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Week 2.html
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<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><meta charset="UTF-8"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,height=device-height,initial-scale=1.0"><meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge"><meta property="og:type" content="website"><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"><style media="screen">body,html{scroll-snap-points-y:repeat(100%);background:#000;height:100%;margin:0;overflow:auto;scroll-snap-type:y mandatory;scroll-snap-type:mandatory}body>svg{display:block;height:100%;scroll-snap-align:center center;width:100%}</style><style>@charset "UTF-8";@import "https://fonts.bunny.net/css?family=Lato:400,900|Roboto+Mono:400,700&display=swap";@import url('https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Noto+Sans+JP:wght@400;700&display=swap');@import url('https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Source+Code+Pro&display=swap');svg>foreignObject>section{width:1280px;height:720px;box-sizing:border-box;overflow:hidden;position:relative;scroll-snap-align:center center}svg>foreignObject>section:after{bottom:0;content:attr(data-marpit-pagination);padding:inherit;pointer-events:none;position:absolute;right:0}svg>foreignObject>section:not([data-marpit-pagination]):after{display:none}/* Normalization */svg>foreignObject>section :is(h1,marp-h1){font-size:2em;margin:0.67em 0}svg>foreignObject>section video::-webkit-media-controls{will-change:transform}@page{size:1280px 720px;margin:0}@media print{body,html{background-color:#fff;margin:0;page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-page}svg>foreignObject>section{page-break-before:always;break-before:page}svg>foreignObject>section,svg>foreignObject>section *{-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact!important;animation-delay:0s!important;animation-duration:0s!important;color-adjust:exact!important;transition:none!important}svg[data-marpit-svg]{display:block;height:100vh;width:100vw}}
/*!
* Marp / Marpit Gaia theme.
*
* @theme gaia
* @author Yuki Hattori
*
* @auto-scaling true
* @size 16:9 1280px 720px
* @size 4:3 960px 720px
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<h1>SWK: 8408 Statistics I for Social Work</h1>
<p><strong>Gia Elise Barboza-Salerno, MA, MS, JD, PhD</strong><br />
<a href="mailto:[email protected]">[email protected]</a><br />
The Ohio State University<br />
Colleges of Public Health & Social Work<br />
Autumn 2023<br />
<a href="https://bigdataforsocialjustice.github.io/SWK8408">Class Website</a><br />
Week 2</p>
</section>
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<header>Table of Contents</header>
<ol>
<li>Review from last class</li>
<li>Overview & Terminology
<ul>
<li>Overview of Scientific Method</li>
<li>Epistemology & Standpoint Epistemology</li>
<li>Observational Biases and Re-framing</li>
<li>Variables & Measurement</li>
<li>Sampling & Measurement</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Application & Lab</li>
</ol>
<footer>SWK 8408 (Week 2)</footer>
</section>
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<header>Motivation: Why Study Statistics?</header>
<ol>
<li>To be able to effectively conduct (empirical) research</li>
<li>To be an informed “consumer”</li>
<li>To further develop critical and analytic thinking skills</li>
</ol>
<footer>SWK 8408 (Week 2)</footer>
</section>
</foreignObject><foreignObject width="1280" height="720" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo"><section data-paginate="true" data-header="Motivation: Why Study Statistics?" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 2)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="3" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right"></section></foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section data-paginate="true" data-header="Introduction" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 2)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="4" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:Introduction;--footer:SWK 8408 (Week 2);--theme:academic;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background="background" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right"><div data-marpit-advanced-background-container="true" data-marpit-advanced-background-direction="horizontal"><figure style="background-image:url("../Images/sciwheel.png");background-size:400px 400px;filter:drop-shadow(0 5px 10px rgba(0,0,0,.4));"></figure></div></section></foreignObject><foreignObject width="50%" height="720"><section id="4" data-paginate="true" data-header="Introduction" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 2)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="4" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:Introduction;--footer:SWK 8408 (Week 2);--theme:academic;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background="content" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right">
<header>Introduction</header>
<ol>
<li>Characteristics: explain, predict, describe</li>
<li>At all stages, there are rules that establish reliability and validity
<ul>
<li>Sampling, measurement, data analysis and interpretation</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
<footer>SWK 8408 (Week 2)</footer>
</section>
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<header>Example: Empiricism</header>
<p>Empiricism is the theory that knowledge is derived from the sense-experience.</p>
<p>A scientist and her husband were out for a drive in the country and the husband states, "Look at this flock of sheep, they have all been shorn."" And the scientist says, "Well, yes, on this side..."</p>
<p><em>Question:</em> Who is the better scientist? Turns out, the husband. <em>Why?</em></p>
<p>From <em>Plato and the Platypus</em></p>
<footer>SWK 8408 (Week 2)</footer>
</section>
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<header>Starting Point: Observation</header>
<p>Individuals’ knowledge about social, political and economic life is “minimal.”</p>
<p><code>“Esse est percipi” – To be is to be perceived which is to say the so-called objective world is all in the mind</code></p>
<p>Our only knowledge of this world is what comes to us through our senses</p>
<p>There are serious sense data interpretation problems, as illustrated by my joke ....</p>
<p>Human “intuition” is based on our understanding of the world...</p>
<footer>SWK 8408 (Week 2)</footer>
</section>
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<header>A brief overview : Observation</header>
<p>Epistemology: The study of what we think we know and how we come to know it.</p>
<p><code>Neither do the ignorant love wisdom or desire to become wise; for this is the grievous thing about ignorance, that those who are neither good … nor sensible think they are good enough, and do not desire that which they do not think they are lacking. Plato, Symposium 203E-204A</code></p>
<ul>
<li>What does this say about the relationship between ignorance and knowledge?</li>
<li>Stop, pause, reflect…. always about the statistical analyses and interpretation you do!</li>
</ul>
<footer>SWK 8408 (Week 2)</footer>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section data-paginate="true" data-header="Intuition and Observation" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 2)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="8" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:Intuition and Observation;--footer:SWK 8408 (Week 2);--theme:academic;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background="background" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right"><div data-marpit-advanced-background-container="true" data-marpit-advanced-background-direction="horizontal"><figure style="background-image:url("../Images/bunnyduck.png");background-size:600px 500px;"></figure></div></section></foreignObject><foreignObject width="50%" height="720"><section id="8" data-paginate="true" data-header="Intuition and Observation" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 2)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="8" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:Intuition and Observation;--footer:SWK 8408 (Week 2);--theme:academic;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background="content" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right">
<header>Intuition and Observation</header>
<ul>
<li>How do you know what you know?</li>
<li>What do you see?</li>
<li>Do you see what you expect to see?</li>
</ul>
<footer>SWK 8408 (Week 2)</footer>
</section>
</foreignObject><foreignObject width="1280" height="720" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo"><section data-paginate="true" data-header="Intuition and Observation" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 2)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="8" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right"></section></foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section data-marpit-scope-FFlYeASH="" data-paginate="true" data-header="Standpoint Epistemology Liberty & Social Justice" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 2)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="9" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:Standpoint Epistemology Liberty & Social Justice;--footer:SWK 8408 (Week 2);--theme:academic;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background="background" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right"><div data-marpit-advanced-background-container="true" data-marpit-advanced-background-direction="horizontal"><figure style="background-image:url("../Images/butts.png");background-size:auto 300px;"></figure><figure style="background-image:url("../Images/bama.png");background-size:auto 200px;"></figure></div></section></foreignObject><foreignObject width="50%" height="720"><section id="9" data-marpit-scope-FFlYeASH="" data-paginate="true" data-header="Standpoint Epistemology Liberty & Social Justice" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 2)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="9" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:Standpoint Epistemology Liberty & Social Justice;--footer:SWK 8408 (Week 2);--theme:academic;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background="content" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right">
<header>Standpoint Epistemology Liberty & Social Justice</header>
<p>It is important to think about your positionality and how that affects your analysis ...</p>
<p>In support of the law, Commissioner Alvin Burke argued that the law was not intended “to target our young black men" ...but rather to "uplift our young black men.”</p>
<p><br />
<a href="https://www.cnn.com/2020/09/11/us/florida-saggy-pants-ban-trnd/index.html#:~:text=%22No%20%27Ifs%2C%20Ands%20or,locka%20picturing%20two%20Black%20men.&text=Officials%20in%20a%20south%20Florida,fairer%20policies%20to%20its%20citizens.">For 13 years, this city banned saggy pants. Now, officials have voted to repeal the law | CNN</a></p>
<footer>SWK 8408 (Week 2)</footer>
</section>
</foreignObject><foreignObject width="1280" height="720" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo"><section data-marpit-scope-FFlYeASH="" data-paginate="true" data-header="Standpoint Epistemology Liberty & Social Justice" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 2)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="9" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right"></section></foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="10" data-marpit-scope-CnYePUXE="" data-paginate="true" data-header="Starting Point: Quick Examples" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 2)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="10" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:Starting Point: Quick Examples;--footer:SWK 8408 (Week 2);--theme:academic;">
<header>Starting Point: Quick Examples</header>
<h1>Factors that affect observation and "intuition"</h1>
<ul>
<li>Selective perception</li>
<li>Cognitive dissonance</li>
<li>Framing</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>Examples</strong></p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mf5otGNbkuc">Optical illusions show how we see | Beau Lotto - YouTube</a></li>
<li><a href="https://www.youtube.com/embed/wBoMjORwA-4">Movie Perception Test - YouTube</a></li>
</ul>
<footer>SWK 8408 (Week 2)</footer>
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<header>Selective Perception</header>
<h1>Fallacies of Intuition: The Gambler's Fallacy</h1>
<h4>If I toss a fair coin, then:</h4>
<ul>
<li>What is the probability of getting heads?</li>
<li>Probability of two heads in a row?</li>
<li>Probability of five heads in a row?</li>
<li>What is the probability of getting tails after four heads?</li>
</ul>
