + +**When can a product be called CARD4L?** + +The CARD4L branding is applied to a particular product once: + +- that product has been assessed as meeting CARD4L requirements by the agency responsible for production and distribution of the product, and +- that assessment has been peer reviewed by the CEOS Land Surface Imaging Virtual Constellation in consultation with the CEOS Working Group on Calibration and Validation. + +Agencies or other entities considering undertaking an assessment process should contact the co-leads of the [Land Surface Imaging Virtual Constellation](http://ceos.org/ourwork/virtual-constellations/lsi/). + +A product can continue to use CARD4L branding as long as its generation and distribution remain consistent with the peer-reviewed assessment. + +**What is the difference between Threshold and Target?** + +Products that meet all threshold requirements should be immediately useful for scientific analysis or decision-making. + +Products that meet target requirements will reduce the overall product uncertainties and enhance broad-scale applications. For example, the products may enhance interoperability or provide increased accuracy through additional corrections that are not reasonable at the *threshold* level. + +Target requirements anticipate continuous improvement of methods and evolution of community expectations, which are both normal and inevitable in a developing field. Over time, *target* specifications may (and subject to due process) become accepted as *threshold* requirements. +# **Procedural Examples** +**Processes to produce Threshold Surface Temperature CARD4L-ST:** + +The following correction processes would typically be applied to produce CARD4L-ST Threshold: + +- *No example processes are provided at this time.* +# **Specific Examples** +**Processes to produce Threshold Surface Temperature CARD4L-ST:** + +- *No example processes are provided at this time.* +# **Reference papers** +The following papers provide scientific and technical guidance: + +Cook, M., Schott, J.R, Mandel, J., Raqueno, M. (2014). Development of an Operational Calibration Methodology for the Landsat Thermal Data Archive and Initial Testing of the Atmospheric Compensation Component of a Land Surface Temperature (LST) Product from the Archive. ***Remote Sensing*** 6 (11244-11266). doi:10.3390/rs61111244 ISSN 2072-4292. [www.mdpi.com/journal/remotesensing](http://www.mdpi.com/journal/remotesensing) + +Li et al., (2013) Satellite-derived land surface temperature: Current status and perspectives. ***Remote Sensing of Environment*** 131 14–37. . + + + +# **Annex 1 – CARD4L Requirement Examples (Surface Temperature)** +## **General Metadata** + +|**#**|**Item**|**Example 1**|**Example 2**| +| :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | +|**1.1**|**Traceability**|

Example of measurement traceability in metadata:

` `LC08ST

` `Surface Temperature

` `ST

` `

` `none

` `temperature (kelvin)

` `

` `st\_1.3.0

` `2018-11-30T04:47:38Z

Example of measurement uncertainty in metadata:

` `LC08STQA

` `Surface temperature quality band

` `STQA

` `

` `none

` `temperature (kelvin)

` `

` `st\_1.3.0

` `2018-11-30T04:47:38Z

|NA| +|**1.2**|**Metadata Machine Readability**|NA|NA| +|**1.3**|**Data Collection Time**|

Example of scene center time (UTC):

17:23:57.201686Z

|The granule start and end times are contained in the XML metadata:
` `
` `
` `
` `
` `2018-10-07T05:04:50.425838Z
` `2018-10-07T05:07:50.425838Z
` `
` `
` `
` `

Per pixel times are derived using information from the "time\_in.nc" and “indices\_in.nc” datafiles following a prescribed recipe| +|**1.4**|**Geographical Area**|

Example of the bounding coordinates in decimal degrees (WGS84):

` `-99.9109607425

` `-98.0134952569

` `43.3609828699

` `41.9778528562

Example of the corner points in the map projection system (Albers):

|NA| +|**1.5**|**Coordinate Reference System**|

Example of the projected coordinate system info:

|NA| +|**1.6**|**Map Projection**|

Example:

` `

` `

` `UL

` `

` `29.500000

` `45.500000

` `-96.000000

` `23.000000

` `0.000000

` `0.000000

` `

|NA| +|**1.7**|**Geometric Correction Source**|

Example of elevation source:

GLS2000

|The XML wrapper provides the source of the geometric calibration:


` `
` `
` `
` `
` `
` `

| +|**1.8**|**Geometric Accuracy of the Data**|

Example:

9.021

6.864

5.854

|NA| +|**1.9**|**Instrument**|

Example:

LANDSAT\_8

OLI/TIRS\_Combined

|

The XML wrapper provides the instrument details:

` `

` `

` `

` `

` `2016-011A

` `Sentinel-3

` `A

` `

` `Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometer

` `Earth Observation

` `

` `

` `

` `

` `

| +|**1.10**|**Spectral Bands**|NA|NA| +|**1.11**|**Sensor Calibration**|

Example:

LC08CPF\_20180101\_20180331\_01.02

|NA| +|**1.12**|**Radiometric Accuracy**|NA|NA| +|**1.13**|**Algorithms**|

Example for Surface Temperature algorithm version:

st\_1.3.0

|NA| +|**1.14**|**Auxiliary Data**|NA|All Auxiliary Datafiles (ADFs) are listed in the XML wrapper:
` `
` `
` `| +|**1.15**|**Processing Chain Provenance**|NA|Processing chain provenance information is stored in the XML wrapper under the following tag:
` `| +|**1.16**|**Data Access**|NA|NA| +|**1.17**|**Overall Data Quality**|NA|Overall data quality information is stored in the XML wrapper under the following tag:
` `| + + +## **Per-Pixel Metadata** + +|**#**|**Item**|**Example 1**|**Example 2**| +| :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | +|**2.1**|**Metadata Machine Readability**|NA|NA| +|**2.2**|**No Data**|

Example of the fill\_value specified for each band in metadata:

` `LC08ST

` `Surface Temperature

` `ST

` `

` `none

` `temperature (kelvin)

` `

` `st\_1.3.0

` `2018-11-30T04:47:38Z

|

The "flags\_in.nc" datafile contains per-pixel information on "no / bad data through saturation / incomplete testing etc". The following field has an "unfilled" flag:

` `ushort confidence\_in(rows, columns) ;
` `confidence\_in:flag\_masks = 1US, 2US, 4US, 8US, 16US, 32US, 64US, 128US, 256US, 512US, 1024US, 2048US, 4096US, 8192US, 16384US, 32768US ;
` `confidence\_in:flag\_meanings = "coastline ocean tidal land inland\_water unfilled spare spare cosmetic duplicate day twilight sun\_glint snow summary\_cloud summary\_pointing" ;

| +|**2.3**|**Incomplete Testing**|NA|The "flags\_in.nc" datafile contains per-pixel information on "no / bad data through saturation / incomplete testing etc". The following field has an "unfilled" flag:

` `ushort confidence\_in(rows, columns) ;
` `confidence\_in:flag\_masks = 1US, 2US, 4US, 8US, 16US, 32US, 64US, 128US, 256US, 512US, 1024US, 2048US, 4096US, 8192US, 16384US, 32768US ;
` `confidence\_in:flag\_meanings = "coastline ocean tidal land inland\_water unfilled spare spare cosmetic duplicate day twilight sun\_glint snow summary\_cloud summary\_pointing”;| +|**2.4**|**Saturation**|

Example of RADSATQA band showing the saturation information for the thermal bands used for Surface Temperature calculation:

` `LC08RADSAT

` `saturation mask

` `RADSATQA

` `

` `none

` `bitmap

` `

` `Data Fill Flag (0 = valid data, 1 = invalid data)

` `Band 1 Data Saturation Flag (0 = valid data, 1 = saturated data)

` `Band 2 Data Saturation Flag (0 = valid data, 1 = saturated data)

` `Band 3 Data Saturation Flag (0 = valid data, 1 = saturated data)

` `Band 4 Data Saturation Flag (0 = valid data, 1 = saturated data)

` `Band 5 Data Saturation Flag (0 = valid data, 1 = saturated data)

` `Band 6 Data Saturation Flag (0 = valid data, 1 = saturated data)

` `Band 7 Data Saturation Flag (0 = valid data, 1 = saturated data)

` `N/A

` `Band 9 Data Saturation Flag (0 = valid data, 1 = saturated data)

` `Band 10 Data Saturation Flag (0 = valid data, 1 = saturated data)

` `Band 11 Data Saturation Flag (0 = valid data, 1 = saturated data)

` `

` `LaSRC\_1.3.0

` `2018-11-30T04:47:38Z

|The "flags\_in.nc" datafile contains per-pixel information on "no / bad data through saturation / incomplete testing etc". The following field has an "unfilled" flag:

` `ushort confidence\_in(rows, columns) ;
` `confidence\_in:flag\_masks = 1US, 2US, 4US, 8US, 16US, 32US, 64US, 128US, 256US, 512US, 1024US, 2048US, 4096US, 8192US, 16384US, 32768US ;
` `confidence\_in:flag\_meanings = "coastline ocean tidal land inland\_water unfilled spare spare cosmetic duplicate day twilight sun\_glint snow summary\_cloud summary\_pointing" ;| +|**2.5**|**Cloud**|

Example of PIXELQA showing the bit value for cloud pixels (as well as cloud and cirrus confidence):

` `LC08PQA

` `level-2 pixel quality band

` `PIXELQA

` `

` `none

` `quality/feature classification

` `

` `fill

` `clear

` `water

` `cloud shadow

` `snow

` `cloud

` `cloud confidence

` `cloud confidence

` `cirrus confidence

` `cirrus confidence

` `terrain occlusion

` `unused

` `unused

` `unused

` `unused

` `unused

` `

` `generate\_pixel\_qa\_1.6.0

` `2018-11-30T04:47:38Z

|The "flags\_in.nc" datafile contains all the cloud masking flags
Three fields are relevant: i) cloud\_in; ii) confidence\_in; and iii) bayes\_in

The "cloud\_in" field contains all the individual threshold-based mask:
flag\_masks = 1US, 2US, 4US, 8US, 16US, 32US, 64US, 128U S, 256US, 512US, 1024US, 2048US, 4096US, 8192US, 16384US, 32768US ;
cloud\_in:flag\_meanings = "visible 1.37\_threshold 1.6\_small\_histo gram 1.6\_large\_histogram 2.25\_small\_histogram 2.25\_large\_histogram 11\_spatial\_co herence gross\_cloud thin\_cirrus medium\_high fog\_low\_stratus 11\_12\_view\_differenc e 3.7\_11\_view\_difference thermal\_histogram spare spare"

The "confidence\_in" field contains the "summary\_cloud\_mask" from the most appropriate cloud\_in flags; the value of the bit is 16384US

The "bayes\_in" field contains the "single\_moderate" probabilistic cloud flag; the value of the bit is 2UB| +|**2.6**|**Cloud Shadow**|Please see the cloud shadow part in the example provided in requirement 2.5|NA| +|**2.7**|**Snow/Ice Mask**|Please see the snow part in the example provided in requirement 2.5|NA| +|**2.8**|**Solar and Viewing Geometry**|NA|NA| + + +## **Radiometric and Atmospheric Corrections** + +|**#**|**Item**|**Example 1**|**Example 2**| +| :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | +|**3.1**|**Measurement**|NA|NA| +|**3.2**|**Corrections for Atmosphere (and Emissivity in the Case of ST)**|

