diff --git a/crypto/fipsmodule/digest/digests.c b/crypto/fipsmodule/digest/digests.c
index 88b45d2e5f..d869723685 100644
--- a/crypto/fipsmodule/digest/digests.c
+++ b/crypto/fipsmodule/digest/digests.c
@@ -430,7 +430,7 @@ static void shake128_init(EVP_MD_CTX *ctx) {
 }
 
 static void shake128_update(EVP_MD_CTX *ctx, const void *data, size_t count) {
-  CHECK(SHA3_Update(ctx->md_data, data, count));
+  CHECK(SHAKE_Absorb(ctx->md_data, data, count));
 }
 
 static void shake128_final(EVP_MD_CTX *ctx, uint8_t *md, size_t len) {
@@ -455,7 +455,7 @@ static void shake256_init(EVP_MD_CTX *ctx) {
 }
 
 static void shake256_update(EVP_MD_CTX *ctx, const void *data, size_t count) {
-  CHECK(SHA3_Update(ctx->md_data, data, count));
+  CHECK(SHAKE_Absorb(ctx->md_data, data, count));
 }
 
 static void shake256_finalXOF(EVP_MD_CTX *ctx, uint8_t *md, size_t len) {
diff --git a/crypto/fipsmodule/ml_kem/ml_kem_ref/symmetric-shake.c b/crypto/fipsmodule/ml_kem/ml_kem_ref/symmetric-shake.c
index d31d7136fd..72bf98c2f2 100644
--- a/crypto/fipsmodule/ml_kem/ml_kem_ref/symmetric-shake.c
+++ b/crypto/fipsmodule/ml_kem/ml_kem_ref/symmetric-shake.c
@@ -29,8 +29,8 @@ void kyber_shake128_absorb(KECCAK1600_CTX *ctx,
   // SHAKE_Init always returns 1 when called with correct block size value
   SHAKE_Init(ctx, SHAKE128_BLOCKSIZE);
 
-  // SHA3_Update always returns 1 on first call of sizeof(extseed) (34 bytes)
-  SHA3_Update(ctx, extseed, sizeof(extseed));
+  // SHAKE_Absorb always returns 1 on first call of sizeof(extseed) (34 bytes)
+  SHAKE_Absorb(ctx, extseed, sizeof(extseed));
 }
 
 /*************************************************
@@ -48,8 +48,9 @@ void kyber_shake128_absorb(KECCAK1600_CTX *ctx,
 void kyber_shake128_squeeze(KECCAK1600_CTX *ctx, uint8_t *out, int nblocks)
 {
   // Return code checks can be omitted
-  // SHAKE_Final always returns 1
-  SHAKE_Final(out, ctx, nblocks * SHAKE128_BLOCKSIZE);
+  // SHAKE_Squeeze always returns 1 when |ctx->state| flag is different 
+  // from |KECCAK1600_STATE_FINAL|
+  SHAKE_Squeeze(out, ctx, nblocks * SHAKE128_BLOCKSIZE);
 }
 
 /*************************************************
@@ -94,12 +95,13 @@ void kyber_shake256_rkprf(ml_kem_params *params, uint8_t out[KYBER_SSBYTES], con
   // SHAKE_Init always returns 1 when called with correct block size value
   SHAKE_Init(&ctx, SHAKE256_BLOCKSIZE);
 
-  // SHA3_Update always returns 1 on first call of KYBER_SYMBYTES (32 bytes)
-  SHA3_Update(&ctx, key, KYBER_SYMBYTES);
+  // SHAKE_Absorb always returns 1 on first call of KYBER_SYMBYTES (32 bytes)
+  SHAKE_Absorb(&ctx, key, KYBER_SYMBYTES);
 
-  // SHA3_Update always returns 1 processing all data blocks that don't need pad
-  SHA3_Update(&ctx, input, params->ciphertext_bytes);
+  // SHAKE_Absorb always returns 1 processing all data blocks that don't need pad
+  SHAKE_Absorb(&ctx, input, params->ciphertext_bytes);
 