<p>The idea that the the past influences the the future forms the basis of the fallacy.</p>
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<header>Cognitive Dissonance</header>
<p><img src="../Images/dilbert.png" alt="" style="filter:drop-shadow(0 5px 10px rgba(0,0,0,.4));" /></p>
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</section>
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<header>Framing</header>
<p>Framing occurs when in the course of describing an issue or event, a speaker's emphasis on a subset of potentially relevant considerations causes individuals to focus on these considerations when constructing their opinions.</p>
<p>Decision frame: The same information, expressed in different forms, can lead to different judgments</p>
<footer>SWK 8408 (Week 2)</footer>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section data-paginate="true" data-header="The COVID-19 problem" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 2)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="14" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:The COVID-19 problem;--footer:SWK 8408 (Week 2);--theme:academic;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background="background" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right"><div data-marpit-advanced-background-container="true" data-marpit-advanced-background-direction="horizontal"><figure style="background-image:url("../Images/birdflu.png");background-size:600px 500px;"></figure></div></section></foreignObject><foreignObject width="50%" height="720"><section id="14" data-paginate="true" data-header="The COVID-19 problem" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 2)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="14" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:The COVID-19 problem;--footer:SWK 8408 (Week 2);--theme:academic;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background="content" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right">
<header>The COVID-19 problem</header>
<p>Imagine that the US is preparing for the outbreak of COVID-19, which is expected to kill 600 people. Two alternative programs to combat COVID have been proposed.</p>
<p>Which do you choose?</p>
<footer>SWK 8408 (Week 2)</footer>
</section>
</foreignObject><foreignObject width="1280" height="720" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo"><section data-paginate="true" data-header="The COVID-19 problem" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 2)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="14" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right"></section></foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="15" data-paginate="true" data-header="More life or death examples" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 2)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="15" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:More life or death examples;--footer:SWK 8408 (Week 2);--theme:academic;">
<header>More life or death examples</header>
<p><img src="../Images/tracker.png" alt="" /></p>
<footer>SWK 8408 (Week 2)</footer>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section data-paginate="true" data-header="More life or death examples" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 2)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="16" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:More life or death examples;--footer:SWK 8408 (Week 2);--theme:academic;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background="background" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right"><div data-marpit-advanced-background-container="true" data-marpit-advanced-background-direction="horizontal"><figure style="background-image:url("../Images/cj.png");background-size:300px 250px;"></figure><figure style="background-image:url("../Images/help.png");background-size:300px 150px;"></figure></div></section></foreignObject><foreignObject width="50%" height="720"><section id="16" data-paginate="true" data-header="More life or death examples" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 2)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="16" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:More life or death examples;--footer:SWK 8408 (Week 2);--theme:academic;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background="content" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right">
<header>More life or death examples</header>
<p>Drug users are constructed as felons or people who need help</p>
<p>"Where strong social constructions exist, science that goes against the grain is usually ignored, whereas science that reinforces stereotypes is used as a rationale but changes few minds” (p. 109).</p>
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</section>
</foreignObject><foreignObject width="1280" height="720" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo"><section data-paginate="true" data-header="More life or death examples" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 2)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="16" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right"></section></foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section data-paginate="true" data-header="More life or death examples" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 2)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="17" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:More life or death examples;--footer:SWK 8408 (Week 2);--theme:academic;" data-marpit-advanced-background="background"><div data-marpit-advanced-background-container="true" data-marpit-advanced-background-direction="horizontal"><figure style="background-image:url("../Images/verygood.png");background-size:500px 350px;"></figure><figure style="background-image:url("../Images/thugs.png");background-size:500px 250px;"></figure></div></section></foreignObject><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="17" data-paginate="true" data-header="More life or death examples" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 2)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="17" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:More life or death examples;--footer:SWK 8408 (Week 2);--theme:academic;" data-marpit-advanced-background="content">
<header>More life or death examples</header>
<h2>Thugs or 'very good' people?</h2>
<footer>SWK 8408 (Week 2)</footer>
</section>
</foreignObject><foreignObject width="1280" height="720" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo"><section data-paginate="true" data-header="More life or death examples" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 2)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="17" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo"></section></foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="18" data-paginate="true" data-header="Statistical Framing" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 2)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="18" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:Statistical Framing;--footer:SWK 8408 (Week 2);--theme:academic;">
<header>Statistical Framing</header>
<ul>
<li>High school dropout obtained a GED</li>
<li>Record of legal involvement</li>
<li>Was a parent as a teenager</li>
<li>Carries a weapon for protection</li>
<li>A rebel</li>
<li>Doesn’t trust authority</li>
</ul>
<footer>SWK 8408 (Week 2)</footer>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section data-paginate="true" data-header="Congresswoman?" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 2)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="19" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:Congresswoman?;--footer:SWK 8408 (Week 2);--theme:academic;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background="background" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right"><div data-marpit-advanced-background-container="true" data-marpit-advanced-background-direction="horizontal"><figure style="background-image:url("../Images/lauren.png");background-size:500px 550px;"></figure></div></section></foreignObject><foreignObject width="50%" height="720"><section id="19" data-paginate="true" data-header="Congresswoman?" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 2)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="19" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:Congresswoman?;--footer:SWK 8408 (Week 2);--theme:academic;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background="content" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right">
<header>Congresswoman?</header>
<p>Lauren Boebert</p>
<p>US House of Representatives</p>
<footer>SWK 8408 (Week 2)</footer>
</section>
</foreignObject><foreignObject width="1280" height="720" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo"><section data-paginate="true" data-header="Congresswoman?" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 2)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="19" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right"></section></foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="20" data-paginate="true" data-header="Policy Significance of Interpretation and Data Frames" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 2)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="20" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:Policy Significance of Interpretation and Data Frames;--footer:SWK 8408 (Week 2);--theme:academic;">
<header>Policy Significance of Interpretation and Data Frames</header>
<p>The "policy implications" part of your manuscript is of upmost importance</p>
<ul>
<li><em>Example</em>: Robin Shellow's life conviction for manslaughter (Qual)</li>
<li><em>Example</em>: 2015 lawsuit brought by students against CUSD (Quant)</li>
</ul>
<footer>SWK 8408 (Week 2)</footer>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section data-marpit-scope-RraL4Pyt="" data-paginate="true" data-header="Urban Psychosis rejected as defense" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 2)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="21" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:Urban Psychosis rejected as defense;--footer:SWK 8408 (Week 2);--theme:academic;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background="background" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right"><div data-marpit-advanced-background-container="true" data-marpit-advanced-background-direction="horizontal"><figure style="background-image:url("../Images/morgan.png");background-size:auto 500px;"></figure></div></section></foreignObject><foreignObject width="50%" height="720"><section id="21" data-marpit-scope-RraL4Pyt="" data-paginate="true" data-header="Urban Psychosis rejected as defense" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 2)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="21" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:Urban Psychosis rejected as defense;--footer:SWK 8408 (Week 2);--theme:academic;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background="content" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right">
<header>Urban Psychosis rejected as defense</header>
<p>At 17, Felicia Morgan viciously killed someone after a fight over a coat. Her lawyer argued that Morgan's traumatic childhood in a violent inner-city home and neighborhood created in her the urban counterpart of the post-traumatic stress disorders that affected some Vietnam veterans. A psychologist testified that because of her PTSD, Morgan did not know right from wrong</p>
<footer>SWK 8408 (Week 2)</footer>
</section>
</foreignObject><foreignObject width="1280" height="720" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo"><section data-marpit-scope-RraL4Pyt="" data-paginate="true" data-header="Urban Psychosis rejected as defense" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 2)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="21" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right"></section></foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section data-marpit-scope-v0XFjzUH="" data-paginate="true" data-header="Suburban Neurosis" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 2)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="22" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:Suburban Neurosis;--footer:SWK 8408 (Week 2);--theme:academic;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background="background" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right"><div data-marpit-advanced-background-container="true" data-marpit-advanced-background-direction="horizontal"><figure style="background-image:url("../Images/couch.png");background-size:auto 500px;"></figure></div></section></foreignObject><foreignObject width="50%" height="720"><section id="22" data-marpit-scope-v0XFjzUH="" data-paginate="true" data-header="Suburban Neurosis" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 2)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="22" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:Suburban Neurosis;--footer:SWK 8408 (Week 2);--theme:academic;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background="content" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right">