NA

|NA| +|**3.3**|**Measurement Uncertainty**|NA|NA| + +## **Geometric Corrections** + +|**#**|**Item**|**Example 1**|**Example 2**| +| :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | +|**4.1**|**Geometric Correction**|NA|NA| + + diff --git a/Product Family Specifications/SAR PFS Annexes/Annex 1.1 General Processing Roadmap.md b/Specifications/Synthetic-Aperture-Radar/Annex 1.1 General Processing Roadmap.md similarity index 100% rename from Product Family Specifications/SAR PFS Annexes/Annex 1.1 General Processing Roadmap.md rename to Specifications/Synthetic-Aperture-Radar/Annex 1.1 General Processing Roadmap.md diff --git a/Product Family Specifications/SAR PFS Annexes/Annex 1.2 Topographic Phase Removal.md b/Specifications/Synthetic-Aperture-Radar/Annex 1.2 Topographic Phase Removal.md similarity index 100% rename from Product Family Specifications/SAR PFS Annexes/Annex 1.2 Topographic Phase Removal.md rename to Specifications/Synthetic-Aperture-Radar/Annex 1.2 Topographic Phase Removal.md diff --git a/Product Family Specifications/SAR PFS Annexes/Annex 2 Polarimetric Radar.md b/Specifications/Synthetic-Aperture-Radar/Annex 2 Polarimetric Radar.md similarity index 97% rename from Product Family Specifications/SAR PFS Annexes/Annex 2 Polarimetric Radar.md rename to Specifications/Synthetic-Aperture-Radar/Annex 2 Polarimetric Radar.md index 608c790..4c24ba3 100644 --- a/Product Family Specifications/SAR PFS Annexes/Annex 2 Polarimetric Radar.md +++ b/Specifications/Synthetic-Aperture-Radar/Annex 2 Polarimetric Radar.md @@ -126,14 +126,14 @@ $\beta$ : orientation angle [Degrees] ## **A2.3: Polarimetric Radar Decomposition Product Examples** From fully polarimetric covariance matrix ARD format **[POL]** (Level-2a), it is possible to apply any version of the popular Yamaguchi methodology, which decomposes the polarimetric information under relative intensities of 4 scattering types: Odd bounce, Even bounce, Random (volume) and helix. Figure A2.1b) shows HH intensity of a RADARSAT fully polarimetric acquired over a Spanish area. Decomposition using Yamaguchi methodology (Yamaguchi et al., 2011) can be expressed in RGB colour composite (Figure A2.1c) where Red channel refers to even bounce scattering like urban area; Green channel is random scattering like vegetation; and Blue channel is odd bounce scattering like bare soil. Figure A2.1d) is equivalent to c) where radiometric normalisation (terrain flattening) has been applied with the help of the DEM of the scene (Figure A2.1a). -![](https://github.com/libbyrose/ceos-ard/blob/main/Product%20Family%20Specifications/SAR%20Example%20Products/figA2.1-POL-decomposition.jpeg) +![](./figures/figA2.1-POL-decomposition.jpeg) ***Figure A2.1** Example of polarimetric decomposition generated from ARD covariance format. **a)** Shaded DEM of the area; **b)** RADARSAT-2 HH intensity; **c)** Yamaguchi decomposition colour composite (Red: even bounce, Green: random, Blue: odd bounce); **d)** Same as c) with terrain flattening option. Generated from Radarsat-2 FQ18W acquired over Murcia, Spain on 18 June 2014 ©MDA 2014* Figure A2.2 is a **[PRD]** compact polarimetric m-chi decomposition (Raney et al., 2012) simulated from two Canadian prairies Radarsat-2 fully polarimetric scenes acquired in May and June 2012. In May, before the growing season (Figure A2.2a), m-chi shows mainly surface scattering from bare soil (blue channel) and vegetation interaction from forested areas (green channel), while in June (Figure A2.2b) growth of vegetation modifies the radar signal with interacting media function of the vegetation density and geometry which increase the amount of even bounce (red channel) and random scattering. -![](https://github.com/libbyrose/ceos-ard/blob/main/Product%20Family%20Specifications/SAR%20Example%20Products/figA2.2-m-chi-decomposition.jpeg) +![](./figures/figA2.2-m-chi-decomposition.jpeg) ***Figure A2.2.** m-chi decomposition colour composite of simulated compact polarimetry from Radarsat-2 over an agriculture area. RGB representation: Red: even bounce, Green: random, Blue: odd bounce. **a)** 3 May 2012; and **b)** 18 June 2012. Generated from Radarsat-2 FQ6W acquired over SMAPVEX12 campaign Manitoba, Canada on 3 May and 20 June 2012 ©MDA 2012* diff --git a/Product Family Specifications/SAR PFS Annexes/Annex 3 Ocean Radar Backscatter example.md b/Specifications/Synthetic-Aperture-Radar/Annex 3 Ocean Radar Backscatter example.md similarity index 62% rename from Product Family Specifications/SAR PFS Annexes/Annex 3 Ocean Radar Backscatter example.md rename to Specifications/Synthetic-Aperture-Radar/Annex 3 Ocean Radar Backscatter example.md index 9412046..0395742 100644 --- a/Product Family Specifications/SAR PFS Annexes/Annex 3 Ocean Radar Backscatter example.md +++ b/Specifications/Synthetic-Aperture-Radar/Annex 3 Ocean Radar Backscatter example.md @@ -2,13 +2,13 @@ In contrast to **[NRB]** and **[POL]**, CEOS-ARD Ocean Radar Backscatter **[ORB]** products are geoid corrected and are provided in the Sigma-Nought (σE0) backscatter convention (Figure A3.1a), which is recommended for most ocean applications. In addition, availability of the “Local (or Ellipsoidal) Incidence Angle Image” (Figure A3.1d) and “Look Direction Image” per-pixel metadata are highly recommended (otherwise the general metadata “1.7.12 Look Direction Polynomials”) since they required for operational applications like ocean wind field estimates. -![](https://github.com/libbyrose/ceos-ard/blob/main/Product%20Family%20Specifications/SAR%20Example%20Products/figA3.1a-S1-ORB-VV.png) **a)** VV intensity +![](./figures/figA3.1a-S1-ORB-VV.png) **a)** VV intensity -![](https://github.com/libbyrose/ceos-ard/blob/main/Product%20Family%20Specifications/SAR%20Example%20Products/figA3.1b-S1-ORB-VH.png) **b)** VH intensity +![](./figures/figA3.1b-S1-ORB-VH.png) **b)** VH intensity -![](https://github.com/libbyrose/ceos-ard/blob/main/Product%20Family%20Specifications/SAR%20Example%20Products/figA3.1c-S1-ORB-data-mask.png) **c)** Data mask image +![](./figures/figA3.1c-S1-ORB-data-mask.png) **c)** Data mask image -![](https://github.com/libbyrose/ceos-ard/blob/main/Product%20Family%20Specifications/SAR%20Example%20Products/figA3.1d-S1-ORB-local-indicident-angle.png) **d)** Local incident angle +![](./figures/figA3.1d-S1-ORB-local-indicident-angle.png) **d)** Local incident angle **Figure A3.1** Sentinel-1 [ORB] product. Tropical Cyclone Harold passing Vanuatu on April 6, 2020. *Processing: A. Rosenqvist (soloEO).* @@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ In contrast to **[NRB]** and **[POL]**, CEOS-ARD Ocean Radar Backscatter **[ORB] Another useful file is the “Mean Wind-Normalised Backscatter Measurements” (Figure A3.2b) which efficiently attenuates intensity variation along range and visually enhances oceanic features. This file is calculated as the ratio between the backscatter intensity and a simulated backscatter intensity image generated using an ocean surface wind model, like CMOD\_IRF2 (Quilfen et al., 1998) for VV polarization or CMOD\_IRF2K (Vachon and Dobson, 2000) for HH polarization, and the SAR local incidence angle and the look direction information. -![](https://github.com/libbyrose/ceos-ard/blob/main/Product%20Family%20Specifications/SAR%20Example%20Products/figA3.2a-S1-ORB-sigma-nought.png)![](https://github.com/libbyrose/ceos-ard/blob/main/Product%20Family%20Specifications/SAR%20Example%20Products/figA3.2b-S1-ORB-intesity-compensated.png) +![](./figures/figA3.2a-S1-ORB-sigma-nought.png)![](./figures/figA3.2b-S1-ORB-intesity-compensated.png) ***Figure A3.2** Sentinel-1 EW [ORB] product. **Left:** ORB intensity (Sigma-Nought); **Right:** Intensity compensated with the “Mean Wind-Normalised Backscatter Measurement” (i.e., not Sigma-Nought) and geocoded. Processing: G. Hajduch (CLS).* diff --git a/Product Family Specifications/SAR PFS Annexes/Annex 4 Geocoded Single-Look Complex example.md b/Specifications/Synthetic-Aperture-Radar/Annex 4 Geocoded Single-Look Complex example.md similarity index 73% rename from Product Family Specifications/SAR PFS Annexes/Annex 4 Geocoded Single-Look Complex example.md rename to Specifications/Synthetic-Aperture-Radar/Annex 4 Geocoded Single-Look Complex example.md index 6dc9302..e2c2c2f 100644 --- a/Product Family Specifications/SAR PFS Annexes/Annex 4 Geocoded Single-Look Complex example.md +++ b/Specifications/Synthetic-Aperture-Radar/Annex 4 Geocoded Single-Look Complex example.md @@ -15,13 +15,13 @@ $$ \tag{Eq. A4.3} \text{Complex coherence:} \quad \rho_{NRB} = \frac{\sum [ (\sq -![](https://github.com/libbyrose/ceos-ard/blob/main/Product%20Family%20Specifications/SAR%20Example%20Products/figA4.1a-S1-GSLC1.jpeg) **a)** +![](./figures/figA4.1a-S1-GSLC1.jpeg) **a)** -![](https://github.com/libbyrose/ceos-ard/blob/main/Product%20Family%20Specifications/SAR%20Example%20Products/figA4.1b-S1-GSLC2.jpeg)**b)** +![](./figures/figA4.1b-S1-GSLC2.jpeg)**b)** -![](https://github.com/libbyrose/ceos-ard/blob/main/Product%20Family%20Specifications/SAR%20Example%20Products/figA4.1c-S1-InSAR-coherence.png)**c)** +![](./figures/figA4.1c-S1-InSAR-coherence.png)**c)** -![](https://github.com/libbyrose/ceos-ard/blob/main/Product%20Family%20Specifications/SAR%20Example%20Products/figA4.1d-S1-InSAR-differential-phase.png)**d)** +![](./figures/figA4.1d-S1-InSAR-differential-phase.png)**d)** ***Figure A4.1** Sentinel-1 [GSLC] products example over Death Valley National Park, California, US. **a)** GSLC1: Intensity data of the first [GSLC] product (2017-05-27); **b)** GSLC2: Intensity data of the second [GSLC] product (2017-06-08); **c)** InSAR coherence map generated directly from A4.1a) and b); **d)** InSAR differential phase map generated directly from A4.1a) and b).* @@ -29,10 +29,10 @@ $$ \tag{Eq. A4.3} \text{Complex coherence:} \quad \rho_{NRB} = \frac{\sum [ (\sq Some advanced [GSLC] product can be provided with “2.12 Radar Unit Look Vector Grid Image” per-pixel metadata (Figure A4.2) which gives the accurate 3-D components radar unit look vector used as for example in decomposing the vertical and horizontal component of an InSAR surface displacement estimate. -![](https://github.com/libbyrose/ceos-ard/blob/main/Product%20Family%20Specifications/SAR%20Example%20Products/figA4.2a-S1-GSLC-x-component.png)**a)** +![](./figures/figA4.2a-S1-GSLC-x-component.png)**a)** -![](https://github.com/libbyrose/ceos-ard/blob/main/Product%20Family%20Specifications/SAR%20Example%20Products/figA4.2b-S1-GSLC-y-component.png)**b)** -![](https://github.com/libbyrose/ceos-ard/blob/main/Product%20Family%20Specifications/SAR%20Example%20Products/figA4.2c-S1-GSLC-z-component.png)**c)** +![](./figures/figA4.2b-S1-GSLC-y-component.png)**b)** +![](./figures/figA4.2c-S1-GSLC-z-component.png)**c)** ***Figure A4.2** 3-D components radar unit look vector of the [GSLC] product in Figure A4.1. **a)** x unit component; **b)** y unit component; **c)** z unit component*. diff --git a/Product Family Specifications/Word Versions/CEOS-ARD_PFS_Synthetic_Aperture_Radar_v1.0.docx b/Specifications/Synthetic-Aperture-Radar/CEOS-ARD_PFS_Synthetic_Aperture_Radar_v1.0.docx similarity index 100% rename from Product Family Specifications/Word Versions/CEOS-ARD_PFS_Synthetic_Aperture_Radar_v1.0.docx rename to Specifications/Synthetic-Aperture-Radar/CEOS-ARD_PFS_Synthetic_Aperture_Radar_v1.0.docx diff --git a/Product Family Specifications/PDF Versions/CEOS-ARD_PFS_Synthetic_Aperture_Radar_v1.0.pdf b/Specifications/Synthetic-Aperture-Radar/CEOS-ARD_PFS_Synthetic_Aperture_Radar_v1.0.pdf similarity index 100% rename from Product Family Specifications/PDF Versions/CEOS-ARD_PFS_Synthetic_Aperture_Radar_v1.0.pdf rename to Specifications/Synthetic-Aperture-Radar/CEOS-ARD_PFS_Synthetic_Aperture_Radar_v1.0.pdf diff --git a/Product Family Specifications/Synthetic-Aperture-Radar.md b/Specifications/Synthetic-Aperture-Radar/README.md similarity index 99% rename from Product Family Specifications/Synthetic-Aperture-Radar.md rename to Specifications/Synthetic-Aperture-Radar/README.md index 2ea7949..fa62b13 100644 --- a/Product Family Specifications/Synthetic-Aperture-Radar.md +++ b/Specifications/Synthetic-Aperture-Radar/README.md @@ -1,469 +1,469 @@ - - -# CEOS Analysis Ready Data
Product Family Specification: Synethetic Aperture Radar - -|**Version**|**Date**|**Description of change**|**Affected CEOS-ARD product**|**Author**| -| :- | :- | :- | :- | :- | -|0\.1|14-12-2022|Zero Draft based on the CARD4L NRB PFS v5.5, POL PFS 3.5, ORB PFS v1.0 and draft GSLC v0.1 |-|

Charbonneau

Truckenbrodt

| -|0\.2|13-02-2023|

Reformat to CEOS-ARD PFS template. Change “CARD4L” to “CEOS-ARD”

Change “Target” to “Goal”

|-|Rosenqvist| -|0\.3|29-07-2023|

Refinement of GSLC specifications and alignment with NRB, POL and ORB parameters.

Annex reorganization and ORB and GSLC examples added

|[GSLC]|Charbonneau, Zebker, Rosenqvist, Albinet, Small, Truckenbrodt| -|0\.3.1|26-09-2023|New items 1.7.15 (Reference orbit) and 3.7 (Flattened Phase) added as Goal|[NRB] [POL]|Charbonneau| -|0\.4|26-09-2023|Item 4.3 (Geometric accuracy). Clarification added to indicate whether absolute location accuracy (ALE) estimates refer to source data, ARD product, or both.|[NRB] [POL] [ORB] [GSLC]|Small, Chapman, Charbonneau, Rosenqvist, Albinet, Truckenbrodt| -|0\.4.1|11-10-2023|Add product code in summary table| |Rosenqvist| -|1\.0|11-10-2023|CEOS-ARD for SAR PFS – including Geocoded Single-Look Complex v1.0 – endorsed at LSI-VC-14 | |LSI-VC| - - -# **Contributing Authors** -François Charbonneau, Natural Resources Canada, Canada - -Ake Rosenqvist, soloEO / Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Japan - -John Truckenbrodt, German Aerospace Centre (DLR), Germany - -Clément Albinet, European Space Agency (ESA), Italy - -David Small, University of Zurich, Switzerland - -Bruce Chapman, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, USA - -Howard Zebker, Stanford University, USA - -Danilo Dadamia, CONAE, Argentina - -Benjamin Deschamps, Environment and Climate Change, Canada - -Guillaume Hajduch, Collecte Localisation Satellites, France - -Josef Kellndorfer, Earth Big Data, USA - -Marco Lavalle, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, USA - -Thomas Logan, Alaska Satellite Facility, USA - -Franz Meyer, Alaska Satellite Facility, USA - -Nuno Miranda, European Space Agency (ESA), Italy - -Muriel Pinheiro, European Space Agency (ESA), Italy - -Marko Repse, Sinergise, Slovenia - -HariPriya Sakethapuram, ISRO, India - -Andreia Siqueira, Geoscience Australia, Australia - -Takeo Tadono, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Japan - -Medhavy Thankappan, Geoscience Australia, Australia - -Antonio Valentino, RHEA *for* European Space Agency (ESA), Italy - -Anna Wendleder, German Aerospace Centre (DLR), Germany - -Fang Yuan, Digital Earth Africa, Australia - -Zheng-Shu Zhou, CSIRO, Australia - - -# **CEOS Analysis Ready Data Definition** -*“CEOS Analysis Ready Data (CEOS-ARD) are satellite data that have been processed to a minimum set of requirements and organized into a form that allows immediate analysis with a minimum of additional user effort and interoperability both through time and with other datasets.”* - -# **Description** -**Product Family Specification Title: Synthetic Aperture Radar (CEOS-ARD SAR)** - -**Applies to:** Data collected by Synthetic Aperture Radar sensors - - - - - -# **Background to CEOS-ARD for Synthetic Aperture Radar** -The CEOS Analysis Ready Data (CEOS-ARD) Product Family Specification (PFS) for Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data is specifically aimed at users interested in exploring the potential of SAR but who may lack the expertise or facilities for SAR processing. - -This CEOS-ARD for Synthetic Aperture Radar PFS incorporates, into a single generic document, the following four CEOS-ARD SAR specifications endorsed by CEOS Land Surface Imaging-Virtual Constellation (CEOS LSI-VC): - -- Normalised Radar Backscatter [version 5.5] -- Polarimetric Radar [version 3.5] -- Ocean Radar Backscatter [version 1.0] -- Geocoded Single-Look Complex [version 1.0] - -The **CEOS-ARD Normalised Radar Backscatter [NRB]** specification describes products that have been subject to Radiometric Terrain Correction (RTC) and are provided in the Gamma-Nought ($\gamma^0_T$) backscatter convention (Small, 2011), which mitigates the variations from diverse observation geometries and is recommended for most land applications. An additional metadata layer can be optionally provided for conversion of $\gamma^0_T$ to Sigma-Nought ($\sigma^0_T$) backscatter layer for compatibility with legacy software or numerical models. As the **[NRB]** product contains backscatter values only, it cannot be directly used for SAR polarimetry or interferometric applications that require relative polarization phase or local phase estimates respectively. However, as an option, a “flattened” phase data layer can be provided with an **[NRB]** product for enabling InSAR analysis. The flattened phase is the interferometric phase, with respect to a reference orbit and to a DEM, for which the topographic phase contribution is removed. - - - -The **CEOS-ARD** **Polarimetric Radar [POL]** product format is an extension of the CEOS-ARD Normalised Radar Backscatter format **[NRB]**. This extension is required in order to better support Level-1 SLC polarimetric data, including full-polarimetric modes (e.g., RADARSAT-2, ALOS-2/4, SAOCOM-1 and future missions), and hybrid or linear dual-polarimetric modes (i.e., Compact Polarimetric mode available on RCM, SAOCOM and the upcoming NISAR mission). The **[POL]** product can be defined in two processing levels: - -- The normalised covariance matrix **[CovMat]** representation (C2 or C3) which preserves the inter-channel polarimetric phase(s) and maximizes the available information for users. Interoperability within current CEOS-ARD SAR backscatter definition is preserved, since diagonal elements of the covariance matrix are backscatter intensities. Scattering information enhancement can be achieved by applying incoherent polarimetric decomposition techniques (e.g., Freeman-Durden, van Zyl, Cloude-Pottier, Yamaguchi-based) directly on the C2 or C3 matrix. - -- Polarimetric Radar Decomposition **[PRD]** refers to ARD products where polarimetric information is broken down into simplified parameters to facilitate user interpretation of the data. They are derived from coherent or incoherent polarimetric decomposition techniques. - -**Notice and Limitations [POL]** - -For Polarimetric Radar **[POL]** products, optimal incoherent Polarimetric Radar Decomposition **[PRD]** should be performed under the slant range projection (Gens et al., 2013, Toutin et al., 2013). In order to minimise bias in the CEOS-ARD SAR Level-2a covariance matrix product, speckle filtering and averaging of the covariance matrix should be applied in the slant range projection, and geocoding should be performed using nearest-neighbour resampling. Specifically, nearest-neighbour resampling ensures that the averaged covariance matrix elements in slant range and in geocoded ground projection are exactly the same. Consequently, the polarimetrically derived parameters are exactly equal in both approaches (assuming that no further averaging is performed on the ARD product for decomposing the polarimetric information). Bilinear and average resampling methods are also suitable for resampling the covariance matrix, but some differences with polarimetric parameters generated in slant range and then resampled (bilinear) might be observed on sloped terrains. Even if Sinc interpolation may be more robust for spatial resampling, it does not preserve covariance matrix integrity, and should consequently not be used for this ARD product. - -It is recommended that ARD providers who desire to distribute **[PRD]** products decompose the polarimetric information starting from Level-1 SLC data and then geocode the derived parameters rather than use the **[CovMat]** ARD product. Resampling can be performed using any of the supported methods (nearest-neighbour, bilinear, average, bi-cubic spline or Lanczos are recommended), which need to be indicated in the product metadata. Note that coherent decomposition techniques cannot be performed on **[CovMat]** ARD products. - - - -Covariance matrix products contain a variable number of layers (or bands) with different data types depending on the polarimetric mode (full or dual) and decomposition technique. The **[CovMat]** products for the C2 matrix have 3 layers (2 real-valued diagonal elements and 1 complex-valued off-diagonal element). **[CovMat]** products for the C3 matrix have 6 layers (3 real-valued diagonal elements and 3 complex-valued off-diagonal elements). Layers that can be obtained via a complex conjugation of other layers are not provided within the product. Polarimetric Decomposition products contain typically 2 to 4 (or more) real-valued layers depending on the particular decomposition algorithm. Within the **[CovMat]** product files, ARD layers are organized in order to reduce access delays and maximize efficiency in extracting the desired information. In **[CovMat]** products, geographically contiguous samples for each layer may be stored next to each other and organized “layer by layer”. Alternatively, samples belonging to the same covariance matrix might be stored next to each other and organized “matrix by matrix”. **[PRD]** products are organized “layer by layer”, i.e., with bands corresponding to the output of the polarimetric decomposition stored next to each other. ). - -The **CEOS-ARD Ocean Radar Backscatter [ORB]** product specification describes products that have been projected on a geoid and are provided in the Sigma-Nought ($\sigma^0$) backscatter convention, which is recommended for most ocean applications. Backscatter may be calibrated to the ellipsoid ($\sigma^0_E$) or radiometrically terrain corrected ($\sigma^0_T$) prior to geometric terrain correction. As the basic **[ORB]** product contains backscatter values only, it *cannot* be directly used for SAR polarimetry or interferometric applications that require local phase estimates. Nonetheless, an advanced **[ORB]** product could include the upper diagonal of the polarimetric $\sigma^0$ covariance matrix for enabling advanced polarimetric analysis (similar to the **[POL]** product). - -The **CEOS-ARD Geocoded Single-Look Complex (GSLC)** product is relevant to interferometric studies. The **[GSLC]** product is derived from the range-Doppler (i.e. slant range) Single-Look Complex (SLC) product using a DEM and the orbital state vectors and output in the map projected system. The phase of a geocoded SLC is “flattened” with respect to a reference orbit and to a DEM, to eliminate topographic phase contributions [Zebker et al., 2017 and Zheng and Zebker, 2017]. The sample spacing of the **[GSLC]** product in the map coordinate directions is comparable to the full resolution original SLC product. The **[GSLC]** product can be directly overlaid on a map or combined with other similar **[GSLC]** products to derive interferograms and create change maps, for example. Since the **[GSLC]** phase is flattened, the phase difference between two **[GSLC]** products** acquired on a same relative orbit produces an interferogram referring only to surface displacement and noise (i.e., no topographic fringes). The **[GSLC]** product may optionally** be radiometrically terrain corrected such that the squared amplitude yields $\gamma^0_T$. - - -As can be seen from the above PFS descriptions, only a few minor details in terms of generated parameters and/or the addition of supplemental data distinguish these CEOS-ARD products. In part, they are to a large extent all backward-compatible. For example, [POL] products implicitly include [NRB] products, while a coastal [NRB] or [POL] product can simply be made compatible with other [ORB] products by applying gamma-to-sigma conversion. Just as [GSLC] can be converted to [NRB], the inverse conversion can be made true by including the optional topographically flattened phase. In this way a [NRB] or [POL] product can be used like a [GSLC] for InSAR applications. Consequently, it becomes obvious that they all can follow a common approach, in terms of content and structure, in order to optimize their interoperability. - -For this generic **CEOS-ARD for Synthetic Aperture Radar** PFS, as for the individual **[NRB]**, **[POL]**, **[ORB]**, and **[GSLC]** PFSs, metadata requirements are defined under two categories: Threshold and Goal. **Threshold requirements** refer to metadata parameters or data files which are mandatorily required in a product in order to be CEOS-ARD compliant. **Goal requirements** (formerly referred to as Target) are complementary metadata parameters or data files that are desirable or more accurate but more constraining/challenging to achieve depending on the SAR missions and the data provider constraints. Since this document integrates four CEOS-ARD PFSs, it is worth noting that some requirements have been “relaxed” for a few Threshold parameters, depending on the applications/environment of the CEOS-ARD product. Exceptions are identified in the tables by specifying the usage. - -# **Definitions and Abbreviations** - -|Ancillary Data|Data other than instrument measurements, originating in the instrument itself or from the satellite, required to perform processing of the data. They include orbit data, attitude data, time information, spacecraft engineering data, calibration data, data quality information, and data from other instruments.| -| :-: | :- | -|Auxiliary Data|The data required for instrument processing, which does not originate in the instrument itself or from the satellite. Some auxiliary data will be generated in the ground segment, whilst other data will be provided from external sources.| -|CEOS-ARD|Committee on Earth Observation Satellites - Analysis Ready Data| -|CovMat|Normalised Radar Covariance Matrix| -|DOI|Digital Object Identifier| -|GSLC|Geocoded Single-Look Complex| -|InSAR|Interferometric Radar| -|Metadata|Structured information that describes other information or information services. With well-defined metadata, users should be able to get basic information about data without a need to have knowledge about its entire content.| -|NRB|Normalised Radar Backscatter| -|Pixel Spacing|Processed sample distance| -|POL|Polarimetric Radar| -|PRD|Polarimetric Radar Decomposition| -|RTC|Radiometrically Terrain Corrected| -|Spatial Resolution|The smallest size objects that can be distinguished by the sensor at the ground surface.| -|Spatial Sampling Distance|Spatial sampling distance is the great circle distance on the reference surface distance between adjacent spatial samples on the Earth's surface.| - - - -# **Requirements** -## **General Metadata** -*These are metadata records describing a distributed collection of pixels. The collection of pixels referred to must be contiguous in space and time. General metadata should allow the user to assess the overall suitability of the dataset and must meet the requirements listed below. The column “CEOS-ARD product” indicates to which CEOS-ARD SAR product (NRB, POL, ORB, GSLC) the parameter refers.* - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
#ParameterCEOS-ARD productRequirementsSelf-Assessment
1.1Traceability