-  // SHAKE_Final always returns 1
+  // SHAKE_Final always returns 1 when |ctx->state| flag is set to  
+  // |KECCAK1600_STATE_ABSORB| (no previous calls to SHAKE_Final)
   SHAKE_Final(out, &ctx, KYBER_SSBYTES);
 }
diff --git a/crypto/fipsmodule/sha/internal.h b/crypto/fipsmodule/sha/internal.h
index 3a0a1c37ce..7ec335be32 100644
--- a/crypto/fipsmodule/sha/internal.h
+++ b/crypto/fipsmodule/sha/internal.h
@@ -71,6 +71,14 @@ extern "C" {
 // SHAKE128 has the maximum block size among the SHA3/SHAKE algorithms.
 #define SHA3_MAX_BLOCKSIZE SHAKE128_BLOCKSIZE
 
+// Define state flag values for Keccak-based functions
+#define KECCAK1600_STATE_ABSORB     0 
+#define KECCAK1600_STATE_SQUEEZE    1  
+// KECCAK1600_STATE_FINAL restricts the incremental calls to SHAKE_Final .
+// KECCAK1600_STATE_FINAL can be called once. SHAKE_Squeeze cannot be called after SHAKE_Final.
+// SHAKE_Squeeze should be called for streaming XOF output.
+#define KECCAK1600_STATE_FINAL      2 
+
 typedef struct keccak_st KECCAK1600_CTX;
 
 // The data buffer should have at least the maximum number of
@@ -82,7 +90,7 @@ struct keccak_st {
   size_t buf_load;                                 // used bytes in below buffer
   uint8_t buf[SHA3_MAX_BLOCKSIZE];                 // should have at least the max data block size bytes
   uint8_t pad;                                     // padding character
-  uint8_t padded;                                  // denotes if padding has been performed
+  uint8_t state;                                  // denotes the keccak phase (absorb, squeeze, final)
 };
 
 // Define SHA{n}[_{variant}]_ASM if sha{n}_block_data_order[_{variant}] is
@@ -396,32 +404,43 @@ OPENSSL_EXPORT uint8_t *SHAKE128(const uint8_t *data, const size_t in_len,
 OPENSSL_EXPORT uint8_t *SHAKE256(const uint8_t *data, const size_t in_len,
                                  uint8_t *out, size_t out_len);
 
-// SHAKE_Init initializes |ctx| with specified |block_size|, returns 1 on
-// success and 0 on failure. Calls SHA3_Init under the hood.
-int SHAKE_Init(KECCAK1600_CTX *ctx, size_t block_size);
-
-// SHAKE_Final writes |len| bytes of finalized digest to |md|, returns 1 on
-// success and 0 on failure. Calls SHA3_Final under the hood.
-int SHAKE_Final(uint8_t *md, KECCAK1600_CTX *ctx, size_t len);
-
-// SHA3_Reset zeros the bitstate and the amount of processed input.
-void SHA3_Reset(KECCAK1600_CTX *ctx);
-
-// SHA3_Init initialises |ctx| fields and returns 1 on success and 0 on failure.
+// SHA3_Init initialises |ctx| fields through |FIPS202_Init| and 
+// returns 1 on success and 0 on failure.
 OPENSSL_EXPORT int SHA3_Init(KECCAK1600_CTX *ctx, size_t bitlen);
 
-// SHA3_Update processes all data blocks that don't need pad through
-// |Keccak1600_Absorb| and returns 1 and 0 on failure.
+ // SHA3_Update check |ctx| pointer and |len| value, calls |FIPS202_Update| 
+ // and returns 1 on success and 0 on failure.
 int SHA3_Update(KECCAK1600_CTX *ctx, const void *data, size_t len);
 
-// SHA3_Final pads the last data block and processes it through |Keccak1600_Absorb|.
-// It processes the data through |Keccak1600_Squeeze| and returns 1 and 0 on failure.
+// SHA3_Final pads the last data block and absorbs it through |FIPS202_Finalize|.
+// It processes the data through |Keccak1600_Squeeze| and returns 1 on success 
+// and 0 on failure.
 int SHA3_Final(uint8_t *md, KECCAK1600_CTX *ctx);
 