<header>Suburban Neurosis</header>
<p>At age 16, Couch was intoxicated after a wild night of partying. He took his father's pickup truck and killed four people. His lawyer's argued he had a condition called "affluenza" because he was raised in an environment of considerable wealth and privilege. Couch was too affluent to know right from wrong.</p>
<footer>SWK 8408 (Week 2)</footer>
</section>
</foreignObject><foreignObject width="1280" height="720" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo"><section data-marpit-scope-v0XFjzUH="" data-paginate="true" data-header="Suburban Neurosis" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 2)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="22" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right"></section></foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section data-paginate="true" data-header="CUSD" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 2)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="23" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:CUSD;--footer:SWK 8408 (Week 2);--theme:academic;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background="background" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right"><div data-marpit-advanced-background-container="true" data-marpit-advanced-background-direction="horizontal"><figure style="background-image:url("../Images/crossk.png");background-size:95% 400px;"></figure></div></section></foreignObject><foreignObject width="50%" height="720"><section id="23" data-paginate="true" data-header="CUSD" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 2)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="23" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:CUSD;--footer:SWK 8408 (Week 2);--theme:academic;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background="content" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right">
<header>CUSD</header>
<p><img src="../Images/compton.png" alt="" style="height:500px;" /></p>
<footer>SWK 8408 (Week 2)</footer>
</section>
</foreignObject><foreignObject width="1280" height="720" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo"><section data-paginate="true" data-header="CUSD" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 2)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="23" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right"></section></foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section data-paginate="true" data-header="ACEs: Define Child Adversity" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 2)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="24" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:ACEs: Define Child Adversity;--footer:SWK 8408 (Week 2);--theme:academic;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background="background" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right"><div data-marpit-advanced-background-container="true" data-marpit-advanced-background-direction="horizontal"><figure style="background-image:url("../Images/cats.png");background-size:95% 400px;"></figure></div></section></foreignObject><foreignObject width="50%" height="720"><section id="24" data-paginate="true" data-header="ACEs: Define Child Adversity" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 2)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="24" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:ACEs: Define Child Adversity;--footer:SWK 8408 (Week 2);--theme:academic;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background="content" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right">
<header>ACEs: Define Child Adversity</header>
<p><img src="../Images/catconvo.png" alt="" style="height:400px;" /></p>
<footer>SWK 8408 (Week 2)</footer>
</section>
</foreignObject><foreignObject width="1280" height="720" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo"><section data-paginate="true" data-header="ACEs: Define Child Adversity" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 2)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="24" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right"></section></foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="25" data-paginate="true" data-header="Introduction" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 2)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="25" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:Introduction;--footer:SWK 8408 (Week 2);--theme:academic;">
<header>Introduction</header>
<p>Key Question: how do images become embedded in public consciousness?</p>
<ul>
<li>Short answer: our analyses, data and statistics</li>
<li>The strategic combination of images, words, research, data, media operates on human intuition</li>
<li>Numbers, just like words, or even more so, change the way an issue is framed</li>
</ul>
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</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section data-marpit-scope-eAlO0sYz="" data-paginate="true" data-header="Introduction" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 2)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="26" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:Introduction;--footer:SWK 8408 (Week 2);--theme:academic;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background="background" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right"><div data-marpit-advanced-background-container="true" data-marpit-advanced-background-direction="horizontal"><figure style="background-image:url("../Images/researchprocess.png");background-size:auto 575px;"></figure></div></section></foreignObject><foreignObject width="50%" height="720"><section id="26" data-marpit-scope-eAlO0sYz="" data-paginate="true" data-header="Introduction" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 2)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="26" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:Introduction;--footer:SWK 8408 (Week 2);--theme:academic;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background="content" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right">
<header>Introduction</header>
<h1>The research process</h1>
<ul>
<li>Formulate a research question</li>
<li>Find data</li>
<li>Know the data</li>
<li>Select a statistical analyses based on the variables you have</li>
<li>Carefully draw conclusions that consider principles of DEI</li>
</ul>
<footer>SWK 8408 (Week 2)</footer>
</section>
</foreignObject><foreignObject width="1280" height="720" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo"><section data-marpit-scope-eAlO0sYz="" data-paginate="true" data-header="Introduction" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 2)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="26" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right"></section></foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="27" data-paginate="true" data-header="Terminology: Concepts" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 2)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="27" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:Terminology: Concepts;--footer:SWK 8408 (Week 2);--theme:academic;">
<header>Terminology: Concepts</header>
<ol>
<li>Socially constructed abstractions that need clarification
<ul>
<li>Example: what is SES?</li>
<li>Gives us a specific working definition so that readers will understand the concept</li>
<li>Abstract concepts need to be defined with precision</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Operational definition (how will we measure SES?)
<ul>
<li>Spells out precisely how the concept will be measured
<ul>
<li>i.e. it is specific and unambiguous</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ol>
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</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section data-marpit-scope-znvEcxpU="" data-paginate="true" data-header="Terminology: Measurement" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="28" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:Terminology: Measurement;--theme:academic;--marpit-advanced-background-split:35%;" data-marpit-advanced-background="background" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right"><div data-marpit-advanced-background-container="true" data-marpit-advanced-background-direction="horizontal"><figure style="background-image:url("../Images/concepts.png");background-size:auto 575px;"></figure></div></section></foreignObject><foreignObject width="65%" height="720"><section id="28" data-marpit-scope-znvEcxpU="" data-paginate="true" data-header="Terminology: Measurement" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="28" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:Terminology: Measurement;--theme:academic;--marpit-advanced-background-split:35%;" data-marpit-advanced-background="content" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right">
<header>Terminology: Measurement</header>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th></th>
<th>Conceptualization</th>
<th>Conceptual Definition</th>
<th>Operational Definition</th>
<th>Real World Measure</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Idea</td>
<td>An abstract idea or concept of something</td>
<td>Describes what is meant by the concept</td>
<td>Variables that measure the concept as defined</td>
<td>The actual questions we ask</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Example</td>
<td>Traumatic experiences</td>
<td>Adversity in childhood</td>
<td>Ex. Living in a household with someone who abuses substances</td>
<td>Before age 18 have you lived with someone who abused substances or prescription pills</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</section>
</foreignObject><foreignObject width="1280" height="720" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo"><section data-marpit-scope-znvEcxpU="" data-paginate="true" data-header="Terminology: Measurement" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="28" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right"></section></foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section data-paginate="true" data-header="Terminology: Who decides?" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 2)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="29" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:Terminology: Who decides?;--footer:SWK 8408 (Week 2);--theme:academic;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background="background" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right"><div data-marpit-advanced-background-container="true" data-marpit-advanced-background-direction="horizontal"><figure style="background-image:url("../Images/twitter.png");background-size:500px auto;filter:drop-shadow(0 5px 10px rgba(0,0,0,.4));"></figure></div></section></foreignObject><foreignObject width="50%" height="720"><section id="29" data-paginate="true" data-header="Terminology: Who decides?" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 2)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="29" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:Terminology: Who decides?;--footer:SWK 8408 (Week 2);--theme:academic;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background="content" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right">
<header>Terminology: Who decides?</header>
<ul>
<li>Any given concept has multiple definitions and measures (confuses our understanding)</li>
<li>This depends on who decides</li>
<li>Example: Sexual violence</li>
</ul>
<footer>SWK 8408 (Week 2)</footer>
</section>
</foreignObject><foreignObject width="1280" height="720" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo"><section data-paginate="true" data-header="Terminology: Who decides?" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 2)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="29" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right"></section></foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section data-marpit-scope-cp6E6saU="" data-paginate="true" data-header="No one data source measures the full range of violence" data-footer="Post, L. A., Biroscak, B. J., & Barboza, G. (2011). Prevalence of sexual violence." data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="30" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:No one data source measures the full range of violence;--footer:Post, L. A., Biroscak, B. J., & Barboza, G. (2011). Prevalence of sexual violence.;--theme:academic;" data-marpit-advanced-background="background"><div data-marpit-advanced-background-container="true" data-marpit-advanced-background-direction="horizontal"><figure style="background-image:url("../Images/sexvio.png");background-size:auto 70%;filter:drop-shadow(0 5px 10px rgba(0,0,0,.4));"></figure></div></section></foreignObject><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="30" data-marpit-scope-cp6E6saU="" data-paginate="true" data-header="No one data source measures the full range of violence" data-footer="Post, L. A., Biroscak, B. J., & Barboza, G. (2011). Prevalence of sexual violence." data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="30" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:No one data source measures the full range of violence;--footer:Post, L. A., Biroscak, B. J., & Barboza, G. (2011). Prevalence of sexual violence.;--theme:academic;" data-marpit-advanced-background="content">