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Not required.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

Data must be traceable to SI reference standard.

Note 1: Relationship to 3.5. Traceability requires an estimate of measurement uncertainty.

Note 2: Information on traceability should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.

1.2Metadata Machine Readability

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Metadata is provided in a structure that enables a computer algorithm to be used consistently and to automatically identify and extract each component part for further use.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

As threshold, but metadata is formatted in accordance with CEOS-ARD SAR Metadata Specifications, v.1.0, or in a community endorsed standard that facilitates machine-readability, such as ISO 19115-2, Climate and Forecast (CF) convention and the Attribute Convention for Data Discovery (ACDD), etc.

1.3Product Type

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

CEOS-ARD product type name – or names in case of compliance with more than one product type – and, if required by the data provider, copyright.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

As threshold.

1.4Document Identifier

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Reference to CEOS-ARD for Synthetic Aperture Radar PFS document as URL.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

As threshold.

1.5Data Collection Time

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Number of source data acquisitions of the data collection is identified. The start and stop UTC time of data collection is identified in the metadata, expressed in date/time. In case of composite products, the dates/times of the first and last data takes and the per-pixel metadata 2.8 (Acquisition ID Image) is provided with the product.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

As threshold.

1.6Source Data Attributes

Subsection describing (detailing) each SAR acquisition used to generate the ARD product.

Note: Source data attribute information are described for each acquisition and sequentially identified as acqID= 1, 2, 3, …

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
#ParameterCEOS-ARD productRequirementsSelf-Assessment
1.6.1Source Data Access

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

The metadata identifies the location from where the source data can be retrieved, expressed as a URL or DOI.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

The metadata identifies an online location from where the data can be consistently and reliably retrieved by a computer algorithm without any manual intervention being required.

1.6.2Instrument

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

The instrument used to collect the data is identified in the metadata:

- Satellite name

- Instrument name

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

As threshold, but including a reference to the relevant CEOS Missions, Instruments and Measurements Database record.

1.6.3

Source Data Acquisition

Time

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

The start date and time of source data is identified in the metadata, expressed in UTC in date and time, at least to the second.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

As threshold.

1.6.4Source Data Acquisition Parameters

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Acquisition parameters related to the SAR antenna:

- Radar band

- Centre frequency

- Observation mode (i.e., Beam mode name)

- Polarization(s) (listed as in original product)

- Antenna pointing [Right/Left]

- Beam ID (i.e., Beam mode Mnemonic)

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

As threshold.

1.6.5Source Data Orbit Information

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Information related to the platform orbit used for data processing:

- Pass direction [asc/desc) *

- Orbit data source [e.g., predicted/ definite/ precise/ downlinked, etc.]

* For source data crossing the North or South Pole, it is recommended to produce two distinct CEOS-ARD products and to use the appropriate “Pass direction” in each.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

As threshold, including also:

- Platform heading angle expressed in degrees [0 360] from North

- Orbit data file containing state vectors (minimum of 5 state vectors, from 10% of scene length before start time to 10% of scene length after stop time)

- Platform (mean) altitude.

1.6.6Source Data Processing Parameters

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Processing parameters details of the source data:

- Processing facility

- Processing date

- Software version

- Product level

- Product ID (file name)

- Azimuth number of looks

- Range number of looks (separate values for each beam, as necessary)

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

As threshold, plus additional relevant processing parameters, e.g., range- and azimuth look bandwidth and LUT applied.

1.6.7Source Data Image Attributes

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Image attributes related to the source data:

- Source Data geometry (slant range/ground range)

- Azimuth pixel spacing

- Range pixel spacing

- Azimuth resolution

- Range resolution

- Near range incident angle

- Far range incident angle

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

Geometry of the image footprint expressed in WGS84 in a standardised format (e.g., WKT).

1.6.8Sensor Calibration

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Not required.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

Sensor calibration parameters are identified in the metadata or can be accessed using details included in the metadata. Ideally this would support machine to machine access.

1.6.9Performance Indicators

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Provide performance indicators on data intensity noise level (NEσ0 and/or NEβ0 and/or NEγ0 (noise equivalent Sigma- and/or Beta- and/or Gamma-Nought)). Provided for each polarization channel when available.

Parameter may be expressed as the mean and/or minimum and maximum noise equivalent values of the source data.

Values do not need to be estimated individually for each product, but may be estimated once for each acquisition mode, and annotated on all products.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

Provide additional relevant performance indicators (e.g., ENL, PSLR, ISLR, and performance reference DOI or URL).

1.6.10Source Data Polarimetric Calibration Matrices

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Not required.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

The complex-valued polarimetric distortion matrices with the channel imbalance and the cross-talk applied for the polarimetric calibration.

1.6.11Mean Faraday Rotation Angle

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Not required.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

The mean Faraday rotation angle estimated from the polarimetric data and/or from models with reference to the method or paper used to derive the estimate.

1.6.12Ionosphere Indicator

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Not required.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

Flag indicating whether the backscatter imagery is “significantly impacted” by the ionosphere (0 – false, 1 – true). Significant impact would imply that the ionospheric impact on the backscatter exceeds the radiometric calibration requirement or goal for the imagery.

1.7CEOS-ARD Product AttributesSubsection containing information related to the CEOS-ARD product generation procedure and geographic parameters.
1.7.1Product Data Access

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Processing parameters details of the CEOS-ARD product:

- Processing facility

- Processing date

- Software version

- Location from where CEOS-ARD product can be retrieved, expressed as a URL or DOI.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

The metadata identifies an online location from where the data can be consistently and reliably retrieved by a computer algorithm without any manual intervention being required.

1.7.2Auxiliary Data

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Not required.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

The metadata identifies the sources of auxiliary data used in the generation process, ideally expressed as DOIs.

Note: Auxiliary data includes DEMs, etc., and any additional data sources used in the generation of the product.

1.7.3Product Sample Spacing

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

CEOS-ARD product processing parameters details:

- Pixel (column) spacing

- Line (row) spacing

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

As threshold.

1.7.4Product Equivalent Number of Looks

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Not required.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

Equivalent Number of Looks (ENL)

1.7.5Product Resolution

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Not required.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

Average spatial resolution of the CEOS-ARD product along:

- Columns

- Rows

1.7.6

Product

Filtering

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Flag if speckle filter has been applied [true/false].

Metadata should include:

- Reference to algorithm as DOI or URL

- Input filtering parameters

 - Type

 - Window size in pixel units

 - Any other parameters defining the speckle filter used

Mandatory for [POL]: Advanced polarimetric filter preserving covariance matrix properties should be applied.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

As threshold.

1.7.7Product Bounding Box

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Two opposite corners of the product file (bounding box, including any zero-fill values) are identified, expressed in the coordinate reference system defined in 1.7.11.

Four corners of the product file are recommended for scenes crossing the Antemeridian, or the North or the South Pole.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

As threshold.

1.7.8Product Geographical Extent

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

The geometry of the SAR image footprint expressed in WGS84, in a standardised format (e.g., WKT Polygon).

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

As threshold.

1.7.9Product Image Size

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Image attributes of the CEOS-ARD product:

- Number of lines

- Number of pixels/lines

- File header size (if applicable)

- Number of no-data border pixels (if appl.)

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

As threshold.

1.7.10

Product

Pixel Coordinate Convention

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Coordinate referring to the Centre, or the Upper Left Corner or the Lower Left Corner of a pixel.  Values are [pixel centre, pixel ULC or pixel LLC].

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

As threshold.

1.7.11Product Coordinate Reference System

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

The metadata lists the map projection (or geographical coordinates, if applicable) that was used and any relevant parameters required to geolocate data in that map projection, expressed in a standardised format (e.g., WKT).

Indicate EPSG code, if defined for the CRS.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

As threshold.

1.7.12Look Direction Polynomials[ORB]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

In case the per-pixel item 2.11 (Look Direction Image) is not provided, then a list of the polynomial coefficients ai necessary to reconstruct the look direction angle*, together with an estimate of the added error from use of polynomial vs. per-pixel more accurate values, shall be provided.

Example polynomial:

LookDir = a1Lat2 + a2Lon2 + a3LatLon + a4Lat + a5Lon + a6

where:

ai = polynomial coefficients

Lat = latitude

Lon = longitude

Lat and Lon are the related coordinates in the product map units [‘m’, ‘deg’, ‘arcsec’]

* The look direction angle represents the planar angle between north and each range direction. It is not constant in range, especially close to the poles.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

As threshold.

1.7.13Radar Unit Look Vector[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

3-D components radar unit look vector, specified at centre of scene, in an Earth-Centred Earth-Fixed (ECEF) coordinate system (also called Earth Centred Rotating - ECR) is provided. It consists of unit vectors from antenna to surface pixel (i.e., positive Z component).

Only required if per-pixel metadata 2.12 (Radar Unit Look Vector Grid Image) is not provided.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

As threshold.

1.7.14Slant Range Sensor to Surface [GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Slant range distance from the sensor to the surface, specified at centre of scene.

Only required if per-pixel metadata 2.13 (Slant Range Sensor to Surface Image) is not provided.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

As threshold.

1.7.15Reference Orbit

[NRB]

[POL]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Not required.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

Usage: For [NRB] & [POL] only when per-pixel metadata 3.7 (Flattened phase) is provided. For [GSLC] when a reference orbit is used instead of a virtual orbit (see Annex A 1.2).

Provide the absolute orbit number used as reference for topographic phase flattening. In case a virtual orbit has been used, provide orbit parameters or orbit state vectors as DOI or URL.

Provide scene-centred perpendicular baseline for the for the source data relative to the reference orbit used (for approximate use only).

- - -## **Per-Pixel Metadata** -The following minimum metadata specifications apply to each pixel. Whether the metadata are provided in a single record relevant to all pixels or separately for each pixel is at the discretion of the data provider. Per-pixel metadata should allow users to discriminate between (choose) observations on the basis of their individual suitability for applications. Cloud optimized file formats are recommended. - -*The column “CEOS-ARD product” indicates which CEOS-ARD SAR product(s) (NRB, POL, ORB, GSLC) the parameter refers to.* - - - - - - - - - - - - -
#ParameterCEOS-ARD productRequirementsSelf-Assessment
2.1Metadata Machine Readability

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Metadata is provided in a structure that enables a computer algorithm to be used to consistently and automatically identify and extract each component/variable/layer for further use.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

As threshold, but metadata is formatted in accordance with CEOS-ARD SAR Metadata Specifications, v.1.0.

2.2Data Mask Image

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Mask image indicating:

- Valid data

- Invalid data

- No data

File format specifications/ contents provided in metadata:

- Sample Type [Mask]

- Data Format [Raw/GeoTIFF/NetCDF, …]

- Data Type [Int, ...]

- Bits per Sample

- Byte Order

- Bit Value Representation

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

As threshold, including additional bit value representations, e.g.:

- Layover (masked as invalid data in threshold)

- Radar shadow (masked as invalid data in threshold)

- Ocean water

- Land (recommended for [ORB])

- RTC applied (e.g., for maritime scenes with land samples for which RTC has been applied)

- DEM gap filling (i.e., interpolated DEM over gaps)

2.3Scattering Area Image

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Not required.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

Usage: Recommended for scenes that include land areas.

DEM-based scattering area image used for Gamma-Nought terrain normalisation is provided. This quantifies the local scattering area used to normalise for radiometric distortions induced by terrain to the measured β0 backscatter. The terrain-flattened γT0 is best understood as β0 divided by the local scattering area.