-// Keccak1600_Absorb processes the largest multiple of |r| out of |len| bytes and
-// returns the remaining number of bytes.
+// SHAKE_Init initialises |ctx| fields through |FIPS202_Init| and 
+// returns 1 on success and 0 on failure.
+int SHAKE_Init(KECCAK1600_CTX *ctx, size_t block_size);
+
+// SHAKE_Absorb checks |ctx| pointer and |len| values. It updates and absorbs 
+// input blocks via |FIPS202_Update|.
+int SHAKE_Absorb(KECCAK1600_CTX *ctx, const void *data,
+                               size_t len);
+
+// SHAKE_Squeeze pads the last data block and absorbs it through 
+// |FIPS202_Finalize| on first call. It writes |len| bytes of incremental 
+// XOF output to |md| and returns 1 on success and 0 on failure. It can be 
+// called multiple times.
+int SHAKE_Squeeze(uint8_t *md, KECCAK1600_CTX *ctx, size_t len);
+
+// SHAKE_Final writes |len| bytes of finalized extendible output to |md|, returns 1 on
+// success and 0 on failure. It should be called once to finalize absorb and
+// squeeze phases. Incremental XOF output should be generated via |SHAKE_Squeeze|.
+int SHAKE_Final(uint8_t *md, KECCAK1600_CTX *ctx, size_t len);
+
+// Keccak1600_Absorb processes the largest multiple of |r| (block size) out of
+// |len| bytes and returns the remaining number of bytes.
 size_t Keccak1600_Absorb(uint64_t A[KECCAK1600_ROWS][KECCAK1600_ROWS],
-                         const uint8_t *data, size_t len, size_t r);
+                                  const uint8_t *data, size_t len, size_t r);
 
 // Keccak1600_Squeeze generates |out| value of |len| bytes (per call). It can be called
 // multiple times when used as eXtendable Output Function. |padded| indicates
diff --git a/crypto/fipsmodule/sha/sha3.c b/crypto/fipsmodule/sha/sha3.c
index 708d554a6d..8b03fcf227 100644
--- a/crypto/fipsmodule/sha/sha3.c
+++ b/crypto/fipsmodule/sha/sha3.c
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@ uint8_t *SHAKE128(const uint8_t *data, const size_t in_len, uint8_t *out, size_t
   FIPS_service_indicator_lock_state();
   KECCAK1600_CTX ctx;
   int ok = (SHAKE_Init(&ctx, SHAKE128_BLOCKSIZE) &&
-            SHA3_Update(&ctx, data, in_len) &&
+            SHAKE_Absorb(&ctx, data, in_len) &&
             SHAKE_Final(out, &ctx, out_len));
 
   OPENSSL_cleanse(&ctx, sizeof(ctx));
@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ uint8_t *SHAKE256(const uint8_t *data, const size_t in_len, uint8_t *out, size_t
   FIPS_service_indicator_lock_state();
   KECCAK1600_CTX ctx;
   int ok = (SHAKE_Init(&ctx, SHAKE256_BLOCKSIZE) &&
-            SHA3_Update(&ctx, data, in_len) &&
+            SHAKE_Absorb(&ctx, data, in_len) &&
             SHAKE_Final(out, &ctx, out_len));
   OPENSSL_cleanse(&ctx, sizeof(ctx));
   FIPS_service_indicator_unlock_state();
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ uint8_t *SHAKE256(const uint8_t *data, const size_t in_len, uint8_t *out, size_t
 static void FIPS202_Reset(KECCAK1600_CTX *ctx) {
   memset(ctx->A, 0, sizeof(ctx->A));
   ctx->buf_load = 0;
-  ctx->padded=0;
+  ctx->state = KECCAK1600_STATE_ABSORB;
 }
 
 static int FIPS202_Init(KECCAK1600_CTX *ctx, uint8_t pad, size_t block_size, size_t bit_len) {
@@ -132,33 +132,17 @@ static int FIPS202_Init(KECCAK1600_CTX *ctx, uint8_t pad, size_t block_size, siz
     return 0;
 }
 