<header>No one data source measures the full range of violence</header>
<footer>Post, L. A., Biroscak, B. J., & Barboza, G. (2011). Prevalence of sexual violence.</footer>
</section>
</foreignObject><foreignObject width="1280" height="720" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo"><section data-marpit-scope-cp6E6saU="" data-paginate="true" data-header="No one data source measures the full range of violence" data-footer="Post, L. A., Biroscak, B. J., & Barboza, G. (2011). Prevalence of sexual violence." data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="30" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo"></section></foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section data-marpit-scope-8lce48fy="" data-paginate="true" data-header="Conceptualizing and Defining 'Elder Abuse'" data-footer="Barboza, G. E. (2016). Elder Maltreatment: The Wiley handbook on the psychology of violence 324-352." data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="31" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:Conceptualizing and Defining 'Elder Abuse';--footer:Barboza, G. E. (2016). Elder Maltreatment: The Wiley handbook on the psychology of violence 324-352.;--theme:academic;" data-marpit-advanced-background="background"><div data-marpit-advanced-background-container="true" data-marpit-advanced-background-direction="horizontal"><figure style="background-image:url("../Images/olderdefs.png");background-size:auto 75%;"></figure></div></section></foreignObject><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="31" data-marpit-scope-8lce48fy="" data-paginate="true" data-header="Conceptualizing and Defining 'Elder Abuse'" data-footer="Barboza, G. E. (2016). Elder Maltreatment: The Wiley handbook on the psychology of violence 324-352." data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="31" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:Conceptualizing and Defining 'Elder Abuse';--footer:Barboza, G. E. (2016). Elder Maltreatment: The Wiley handbook on the psychology of violence 324-352.;--theme:academic;" data-marpit-advanced-background="content">
<header>Conceptualizing and Defining 'Elder Abuse'</header>
<footer>Barboza, G. E. (2016). Elder Maltreatment: The Wiley handbook on the psychology of violence 324-352.</footer>
</section>
</foreignObject><foreignObject width="1280" height="720" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo"><section data-marpit-scope-8lce48fy="" data-paginate="true" data-header="Conceptualizing and Defining 'Elder Abuse'" data-footer="Barboza, G. E. (2016). Elder Maltreatment: The Wiley handbook on the psychology of violence 324-352." data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="31" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo"></section></foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section data-paginate="true" data-header="Dangerous Labels" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="32" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:Dangerous Labels;--theme:academic;" data-marpit-advanced-background="background"><div data-marpit-advanced-background-container="true" data-marpit-advanced-background-direction="horizontal"><figure style="background-image:url("../Images/idelcensus.png");background-size:900px 550px;"></figure></div></section></foreignObject><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="32" data-paginate="true" data-header="Dangerous Labels" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="32" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:Dangerous Labels;--theme:academic;" data-marpit-advanced-background="content">
<header>Dangerous Labels</header>
</section>
</foreignObject><foreignObject width="1280" height="720" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo"><section data-paginate="true" data-header="Dangerous Labels" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="32" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo"></section></foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section data-paginate="true" data-header="And, idleness linked spatially to certain areas" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="33" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:And, idleness linked spatially to certain areas;--theme:academic;" data-marpit-advanced-background="background"><div data-marpit-advanced-background-container="true" data-marpit-advanced-background-direction="horizontal"><figure style="background-image:url("../Images/idlesp.png");background-size:900px 350px;"></figure></div></section></foreignObject><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="33" data-paginate="true" data-header="And, idleness linked spatially to certain areas" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="33" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:And, idleness linked spatially to certain areas;--theme:academic;" data-marpit-advanced-background="content">
<header>And, idleness linked spatially to certain areas</header>
</section>
</foreignObject><foreignObject width="1280" height="720" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo"><section data-paginate="true" data-header="And, idleness linked spatially to certain areas" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="33" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo"></section></foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section data-paginate="true" data-header="Trends in Black Male Joblessness: An Employment Crisis Ignored" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="34" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:Trends in Black Male Joblessness: An Employment Crisis Ignored;--theme:academic;" data-marpit-advanced-background="background"><div data-marpit-advanced-background-container="true" data-marpit-advanced-background-direction="horizontal"><figure style="background-image:url("../Images/idletrends.png");background-size:900px 350px;"></figure></div></section></foreignObject><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="34" data-paginate="true" data-header="Trends in Black Male Joblessness: An Employment Crisis Ignored" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="34" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:Trends in Black Male Joblessness: An Employment Crisis Ignored;--theme:academic;" data-marpit-advanced-background="content">
<header>Trends in Black Male Joblessness: An Employment Crisis Ignored</header>
</section>
</foreignObject><foreignObject width="1280" height="720" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo"><section data-paginate="true" data-header="Trends in Black Male Joblessness: An Employment Crisis Ignored" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="34" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo"></section></foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="35" data-marpit-scope-H2Yy7UE8="" data-paginate="true" data-header="MCAS Multiple-Choice Results Interpretive Guide" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 2)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="35" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:MCAS Multiple-Choice Results Interpretive Guide;--footer:SWK 8408 (Week 2);--theme:academic;">
<header>MCAS Multiple-Choice Results Interpretive Guide</header>
<p>Grade 10 Math MCAS raw scores and percent of answers correct by Achievement Level: A “Deep Investment”?</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Total Raw Score on MC Items</th>
<th>Likely Achievement Level, Based on MC</th>
<th>Percent Correctly Answered (Gia’s calculation)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>0-5</td>
<td>Low Failing (200-208)</td>
<td>0 – 15.625%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>6-10</td>
<td>High Failing (210-218)</td>
<td>18.75 – 31.25%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>11-13</td>
<td>Low Needs Improvement (220 – 228)</td>
<td>34.375 – 40.625%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>14-16</td>
<td>High Needs Improvement (230 – 238)</td>
<td>43.75 – 50%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>17-19</td>
<td>Low Proficient (240 – 248)</td>
<td>53.125 – 59.375%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>20-22</td>
<td>High Proficient (250 – 258)</td>
<td>62.5 – 68.75%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>23-29</td>
<td>Low Advanced (260 – 268)</td>
<td>71.875 – 90.625%</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>30-32</td>
<td>High Advanced (270 – 280)</td>
<td>93.75 – 100%</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<footer>SWK 8408 (Week 2)</footer>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section data-paginate="true" data-header="More trickery" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="36" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:More trickery;--theme:academic;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background="background" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right"><div data-marpit-advanced-background-container="true" data-marpit-advanced-background-direction="horizontal"><figure style="background-image:url("../Images/pctchange.png");background-size:500px 275px;"></figure></div></section></foreignObject><foreignObject width="50%" height="720"><section id="36" data-paginate="true" data-header="More trickery" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="36" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:More trickery;--theme:academic;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background="content" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right">
<header>More trickery</header>
<p>A newspaper reported that the teen birthrate fell to a record low, dropping 6% from 2018 to 39.1 births per 1000 in 2019. It went on to state “The decline in teen births is really quite amazing.”</p>
<p>Solve for ???</p>
<p><em><strong>hint:</strong></em> <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -1.236ex;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="12.909ex" height="3.605ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewBox="0 -1047.1 5706 1593.5"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mfrac"><g data-mml-node="mrow" transform="translate(220,516.8) scale(0.707)"><g data-mml-node="mo"><path data-c="28" d="M94 250Q94 319 104 381T127 488T164 576T202 643T244 695T277 729T302 750H315H319Q333 750 333 741Q333 738 316 720T275 667T226 581T184 443T167 250T184 58T225 -81T274 -167T316 -220T333 -241Q333 -250 318 -250H315H302L274 -226Q180 -141 137 -14T94 250Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="msub" transform="translate(389,0)"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="1D447" d="M40 437Q21 437 21 445Q21 450 37 501T71 602L88 651Q93 669 101 677H569H659Q691 677 697 676T704 667Q704 661 687 553T668 444Q668 437 649 437Q640 437 637 437T631 442L629 445Q629 451 635 490T641 551Q641 586 628 604T573 629Q568 630 515 631Q469 631 457 630T439 622Q438 621 368 343T298 60Q298 48 386 46Q418 46 427 45T436 36Q436 31 433 22Q429 4 424 1L422 0Q419 0 415 0Q410 0 363 1T228 2Q99 2 64 0H49Q43 6 43 9T45 27Q49 40 55 46H83H94Q174 46 189 55Q190 56 191 56Q196 59 201 76T241 233Q258 301 269 344Q339 619 339 625Q339 630 310 630H279Q212 630 191 624Q146 614 121 583T67 467Q60 445 57 441T43 437H40Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mn" transform="translate(617,-150) scale(0.707)"><path data-c="31" d="M213 578L200 573Q186 568 160 563T102 556H83V602H102Q149 604 189 617T245 641T273 663Q275 666 285 666Q294 666 302 660V361L303 61Q310 54 315 52T339 48T401 46H427V0H416Q395 3 257 3Q121 3 100 0H88V46H114Q136 46 152 46T177 47T193 50T201 52T207 57T213 61V578Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(1409.6,0)"><path data-c="2212" d="M84 237T84 250T98 270H679Q694 262 694 250T679 230H98Q84 237 84 250Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="msub" transform="translate(2187.6,0)"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="1D447" d="M40 437Q21 437 21 445Q21 450 37 501T71 602L88 651Q93 669 101 677H569H659Q691 677 697 676T704 