File format specifications/ contents provided in metadata:

- Sample Type [Scattering Area]

- Data Format [Raw/GeoTIFF/NetCDF, …]

- Data Type [Int/Float, ...]

- Bits per Sample

- Byte Order

2.4Local Incident Angle Image

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

DEM-based Local Incident angle image is provided.

File format specifications/ contents provided in metadata:

- Sample Type [Angle]

- Data Format [Raw/GeoTIFF/NetCDF, …]

- Data Type [Int/Float, ...]

- Bits per Sample

- Byte Order

Note: For maritime [ORB] scenes when no land areas are covered, a geoid model could be used for the calculation of the local incident angle

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

As threshold.

2.5Ellipsoidal Incident Angle Image

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Not required.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

Ellipsoidal incident angle is provided.

File format specifications/ contents provided in metadata:

- Sample Type [Angle]

- Data Format [Raw/GeoTIFF/NetCDF, …]

- Data Type [Int/Float, ...]

- Bits per Sample

- Byte Order

- Reference Ellipsoid Name

Note: For maritime [ORB] scenes when no land areas are covered, the ellipsoidal incident angle is nearly identical to the geoid based local incident angle.

- - - - - - - - - -
#ParameterCEOS-ARD productRequirementsSelf-Assessment
2.6Noise Power Image

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Not required.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

Estimated Noise Equivalent σ0 (or β0 or γ0, as applicable) used for noise removal, if applied, for each channel. NEσ0 and NEγ0 are both based on a simplified ellipsoid Earth model.

File format specifications/ contents provided in metadata:

- Sample Type [Gamma-Nought, Sigma-Nought, Beta-Nought]

- Data Format [Raw/GeoTIFF/NetCDF, …]

- Data Type [Int/Float, ...]

- Bits per Sample

- Byte Order

2.7Gamma-to- Sigma Ratio Image

[NRB]

[POL]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Not required.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

Ratio of the integrated area in the Gamma projection over the integrated area in the Sigma projection (ground). Multiplying RTC γT0 by this ratio results in an estimate of RTC σT0.

File format specifications/ contents provided in metadata:

- Sample Type [Ratio]

- Data Format [Raw/GeoTIFF/NetCDF, …]

- Data Type [Int/Float, ...]

- Bits per Sample

- Byte Order

2.8Acquisition ID Image

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Note: Required for multi-source product only.

Acquisition ID, or acquisition date, for each pixel is identified.

In case of multi-temporal image stacks, use source acquisition ID (i.e., 1.6 acqID values) to list contributing images.

In case of Date, data represent (integer or fractional) day offset to reference observation date [UTC]. Date used as reference (“Day 0”) is provided in the metadata.

Pixels not representing a unique date (e.g., pixels averaged in image overlap zones) are flagged with a pre-set pixel value that is provided in the metadata.

File format specifications/ contents provided in metadata:

- Sample Type [Day, Time, ID]

- Data Format [Raw/GeoTIFF/NetCDF, …]

- Data Type [Int/Float, ...]

- Bits per sample

- Byte Order

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

In case of image composites, the sources for each pixel are uniquely identified.

- - - - - - - - - - - - -
#ParameterCEOS-ARD productRequirementsSelf-Assessment
2.9Per-pixel DEM

[NRB]

[POL]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Not required.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

Provide DEM or DSM as used during the geometric and radiometric processing of the SAR data, resampled to an exact geometric match in extent and resolution with the CEOS-ARD SAR image product. Can also be provided with [ORB] products containing land areas.

File format specifications/ contents provided in metadata:

- Sample Type [Height]

- Data Format [Raw/GeoTIFF/NetCDF, …]

- Data Type [Int/Float, ...]

- Bits per Sample

- Byte Order

2.10Per-pixel
Geoid		[ORB]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Not required.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

Provide Geoid as used during the geometric and radiometric processing of the SAR data, resampled to an exact geometric match in extent and resolution with the CEOS-ARD ORB image product.

File format specifications/ contents provided in metadata:

- Sample Type [Height]

- Data Format [Raw/GeoTIFF/NetCDF, …]

- Data Type [Int/Float, ...]

- Bits per Sample

- Byte Order

- Ground Sampling Distance

#ParameterCEOS-ARD productRequirementsSelf-Assessment
2.11Look
Direction
Image		[ORB]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Not required.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

Look Direction Image is provided. It represents the planar angle between north and each range direction.

File format specifications/ contents provided in metadata:

- Sample Type [Angle]

- Data Format [Raw/GeoTIFF/NetCDF, …]

- Data Type [Int/Float, ...]

- Bits per Sample

- Byte Order

2.12Radar Unit Look Vector Grid Image[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Not required.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

3-D components radar unit look vector, specified at each pixel in an Earth-Centred Earth-Fixed (ECEF) coordinate system (also called Earth Centred Rotating – ECR) is provided. It consists of unit vectors from the antenna to the surface pixel (i.e., positive Z component).

File format specifications/ contents provided in metadata:

- Sample Type [3D unit vector]

- Data Format [Raw/GeoTIFF/NetCDF, …]

- Data Type [Float, ...]

- Bits per Sample

- Byte Order

- - - - - - - - -
#ParameterCEOS-ARD productRequirementsSelf-Assessment
2.13Slant Range Sensor to Surface Image[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Not required.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

Slant range distance from the sensor to the surface, specified at each pixel in an Earth-Centred Earth-Fixed (ECEF) coordinate system (also called Earth Centred Rotating – ECR) is provided.

File format specifications/ contents provided in metadata:

- Sample Type [Distance]

- Data Format [Raw/GeoTIFF/NetCDF, …]

- Data Type [Float, ...]

- Bits per Sample

- Byte Order

2.14InSAR Phase Uncertainty Image[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Not required.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired)l Requirements

Estimate of uncertainty in InSAR phase is provided, such as finite signal to noise ratio, quantization noise, or DEM error. Identification of which error sources are included will be provided as DOI/URL reference or brief description. It represents statistical variation from known noise sources only.

File format specifications/ contents provided in metadata:

- Sample Type [Angle]

- Data Format [Raw/GeoTIFF/NetCDF, …]

- Data Type [Float, ...]

- Bits per Sample

- Byte Order

- - - - - - - -
#ParameterCEOS-ARD productRequirementsSelf-Assessment
2.15Atmospheric Phase Correction Image[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Not required.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

Phase correction value at each pixel, if applied. DOI/URL reference to algorithm or brief description is provided.

File format specifications/ contents provided in metadata:

- Sample Type [Angle]

- Data Format [Raw/GeoTIFF/NetCDF, …]

- Data Type [Float, ...]

- Bits per Sample

- Byte Order

2.16Ionospheric Phase Correction Image[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Not required.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

Phase correction value at each pixel, if applied. DOI/URL reference to algorithm or brief description is provided.

File format specifications/ contents provided in metadata:

- Sample Type [Angle]

- Data Format [Raw/GeoTIFF/NetCDF, …]

- Data Type [Float, ...]

- Bits per Sample

- Byte Order

- -## ** -## **Radiometrically Corrected Measurements** -*The requirements indicate the necessary outcomes and, to some degree, the minimum steps necessary to be deemed to have achieved those outcomes. Radiometric corrections must lead to normalised measurement(s) of backscatter intensity and/or decomposed polarimetric parameters. As for the per-pixel metadata, information regarding data format specification needs to be provided for each record. The requirements below must be met for all pixels/samples/observations in a collection. Cloud optimized file formats are recommended.* - -*The column “CEOS-ARD product” indicates which CEOS-ARD SAR product (NRB, POL, ORB, GSLC) the parameter refers to.* - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
#ParameterCEOS-ARD productRequirementsSelf-Assessment
3.1Backscatter
Measurements

[NRB]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements [NRB]

“Terrain-flattened” Radiometrically Terrain Corrected (RTC) Gamma-Nought backscatter coefficient (γT0) is provided for each polarization.

File format specifications/contents provided in metadata:

- Measurement Type [Gamma-Nought]

- Backscatter Expression Convention [linear amplitude or linear power*]

- Polarization [HH/HV/VV/VH]

- Data Format [Raw/GeoTIFF/NetCDF, …]

- Data Type [Int/Float, ...]

- Bits per Sample

- Byte Order

*Note: Transformation to the logarithm decibel scale is not required or desired as this step can be completed by the user if necessary.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

As threshold.

3.1Backscatter
Measurements

[POL]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements [POL]

Measurements can be:

Normalised Radar Covariance Matrix (CovMat)

Diagonal (equivalent to [NRB]) and upper diagonal elements of the terrain-flattened Gamma-Nought (γT0) Covariance Matrix are provided for coherent dual (e.g., HH-HV, VV-VH, or …) and fully polarimetric (e.g., HH- HV-VH-VV) acquisitions.

And/or

Polarimetric Radar Decomposition (PRD)

The individual components of the polarimetric decomposition obtained from the terrain-flattened (Gamma-Nought (γT0)) covariance matrix.

File format specifications/contents provided in metadata:

- Measurement Type [CovMat/PRD]

- Measurement convention unit [linear amplitude, linear power,

` `angle]

- Individual covariance matrix element or/and Individual component

` `of the decomposition [C3m11, C3m12, … or H, A, alpha, or ...]

- Data Format [Raw/GeoTIFF/NetCDF, …]

- Data Type [Int/ Float/Complex, etc.]

- Bits per Sample

- Byte Order

Note: It is recommended to keep CovMat or PRD measurement files separated. Otherwise, specify the multi-channel format order [BIP, BIL, BSQ]

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

As threshold.

3.1Backscatter
Measurements

[ORB]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements [ORB]

Geoid-corrected Sigma-Nought backscatter coefficient (σ0) is provided for each polarization.

File format specifications/contents provided in metadata:

- Measurement Type [Sigma-Nought]

- Backscatter Expression Convention [linear amplitude or linear power*]

- Backscatter Conversion Equation

- Polarization [HH/HV/VV/VH]

- Data Format [Raw/GeoTIFF/NetCDF, …]

- Data Type [Int/Float, ...]

- Bits per Sample

- Byte Order

*Note: Transformation to the logarithm decibel scale is not required or desired as this step can be easily completed by the user if necessary.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

Radiometrically Terrain-corrected Sigma-Nought backscatter coefficient (σT0) is provided for each polarization.

3.1Backscatter
Measurements		[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Radiometric and Phase Terrain-flattened Gamma-Nought backscatter coefficient (γT0), in complex number format, is provided for each polarization (e.g., HH, HV, VV, VH).

File format specifications/contents provided in metadata:

- Measurement Type [Gamma-Nought]

- Backscatter Expression Convention [linear amplitude or linear power*]

- Polarization [HH/HV/VV/VH]

- Data Format [Raw/GeoTIFF/NetCDF, …]

- Data Type [Int/Float, ...]

- Bits per Sample

- Byte Order

*Note: Transformation to the logarithm decibel scale is not required or desired as this step can be easily completed by the user if necessary.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

As threshold.

3.2Scaling Conversion

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

If applicable, indicate the equation to convert pixel linear amplitude/power to logarithmic decibel scale, including, if applicable, the associated calibration (dB offset) factor, and/or the equation used to convert compressed data (int8/int16/float16) to float32.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

As threshold, but use of float32.

3.3Noise Removal

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Flag if noise removal* has been applied (Y/N). Metadata should include the noise removal algorithm and reference to the algorithm as URL or DOI.

*Note: Thermal noise removal and image border noise removal to remove overall scene noise and scene edge artefacts, respectively.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

As threshold.

3.4Radiometric Terrain Correction Algorithm

[NRB]

[POL]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Adjustments were made for terrain by modelling the local contributing scattering area using the preferred choice of a published peer-reviewed algorithm to produce radiometrically terrain corrected (RTC) γT0 backscatter estimates.

Metadata references, e.g.:

- a citable peer-reviewed algorithm

- technical documentation regarding the algorithm used to generate the backscatter estimates is expressed as URLs or DOIs

- the sources of auxiliary data used to make corrections

Goal for [GSLC] product type

Note: Examples of technical documentation include an Algorithm, Theoretical Basis Document, product user guide, etc.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

Goal for [GSLC] product type

Require resolution of DEM better than the output product resolution when applying terrain corrections.

3.5Radiometric
Accuracy

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Not required.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

Uncertainty (e.g., bounds on γ0 or σ0) information is provided as document referenced as URL or DOI. SI traceability is achieved.

3.6Mean Wind- Normalised Backscatter Measurements[ORB]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Not required.

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

Usage: Only for Maritime scene

Mean wind-normalised (over ocean) backscatter coefficient is provided for each available polarization. It is calculated as the ratio between the backscatter intensity and a simulated backscatter intensity image generated using an ocean surface wind model such as, e.g., Quilfen et al. (1998) or Vachon and Dobson (2000) for VV and HH polarization respectively.

File format specifications/contents provided in metadata:

- Measurement Type [Wind-Normalised Backscatter]

 Backscatter Expression Convention [intensity ratio]

- Polarization [HH/HV/VV/VH]

- Data Format [GeoTIFF/NetCDF, …]

- Data Type [Int/Float, ...]

- Bits per Sample

- Byte Order

Note: Reference wind model, wind speed and direction used for reference backscattering coefficient should be provided.

3.7Flattened Phase

[NRB]

[POL]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Not required.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

Usage: Alternative to [GSLC] product for [NRB] and [POL] products

The Flattened Phase is the interferometric phase for which the topographic phase contribution is removed. It is derived from the range-Doppler SLC product using a DEM and the orbital state vectors with respect to a reference orbit (see Annex A1.2). The use of the Flattened Phase with the [NRB] or [POL] intensity (3.1 Backscatter measurement) provides the [GSLC] equivalent, as follows:

GSLC = sqrt(NRB) x exp(j FlattenPhase)

File format specifications/contents provided in metadata:

- Measurement Type [Flattened Phase]

- Reference Polarization [HH/HV/VV/VH]

- Data Format [GeoTIFF/NetCDF, …]

- Data Type [Int/Float, ...]

- Bits per Sample

- Byte Order

In case of polarimetric data, indicate the reference polarization.

- -## ** -## **Geometric Corrections** -Geometric corrections are steps that are taken to place the measurement accurately on the surface of the Earth (that is, to geolocate the measurement) allowing measurements taken through time to be compared. This section specifies any geometric correction requirements that must be met in order for the data to be analysis ready. - -*The column “CEOS-ARD product” indicates to which CEOS-ARD SAR product (NRB, POL, ORB, GSLC) the parameter refers.* - - - - - - - - - - - - -
#ParameterCEOS-ARD productRequirementsSelf-Assessment
4.1Geometric Correction Algorithm

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Not required.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

Metadata references, e.g.:

- A metadata citable peer-reviewed algorithm,

- Technical documentation regarding the implementation of that algorithm expressed as URLs or DOIs

- The sources of auxiliary data used to make corrections.

- Resampling method used for geometric processing of the source data.

Note: Examples of technical documentation can include e.g., an Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD), a product user guide.

4.2

Digital
Elevation

Model

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Usage: For products including land areas

a) During ortho-rectification, the data provider shall use the same DEM that was used for the radiometric terrain flattening to ensure consistency of the data stack.

b) Provide reference to Digital Elevation Model used for geometric terrain correction.

c) Provide reference to Earth Gravitational Model (EGM) used for geometric correction

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

a) A DEM with comparable or better resolution to the resolution of the output CEOS-ARD product shall be used if available. Else, the upsampled DEM is identified.

b) Resampling method used for preparation of the DEM.

c) Method used for resampling the EGM.

4.3Geometric Accuracy

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Accurate geolocation is a prerequisite to radar processing to correct for terrain and to enable interoperability between radar sensors.

The absolute geolocation error (ALE) for a sensor is typically assessed through analysis of Single Look Complex (SLC) imagery and measured along the slant range and azimuth directions (case A: SLC ALE). The end-to-end “ARD” ALE of the final CEOS-ARD product could be measured directly in the final image product in the chosen map projection, i.e., in the map coordinate directions: e.g., Northing and Easting (case B: ARD ALE). Providing accuracy estimates based on measurements following at least one scheme (A or B or both) meets the threshold requirement.

Estimates of the ALE is provided as a bias and a standard deviation, with (Case A) SLC ALE expressed in slant range and azimuth, and (Case B) ARD ALE expressed in map projection dimensions.

Note 1: This assessment is often made through comparison of measured corner reflector positions with their projected location in the imagery. In some cases, other mission calibration/validation results may be used. Note 2: The ALE is not typically assessed for every processed image, but through an ALE assessment by the data processing team characterizing all or (usually a subset) of the generated products.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

Output product sub-sample accuracy should be less than or equal to 0.1 (slant range) pixel radial root mean square error (rRMSE).

Provide documentation of estimates of ALE as DOI or URL.