-// SHA3 APIs implement SHA3 functionalities on top of FIPS202 API layer
-void SHA3_Reset(KECCAK1600_CTX *ctx) {
-  memset(ctx->A, 0, sizeof(ctx->A));
-  ctx->buf_load = 0;
-  ctx->padded = 0;
-}
-
-int SHA3_Init(KECCAK1600_CTX *ctx, size_t bit_len) {
-  if (bit_len == SHA3_224_DIGEST_BITLENGTH || 
-      bit_len == SHA3_256_DIGEST_BITLENGTH || 
-      bit_len == SHA3_384_DIGEST_BITLENGTH || 
-      bit_len == SHA3_512_DIGEST_BITLENGTH) { 
-        // |block_size| depends on the SHA3 |bit_len| output (digest) length
-        return FIPS202_Init(ctx, SHA3_PAD_CHAR, SHA3_BLOCKSIZE(bit_len), bit_len);
-  }
-  return 0;
-}
-
-int SHA3_Update(KECCAK1600_CTX *ctx, const void *data, size_t len) {
+static int FIPS202_Update(KECCAK1600_CTX *ctx, const void *data, size_t len) {
   uint8_t *data_ptr_copy = (uint8_t *) data;
   size_t block_size = ctx->block_size;
   size_t num, rem;
 
-  if (len == 0) {
-    return 1;
+  if (ctx->state == KECCAK1600_STATE_SQUEEZE || 
+      ctx->state == KECCAK1600_STATE_FINAL ) {
+    return 0;
   }
 
+  // Case |len| equals 0 is checked in SHA3/SHAKE higher level APIs
   // Process intermediate buffer.
   num = ctx->buf_load;
   if (num != 0) {
@@ -169,9 +153,9 @@ int SHA3_Update(KECCAK1600_CTX *ctx, const void *data, size_t len) {
       return 1;
     }
 
-     // There is enough data to fill or overflow the intermediate
-     // buffer. So we append |rem| bytes and process the block,
-     // leaving the rest for later processing.
+    // There is enough data to fill or overflow the intermediate
+    // buffer. So we append |rem| bytes and process the block,
+    // leaving the rest for later processing.
     memcpy(ctx->buf + num, data_ptr_copy, rem);
     data_ptr_copy += rem, len -= rem;
     if (Keccak1600_Absorb(ctx->A, ctx->buf, block_size, block_size) != 0 ) {
@@ -196,36 +180,73 @@ int SHA3_Update(KECCAK1600_CTX *ctx, const void *data, size_t len) {
   return 1;
 }
 
-int SHA3_Final(uint8_t *md, KECCAK1600_CTX *ctx) {
+// FIPS202_Finalize processes padding and absorb of last input block
+// This function should be called once to finalize absorb and initiate squeeze phase
+static int FIPS202_Finalize(uint8_t *md, KECCAK1600_CTX *ctx) {
   size_t block_size = ctx->block_size;
   size_t num = ctx->buf_load;
 
-  if (ctx->md_size == 0) {
+  if (ctx->state == KECCAK1600_STATE_SQUEEZE || 
+      ctx->state == KECCAK1600_STATE_FINAL ) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  // Pad the data with 10*1. Note that |num| can be |block_size - 1|
+  // in which case both byte operations below are performed on
+  // the same byte.
+  memset(ctx->buf + num, 0, block_size - num);
+  ctx->buf[num] = ctx->pad;
+  ctx->buf[block_size - 1] |= 0x80;
+
+  if (Keccak1600_Absorb(ctx->A, ctx->buf, block_size, block_size) != 0) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  return 1;
+}
+
+// SHA3 APIs implement SHA3 functionalities on top of FIPS202 API layer
+int SHA3_Init(KECCAK1600_CTX *ctx, size_t bit_len) {
+  if (bit_len == SHA3_224_DIGEST_BITLENGTH || 
+      bit_len == SHA3_256_DIGEST_BITLENGTH || 
+      bit_len == SHA3_384_DIGEST_BITLENGTH || 
+      bit_len == SHA3_512_DIGEST_BITLENGTH) { 
+        // |block_size| depends on the SHA3 |bit_len| output (digest) length
+        return FIPS202_Init(ctx, SHA3_PAD_CHAR, SHA3_BLOCKSIZE(bit_len), bit_len);
+  }
+  return 0;
+}
+
+int SHA3_Update(KECCAK1600_CTX *ctx, const void *data, size_t len) {
+  if (ctx == NULL) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  if (len == 0) {
     return 1;
   }
 
-  if (ctx->padded == 0) {
-    // Pad the data with 10*1. Note that |num| can be |block_size - 1|
-    // in which case both byte operations below are performed on
-    // the same byte.
-    memset(ctx->buf + num, 0, block_size - num);
-    ctx->buf[num] = ctx->pad;
-    ctx->buf[block_size - 1] |= 0x80;
+  return FIPS202_Update(ctx, data, len);
+}
 