667Q704 661 687 553T668 444Q668 437 649 437Q640 437 637 437T631 442L629 445Q629 451 635 490T641 551Q641 586 628 604T573 629Q568 630 515 631Q469 631 457 630T439 622Q438 621 368 343T298 60Q298 48 386 46Q418 46 427 45T436 36Q436 31 433 22Q429 4 424 1L422 0Q419 0 415 0Q410 0 363 1T228 2Q99 2 64 0H49Q43 6 43 9T45 27Q49 40 55 46H83H94Q174 46 189 55Q190 56 191 56Q196 59 201 76T241 233Q258 301 269 344Q339 619 339 625Q339 630 310 630H279Q212 630 191 624Q146 614 121 583T67 467Q60 445 57 441T43 437H40Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mn" transform="translate(617,-150) scale(0.707)"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(3208.1,0)"><path data-c="29" d="M60 749L64 750Q69 750 74 750H86L114 726Q208 641 251 514T294 250Q294 182 284 119T261 12T224 -76T186 -143T145 -194T113 -227T90 -246Q87 -249 86 -250H74Q66 -250 63 -250T58 -247T55 -238Q56 -237 66 -225Q221 -64 221 250T66 725Q56 737 55 738Q55 746 60 749Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="mrow" transform="translate(934.4,-370) scale(0.707)"><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(0 -0.5)"><path data-c="7C" d="M139 -249H137Q125 -249 119 -235V251L120 737Q130 750 139 750Q152 750 159 735V-235Q151 -249 141 -249H139Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="msub" transform="translate(278,0)"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="1D447" d="M40 437Q21 437 21 445Q21 450 37 501T71 602L88 651Q93 669 101 677H569H659Q691 677 697 676T704 667Q704 661 687 553T668 444Q668 437 649 437Q640 437 637 437T631 442L629 445Q629 451 635 490T641 551Q641 586 628 604T573 629Q568 630 515 631Q469 631 457 630T439 622Q438 621 368 343T298 60Q298 48 386 46Q418 46 427 45T436 36Q436 31 433 22Q429 4 424 1L422 0Q419 0 415 0Q410 0 363 1T228 2Q99 2 64 0H49Q43 6 43 9T45 27Q49 40 55 46H83H94Q174 46 189 55Q190 56 191 56Q196 59 201 76T241 233Q258 301 269 344Q339 619 339 625Q339 630 310 630H279Q212 630 191 624Q146 614 121 583T67 467Q60 445 57 441T43 437H40Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mn" transform="translate(617,-150) scale(0.707)"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(1298.6,0) translate(0 -0.5)"><path data-c="7C" d="M139 -249H137Q125 -249 119 -235V251L120 737Q130 750 139 750Q152 750 159 735V-235Q151 -249 141 -249H139Z"></path></g></g><rect width="2743.5" height="60" x="120" y="220"></rect></g></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(3205.8,0)"><path data-c="D7" d="M630 29Q630 9 609 9Q604 9 587 25T493 118L389 222L284 117Q178 13 175 11Q171 9 168 9Q160 9 154 15T147 29Q147 36 161 51T255 146L359 250L255 354Q174 435 161 449T147 471Q147 480 153 485T168 490Q173 490 175 489Q178 487 284 383L389 278L493 382Q570 459 587 475T609 491Q630 491 630 471Q630 464 620 453T522 355L418 250L522 145Q606 61 618 48T630 29Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mn" transform="translate(4206,0)"><path data-c="31" d="M213 578L200 573Q186 568 160 563T102 556H83V602H102Q149 604 189 617T245 641T273 663Q275 666 285 666Q294 666 302 660V361L303 61Q310 54 315 52T339 48T401 46H427V0H416Q395 3 257 3Q121 3 100 0H88V46H114Q136 46 152 46T177 47T193 50T201 52T207 57T213 61V578Z"></path><path data-c="30" d="M96 585Q152 666 249 666Q297 666 345 640T423 548Q460 465 460 320Q460 165 417 83Q397 41 362 16T301 -15T250 -22Q224 -22 198 -16T137 16T82 83Q39 165 39 320Q39 494 96 585ZM321 597Q291 629 250 629Q208 629 178 597Q153 571 145 525T137 333Q137 175 145 125T181 46Q209 16 250 16Q290 16 318 46Q347 76 354 130T362 333Q362 478 354 524T321 597Z" transform="translate(500,0)"></path><path data-c="30" d="M96 585Q152 666 249 666Q297 666 345 640T423 548Q460 465 460 320Q460 165 417 83Q397 41 362 16T301 -15T250 -22Q224 -22 198 -16T137 16T82 83Q39 165 39 320Q39 494 96 585ZM321 597Q291 629 250 629Q208 629 178 597Q153 571 145 525T137 333Q137 175 145 125T181 46Q209 16 250 16Q290 16 318 46Q347 76 354 130T362 333Q362 478 354 524T321 597Z" transform="translate(1000,0)"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></p>
</section>
</foreignObject><foreignObject width="1280" height="720" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo"><section data-paginate="true" data-header="More trickery" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="36" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right"></section></foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="37" data-paginate="true" data-header="Statistical Terminology" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 2)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="37" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:Statistical Terminology;--footer:SWK 8408 (Week 2);--theme:academic;">
<header>Statistical Terminology</header>
<ol>
<li><strong>Unit of analysis</strong>: a single entity (person or object) whose characteristics are of interest</li>
<li><strong>Population of units</strong>: the complete collection of units about which information is sought</li>
<li><strong>Population</strong>: a set of all measurements corresponding to each unit in the entire collection of units about which information is sought</li>
<li><strong>Sample</strong>: a subset of measurements selected from the population of interest</li>
</ol>
<footer>SWK 8408 (Week 2)</footer>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="38" data-marpit-scope-oK4UJ97D="" data-paginate="true" data-header="Textbooks" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 2)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="38" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:Textbooks;--footer:SWK 8408 (Week 2);--theme:academic;">
<header>Textbooks</header>
<ul>
<li>We use parameter(s) to describe the population of interest</li>
<li>We use statistic(s) to describe the sample with respect to the population</li>
</ul>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Characteristic</th>
<th>Population parameter</th>
<th>Sample statistic</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>mean</td>
<td><mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.489ex;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1.364ex" height="1.489ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewBox="0 -442 603 658"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="1D707" d="M58 -216Q44 -216 34 -208T23 -186Q23 -176 96 116T173 414Q186 442 219 442Q231 441 239 435T249 423T251 413Q251 401 220 279T187 142Q185 131 185 107V99Q185 26 252 26Q261 26 270 27T287 31T302 38T315 45T327 55T338 65T348 77T356 88T365 100L372 110L408 253Q444 395 448 404Q461 431 491 431Q504 431 512 424T523 412T525 402L449 84Q448 79 448 68Q448 43 455 35T476 26Q485 27 496 35Q517 55 537 131Q543 151 547 152Q549 153 557 153H561Q580 153 580 144Q580 138 575 117T555 63T523 13Q510 0 491 -8Q483 -10 467 -10Q446 -10 429 -4T402 11T385 29T376 44T374 51L368 45Q362 39 350 30T324 12T288 -4T246 -11Q199 -11 153 12L129 -85Q108 -167 104 -180T92 -202Q76 -216 58 -216Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></td>
<td><mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: 0;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1.928ex" height="2.113ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewBox="0 -934 852 934"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mover"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="1D44B" d="M42 0H40Q26 0 26 11Q26 15 29 27Q33 41 36 43T55 46Q141 49 190 98Q200 108 306 224T411 342Q302 620 297 625Q288 636 234 637H206Q200 643 200 645T202 664Q206 677 212 683H226Q260 681 347 681Q380 681 408 681T453 682T473 682Q490 682 490 671Q490 670 488 658Q484 643 481 640T465 637Q434 634 411 620L488 426L541 485Q646 598 646 610Q646 628 622 635Q617 635 609 637Q594 637 594 648Q594 650 596 664Q600 677 606 683H618Q619 683 643 683T697 681T738 680Q828 680 837 683H845Q852 676 852 672Q850 647 840 637H824Q790 636 763 628T722 611T698 593L687 584Q687 585 592 480L505 384Q505 383 536 304T601 142T638 56Q648 47 699 46Q734 46 734 37Q734 35 732 23Q728 7 725 4T711 1Q708 1 678 1T589 2Q528 2 496 2T461 1Q444 1 444 10Q444 11 446 25Q448 35 450 39T455 44T464 46T480 47T506 54Q523 62 523 64Q522 64 476 181L429 299Q241 95 236 84Q232 76 232 72Q232 53 261 47Q262 47 267 47T273 46Q276 46 277 46T280 45T283 42T284 35Q284 26 282 19Q279 6 276 4T261 1Q258 1 243 1T201 2T142 2Q64 2 42 0Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mo" transform="translate(515.3,244) translate(-250 0)"><path data-c="AF" d="M69 544V590H430V544H69Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>variance</td>
<td><mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.025ex;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="2.28ex" height="1.912ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewBox="0 -833.9 1007.6 844.9"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msup"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="1D70E" d="M184 -11Q116 -11 74 34T31 147Q31 247 104 333T274 430Q275 431 414 431H552Q553 430 555 429T559 427T562 425T565 422T567 420T569 416T570 412T571 407T572 401Q572 357 507 357Q500 357 490 357T476 358H416L421 348Q439 310 439 263Q439 153 359 71T184 -11ZM361 278Q361 358 276 358Q152 358 115 184Q114 180 114 178Q106 141 106 117Q106 67 131 47T188 26Q242 26 287 73Q316 103 334 153T356 233T361 278Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mn" transform="translate(604,363) scale(0.707)"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></td>
<td><mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.023ex;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="2.049ex" height="1.909ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewBox="0 -833.9 905.6 843.9"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msup"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="1D460" d="M131 289Q131 321 147 354T203 415T300 442Q362 442 390 415T419 355Q419 323 402 308T364 292Q351 292 340 300T328 326Q328 342 337 354T354 372T367 378Q368 378 368 379Q368 382 361 388T336 399T297 405Q249 405 227 379T204 326Q204 301 223 291T278 274T330 259Q396 230 396 163Q396 135 385 107T352 51T289 7T195 -10Q118 -10 86 19T53 87Q53 126 74 143T118 160Q133 160 146 151T160 120Q160 94 142 76T111 58Q109 57 108 57T107 55Q108 52 115 47T146 34T201 27Q237 27 263 38T301 66T318 97T323 122Q323 150 302 164T254 181T195 196T148 231Q131 256 131 289Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mn" transform="translate(502,363) scale(0.707)"><path data-c="32" d="M109 429Q82 429 66 447T50 491Q50 562 103 614T235 666Q326 666 387 610T449 465Q449 422 429 383T381 315T301 241Q265 210 201 149L142 93L218 92Q375 92 385 97Q392 99 409 186V189H449V186Q448 183 436 95T421 3V0H50V19V31Q50 38 56 46T86 81Q115 113 136 137Q145 147 170 174T204 211T233 244T261 278T284 308T305 340T320 369T333 401T340 431T343 464Q343 527 309 573T212 619Q179 619 154 602T119 569T109 550Q109 549 114 549Q132 549 151 535T170 489Q170 464 154 447T109 429Z"></path></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>std.dev.</td>
<td><mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.025ex;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1.292ex" height="1ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewBox="0 -431 571 442"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="1D70E" d="M184 -11Q116 -11 74 34T31 147Q31 247 104 333T274 430Q275 431 414 431H552Q553 430 555 429T559 427T562 425T565 422T567 420T569 416T570 412T571 407T572 401Q572 357 507 357Q500 357 490 357T476 358H416L421 348Q439 310 439 263Q439 153 359 71T184 -11ZM361 278Q361 358 276 358Q152 358 115 184Q114 180 114 178Q106 141 106 117Q106 67 131 47T188 26Q242 26 287 73Q316 103 334 153T356 233T361 278Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></td>
<td><mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.023ex;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1.061ex" height="1.023ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewBox="0 -442 469 452"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="1D460" d="M131 289Q131 321 147 354T203 415T300 442Q362 442 390 415T419 355Q419 323 402 308T364 292Q351 292 340 300T328 326Q328 342 337 354T354 372T367 378Q368 378 368 379Q368 382 361 388T336 399T297 405Q249 405 227 379T204 326Q204 301 223 291T278 274T330 259Q396 230 396 163Q396 135 385 107T352 51T289 7T195 -10Q118 -10 86 19T53 87Q53 126 74 143T118 160Q133 160 146 151T160 120Q160 94 142 76T111 58Q109 57 108 57T107 55Q108 52 115 47T146 34T201 27Q237 27 263 38T301 66T318 97T323 122Q323 150 302 164T254 181T195 196T148 231Q131 256 131 289Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<footer>SWK 8408 (Week 2)</footer>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="39" data-paginate="true" data-header="Understanding Data Types" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 2)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="39" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:Understanding Data Types;--footer:SWK 8408 (Week 2);--theme:academic;">
<header>Understanding Data Types</header>
<h1>Variables</h1>
<p>A variable is a characteristic of a unit that may vary for different observations</p>
<ul>
<li>There are two main types of variables