4.4Geometric Refined Accuracy

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Not required.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

Values provided under 4.3 Geometric accuracy are provided by the SAR mission Cal/Val team.

CEOS-ARD processing steps could include method refining the geometric accuracy, such as cross-correlation of the SAR data in slant range with a SAR scene simulated from a DSM or DEM.

Methodology used (name and reference), quality flag, geometric standard deviation values should be provided.

4.5Gridding Convention

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

A consistent gridding/sampling frame is used. The origin is chosen to minimise any need for subsequent resampling between multiple products (be they from the same or different providers). This is typically accomplished via a “snap to grid” in relation to the most proximate grid tile in a global system.*

* If a product hierarchy of resolutions exists (or is planned), the multiple resolutions should nest within each other (e.g., 12.5m, 25m, 50m, 100m, etc.), and not be disjoint.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

Provide DOI or URL to gridding convention used.

When multiple providers share a common map projection, providers are encouraged to standardise the origins of their products among each other.

In the case of UTM/UPS coordinates, the upper left corner coordinates should be set to an integer multiple of sample intervals from a 100 km by 100 km grid tile of the Military Grid Reference System's 100k coordinates (“snap to grid”).

For products presented in geographic coordinates (latitude and longitude), the origin should be set to an integer multiple of samples in relation to the closest integer degree.

- -# **Summary Self-Assessment Table** - -||||**Threshold**|**Goal**| -| :-: | :- | :- | :-: | :-: | -|**1**|**CEOS-ARD product**|**General Metadata**||| -|1\.1|[ALL]|Traceability||| -|1\.2|[ALL]|Metadata Machine Readability||| -|1\.3|[ALL]|Product Type||| -|1\.4|[ALL]|Document Identifier||| -|1\.5|[ALL]|Data Collection Time||| -|**1.6**||**Source Data Attributes**||| -|1\.6.1|[ALL]|Source Data Access||| -|1\.6.2|[ALL]|Instrument||| -|1\.6.3|[ALL]|Source Data Acquisition Time||| -|1\.6.4|[ALL]|Source Data Acquisition Parameters||| -|1\.6.5|[ALL]|Source Data Orbit Information||| -|1\.6.6|[ALL]|Source Data Processing Parameters||| -|1\.6.7|[ALL]|Source Data Image Attributes||| -|1\.6.8|[ALL]|Sensor Calibration||| -|1\.6.9|[ALL]|Performance Indicators||| -|1\.6.10|[ALL]|Source Data Polarimetric Calibration Matrices||| -|1\.6.11|[ALL]|Mean Faraday Rotation Angle||| -|1\.6.12|[ALL]|Ionosphere indicator||| -|**1.7**||**CEOS-ARD Product Attributes**||| -|1\.7.1|[ALL]|Product Data Access||| -|1\.7.2|[ALL]|Auxiliary Data||| -|1\.7.3|[ALL]|Product Sample Spacing||| -|1\.7.4|

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

|Product Equivalent Number of Looks||| -|1\.7.5|[ALL]|Product Resolution||| -|1\.7.6|

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

|Product Filtering||| -|1\.7.7|[ALL]|Product Bounding Box||| -|1\.7.8|[ALL]|Product Geographical Extent||| -|1\.7.9|[ALL]|Product Image Size||| -|1\.7.10|[ALL]|Product Pixel Coordinate Convention||| -|1\.7.11|[ALL]|Product Coordinate Reference System||| -|1\.7.12|[ORB]|Look Direction Polynomials||| -|1\.7.13|[GSLC]|Radar Unit Look Vector||| -|1\.7.14|[GSLC]|Slant Range Sensor to Surface||| -|1\.7.15|

[NRB]

[POL]

[GSLC]

|Reference Orbit||| -|**2**|**CEOS-ARD product**|**Per-Pixel Metadata**||| -|2\.1|[ALL]|Metadata Machine Readability||| -|2\.2|[ALL]|Data Mask Image||| -|2\.3|[ALL]|Scattering Area Image||| -|2\.4|[ALL]|Local Incident Angle Image||| -|2\.5|[ALL]|Ellipsoidal Incident Angle Image||| -|2\.6|[ALL]|Noise Power Image||| -|2\.7|

[NRB]

[POL]

[GSLC]

|Gamma-to-Sigma Ratio Image||| -|2\.8|[ALL]|Acquisition ID Image||| -|2\.9|

[NRB]

[POL]

[GSLC]

|Per-pixel DEM||| -|2\.10|[ORB]|Per-pixel Geoid||| -|2\.11|[ORB]|Look Direction Image||| -|2\.12|[GSLC]|Radar Unit Look Vector Grid Image||| -|2\.13|[GSLC]|Slant Range Sensor to Surface Image||| -|2\.14|[GSLC]|InSAR Phase Uncertainty Image||| -|2\.15|[GSLC]|Atmospheric Phase Correction Image||| -|2\.16|[GSLC]|Ionospheric Phase Correction Image||| -||||**Threshold**|**Goal**| -|**3**|**CEOS-ARD product**|**Radiometrically Corrected Measurements**||| -|3\.1|[ALL]|Backscatter Measurements||| -|3\.2|[ALL]|Scaling Conversion ||| -|3\.3|[ALL]|Noise Removal||| -|3\.4|

[NRB]

[POL]

[GSLC]

|Radiometric Terrain Correction Algorithms||| -|3\.5|[ALL]|Radiometric Accuracy||| -|3\.6|[ORB]|Mean Wind-Normalised Backscatter Measurements||| -|3\.7|[NRB]
[POL]|Flattened Phase||| -||||**Threshold**|**Goal**| -|**4**|**CEOS-ARD product**|**Geometric Corrections**||| -|4\.1|[ALL]|Geometric Correction Algorithms||| -|4\.2|[ALL]|Digital Elevation Model||| -|4\.3|[ALL]|Geometric Accuracy||| -|4\.4|[ALL]|Geometric Refined Accuracy||| -|4\.5|[ALL]|Gridding Convention||| - -# **Guidance** -This section aims to provide background and specific information on the processing steps that can be used to achieve analysis ready data for a specific and well-developed Product Family Specification. This Guidance material does not replace or override the specifications. -# **Introduction to CEOS-ARD** -**What is CEOS Analysis Ready Data?** - -CEOS-ARD are products that have been processed to a minimum set of requirements and organized into a form that allows immediate analysis with a minimum of additional user effort. In general, these products would be resampled onto a common geometric grid (for a given product) and would provide baseline data for further interoperability both through time and with other datasets. - -CEOS-ARD products are intended to be flexible and accessible products suitable for a wide range of users for a wide variety of applications, including particularly time series analysis and multi-sensor application development. They are also intended to support rapid ingestion and exploitation via high-performance computing, cloud computing and other future data architectures. They may not be suitable for all purposes and are not intended as a ‘replacement’ for other types of satellite products. - -**When can a product be called CEOS-ARD?** - -The CEOS-ARD branding is applied to a particular product once: - -- that product has been assessed as meeting CEOS-ARD requirements by the agency responsible for production and distribution of the product, and -- that the assessment has been peer reviewed by the relevant CEOS team(s). - -Agencies or other entities considering undertaking an assessment process should consult the CEOS-ARD [Governance Framework](https://docs.google.com/document/d/15grQ79D-Ge8PN1_4_XDmci5iezs8HAcOpLcM7d2wmAo/edit?usp=sharing). - -A product can continue to use CEOS-ARD branding as long as its generation and distribution remain consistent with the peer-reviewed assessment. - -**What is the difference between Threshold and Goal?** - -**Threshold (Minimum) Requirements** are the MINIMUM that is needed for the data to be analysis ready. This must be practical and accepted by the data producers. - -**Goal (Desired) Requirements** (previously referred to as “Target”) are the ideal; where we would like to be. Some providers may already meet these. - -Products that meet all threshold requirements should be immediately useful for scientific analysis or decision-making. - -Products that meet goal requirements will reduce the overall product uncertainties and enhance broad-scale applications. For example, the products may enhance interoperability or provide increased accuracy through additional corrections that are not reasonable at the *threshold* level. - -Goal requirements anticipate continuous improvement of methods and evolution of community expectations, which are both normal and inevitable in a developing field. Over time, *goal* specifications may (and subject to due process) become accepted as Threshold requirements. - - -# **Reference Papers [CEOS-ARD for SAR]** -*ISO 19115-2 (2009) Geographic information -- Metadata -- Part 2: Extensions for imagery and gridded data, [www.iso.org/standard/39229.html*](http://www.iso.org/standard/39229.html)* - -## **Normalised Radar Backscatter [NRB]** -*Shiroma, G.H.X., M. Lavalle and S. M. Buckley, An Area-Based Projection Algorithm for SAR Radiometric Terrain Correction and Geocoding. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol. 60, pp. 1-23, 2022, Art no. 5222723, doi: 10.1109/TGRS.2022.3147472.* - -*Small, D. (2011) Flattening Gamma: Radiometric Terrain Correction for SAR Imagery, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., vol. 49, no. 8, pp. 3081-3093. doi: 10.1109/TGRS.2011.2120616* - -## **Polarimetric Radar [POL]** -*Cameron, W.L., N.N. Youssef, and L.K. Leung (1996) Simulated polarimetric signatures of primitive geometrical shapes, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 793–803.* - -*Cloude, S.R. and E. Pottier (1996) A review of target decomposition theorems in radar polarimetry, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 498–518.* - -*Freeman, A. and S.L. Durden (1998) A three-component scattering model for polarimetric SAR data, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 964–973.* - -*Gens, R., D.K. Atwood and E. Pottier (2013) Geocoding of polarimetric processing results: Alternative processing strategies, Remote Sensing Letters, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 38-44.* - -*Krogager, E. (1993) Aspects of polarimetric radar imaging, Ph.D. dissertation, Tech. Univ. Denmark, Electromagn. Inst., Lyngby, Denmark* - -*Lee, J.-S., J.-H. Wen, T.L. Ainsworth, K.-S. Chen, and A.J. Chen (2009) Improved Sigma Filter for Speckle Filtering of SAR Imagery IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 202-213.* - -*Raney, R.K., J.T.S. Cahill, G.W. Patterson and D.B.J. Bussey (2012) The m-chi decomposition of hybrid dual-polarimetric radar data with application to lunar craters Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets 117(E5)* - -*Toutin, T., H. Wang, P. Chomaz and E. Pottier (2013) Orthorectification of Full-Polarimetric Radarsat-2 Data Using Accurate LIDAR DSM, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., vol. 51, no. 12, pp. 5252-5258.* - -*Yamaguchi, Y., A. Sato, W.M. Boerner, R. Sato and H. Yamada (2011) Four-Component Scattering Power Decomposition with Rotation of Coherency Matrix, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., vol. 49, no. 6, pp. 2251-2258.* - -## **Ocean Radar Backscatter [ORB]** -*Quilfen, Y., Chapron, B., Elfouhaily, T., Katsaros, K., and Tournadre, J. (1998) Observation of tropical cyclones by high-resolution scatterometry, J. Geophys. Res., 103(C4), 7767– 7786, doi:10.1029/97JC01911* - -*Vachon, P.W. and F.W. Dobson (2000) Wind Retrieval from RADARSAT SAR Images: Selection of a Suitable C-Band HH Polarization Wind Retrieval Model, Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, 26:4, 306-313, DOI: 10.1080/07038992.2000.10874781* - -## **Geocoded Single-Look Complex [GSLC]** -*Zebker, H. A., S. Hensley, P. Shanker and C. Wortham (2010) Geodetically Accurate InSAR Data Processor, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol. 48, no. 12, pp. 4309-4321, Dec. 2010, doi: 10.1109/TGRS.2010.2051333.* - -*Zebker, H. A. (2017) User-Friendly InSAR Data Products: Fast and Simple Timeseries Processing. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters 14(11): 2122-2126.* - -*Zheng, Y. and H. A. Zebker (2017) Phase Correction of Single-Look Complex Radar Images for User-Friendly Efficient Interferogram Formation. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing 10(6): 2694-2701.* - - + + +# CEOS Analysis Ready Data
Product Family Specification: Synethetic Aperture Radar + +|**Version**|**Date**|**Description of change**|**Affected CEOS-ARD product**|**Author**| +| :- | :- | :- | :- | :- | +|0\.1|14-12-2022|Zero Draft based on the CARD4L NRB PFS v5.5, POL PFS 3.5, ORB PFS v1.0 and draft GSLC v0.1 |-|

Charbonneau

Truckenbrodt

| +|0\.2|13-02-2023|

Reformat to CEOS-ARD PFS template. Change “CARD4L” to “CEOS-ARD”

Change “Target” to “Goal”

|-|Rosenqvist| +|0\.3|29-07-2023|

Refinement of GSLC specifications and alignment with NRB, POL and ORB parameters.