-    if (Keccak1600_Absorb(ctx->A, ctx->buf, block_size, block_size) != 0) {
-      return 0;
-    }
+// SHA3_Final should be called once to process final digest value
+// |ctx->state| flag does not need to be updated
+int SHA3_Final(uint8_t *md, KECCAK1600_CTX *ctx) {
+  if (ctx->md_size == 0) {
+    return 1;
   }
 
-  Keccak1600_Squeeze(ctx->A, md, ctx->md_size, block_size, ctx->padded);
-  ctx->padded = 1;
+  if (FIPS202_Finalize(md, ctx) == 0) {
+    return 0;
+  }
 
+  Keccak1600_Squeeze(ctx->A, md, ctx->md_size, ctx->block_size, ctx->state);
+  ctx->state = KECCAK1600_STATE_FINAL;
+  
   FIPS_service_indicator_update_state();
-
   return 1;
 }
 
-// SHAKE APIs implement SHAKE functionalities on top of FIPS202 API layer
 int SHAKE_Init(KECCAK1600_CTX *ctx, size_t block_size) {
   if (block_size == SHAKE128_BLOCKSIZE ||
       block_size == SHAKE256_BLOCKSIZE) {
@@ -236,7 +257,62 @@ int SHAKE_Init(KECCAK1600_CTX *ctx, size_t block_size) {
   return 0;
 }
 
+int SHAKE_Absorb(KECCAK1600_CTX *ctx, const void *data, size_t len) {
+  if (ctx == NULL) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  if (len == 0) {
+    return 1;
+  }
+
+  return FIPS202_Update(ctx, data, len);
+}
+
+// SHAKE_Final is a single-shot API and can be called once to finalize absorb and squeeze phases
+// |ctx->state| restricts consecutive calls to FIPS202_Finalize
+// Function SHAKE_Squeeze should be used for incremental XOF output
 int SHAKE_Final(uint8_t *md, KECCAK1600_CTX *ctx, size_t len) {
   ctx->md_size = len;
-  return SHA3_Final(md, ctx);
+  if (ctx->md_size == 0) {
+    return 1;
+  }
+
+  if (FIPS202_Finalize(md, ctx) == 0) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  Keccak1600_Squeeze(ctx->A, md, ctx->md_size, ctx->block_size, ctx->state);
+  ctx->state = KECCAK1600_STATE_FINAL;
+
+  FIPS_service_indicator_update_state();
+
+  return 1;
+}
+
+// SHAKE_Squeeze can be called multiple times
+// SHAKE_Squeeze should be called for incremental XOF output
+int SHAKE_Squeeze(uint8_t *md, KECCAK1600_CTX *ctx, size_t len) {
+  ctx->md_size = len;
+
+  if (ctx->md_size == 0) {
+    return 1;
+  }
+
+  if (ctx->state == KECCAK1600_STATE_FINAL) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  if (ctx->state == KECCAK1600_STATE_ABSORB) {
+    // Skip FIPS202_Finalize if the input has been padded and the last block has been processed
+    if (FIPS202_Finalize(md, ctx) == 0) {
+      return 0;
+    }
+  }
+
+  Keccak1600_Squeeze(ctx->A, md, len, ctx->block_size, ctx->state);
+  ctx->state = KECCAK1600_STATE_SQUEEZE;
+
+  //FIPS_service_indicator_update_state();
+  return 1;
 }
diff --git a/crypto/fipsmodule/sha/sha3_test.cc b/crypto/fipsmodule/sha/sha3_test.cc
index 9e45ddf7d1..310a5af9c3 100644
--- a/crypto/fipsmodule/sha/sha3_test.cc
+++ b/crypto/fipsmodule/sha/sha3_test.cc
@@ -165,7 +165,6 @@ TEST(SHA3Test, NISTTestVectors) {
                 });
 }
 
-
 TEST(SHA3Test, NISTTestVectors_SingleShot) {
   FileTestGTest("crypto/fipsmodule/sha/testvectors/SHA3_224ShortMsg.txt",
                 [](FileTest *t) {
diff --git a/crypto/ml_dsa/ml_dsa_ref/poly.c b/crypto/ml_dsa/ml_dsa_ref/poly.c
index 42809f98e3..72d81d2e8d 100644
--- a/crypto/ml_dsa/ml_dsa_ref/poly.c
+++ b/crypto/ml_dsa/ml_dsa_ref/poly.c
@@ -316,9 +316,9 @@ void ml_dsa_poly_uniform(ml_dsa_poly *a,
   t[1] = nonce >> 8;
 