<ol>
<li>Qualitative (aka categorical; discrete); and</li>
<li>Quantitative (aka continuous; numerical)</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ul>
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</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="40" data-paginate="true" data-header="Levels of measurement" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 2)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="40" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:Levels of measurement;--footer:SWK 8408 (Week 2);--theme:academic;">
<header>Levels of measurement</header>
<p>Quantitative variables that can theoretically take on any value in a certain range<br />
Qualitative variables that can take on only a finite number of values and are placed into categories</p>
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</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="41" data-paginate="true" data-header="Levels of measurement: Qualitative variables" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 2)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="41" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:Levels of measurement: Qualitative variables;--footer:SWK 8408 (Week 2);--theme:academic;">
<header>Levels of measurement: Qualitative variables</header>
<ol>
<li>Qualitative variables have labels or names used to identify an attribute of a unit</li>
<li>Qualitative data use either the nominal or ordinal scale of measurement</li>
</ol>
<footer>SWK 8408 (Week 2)</footer>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="42" data-paginate="true" data-header="Levels of measurement: Qualitative variables" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 2)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="42" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:Levels of measurement: Qualitative variables;--footer:SWK 8408 (Week 2);--theme:academic;">
<header>Levels of measurement: Qualitative variables</header>
<h1>Examples</h1>
<p>Qualitative variable: has labels or names used to identify an attribute of a unit.</p>
<ul>
<li>Nominal: order does not matter
<ul>
<li>numbers assigned to attributes <strong>do not matter</strong>
<ul>
<li>Gender, SSN, race/ethnicity, marital status</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<blockquote>
<p>the order doesn't matter for the measure but it may matter in your statistical model -- more later --</p>
</blockquote>
<ul>
<li>Ordinal: order does matter
<ul>
<li>rankings -- distance separating the attributes has <strong>no meaning</strong>
<ul>
<li>position in race, education</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<footer>SWK 8408 (Week 2)</footer>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="43" data-paginate="true" data-header="Levels of measurement: Quantitative variables" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 2)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="43" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:Levels of measurement: Quantitative variables;--footer:SWK 8408 (Week 2);--theme:academic;">
<header>Levels of measurement: Quantitative variables</header>
<h1>Examples</h1>
<p>Quantitative variable: has numeric values that indicate how much or how many of something.</p>
<p>Quantitative data uses either the interval or ratio scale</p>
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</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="44" data-paginate="true" data-header="Levels of measurement: Quantitative Examples" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 2)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="44" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:Levels of measurement: Quantitative Examples;--footer:SWK 8408 (Week 2);--theme:academic;">
<header>Levels of measurement: Quantitative Examples</header>
<h1>Examples</h1>
<p>Interval: difference of quantities that are meaningful but ratios of quantities that cannot be compared; interval measures have no meaningful “0”<br />
e.g. temperature</p>
<ul>
<li>50 degrees is less than 70 degrees but 0 does not mean absence of heat</li>
<li>80 degrees is not twice as hot as 40 degrees</li>
</ul>
<footer>SWK 8408 (Week 2)</footer>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="45" data-paginate="true" data-header="Levels of measurement: Quantitative variables" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 2)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="45" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:Levels of measurement: Quantitative variables;--footer:SWK 8408 (Week 2);--theme:academic;">
<header>Levels of measurement: Quantitative variables</header>
<h1>Examples</h1>
<p>Ratio: ratios of quantities are meaningful and can be compared</p>
<ul>
<li>Have all structural features above and 0 is meaningful</li>
<li>0 represents the absence of something</li>
<li>Example. Age: 0 years old, 0 years on the job, 0 amount of money, if I’m 40 and you’re 20 I’m twice your age, etc.</li>
</ul>
<footer>SWK 8408 (Week 2)</footer>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="46" data-marpit-scope-1xr3tm6p="" data-paginate="true" data-header="Levels of measurement: Example" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 2)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="46" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:Levels of measurement: Example;--footer:SWK 8408 (Week 2);--theme:academic;">
<header>Levels of measurement: Example</header>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Grade</th>
<th>Major</th>
<th>gpa</th>
<th>credit hours</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>Sophomore</td>
<td>Psych</td>
<td>3.8</td>
<td>30</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Fresh</td>
<td>Philosophy</td>
<td>4.0</td>
<td>12</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Senior</td>
<td>Statistics</td>
<td>2.0</td>
<td>130</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Senior</td>
<td>Social Work</td>
<td>2.8</td>
<td>99</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>Questions<br />
What is the unit of analysis?<br />
How many units in the data?<br />
How many variables in the dataset?<br />
What data type is each variable?</p>
<footer>SWK 8408 (Week 2)</footer>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="47" data-paginate="true" data-header="Measurement as scoring" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 2)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="47" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:Measurement as scoring;--footer:SWK 8408 (Week 2);--theme:academic;">
<header>Measurement as scoring</header>
<ul>
<li>Measurement involves making observations and assigning scores or numbers to those observations</li>
<li>Every variable should have two important qualities:
<ul>
<li>Exhaustive – You should be able to classify every observation in terms of one of the attributes composing the variable</li>
<li>Mutually exclusive – You must be able to classify every observation in terms of one and only one attribute</li>
<li>Example: Gender; Employment status; sentence type</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<footer>SWK 8408 (Week 2)</footer>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="48" data-paginate="true" data-header="Measurement as scoring" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="48" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:Measurement as scoring;--theme:academic;">
<header>Measurement as scoring</header>
<p>Create an exhaustive and mutually exclusive measure for:</p>
<ul>
<li>Income</li>
<li>Sexual and Gender minority</li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="49" data-paginate="true" data-header="Criteria for Measurement Quality: Reliability" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="49" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:Criteria for Measurement Quality: Reliability;--theme:academic;">
<header>Criteria for Measurement Quality: Reliability</header>
<p>Whether a particular measurement technique, repeatedly applied to the same object, would yield the same result each time</p>
<p>Problem – Even if the same result is retrieved, it may be incorrect every time</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Think of this as getting the wrong result every time</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Reliability does not insure accuracy</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Observer’s subjectivity might come into play</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Example: My scale says I weigh 120 lbs every day but I weigh 150</p>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="50" data-paginate="true" data-header="Criteria for Measurement Quality: Validity" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="50" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:Criteria for Measurement Quality: Validity;--theme:academic;">
<header>Criteria for Measurement Quality: Validity</header>
<p>The extent to which an empirical measure adequately reflects the meaning of the concept under consideration</p>
<p>Problem: Are you really measuring what you say you are measuring?</p>
<ul>
<li>
<p>Think of this as, are are getting the right result every time, but you are not measuring what you thought</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>Example: My scale says 150 lbs every day, but it is actually stating my IQ lol</p>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Demonstrating validity is more difficult than demonstrating reliability</p>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section data-marpit-scope-bVGY5Xeo="" data-paginate="true" data-header="Criteria for Measurement Quality: Typical demonstration" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="51" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:Criteria for Measurement Quality: Typical demonstration;--theme:academic;" data-marpit-advanced-background="background"><div data-marpit-advanced-background-container="true" data-marpit-advanced-background-direction="horizontal"><figure style="background-image:url("../Images/bullseye.png");background-size:800px 175px;"></figure></div></section></foreignObject><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="51" data-marpit-scope-bVGY5Xeo="" data-paginate="true" data-header="Criteria for Measurement Quality: Typical demonstration" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="51" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:Criteria for Measurement Quality: Typical demonstration;--theme:academic;" data-marpit-advanced-background="content">
<header>Criteria for Measurement Quality: Typical demonstration</header>
<p>In the image below, suppose the bulls-eye of the target represents the true underlying risk of disease in a population and the holes in the target represent multiple objective measurements of the risk. In other words, the whole target is a part of the risk for the population.</p>
<ul>
<li>when are we measuring true risk? (valid)</li>
<li>when are we measuring the risk consistently? (reliable)</li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject><foreignObject width="1280" height="720" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo"><section data-marpit-scope-bVGY5Xeo="" data-paginate="true" data-header="Criteria for Measurement Quality: Typical demonstration" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="51" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo"></section></foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="52" data-paginate="true" data-header="Types of Studies" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 1)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="52" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:Types of Studies;--footer:SWK 8408 (Week 1);--theme:academic;">
<header>Types of Studies</header>
<p>Depending on how a study was conducted, we have the following types of studies:</p>
<p>Observational study: a study in which the investigator observes a variable of interest of an existing sample in order to draw conclusions</p>
<p>Experimental Study: a study in which the investigator examines how a response variable behaves when the researcher manipulates one or more factors in order to determine the effect of those factors on the response.</p>
<footer>SWK 8408 (Week 1)</footer>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="53" data-paginate="true" data-header="Examples" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 1)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="53" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:Examples;--footer:SWK 8408 (Week 1);--theme:academic;">
<header>Examples</header>
<p>A researcher wants to know if smoking during pregnancy leads to children with lower IQ scores. She looks at 200 pregnant women and records smoking status along with the subsequent IQ score (measured a few years after birth)</p>