Annex reorganization and ORB and GSLC examples added

|[GSLC]|Charbonneau, Zebker, Rosenqvist, Albinet, Small, Truckenbrodt| +|0\.3.1|26-09-2023|New items 1.7.15 (Reference orbit) and 3.7 (Flattened Phase) added as Goal|[NRB] [POL]|Charbonneau| +|0\.4|26-09-2023|Item 4.3 (Geometric accuracy). Clarification added to indicate whether absolute location accuracy (ALE) estimates refer to source data, ARD product, or both.|[NRB] [POL] [ORB] [GSLC]|Small, Chapman, Charbonneau, Rosenqvist, Albinet, Truckenbrodt| +|0\.4.1|11-10-2023|Add product code in summary table| |Rosenqvist| +|1\.0|11-10-2023|CEOS-ARD for SAR PFS – including Geocoded Single-Look Complex v1.0 – endorsed at LSI-VC-14 | |LSI-VC| + + +# **Contributing Authors** +François Charbonneau, Natural Resources Canada, Canada + +Ake Rosenqvist, soloEO / Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Japan + +John Truckenbrodt, German Aerospace Centre (DLR), Germany + +Clément Albinet, European Space Agency (ESA), Italy + +David Small, University of Zurich, Switzerland + +Bruce Chapman, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, USA + +Howard Zebker, Stanford University, USA + +Danilo Dadamia, CONAE, Argentina + +Benjamin Deschamps, Environment and Climate Change, Canada + +Guillaume Hajduch, Collecte Localisation Satellites, France + +Josef Kellndorfer, Earth Big Data, USA + +Marco Lavalle, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, USA + +Thomas Logan, Alaska Satellite Facility, USA + +Franz Meyer, Alaska Satellite Facility, USA + +Nuno Miranda, European Space Agency (ESA), Italy + +Muriel Pinheiro, European Space Agency (ESA), Italy + +Marko Repse, Sinergise, Slovenia + +HariPriya Sakethapuram, ISRO, India + +Andreia Siqueira, Geoscience Australia, Australia + +Takeo Tadono, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Japan + +Medhavy Thankappan, Geoscience Australia, Australia + +Antonio Valentino, RHEA *for* European Space Agency (ESA), Italy + +Anna Wendleder, German Aerospace Centre (DLR), Germany + +Fang Yuan, Digital Earth Africa, Australia + +Zheng-Shu Zhou, CSIRO, Australia + + +# **CEOS Analysis Ready Data Definition** +*“CEOS Analysis Ready Data (CEOS-ARD) are satellite data that have been processed to a minimum set of requirements and organized into a form that allows immediate analysis with a minimum of additional user effort and interoperability both through time and with other datasets.”* + +# **Description** +**Product Family Specification Title: Synthetic Aperture Radar (CEOS-ARD SAR)** + +**Applies to:** Data collected by Synthetic Aperture Radar sensors + + + + + +# **Background to CEOS-ARD for Synthetic Aperture Radar** +The CEOS Analysis Ready Data (CEOS-ARD) Product Family Specification (PFS) for Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data is specifically aimed at users interested in exploring the potential of SAR but who may lack the expertise or facilities for SAR processing. + +This CEOS-ARD for Synthetic Aperture Radar PFS incorporates, into a single generic document, the following four CEOS-ARD SAR specifications endorsed by CEOS Land Surface Imaging-Virtual Constellation (CEOS LSI-VC): + +- Normalised Radar Backscatter [version 5.5] +- Polarimetric Radar [version 3.5] +- Ocean Radar Backscatter [version 1.0] +- Geocoded Single-Look Complex [version 1.0] + +The **CEOS-ARD Normalised Radar Backscatter [NRB]** specification describes products that have been subject to Radiometric Terrain Correction (RTC) and are provided in the Gamma-Nought ($\gamma^0_T$) backscatter convention (Small, 2011), which mitigates the variations from diverse observation geometries and is recommended for most land applications. An additional metadata layer can be optionally provided for conversion of $\gamma^0_T$ to Sigma-Nought ($\sigma^0_T$) backscatter layer for compatibility with legacy software or numerical models. As the **[NRB]** product contains backscatter values only, it cannot be directly used for SAR polarimetry or interferometric applications that require relative polarization phase or local phase estimates respectively. However, as an option, a “flattened” phase data layer can be provided with an **[NRB]** product for enabling InSAR analysis. The flattened phase is the interferometric phase, with respect to a reference orbit and to a DEM, for which the topographic phase contribution is removed. + + + +The **CEOS-ARD** **Polarimetric Radar [POL]** product format is an extension of the CEOS-ARD Normalised Radar Backscatter format **[NRB]**. This extension is required in order to better support Level-1 SLC polarimetric data, including full-polarimetric modes (e.g., RADARSAT-2, ALOS-2/4, SAOCOM-1 and future missions), and hybrid or linear dual-polarimetric modes (i.e., Compact Polarimetric mode available on RCM, SAOCOM and the upcoming NISAR mission). The **[POL]** product can be defined in two processing levels: + +- The normalised covariance matrix **[CovMat]** representation (C2 or C3) which preserves the inter-channel polarimetric phase(s) and maximizes the available information for users. Interoperability within current CEOS-ARD SAR backscatter definition is preserved, since diagonal elements of the covariance matrix are backscatter intensities. Scattering information enhancement can be achieved by applying incoherent polarimetric decomposition techniques (e.g., Freeman-Durden, van Zyl, Cloude-Pottier, Yamaguchi-based) directly on the C2 or C3 matrix. + +- Polarimetric Radar Decomposition **[PRD]** refers to ARD products where polarimetric information is broken down into simplified parameters to facilitate user interpretation of the data. They are derived from coherent or incoherent polarimetric decomposition techniques. + +**Notice and Limitations [POL]** + +For Polarimetric Radar **[POL]** products, optimal incoherent Polarimetric Radar Decomposition **[PRD]** should be performed under the slant range projection (Gens et al., 2013, Toutin et al., 2013). In order to minimise bias in the CEOS-ARD SAR Level-2a covariance matrix product, speckle filtering and averaging of the covariance matrix should be applied in the slant range projection, and geocoding should be performed using nearest-neighbour resampling. Specifically, nearest-neighbour resampling ensures that the averaged covariance matrix elements in slant range and in geocoded ground projection are exactly the same. Consequently, the polarimetrically derived parameters are exactly equal in both approaches (assuming that no further averaging is performed on the ARD product for decomposing the polarimetric information). Bilinear and average resampling methods are also suitable for resampling the covariance matrix, but some differences with polarimetric parameters generated in slant range and then resampled (bilinear) might be observed on sloped terrains. Even if Sinc interpolation may be more robust for spatial resampling, it does not preserve covariance matrix integrity, and should consequently not be used for this ARD product. + +It is recommended that ARD providers who desire to distribute **[PRD]** products decompose the polarimetric information starting from Level-1 SLC data and then geocode the derived parameters rather than use the **[CovMat]** ARD product. Resampling can be performed using any of the supported methods (nearest-neighbour, bilinear, average, bi-cubic spline or Lanczos are recommended), which need to be indicated in the product metadata. Note that coherent decomposition techniques cannot be performed on **[CovMat]** ARD products. + + + +Covariance matrix products contain a variable number of layers (or bands) with different data types depending on the polarimetric mode (full or dual) and decomposition technique. The **[CovMat]** products for the C2 matrix have 3 layers (2 real-valued diagonal elements and 1 complex-valued off-diagonal element). **[CovMat]** products for the C3 matrix have 6 layers (3 real-valued diagonal elements and 3 complex-valued off-diagonal elements). Layers that can be obtained via a complex conjugation of other layers are not provided within the product. Polarimetric Decomposition products contain typically 2 to 4 (or more) real-valued layers depending on the particular decomposition algorithm. Within the **[CovMat]** product files, ARD layers are organized in order to reduce access delays and maximize efficiency in extracting the desired information. In **[CovMat]** products, geographically contiguous samples for each layer may be stored next to each other and organized “layer by layer”. Alternatively, samples belonging to the same covariance matrix might be stored next to each other and organized “matrix by matrix”. **[PRD]** products are organized “layer by layer”, i.e., with bands corresponding to the output of the polarimetric decomposition stored next to each other. ). + +The **CEOS-ARD Ocean Radar Backscatter [ORB]** product specification describes products that have been projected on a geoid and are provided in the Sigma-Nought ($\sigma^0$) backscatter convention, which is recommended for most ocean applications. Backscatter may be calibrated to the ellipsoid ($\sigma^0_E$) or radiometrically terrain corrected ($\sigma^0_T$) prior to geometric terrain correction. As the basic **[ORB]** product contains backscatter values only, it *cannot* be directly used for SAR polarimetry or interferometric applications that require local phase estimates. Nonetheless, an advanced **[ORB]** product could include the upper diagonal of the polarimetric $\sigma^0$ covariance matrix for enabling advanced polarimetric analysis (similar to the **[POL]** product). + +The **CEOS-ARD Geocoded Single-Look Complex (GSLC)** product is relevant to interferometric studies. The **[GSLC]** product is derived from the range-Doppler (i.e. slant range) Single-Look Complex (SLC) product using a DEM and the orbital state vectors and output in the map projected system. The phase of a geocoded SLC is “flattened” with respect to a reference orbit and to a DEM, to eliminate topographic phase contributions [Zebker et al., 2017 and Zheng and Zebker, 2017]. The sample spacing of the **[GSLC]** product in the map coordinate directions is comparable to the full resolution original SLC product. The **[GSLC]** product can be directly overlaid on a map or combined with other similar **[GSLC]** products to derive interferograms and create change maps, for example. Since the **[GSLC]** phase is flattened, the phase difference between two **[GSLC]** products** acquired on a same relative orbit produces an interferogram referring only to surface displacement and noise (i.e., no topographic fringes). The **[GSLC]** product may optionally** be radiometrically terrain corrected such that the squared amplitude yields $\gamma^0_T$. + + +As can be seen from the above PFS descriptions, only a few minor details in terms of generated parameters and/or the addition of supplemental data distinguish these CEOS-ARD products. In part, they are to a large extent all backward-compatible. For example, [POL] products implicitly include [NRB] products, while a coastal [NRB] or [POL] product can simply be made compatible with other [ORB] products by applying gamma-to-sigma conversion. Just as [GSLC] can be converted to [NRB], the inverse conversion can be made true by including the optional topographically flattened phase. In this way a [NRB] or [POL] product can be used like a [GSLC] for InSAR applications. Consequently, it becomes obvious that they all can follow a common approach, in terms of content and structure, in order to optimize their interoperability. + +For this generic **CEOS-ARD for Synthetic Aperture Radar** PFS, as for the individual **[NRB]**, **[POL]**, **[ORB]**, and **[GSLC]** PFSs, metadata requirements are defined under two categories: Threshold and Goal. **Threshold requirements** refer to metadata parameters or data files which are mandatorily required in a product in order to be CEOS-ARD compliant. **Goal requirements** (formerly referred to as Target) are complementary metadata parameters or data files that are desirable or more accurate but more constraining/challenging to achieve depending on the SAR missions and the data provider constraints. Since this document integrates four CEOS-ARD PFSs, it is worth noting that some requirements have been “relaxed” for a few Threshold parameters, depending on the applications/environment of the CEOS-ARD product. Exceptions are identified in the tables by specifying the usage. + +# **Definitions and Abbreviations** + +|Ancillary Data|Data other than instrument measurements, originating in the instrument itself or from the satellite, required to perform processing of the data. They include orbit data, attitude data, time information, spacecraft engineering data, calibration data, data quality information, and data from other instruments.| +| :-: | :- | +|Auxiliary Data|The data required for instrument processing, which does not originate in the instrument itself or from the satellite. Some auxiliary data will be generated in the ground segment, whilst other data will be provided from external sources.| +|CEOS-ARD|Committee on Earth Observation Satellites - Analysis Ready Data| +|CovMat|Normalised Radar Covariance Matrix| +|DOI|Digital Object Identifier| +|GSLC|Geocoded Single-Look Complex| +|InSAR|Interferometric Radar| +|Metadata|Structured information that describes other information or information services. With well-defined metadata, users should be able to get basic information about data without a need to have knowledge about its entire content.| +|NRB|Normalised Radar Backscatter| +|Pixel Spacing|Processed sample distance| +|POL|Polarimetric Radar| +|PRD|Polarimetric Radar Decomposition| +|RTC|Radiometrically Terrain Corrected| +|Spatial Resolution|The smallest size objects that can be distinguished by the sensor at the ground surface.| +|Spatial Sampling Distance|Spatial sampling distance is the great circle distance on the reference surface distance between adjacent spatial samples on the Earth's surface.| + + + +# **Requirements** +## **General Metadata** +*These are metadata records describing a distributed collection of pixels. The collection of pixels referred to must be contiguous in space and time. General metadata should allow the user to assess the overall suitability of the dataset and must meet the requirements listed below. The column “CEOS-ARD product” indicates to which CEOS-ARD SAR product (NRB, POL, ORB, GSLC) the parameter refers.* + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
#ParameterCEOS-ARD productRequirementsSelf-Assessment
1.1Traceability

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Not required.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

Data must be traceable to SI reference standard.

Note 1: Relationship to 3.5. Traceability requires an estimate of measurement uncertainty.

Note 2: Information on traceability should be available in the metadata as a single DOI landing page.

1.2Metadata Machine Readability

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Metadata is provided in a structure that enables a computer algorithm to be used consistently and to automatically identify and extract each component part for further use.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

As threshold, but metadata is formatted in accordance with CEOS-ARD SAR Metadata Specifications, v.1.0, or in a community endorsed standard that facilitates machine-readability, such as ISO 19115-2, Climate and Forecast (CF) convention and the Attribute Convention for Data Discovery (ACDD), etc.

1.3Product Type

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

CEOS-ARD product type name – or names in case of compliance with more than one product type – and, if required by the data provider, copyright.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

As threshold.

1.4Document Identifier

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Reference to CEOS-ARD for Synthetic Aperture Radar PFS document as URL.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

As threshold.

1.5Data Collection Time

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Number of source data acquisitions of the data collection is identified. The start and stop UTC time of data collection is identified in the metadata, expressed in date/time. In case of composite products, the dates/times of the first and last data takes and the per-pixel metadata 2.8 (Acquisition ID Image) is provided with the product.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

As threshold.

1.6Source Data Attributes

Subsection describing (detailing) each SAR acquisition used to generate the ARD product.

Note: Source data attribute information are described for each acquisition and sequentially identified as acqID= 1, 2, 3, …

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
#ParameterCEOS-ARD productRequirementsSelf-Assessment
1.6.1Source Data Access

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

The metadata identifies the location from where the source data can be retrieved, expressed as a URL or DOI.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

The metadata identifies an online location from where the data can be consistently and reliably retrieved by a computer algorithm without any manual intervention being required.

1.6.2Instrument

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

The instrument used to collect the data is identified in the metadata:

- Satellite name

- Instrument name

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

As threshold, but including a reference to the relevant CEOS Missions, Instruments and Measurements Database record.

1.6.3

Source Data Acquisition

Time

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

The start date and time of source data is identified in the metadata, expressed in UTC in date and time, at least to the second.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

As threshold.

1.6.4Source Data Acquisition Parameters

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Acquisition parameters related to the SAR antenna:

- Radar band

- Centre frequency

- Observation mode (i.e., Beam mode name)

- Polarization(s) (listed as in original product)

- Antenna pointing [Right/Left]

- Beam ID (i.e., Beam mode Mnemonic)

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

As threshold.

1.6.5Source Data Orbit Information

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Information related to the platform orbit used for data processing:

- Pass direction [asc/desc) *

- Orbit data source [e.g., predicted/ definite/ precise/ downlinked, etc.]

* For source data crossing the North or South Pole, it is recommended to produce two distinct CEOS-ARD products and to use the appropriate “Pass direction” in each.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

As threshold, including also:

- Platform heading angle expressed in degrees [0 360] from North

- Orbit data file containing state vectors (minimum of 5 state vectors, from 10% of scene length before start time to 10% of scene length after stop time)

- Platform (mean) altitude.

1.6.6Source Data Processing Parameters

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Processing parameters details of the source data:

- Processing facility

- Processing date

- Software version

- Product level

- Product ID (file name)

- Azimuth number of looks

- Range number of looks (separate values for each beam, as necessary)

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

As threshold, plus additional relevant processing parameters, e.g., range- and azimuth look bandwidth and LUT applied.

1.6.7Source Data Image Attributes

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Image attributes related to the source data:

- Source Data geometry (slant range/ground range)

- Azimuth pixel spacing

- Range pixel spacing

- Azimuth resolution

- Range resolution

- Near range incident angle

- Far range incident angle

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

Geometry of the image footprint expressed in WGS84 in a standardised format (e.g., WKT).

1.6.8Sensor Calibration

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Not required.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

Sensor calibration parameters are identified in the metadata or can be accessed using details included in the metadata. Ideally this would support machine to machine access.

1.6.9Performance Indicators

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Provide performance indicators on data intensity noise level (NEσ0 and/or NEβ0 and/or NEγ0 (noise equivalent Sigma- and/or Beta- and/or Gamma-Nought)). Provided for each polarization channel when available.

Parameter may be expressed as the mean and/or minimum and maximum noise equivalent values of the source data.

Values do not need to be estimated individually for each product, but may be estimated once for each acquisition mode, and annotated on all products.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

Provide additional relevant performance indicators (e.g., ENL, PSLR, ISLR, and performance reference DOI or URL).

1.6.10Source Data Polarimetric Calibration Matrices

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Not required.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

The complex-valued polarimetric distortion matrices with the channel imbalance and the cross-talk applied for the polarimetric calibration.

1.6.11Mean Faraday Rotation Angle

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Not required.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

The mean Faraday rotation angle estimated from the polarimetric data and/or from models with reference to the method or paper used to derive the estimate.

1.6.12Ionosphere Indicator

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Not required.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

Flag indicating whether the backscatter imagery is “significantly impacted” by the ionosphere (0 – false, 1 – true). Significant impact would imply that the ionospheric impact on the backscatter exceeds the radiometric calibration requirement or goal for the imagery.

1.7CEOS-ARD Product AttributesSubsection containing information related to the CEOS-ARD product generation procedure and geographic parameters.
1.7.1Product Data Access

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Processing parameters details of the CEOS-ARD product:

- Processing facility

- Processing date

- Software version

- Location from where CEOS-ARD product can be retrieved, expressed as a URL or DOI.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

The metadata identifies an online location from where the data can be consistently and reliably retrieved by a computer algorithm without any manual intervention being required.

1.7.2Auxiliary Data

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Not required.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

The metadata identifies the sources of auxiliary data used in the generation process, ideally expressed as DOIs.

Note: Auxiliary data includes DEMs, etc., and any additional data sources used in the generation of the product.

1.7.3Product Sample Spacing

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

CEOS-ARD product processing parameters details:

- Pixel (column) spacing

- Line (row) spacing

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

As threshold.

1.7.4Product Equivalent Number of Looks

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Not required.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

Equivalent Number of Looks (ENL)

1.7.5Product Resolution

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Not required.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

Average spatial resolution of the CEOS-ARD product along:

- Columns

- Rows

1.7.6

Product

Filtering

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Flag if speckle filter has been applied [true/false].

Metadata should include:

- Reference to algorithm as DOI or URL

- Input filtering parameters

 - Type

 - Window size in pixel units

 - Any other parameters defining the speckle filter used

Mandatory for [POL]: Advanced polarimetric filter preserving covariance matrix properties should be applied.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

As threshold.

1.7.7Product Bounding Box

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Two opposite corners of the product file (bounding box, including any zero-fill values) are identified, expressed in the coordinate reference system defined in 1.7.11.

Four corners of the product file are recommended for scenes crossing the Antemeridian, or the North or the South Pole.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

As threshold.

1.7.8Product Geographical Extent

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

The geometry of the SAR image footprint expressed in WGS84, in a standardised format (e.g., WKT Polygon).

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

As threshold.

1.7.9Product Image Size

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Image attributes of the CEOS-ARD product:

- Number of lines

- Number of pixels/lines

- File header size (if applicable)

- Number of no-data border pixels (if appl.)

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

As threshold.

1.7.10

Product

Pixel Coordinate Convention

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Coordinate referring to the Centre, or the Upper Left Corner or the Lower Left Corner of a pixel.  Values are [pixel centre, pixel ULC or pixel LLC].

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

As threshold.

1.7.11Product Coordinate Reference System

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

The metadata lists the map projection (or geographical coordinates, if applicable) that was used and any relevant parameters required to geolocate data in that map projection, expressed in a standardised format (e.g., WKT).

Indicate EPSG code, if defined for the CRS.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

As threshold.

1.7.12Look Direction Polynomials[ORB]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

In case the per-pixel item 2.11 (Look Direction Image) is not provided, then a list of the polynomial coefficients ai necessary to reconstruct the look direction angle*, together with an estimate of the added error from use of polynomial vs. per-pixel more accurate values, shall be provided.

Example polynomial:

LookDir = a1Lat2 + a2Lon2 + a3LatLon + a4Lat + a5Lon + a6

where:

ai = polynomial coefficients

Lat = latitude

Lon = longitude

Lat and Lon are the related coordinates in the product map units [‘m’, ‘deg’, ‘arcsec’]

* The look direction angle represents the planar angle between north and each range direction. It is not constant in range, especially close to the poles.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

As threshold.

1.7.13Radar Unit Look Vector[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

3-D components radar unit look vector, specified at centre of scene, in an Earth-Centred Earth-Fixed (ECEF) coordinate system (also called Earth Centred Rotating - ECR) is provided. It consists of unit vectors from antenna to surface pixel (i.e., positive Z component).

Only required if per-pixel metadata 2.12 (Radar Unit Look Vector Grid Image) is not provided.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

As threshold.

1.7.14Slant Range Sensor to Surface [GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Slant range distance from the sensor to the surface, specified at centre of scene.

Only required if per-pixel metadata 2.13 (Slant Range Sensor to Surface Image) is not provided.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

As threshold.

1.7.15Reference Orbit

[NRB]

[POL]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Not required.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

Usage: For [NRB] & [POL] only when per-pixel metadata 3.7 (Flattened phase) is provided. For [GSLC] when a reference orbit is used instead of a virtual orbit (see Annex A 1.2).

Provide the absolute orbit number used as reference for topographic phase flattening. In case a virtual orbit has been used, provide orbit parameters or orbit state vectors as DOI or URL.

Provide scene-centred perpendicular baseline for the for the source data relative to the reference orbit used (for approximate use only).

+ + +## **Per-Pixel Metadata** +The following minimum metadata specifications apply to each pixel. Whether the metadata are provided in a single record relevant to all pixels or separately for each pixel is at the discretion of the data provider. Per-pixel metadata should allow users to discriminate between (choose) observations on the basis of their individual suitability for applications. Cloud optimized file formats are recommended. + +*The column “CEOS-ARD product” indicates which CEOS-ARD SAR product(s) (NRB, POL, ORB, GSLC) the parameter refers to.* + + + + + + + + + + + + +
#ParameterCEOS-ARD productRequirementsSelf-Assessment
2.1Metadata Machine Readability

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Metadata is provided in a structure that enables a computer algorithm to be used to consistently and automatically identify and extract each component/variable/layer for further use.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

As threshold, but metadata is formatted in accordance with CEOS-ARD SAR Metadata Specifications, v.1.0.

2.2Data Mask Image

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Mask image indicating:

- Valid data

- Invalid data

- No data

File format specifications/ contents provided in metadata:

- Sample Type [Mask]

- Data Format [Raw/GeoTIFF/NetCDF, …]

- Data Type [Int, ...]

- Bits per Sample

- Byte Order

- Bit Value Representation

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

As threshold, including additional bit value representations, e.g.:

- Layover (masked as invalid data in threshold)

- Radar shadow (masked as invalid data in threshold)

- Ocean water

- Land (recommended for [ORB])

- RTC applied (e.g., for maritime scenes with land samples for which RTC has been applied)

- DEM gap filling (i.e., interpolated DEM over gaps)

2.3Scattering Area Image

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Not required.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

Usage: Recommended for scenes that include land areas.

DEM-based scattering area image used for Gamma-Nought terrain normalisation is provided. This quantifies the local scattering area used to normalise for radiometric distortions induced by terrain to the measured β0 backscatter. The terrain-flattened γT0 is best understood as β0 divided by the local scattering area.

File format specifications/ contents provided in metadata:

- Sample Type [Scattering Area]

- Data Format [Raw/GeoTIFF/NetCDF, …]

- Data Type [Int/Float, ...]

- Bits per Sample

- Byte Order

2.4Local Incident Angle Image

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

DEM-based Local Incident angle image is provided.

File format specifications/ contents provided in metadata:

- Sample Type [Angle]

- Data Format [Raw/GeoTIFF/NetCDF, …]

- Data Type [Int/Float, ...]

- Bits per Sample

- Byte Order

Note: For maritime [ORB] scenes when no land areas are covered, a geoid model could be used for the calculation of the local incident angle

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

As threshold.

2.5Ellipsoidal Incident Angle Image

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Not required.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

Ellipsoidal incident angle is provided.

File format specifications/ contents provided in metadata:

- Sample Type [Angle]

- Data Format [Raw/GeoTIFF/NetCDF, …]

- Data Type [Int/Float, ...]

- Bits per Sample

- Byte Order

- Reference Ellipsoid Name

Note: For maritime [ORB] scenes when no land areas are covered, the ellipsoidal incident angle is nearly identical to the geoid based local incident angle.

+ + + + + + + + + +
#ParameterCEOS-ARD productRequirementsSelf-Assessment
2.6Noise Power Image

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Not required.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

Estimated Noise Equivalent σ0 (or β0 or γ0, as applicable) used for noise removal, if applied, for each channel. NEσ0 and NEγ0 are both based on a simplified ellipsoid Earth model.

File format specifications/ contents provided in metadata:

- Sample Type [Gamma-Nought, Sigma-Nought, Beta-Nought]

- Data Format [Raw/GeoTIFF/NetCDF, …]

- Data Type [Int/Float, ...]

- Bits per Sample

- Byte Order

2.7Gamma-to- Sigma Ratio Image

[NRB]

[POL]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Not required.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

Ratio of the integrated area in the Gamma projection over the integrated area in the Sigma projection (ground). Multiplying RTC γT0 by this ratio results in an estimate of RTC σT0.

File format specifications/ contents provided in metadata:

- Sample Type [Ratio]

- Data Format [Raw/GeoTIFF/NetCDF, …]

- Data Type [Int/Float, ...]

- Bits per Sample

- Byte Order

2.8Acquisition ID Image

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Note: Required for multi-source product only.

Acquisition ID, or acquisition date, for each pixel is identified.

In case of multi-temporal image stacks, use source acquisition ID (i.e., 1.6 acqID values) to list contributing images.

In case of Date, data represent (integer or fractional) day offset to reference observation date [UTC]. Date used as reference (“Day 0”) is provided in the metadata.

Pixels not representing a unique date (e.g., pixels averaged in image overlap zones) are flagged with a pre-set pixel value that is provided in the metadata.

File format specifications/ contents provided in metadata:

- Sample Type [Day, Time, ID]

- Data Format [Raw/GeoTIFF/NetCDF, …]

- Data Type [Int/Float, ...]

- Bits per sample

- Byte Order

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

In case of image composites, the sources for each pixel are uniquely identified.

+ + + + + + + + + + + + +
#ParameterCEOS-ARD productRequirementsSelf-Assessment
2.9Per-pixel DEM

[NRB]

[POL]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Not required.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

Provide DEM or DSM as used during the geometric and radiometric processing of the SAR data, resampled to an exact geometric match in extent and resolution with the CEOS-ARD SAR image product. Can also be provided with [ORB] products containing land areas.

File format specifications/ contents provided in metadata:

- Sample Type [Height]

- Data Format [Raw/GeoTIFF/NetCDF, …]

- Data Type [Int/Float, ...]

- Bits per Sample

- Byte Order

2.10Per-pixel
Geoid		[ORB]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Not required.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

Provide Geoid as used during the geometric and radiometric processing of the SAR data, resampled to an exact geometric match in extent and resolution with the CEOS-ARD ORB image product.

File format specifications/ contents provided in metadata:

- Sample Type [Height]

- Data Format [Raw/GeoTIFF/NetCDF, …]

- Data Type [Int/Float, ...]

- Bits per Sample

- Byte Order

- Ground Sampling Distance

#ParameterCEOS-ARD productRequirementsSelf-Assessment
2.11Look
Direction
Image		[ORB]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Not required.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

Look Direction Image is provided. It represents the planar angle between north and each range direction.

File format specifications/ contents provided in metadata:

- Sample Type [Angle]

- Data Format [Raw/GeoTIFF/NetCDF, …]

- Data Type [Int/Float, ...]

- Bits per Sample

- Byte Order

2.12Radar Unit Look Vector Grid Image[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Not required.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

3-D components radar unit look vector, specified at each pixel in an Earth-Centred Earth-Fixed (ECEF) coordinate system (also called Earth Centred Rotating – ECR) is provided. It consists of unit vectors from the antenna to the surface pixel (i.e., positive Z component).

File format specifications/ contents provided in metadata:

- Sample Type [3D unit vector]

- Data Format [Raw/GeoTIFF/NetCDF, …]

- Data Type [Float, ...]

- Bits per Sample

- Byte Order

+ + + + + + + + +
#ParameterCEOS-ARD productRequirementsSelf-Assessment
2.13Slant Range Sensor to Surface Image[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Not required.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

Slant range distance from the sensor to the surface, specified at each pixel in an Earth-Centred Earth-Fixed (ECEF) coordinate system (also called Earth Centred Rotating – ECR) is provided.

File format specifications/ contents provided in metadata:

- Sample Type [Distance]

- Data Format [Raw/GeoTIFF/NetCDF, …]

- Data Type [Float, ...]

- Bits per Sample

- Byte Order

2.14InSAR Phase Uncertainty Image[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Not required.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired)l Requirements

Estimate of uncertainty in InSAR phase is provided, such as finite signal to noise ratio, quantization noise, or DEM error. Identification of which error sources are included will be provided as DOI/URL reference or brief description. It represents statistical variation from known noise sources only.

File format specifications/ contents provided in metadata:

- Sample Type [Angle]

- Data Format [Raw/GeoTIFF/NetCDF, …]

- Data Type [Float, ...]

- Bits per Sample

- Byte Order

+ + + + + + + +
#ParameterCEOS-ARD productRequirementsSelf-Assessment
2.15Atmospheric Phase Correction Image[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Not required.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

Phase correction value at each pixel, if applied. DOI/URL reference to algorithm or brief description is provided.

File format specifications/ contents provided in metadata:

- Sample Type [Angle]

- Data Format [Raw/GeoTIFF/NetCDF, …]

- Data Type [Float, ...]

- Bits per Sample

- Byte Order

2.16Ionospheric Phase Correction Image[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Not required.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

Phase correction value at each pixel, if applied. DOI/URL reference to algorithm or brief description is provided.

File format specifications/ contents provided in metadata:

- Sample Type [Angle]

- Data Format [Raw/GeoTIFF/NetCDF, …]

- Data Type [Float, ...]

- Bits per Sample

- Byte Order

+ +## ** +## **Radiometrically Corrected Measurements** +*The requirements indicate the necessary outcomes and, to some degree, the minimum steps necessary to be deemed to have achieved those outcomes. Radiometric corrections must lead to normalised measurement(s) of backscatter intensity and/or decomposed polarimetric parameters. As for the per-pixel metadata, information regarding data format specification needs to be provided for each record. The requirements below must be met for all pixels/samples/observations in a collection. Cloud optimized file formats are recommended.* + +*The column “CEOS-ARD product” indicates which CEOS-ARD SAR product (NRB, POL, ORB, GSLC) the parameter refers to.* + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
#ParameterCEOS-ARD productRequirementsSelf-Assessment
3.1Backscatter
Measurements

[NRB]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements [NRB]

“Terrain-flattened” Radiometrically Terrain Corrected (RTC) Gamma-Nought backscatter coefficient (γT0) is provided for each polarization.

File format specifications/contents provided in metadata:

- Measurement Type [Gamma-Nought]

- Backscatter Expression Convention [linear amplitude or linear power*]

- Polarization [HH/HV/VV/VH]

- Data Format [Raw/GeoTIFF/NetCDF, …]

- Data Type [Int/Float, ...]

- Bits per Sample

- Byte Order

*Note: Transformation to the logarithm decibel scale is not required or desired as this step can be completed by the user if necessary.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

As threshold.

3.1Backscatter
Measurements

[POL]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements [POL]

Measurements can be:

Normalised Radar Covariance Matrix (CovMat)

Diagonal (equivalent to [NRB]) and upper diagonal elements of the terrain-flattened Gamma-Nought (γT0) Covariance Matrix are provided for coherent dual (e.g., HH-HV, VV-VH, or …) and fully polarimetric (e.g., HH- HV-VH-VV) acquisitions.

And/or

Polarimetric Radar Decomposition (PRD)

The individual components of the polarimetric decomposition obtained from the terrain-flattened (Gamma-Nought (γT0)) covariance matrix.

File format specifications/contents provided in metadata:

- Measurement Type [CovMat/PRD]

- Measurement convention unit [linear amplitude, linear power,

` `angle]

- Individual covariance matrix element or/and Individual component

` `of the decomposition [C3m11, C3m12, … or H, A, alpha, or ...]

- Data Format [Raw/GeoTIFF/NetCDF, …]

- Data Type [Int/ Float/Complex, etc.]

- Bits per Sample

- Byte Order

Note: It is recommended to keep CovMat or PRD measurement files separated. Otherwise, specify the multi-channel format order [BIP, BIL, BSQ]

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

As threshold.

3.1Backscatter
Measurements

[ORB]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements [ORB]

Geoid-corrected Sigma-Nought backscatter coefficient (σ0) is provided for each polarization.

File format specifications/contents provided in metadata:

- Measurement Type [Sigma-Nought]

- Backscatter Expression Convention [linear amplitude or linear power*]

- Backscatter Conversion Equation

- Polarization [HH/HV/VV/VH]

- Data Format [Raw/GeoTIFF/NetCDF, …]

- Data Type [Int/Float, ...]

- Bits per Sample

- Byte Order

*Note: Transformation to the logarithm decibel scale is not required or desired as this step can be easily completed by the user if necessary.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

Radiometrically Terrain-corrected Sigma-Nought backscatter coefficient (σT0) is provided for each polarization.

3.1Backscatter
Measurements		[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Radiometric and Phase Terrain-flattened Gamma-Nought backscatter coefficient (γT0), in complex number format, is provided for each polarization (e.g., HH, HV, VV, VH).

File format specifications/contents provided in metadata:

- Measurement Type [Gamma-Nought]

- Backscatter Expression Convention [linear amplitude or linear power*]

- Polarization [HH/HV/VV/VH]

- Data Format [Raw/GeoTIFF/NetCDF, …]

- Data Type [Int/Float, ...]

- Bits per Sample

- Byte Order

*Note: Transformation to the logarithm decibel scale is not required or desired as this step can be easily completed by the user if necessary.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

As threshold.

3.2Scaling Conversion

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

If applicable, indicate the equation to convert pixel linear amplitude/power to logarithmic decibel scale, including, if applicable, the associated calibration (dB offset) factor, and/or the equation used to convert compressed data (int8/int16/float16) to float32.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

As threshold, but use of float32.

3.3Noise Removal

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Flag if noise removal* has been applied (Y/N). Metadata should include the noise removal algorithm and reference to the algorithm as URL or DOI.

*Note: Thermal noise removal and image border noise removal to remove overall scene noise and scene edge artefacts, respectively.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

As threshold.

3.4Radiometric Terrain Correction Algorithm

[NRB]

[POL]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Adjustments were made for terrain by modelling the local contributing scattering area using the preferred choice of a published peer-reviewed algorithm to produce radiometrically terrain corrected (RTC) γT0 backscatter estimates.

Metadata references, e.g.:

- a citable peer-reviewed algorithm

- technical documentation regarding the algorithm used to generate the backscatter estimates is expressed as URLs or DOIs

- the sources of auxiliary data used to make corrections

Goal for [GSLC] product type

Note: Examples of technical documentation include an Algorithm, Theoretical Basis Document, product user guide, etc.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

Goal for [GSLC] product type

Require resolution of DEM better than the output product resolution when applying terrain corrections.

3.5Radiometric
Accuracy

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Not required.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

Uncertainty (e.g., bounds on γ0 or σ0) information is provided as document referenced as URL or DOI. SI traceability is achieved.

3.6Mean Wind- Normalised Backscatter Measurements[ORB]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Not required.

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

Usage: Only for Maritime scene

Mean wind-normalised (over ocean) backscatter coefficient is provided for each available polarization. It is calculated as the ratio between the backscatter intensity and a simulated backscatter intensity image generated using an ocean surface wind model such as, e.g., Quilfen et al. (1998) or Vachon and Dobson (2000) for VV and HH polarization respectively.

File format specifications/contents provided in metadata:

- Measurement Type [Wind-Normalised Backscatter]

 Backscatter Expression Convention [intensity ratio]

- Polarization [HH/HV/VV/VH]

- Data Format [GeoTIFF/NetCDF, …]

- Data Type [Int/Float, ...]

- Bits per Sample

- Byte Order

Note: Reference wind model, wind speed and direction used for reference backscattering coefficient should be provided.