<p>A scientist tries his weight loss drug on a group of monkeys with identical diets. 40 monkeys are randomly assigned to either get the drug or not get the drug (20 in each group). The weight gained or lost was recorded for each monkey.</p>
<footer>SWK 8408 (Week 1)</footer>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="54" data-paginate="true" data-header="Dataset Types" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 1)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="54" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:Dataset Types;--footer:SWK 8408 (Week 1);--theme:academic;">
<header>Dataset Types</header>
<ol>
<li>Cross-sectional</li>
<li>Longitudinal</li>
<li>Spatial</li>
<li>Spatiotemporal</li>
</ol>
<footer>SWK 8408 (Week 1)</footer>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section data-marpit-scope-Z9F1Wfzj="" data-paginate="true" data-header="Putting it all together - Predictive Policing" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 2)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="55" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:Putting it all together - Predictive Policing;--footer:SWK 8408 (Week 2);--theme:academic;--marpit-advanced-background-split:75%;" data-marpit-advanced-background="background" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right"><div data-marpit-advanced-background-container="true" data-marpit-advanced-background-direction="horizontal"><figure style="background-image:url("../Images/stops.png");background-size:auto 700px;"></figure></div></section></foreignObject><foreignObject width="25%" height="720"><section id="55" data-marpit-scope-Z9F1Wfzj="" data-paginate="true" data-header="Putting it all together - Predictive Policing" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 2)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="55" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:Putting it all together - Predictive Policing;--footer:SWK 8408 (Week 2);--theme:academic;--marpit-advanced-background-split:75%;" data-marpit-advanced-background="content" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right">
<header>Putting it all together - Predictive Policing</header>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://data.cityofnewyork.us/Public-Safety/The-Stop-Question-and-Frisk-Data/ftxv-d5ix">The Stop, Question and Frisk Data | NYC Open Data (cityofnewyork.us)</a></li>
</ul>
<footer>SWK 8408 (Week 2)</footer>
</section>
</foreignObject><foreignObject width="1280" height="720" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo"><section data-marpit-scope-Z9F1Wfzj="" data-paginate="true" data-header="Putting it all together - Predictive Policing" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 2)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="55" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right"></section></foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="56" data-marpit-scope-8XlNeWPO="" data-paginate="true" data-header="Collecting Data" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 1)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="56" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:Collecting Data;--footer:SWK 8408 (Week 1);--theme:academic;">
<header>Collecting Data</header>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>Polls</th>
<th>Clinton</th>
<th>Trump</th>
<th>Margin</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>YouGov/Economist</td>
<td>45</td>
<td>41</td>
<td>Clinton +4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>IBD/TIPP</td>
<td>41</td>
<td>43</td>
<td>Trump +2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Insights West</td>
<td>45</td>
<td>41</td>
<td>Clinton +4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Bloomberg/Selzer</td>
<td>46</td>
<td>43</td>
<td>Clinton +3</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Lucid/The Times-Picayune</td>
<td>45</td>
<td>40</td>
<td>Clinton +5</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Fox News</td>
<td>48</td>
<td>44</td>
<td>Clinton +4</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<footer>SWK 8408 (Week 1)</footer>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="57" data-paginate="true" data-header="Ensuring Representativenessa" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="57" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:Ensuring Representativenessa;--theme:academic;">
<header>Ensuring Representativenessa</header>
<ul>
<li>Samples should be representative
<ul>
<li>The sample has the same characteristics as the population</li>
<li>Note: Samples need only be representative in regards to characteristics relevant to the study</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>EPSEM: equal probability of selection --> ensures representativeness
<ul>
<li>If every case in the <strong>population</strong> has the same chance of being selected, the sample is highly likely to be representative</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section data-paginate="true" data-header="A population" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="58" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:A population;--theme:academic;" data-marpit-advanced-background="background"><div data-marpit-advanced-background-container="true" data-marpit-advanced-background-direction="horizontal"><figure style="background-image:url("../Images/population.png");background-size:auto 75%;"></figure></div></section></foreignObject><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="58" data-paginate="true" data-header="A population" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="58" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:A population;--theme:academic;" data-marpit-advanced-background="content">
<header>A population</header>
</section>
</foreignObject><foreignObject width="1280" height="720" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo"><section data-paginate="true" data-header="A population" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="58" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo"></section></foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section data-paginate="true" data-header="Not random" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="59" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:Not random;--theme:academic;" data-marpit-advanced-background="background"><div data-marpit-advanced-background-container="true" data-marpit-advanced-background-direction="horizontal"><figure style="background-image:url("../Images/nonrand.png");background-size:auto 75%;"></figure></div></section></foreignObject><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="59" data-paginate="true" data-header="Not random" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="59" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:Not random;--theme:academic;" data-marpit-advanced-background="content">
<header>Not random</header>
</section>
</foreignObject><foreignObject width="1280" height="720" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo"><section data-paginate="true" data-header="Not random" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="59" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo"></section></foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="60" data-marpit-scope-XPfHdFm1="" data-paginate="true" data-header="Sampling techniques" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 1)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="60" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:Sampling techniques;--footer:SWK 8408 (Week 1);--theme:academic;">
<header>Sampling techniques</header>
<p>Samples must be representative of the population!</p>
<p>Statistical sampling is the procedure by which we select a subset from a population of interest that should be <em>representative</em> of that population. The most common sampling methods are:</p>
<ul>
<li>Simple random sample</li>
<li>Stratified sample</li>
<li>Cluster sample</li>
<li>Systematic sample</li>
<li>Convenience sample</li>
</ul>
<p>The sampling distribution is the single most important concept in statistics! (next week)</p>
<footer>SWK 8408 (Week 1)</footer>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section data-paginate="true" data-header="Simple random sample" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 1)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="61" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:Simple random sample;--footer:SWK 8408 (Week 1);--theme:academic;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background="background" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right"><div data-marpit-advanced-background-container="true" data-marpit-advanced-background-direction="horizontal"><figure style="background-image:url("../Images/srs.png");background-size:500px auto;filter:drop-shadow(0 5px 10px rgba(0,0,0,.4));"></figure></div></section></foreignObject><foreignObject width="50%" height="720"><section id="61" data-paginate="true" data-header="Simple random sample" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 1)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="61" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:Simple random sample;--footer:SWK 8408 (Week 1);--theme:academic;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background="content" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right">
<header>Simple random sample</header>
<p>Simple random sampling (SRS): a sample selected such that each element in the population has the same probability of being selected</p>
<footer>SWK 8408 (Week 1)</footer>
</section>
</foreignObject><foreignObject width="1280" height="720" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo"><section data-paginate="true" data-header="Simple random sample" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 1)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="61" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right"></section></foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section data-paginate="true" data-header="Stratified sample" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 1)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="62" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:Stratified sample;--footer:SWK 8408 (Week 1);--theme:academic;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background="background" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right"><div data-marpit-advanced-background-container="true" data-marpit-advanced-background-direction="horizontal"><figure style="background-image:url("../Images/strat.png");background-size:500px auto;filter:drop-shadow(0 5px 10px rgba(0,0,0,.4));"></figure></div></section></foreignObject><foreignObject width="50%" height="720"><section id="62" data-paginate="true" data-header="Stratified sample" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 1)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="62" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:Stratified sample;--footer:SWK 8408 (Week 1);--theme:academic;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background="content" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right">
<header>Stratified sample</header>
<p>Stratified sample: elements in the population are first divided into groups and a simple random sample is then taken from each group</p>
<footer>SWK 8408 (Week 1)</footer>
</section>
</foreignObject><foreignObject width="1280" height="720" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo"><section data-paginate="true" data-header="Stratified sample" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 1)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="62" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right"></section></foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section data-paginate="true" data-header="Cluster sample" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 1)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="63" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:Cluster sample;--footer:SWK 8408 (Week 1);--theme:academic;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background="background" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right"><div data-marpit-advanced-background-container="true" data-marpit-advanced-background-direction="horizontal"><figure style="background-image:url("../Images/clust.png");background-size:500px auto;filter:drop-shadow(0 5px 10px rgba(0,0,0,.4));"></figure></div></section></foreignObject><foreignObject width="50%" height="720"><section id="63" data-paginate="true" data-header="Cluster sample" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 1)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="63" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:Cluster sample;--footer:SWK 8408 (Week 1);--theme:academic;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background="content" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right">