3.7Flattened Phase

[NRB]

[POL]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Not required.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

Usage: Alternative to [GSLC] product for [NRB] and [POL] products

The Flattened Phase is the interferometric phase for which the topographic phase contribution is removed. It is derived from the range-Doppler SLC product using a DEM and the orbital state vectors with respect to a reference orbit (see Annex A1.2). The use of the Flattened Phase with the [NRB] or [POL] intensity (3.1 Backscatter measurement) provides the [GSLC] equivalent, as follows:

GSLC = sqrt(NRB) x exp(j FlattenPhase)

File format specifications/contents provided in metadata:

- Measurement Type [Flattened Phase]

- Reference Polarization [HH/HV/VV/VH]

- Data Format [GeoTIFF/NetCDF, …]

- Data Type [Int/Float, ...]

- Bits per Sample

- Byte Order

In case of polarimetric data, indicate the reference polarization.

+ +## ** +## **Geometric Corrections** +Geometric corrections are steps that are taken to place the measurement accurately on the surface of the Earth (that is, to geolocate the measurement) allowing measurements taken through time to be compared. This section specifies any geometric correction requirements that must be met in order for the data to be analysis ready. + +*The column “CEOS-ARD product” indicates to which CEOS-ARD SAR product (NRB, POL, ORB, GSLC) the parameter refers.* + + + + + + + + + + + + +
#ParameterCEOS-ARD productRequirementsSelf-Assessment
4.1Geometric Correction Algorithm

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Not required.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

Metadata references, e.g.:

- A metadata citable peer-reviewed algorithm,

- Technical documentation regarding the implementation of that algorithm expressed as URLs or DOIs

- The sources of auxiliary data used to make corrections.

- Resampling method used for geometric processing of the source data.

Note: Examples of technical documentation can include e.g., an Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document (ATBD), a product user guide.

4.2

Digital
Elevation

Model

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Usage: For products including land areas

a) During ortho-rectification, the data provider shall use the same DEM that was used for the radiometric terrain flattening to ensure consistency of the data stack.

b) Provide reference to Digital Elevation Model used for geometric terrain correction.

c) Provide reference to Earth Gravitational Model (EGM) used for geometric correction

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

a) A DEM with comparable or better resolution to the resolution of the output CEOS-ARD product shall be used if available. Else, the upsampled DEM is identified.

b) Resampling method used for preparation of the DEM.

c) Method used for resampling the EGM.

4.3Geometric Accuracy

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Accurate geolocation is a prerequisite to radar processing to correct for terrain and to enable interoperability between radar sensors.

The absolute geolocation error (ALE) for a sensor is typically assessed through analysis of Single Look Complex (SLC) imagery and measured along the slant range and azimuth directions (case A: SLC ALE). The end-to-end “ARD” ALE of the final CEOS-ARD product could be measured directly in the final image product in the chosen map projection, i.e., in the map coordinate directions: e.g., Northing and Easting (case B: ARD ALE). Providing accuracy estimates based on measurements following at least one scheme (A or B or both) meets the threshold requirement.

Estimates of the ALE is provided as a bias and a standard deviation, with (Case A) SLC ALE expressed in slant range and azimuth, and (Case B) ARD ALE expressed in map projection dimensions.

Note 1: This assessment is often made through comparison of measured corner reflector positions with their projected location in the imagery. In some cases, other mission calibration/validation results may be used. Note 2: The ALE is not typically assessed for every processed image, but through an ALE assessment by the data processing team characterizing all or (usually a subset) of the generated products.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

Output product sub-sample accuracy should be less than or equal to 0.1 (slant range) pixel radial root mean square error (rRMSE).

Provide documentation of estimates of ALE as DOI or URL.

4.4Geometric Refined Accuracy

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

Not required.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

Values provided under 4.3 Geometric accuracy are provided by the SAR mission Cal/Val team.

CEOS-ARD processing steps could include method refining the geometric accuracy, such as cross-correlation of the SAR data in slant range with a SAR scene simulated from a DSM or DEM.

Methodology used (name and reference), quality flag, geometric standard deviation values should be provided.

4.5Gridding Convention

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

[GSLC]

Threshold (Minimum) Requirements

A consistent gridding/sampling frame is used. The origin is chosen to minimise any need for subsequent resampling between multiple products (be they from the same or different providers). This is typically accomplished via a “snap to grid” in relation to the most proximate grid tile in a global system.*

* If a product hierarchy of resolutions exists (or is planned), the multiple resolutions should nest within each other (e.g., 12.5m, 25m, 50m, 100m, etc.), and not be disjoint.

Achieved level: Threshold / Goal

Explanation / Justification: …

Other feedback: …

Goal (Desired) Requirements

Provide DOI or URL to gridding convention used.

When multiple providers share a common map projection, providers are encouraged to standardise the origins of their products among each other.

In the case of UTM/UPS coordinates, the upper left corner coordinates should be set to an integer multiple of sample intervals from a 100 km by 100 km grid tile of the Military Grid Reference System's 100k coordinates (“snap to grid”).

For products presented in geographic coordinates (latitude and longitude), the origin should be set to an integer multiple of samples in relation to the closest integer degree.

+ +# **Summary Self-Assessment Table** + +||||**Threshold**|**Goal**| +| :-: | :- | :- | :-: | :-: | +|**1**|**CEOS-ARD product**|**General Metadata**||| +|1\.1|[ALL]|Traceability||| +|1\.2|[ALL]|Metadata Machine Readability||| +|1\.3|[ALL]|Product Type||| +|1\.4|[ALL]|Document Identifier||| +|1\.5|[ALL]|Data Collection Time||| +|**1.6**||**Source Data Attributes**||| +|1\.6.1|[ALL]|Source Data Access||| +|1\.6.2|[ALL]|Instrument||| +|1\.6.3|[ALL]|Source Data Acquisition Time||| +|1\.6.4|[ALL]|Source Data Acquisition Parameters||| +|1\.6.5|[ALL]|Source Data Orbit Information||| +|1\.6.6|[ALL]|Source Data Processing Parameters||| +|1\.6.7|[ALL]|Source Data Image Attributes||| +|1\.6.8|[ALL]|Sensor Calibration||| +|1\.6.9|[ALL]|Performance Indicators||| +|1\.6.10|[ALL]|Source Data Polarimetric Calibration Matrices||| +|1\.6.11|[ALL]|Mean Faraday Rotation Angle||| +|1\.6.12|[ALL]|Ionosphere indicator||| +|**1.7**||**CEOS-ARD Product Attributes**||| +|1\.7.1|[ALL]|Product Data Access||| +|1\.7.2|[ALL]|Auxiliary Data||| +|1\.7.3|[ALL]|Product Sample Spacing||| +|1\.7.4|

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

|Product Equivalent Number of Looks||| +|1\.7.5|[ALL]|Product Resolution||| +|1\.7.6|

[NRB]

[POL]

[ORB]

|Product Filtering||| +|1\.7.7|[ALL]|Product Bounding Box||| +|1\.7.8|[ALL]|Product Geographical Extent||| +|1\.7.9|[ALL]|Product Image Size||| +|1\.7.10|[ALL]|Product Pixel Coordinate Convention||| +|1\.7.11|[ALL]|Product Coordinate Reference System||| +|1\.7.12|[ORB]|Look Direction Polynomials||| +|1\.7.13|[GSLC]|Radar Unit Look Vector||| +|1\.7.14|[GSLC]|Slant Range Sensor to Surface||| +|1\.7.15|

[NRB]

[POL]

[GSLC]

|Reference Orbit||| +|**2**|**CEOS-ARD product**|**Per-Pixel Metadata**||| +|2\.1|[ALL]|Metadata Machine Readability||| +|2\.2|[ALL]|Data Mask Image||| +|2\.3|[ALL]|Scattering Area Image||| +|2\.4|[ALL]|Local Incident Angle Image||| +|2\.5|[ALL]|Ellipsoidal Incident Angle Image||| +|2\.6|[ALL]|Noise Power Image||| +|2\.7|

[NRB]

[POL]

[GSLC]

|Gamma-to-Sigma Ratio Image||| +|2\.8|[ALL]|Acquisition ID Image||| +|2\.9|

[NRB]

[POL]

[GSLC]

|Per-pixel DEM||| +|2\.10|[ORB]|Per-pixel Geoid||| +|2\.11|[ORB]|Look Direction Image||| +|2\.12|[GSLC]|Radar Unit Look Vector Grid Image||| +|2\.13|[GSLC]|Slant Range Sensor to Surface Image||| +|2\.14|[GSLC]|InSAR Phase Uncertainty Image||| +|2\.15|[GSLC]|Atmospheric Phase Correction Image||| +|2\.16|[GSLC]|Ionospheric Phase Correction Image||| +||||**Threshold**|**Goal**| +|**3**|**CEOS-ARD product**|**Radiometrically Corrected Measurements**||| +|3\.1|[ALL]|Backscatter Measurements||| +|3\.2|[ALL]|Scaling Conversion ||| +|3\.3|[ALL]|Noise Removal||| +|3\.4|

[NRB]

[POL]

[GSLC]

|Radiometric Terrain Correction Algorithms||| +|3\.5|[ALL]|Radiometric Accuracy||| +|3\.6|[ORB]|Mean Wind-Normalised Backscatter Measurements||| +|3\.7|[NRB]
[POL]|Flattened Phase||| +||||**Threshold**|**Goal**| +|**4**|**CEOS-ARD product**|**Geometric Corrections**||| +|4\.1|[ALL]|Geometric Correction Algorithms||| +|4\.2|[ALL]|Digital Elevation Model||| +|4\.3|[ALL]|Geometric Accuracy||| +|4\.4|[ALL]|Geometric Refined Accuracy||| +|4\.5|[ALL]|Gridding Convention||| + +# **Guidance** +This section aims to provide background and specific information on the processing steps that can be used to achieve analysis ready data for a specific and well-developed Product Family Specification. This Guidance material does not replace or override the specifications. +# **Introduction to CEOS-ARD** +**What is CEOS Analysis Ready Data?** + +CEOS-ARD are products that have been processed to a minimum set of requirements and organized into a form that allows immediate analysis with a minimum of additional user effort. In general, these products would be resampled onto a common geometric grid (for a given product) and would provide baseline data for further interoperability both through time and with other datasets. + +CEOS-ARD products are intended to be flexible and accessible products suitable for a wide range of users for a wide variety of applications, including particularly time series analysis and multi-sensor application development. They are also intended to support rapid ingestion and exploitation via high-performance computing, cloud computing and other future data architectures. They may not be suitable for all purposes and are not intended as a ‘replacement’ for other types of satellite products. + +**When can a product be called CEOS-ARD?** + +The CEOS-ARD branding is applied to a particular product once: + +- that product has been assessed as meeting CEOS-ARD requirements by the agency responsible for production and distribution of the product, and +- that the assessment has been peer reviewed by the relevant CEOS team(s). + +Agencies or other entities considering undertaking an assessment process should consult the CEOS-ARD [Governance Framework](https://docs.google.com/document/d/15grQ79D-Ge8PN1_4_XDmci5iezs8HAcOpLcM7d2wmAo/edit?usp=sharing). + +A product can continue to use CEOS-ARD branding as long as its generation and distribution remain consistent with the peer-reviewed assessment. + +**What is the difference between Threshold and Goal?** + +**Threshold (Minimum) Requirements** are the MINIMUM that is needed for the data to be analysis ready. This must be practical and accepted by the data producers. + +**Goal (Desired) Requirements** (previously referred to as “Target”) are the ideal; where we would like to be. Some providers may already meet these. + +Products that meet all threshold requirements should be immediately useful for scientific analysis or decision-making. + +Products that meet goal requirements will reduce the overall product uncertainties and enhance broad-scale applications. For example, the products may enhance interoperability or provide increased accuracy through additional corrections that are not reasonable at the *threshold* level. + +Goal requirements anticipate continuous improvement of methods and evolution of community expectations, which are both normal and inevitable in a developing field. Over time, *goal* specifications may (and subject to due process) become accepted as Threshold requirements. + + +# **Reference Papers [CEOS-ARD for SAR]** +*ISO 19115-2 (2009) Geographic information -- Metadata -- Part 2: Extensions for imagery and gridded data, [www.iso.org/standard/39229.html*](http://www.iso.org/standard/39229.html)* + +## **Normalised Radar Backscatter [NRB]** +*Shiroma, G.H.X., M. Lavalle and S. M. Buckley, An Area-Based Projection Algorithm for SAR Radiometric Terrain Correction and Geocoding. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol. 60, pp. 1-23, 2022, Art no. 5222723, doi: 10.1109/TGRS.2022.3147472.* + +*Small, D. (2011) Flattening Gamma: Radiometric Terrain Correction for SAR Imagery, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., vol. 49, no. 8, pp. 3081-3093. doi: 10.1109/TGRS.2011.2120616* + +## **Polarimetric Radar [POL]** +*Cameron, W.L., N.N. Youssef, and L.K. Leung (1996) Simulated polarimetric signatures of primitive geometrical shapes, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 793–803.* + +*Cloude, S.R. and E. Pottier (1996) A review of target decomposition theorems in radar polarimetry, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 498–518.* + +*Freeman, A. and S.L. Durden (1998) A three-component scattering model for polarimetric SAR data, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., vol. 36, no. 3, pp. 964–973.* + +*Gens, R., D.K. Atwood and E. Pottier (2013) Geocoding of polarimetric processing results: Alternative processing strategies, Remote Sensing Letters, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 38-44.* + +*Krogager, E. (1993) Aspects of polarimetric radar imaging, Ph.D. dissertation, Tech. Univ. Denmark, Electromagn. Inst., Lyngby, Denmark* + +*Lee, J.-S., J.-H. Wen, T.L. Ainsworth, K.-S. Chen, and A.J. Chen (2009) Improved Sigma Filter for Speckle Filtering of SAR Imagery IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 202-213.* + +*Raney, R.K., J.T.S. Cahill, G.W. Patterson and D.B.J. Bussey (2012) The m-chi decomposition of hybrid dual-polarimetric radar data with application to lunar craters Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets 117(E5)* + +*Toutin, T., H. Wang, P. Chomaz and E. Pottier (2013) Orthorectification of Full-Polarimetric Radarsat-2 Data Using Accurate LIDAR DSM, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., vol. 51, no. 12, pp. 5252-5258.* + +*Yamaguchi, Y., A. Sato, W.M. Boerner, R. Sato and H. Yamada (2011) Four-Component Scattering Power Decomposition with Rotation of Coherency Matrix, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., vol. 49, no. 6, pp. 2251-2258.* + +## **Ocean Radar Backscatter [ORB]** +*Quilfen, Y., Chapron, B., Elfouhaily, T., Katsaros, K., and Tournadre, J. (1998) Observation of tropical cyclones by high-resolution scatterometry, J. Geophys. Res., 103(C4), 7767– 7786, doi:10.1029/97JC01911* + +*Vachon, P.W. and F.W. Dobson (2000) Wind Retrieval from RADARSAT SAR Images: Selection of a Suitable C-Band HH Polarization Wind Retrieval Model, Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing, 26:4, 306-313, DOI: 10.1080/07038992.2000.10874781* + +## **Geocoded Single-Look Complex [GSLC]** +*Zebker, H. A., S. Hensley, P. Shanker and C. Wortham (2010) Geodetically Accurate InSAR Data Processor, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol. 48, no. 12, pp. 4309-4321, Dec. 2010, doi: 10.1109/TGRS.2010.2051333.* + +*Zebker, H. A. (2017) User-Friendly InSAR Data Products: Fast and Simple Timeseries Processing. IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Letters 14(11): 2122-2126.* + +*Zheng, Y. and H. A. Zebker (2017) Phase Correction of Single-Look Complex Radar Images for User-Friendly Efficient Interferogram Formation. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing 10(6): 2694-2701.* + + diff --git a/Product Family Specifications/SAR Example Products/figA2.1-POL-decomposition.jpeg b/Specifications/Synthetic-Aperture-Radar/figures/figA2.1-POL-decomposition.jpeg similarity index 100% rename from Product Family Specifications/SAR Example Products/figA2.1-POL-decomposition.jpeg rename to Specifications/Synthetic-Aperture-Radar/figures/figA2.1-POL-decomposition.jpeg diff --git a/Product Family Specifications/SAR Example Products/figA2.2-m-chi-decomposition.jpeg b/Specifications/Synthetic-Aperture-Radar/figures/figA2.2-m-chi-decomposition.jpeg similarity index 100% rename from Product Family Specifications/SAR Example Products/figA2.2-m-chi-decomposition.jpeg rename to Specifications/Synthetic-Aperture-Radar/figures/figA2.2-m-chi-decomposition.jpeg diff --git a/Product Family Specifications/SAR Example Products/figA3.1a-S1-ORB-VV.png 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