<header>Cluster sample</header>
<p>Cluster sampling: the elements in the population are first divided into separate groups called clusters and then a simple random sample of the clusters is taken that all elements in a selected cluster are part of a sample</p>
<footer>SWK 8408 (Week 1)</footer>
</section>
</foreignObject><foreignObject width="1280" height="720" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo"><section data-paginate="true" data-header="Cluster sample" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 1)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="63" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right"></section></foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section data-paginate="true" data-header="Systematic sample" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 1)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="64" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:Systematic sample;--footer:SWK 8408 (Week 1);--theme:academic;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background="background" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right"><div data-marpit-advanced-background-container="true" data-marpit-advanced-background-direction="horizontal"><figure style="background-image:url("../Images/system.png");background-size:500px auto;filter:drop-shadow(0 5px 10px rgba(0,0,0,.4));"></figure></div></section></foreignObject><foreignObject width="50%" height="720"><section id="64" data-paginate="true" data-header="Systematic sample" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 1)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="64" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:Systematic sample;--footer:SWK 8408 (Week 1);--theme:academic;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background="content" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right">
<header>Systematic sample</header>
<p>Systematic sampling: randomly select one of the first <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.025ex;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1.179ex" height="1.595ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewBox="0 -694 521 705"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="1D458" d="M121 647Q121 657 125 670T137 683Q138 683 209 688T282 694Q294 694 294 686Q294 679 244 477Q194 279 194 272Q213 282 223 291Q247 309 292 354T362 415Q402 442 438 442Q468 442 485 423T503 369Q503 344 496 327T477 302T456 291T438 288Q418 288 406 299T394 328Q394 353 410 369T442 390L458 393Q446 405 434 405H430Q398 402 367 380T294 316T228 255Q230 254 243 252T267 246T293 238T320 224T342 206T359 180T365 147Q365 130 360 106T354 66Q354 26 381 26Q429 26 459 145Q461 153 479 153H483Q499 153 499 144Q499 139 496 130Q455 -11 378 -11Q333 -11 305 15T277 90Q277 108 280 121T283 145Q283 167 269 183T234 206T200 217T182 220H180Q168 178 159 139T145 81T136 44T129 20T122 7T111 -2Q98 -11 83 -11Q66 -11 57 -1T48 16Q48 26 85 176T158 471L195 616Q196 629 188 632T149 637H144Q134 637 131 637T124 640T121 647Z"></path></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container> elements from the population and then every <mjx-container class="MathJax" jax="SVG"><svg style="vertical-align: -0.025ex;" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="2.866ex" height="1.956ex" role="img" focusable="false" viewBox="0 -853.7 1266.6 864.7"><g stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" transform="scale(1,-1)"><g data-mml-node="math"><g data-mml-node="msup"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="1D458" d="M121 647Q121 657 125 670T137 683Q138 683 209 688T282 694Q294 694 294 686Q294 679 244 477Q194 279 194 272Q213 282 223 291Q247 309 292 354T362 415Q402 442 438 442Q468 442 485 423T503 369Q503 344 496 327T477 302T456 291T438 288Q418 288 406 299T394 328Q394 353 410 369T442 390L458 393Q446 405 434 405H430Q398 402 367 380T294 316T228 255Q230 254 243 252T267 246T293 238T320 224T342 206T359 180T365 147Q365 130 360 106T354 66Q354 26 381 26Q429 26 459 145Q461 153 479 153H483Q499 153 499 144Q499 139 496 130Q455 -11 378 -11Q333 -11 305 15T277 90Q277 108 280 121T283 145Q283 167 269 183T234 206T200 217T182 220H180Q168 178 159 139T145 81T136 44T129 20T122 7T111 -2Q98 -11 83 -11Q66 -11 57 -1T48 16Q48 26 85 176T158 471L195 616Q196 629 188 632T149 637H144Q134 637 131 637T124 640T121 647Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="TeXAtom" transform="translate(554,363) scale(0.707)" data-mjx-texclass="ORD"><g data-mml-node="mi"><path data-c="1D461" d="M26 385Q19 392 19 395Q19 399 22 411T27 425Q29 430 36 430T87 431H140L159 511Q162 522 166 540T173 566T179 586T187 603T197 615T211 624T229 626Q247 625 254 615T261 596Q261 589 252 549T232 470L222 433Q222 431 272 431H323Q330 424 330 420Q330 398 317 385H210L174 240Q135 80 135 68Q135 26 162 26Q197 26 230 60T283 144Q285 150 288 151T303 153H307Q322 153 322 145Q322 142 319 133Q314 117 301 95T267 48T216 6T155 -11Q125 -11 98 4T59 56Q57 64 57 83V101L92 241Q127 382 128 383Q128 385 77 385H26Z"></path></g><g data-mml-node="mi" transform="translate(361,0)"><path data-c="210E" d="M137 683Q138 683 209 688T282 694Q294 694 294 685Q294 674 258 534Q220 386 220 383Q220 381 227 388Q288 442 357 442Q411 442 444 415T478 336Q478 285 440 178T402 50Q403 36 407 31T422 26Q450 26 474 56T513 138Q516 149 519 151T535 153Q555 153 555 145Q555 144 551 130Q535 71 500 33Q466 -10 419 -10H414Q367 -10 346 17T325 74Q325 90 361 192T398 345Q398 404 354 404H349Q266 404 205 306L198 293L164 158Q132 28 127 16Q114 -11 83 -11Q69 -11 59 -2T48 16Q48 30 121 320L195 616Q195 629 188 632T149 637H128Q122 643 122 645T124 664Q129 683 137 683Z"></path></g></g></g></g></g></svg></mjx-container> element thereafter is picked</p>
<footer>SWK 8408 (Week 1)</footer>
</section>
</foreignObject><foreignObject width="1280" height="720" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo"><section data-paginate="true" data-header="Systematic sample" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 1)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="64" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right"></section></foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section data-paginate="true" data-header="Convenience sample" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 1)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="65" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:Convenience sample;--footer:SWK 8408 (Week 1);--theme:academic;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background="background" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right"><div data-marpit-advanced-background-container="true" data-marpit-advanced-background-direction="horizontal"><figure style="background-image:url("../Images/convenience.png");background-size:500px auto;filter:drop-shadow(0 5px 10px rgba(0,0,0,.4));"></figure></div></section></foreignObject><foreignObject width="50%" height="720"><section id="65" data-paginate="true" data-header="Convenience sample" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 1)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="65" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:Convenience sample;--footer:SWK 8408 (Week 1);--theme:academic;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background="content" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right">
<header>Convenience sample</header>
<p>Convenience sampling: elements selected from the population on the basis of convenience</p>
<footer>SWK 8408 (Week 1)</footer>
</section>
</foreignObject><foreignObject width="1280" height="720" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo"><section data-paginate="true" data-header="Convenience sample" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 1)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="65" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right"></section></foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section id="66" data-marpit-scope-8Rv19XbY="" data-paginate="true" data-header="Lab 2" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 2)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="66" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:Lab 2;--footer:SWK 8408 (Week 2);--theme:academic;">
<header>Lab 2</header>
<ol>
<li>What is the prevalence of child physical and sexual abuse among El Salvadoran children?</li>
<li>Is there a relationship between abuse and internalizing symptoms?</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li>Background & Importance</li>
<li>Data</li>
<li>Summarizing data set</li>
<li>Statistical analyses</li>
<li>Interpretation</li>
</ul>
<footer>SWK 8408 (Week 2)</footer>
</section>
</foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section data-marpit-scope-OBjPNrd3="" data-paginate="true" data-header="Overview" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 2)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="67" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:Overview;--footer:SWK 8408 (Week 2);--theme:academic;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background="background" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right"><div data-marpit-advanced-background-container="true" data-marpit-advanced-background-direction="horizontal"><figure style="background-image:url("../Images/vacprocess.png");background-size:500px auto;filter:drop-shadow(0 5px 10px rgba(0,0,0,.4));"></figure></div></section></foreignObject><foreignObject width="50%" height="720"><section id="67" data-marpit-scope-OBjPNrd3="" data-paginate="true" data-header="Overview" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 2)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="67" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:Overview;--footer:SWK 8408 (Week 2);--theme:academic;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background="content" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right">
<header>Overview</header>
<ol>
<li>Importance of finding data
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/childabuseandneglect/vacs/index.html">Violence against children</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><a href="https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/childabuseandneglect/vacs/country-reports.html">Look at codebook</a> and identify key variables for El Salvador</li>
<li>Download data as SAS file (must request data)
<ul>
<li>I uploaded the data <a href="https://github.com/bigdataforsocialjustice/SWK8408/blob/master/El%20Salvador%20VACS%20Public%20Use%20Data%20Packages.zip">here</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Open SAS file in SPSS</li>
<li>Locate and clean variables/make chart on next slide using R integration</li>
</ol>
<footer>SWK 8408 (Week 2)</footer>
</section>
</foreignObject><foreignObject width="1280" height="720" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo"><section data-marpit-scope-OBjPNrd3="" data-paginate="true" data-header="Overview" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 2)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="67" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="" data-marpit-advanced-background="pseudo" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right"></section></foreignObject></svg><svg data-marpit-svg="" viewBox="0 0 1280 720"><foreignObject width="1280" height="720"><section data-paginate="true" data-header="To Do" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 2)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="68" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:To Do;--footer:SWK 8408 (Week 2);--theme:academic;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background="background" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right"><div data-marpit-advanced-background-container="true" data-marpit-advanced-background-direction="horizontal"><figure style="background-image:url("../Images/violbyage.png");background-size:500px auto;filter:drop-shadow(0 5px 10px rgba(0,0,0,.4));"></figure></div></section></foreignObject><foreignObject width="50%" height="720"><section id="68" data-paginate="true" data-header="To Do" data-footer="SWK 8408 (Week 2)" data-theme="academic" data-marpit-pagination="68" data-marpit-pagination-total="68" style="--paginate:true;--header:To Do;--footer:SWK 8408 (Week 2);--theme:academic;--marpit-advanced-background-split:50%;" data-marpit-advanced-background="content" data-marpit-advanced-background-split="right">
<header>To Do</header>
<ol>
<li>Look at codebook and find variables on child physical and emotional abuse</li>
<li>Rename variables, run analysis, compare to codebook</li>
<li>Identify issue, select cases, compare to codebook</li>
<li>Identify issue, etc.</li>
<li>Make R plot in SPSS</li>
</ol>
<footer>SWK 8408 (Week 2)</footer>
</section>
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