   SHAKE_Init(&state, SHAKE128_BLOCKSIZE);
-  SHA3_Update(&state, seed, ML_DSA_SEEDBYTES);
-  SHA3_Update(&state, t, 2);
-  SHAKE_Final(buf, &state, POLY_UNIFORM_NBLOCKS * SHAKE128_BLOCKSIZE);
+  SHAKE_Absorb(&state, seed, ML_DSA_SEEDBYTES);
+  SHAKE_Absorb(&state, t, 2);
+  SHAKE_Squeeze(buf, &state, POLY_UNIFORM_NBLOCKS * SHAKE128_BLOCKSIZE);
 
   ctr = ml_dsa_rej_uniform(a->coeffs, ML_DSA_N, buf, buflen);
 
@@ -327,7 +327,7 @@ void ml_dsa_poly_uniform(ml_dsa_poly *a,
     for(i = 0; i < off; ++i)
       buf[i] = buf[buflen - off + i];
 
-    SHAKE_Final(buf + off, &state, POLY_UNIFORM_NBLOCKS * SHAKE128_BLOCKSIZE);
+    SHAKE_Squeeze(buf + off, &state, POLY_UNIFORM_NBLOCKS * SHAKE128_BLOCKSIZE);
     buflen = SHAKE128_BLOCKSIZE + off;
     ctr += ml_dsa_rej_uniform(a->coeffs + ctr, ML_DSA_N - ctr, buf, buflen);
   }
@@ -418,16 +418,17 @@ void ml_dsa_poly_uniform_eta(ml_dsa_params *params,
   t[1] = nonce >> 8;
 
   SHAKE_Init(&state, SHAKE256_BLOCKSIZE);
-  SHA3_Update(&state, seed, ML_DSA_CRHBYTES);
-  SHA3_Update(&state, t, 2);
-  SHAKE_Final(buf, &state, ML_DSA_POLY_UNIFORM_ETA_NBLOCKS_MAX * SHAKE256_BLOCKSIZE);
+  SHAKE_Absorb(&state, seed, ML_DSA_CRHBYTES);
+  SHAKE_Absorb(&state, t, 2);
+  SHAKE_Squeeze(buf, &state, ML_DSA_POLY_UNIFORM_ETA_NBLOCKS_MAX * SHAKE256_BLOCKSIZE);
 
   ctr = rej_eta(params, a->coeffs, ML_DSA_N, buf, buflen);
 
   while(ctr < ML_DSA_N) {
-    SHAKE_Final(buf, &state, SHAKE256_BLOCKSIZE);
+    SHAKE_Squeeze(buf, &state, SHAKE256_BLOCKSIZE);
     ctr += rej_eta(params, a->coeffs + ctr, ML_DSA_N - ctr, buf, SHAKE256_BLOCKSIZE);
   }
+
   /* FIPS 204. Section 3.6.3 Destruction of intermediate values. */
   OPENSSL_cleanse(buf, sizeof(buf));
   OPENSSL_cleanse(&state, sizeof(state));
@@ -459,9 +460,8 @@ void ml_dsa_poly_uniform_gamma1(ml_dsa_params *params,
   t[1] = nonce >> 8;
 
   SHAKE_Init(&state, SHAKE256_BLOCKSIZE);
-  SHA3_Update(&state, seed, ML_DSA_CRHBYTES);
-  SHA3_Update(&state, t, 2);
-
+  SHAKE_Absorb(&state, seed, ML_DSA_CRHBYTES);
+  SHAKE_Absorb(&state, t, 2);
   SHAKE_Final(buf, &state, POLY_UNIFORM_GAMMA1_NBLOCKS * SHAKE256_BLOCKSIZE);
   ml_dsa_polyz_unpack(params, a, buf);
   /* FIPS 204. Section 3.6.3 Destruction of intermediate values. */
@@ -487,8 +487,8 @@ void ml_dsa_poly_challenge(ml_dsa_params *params, ml_dsa_poly *c, const uint8_t
   KECCAK1600_CTX state;
 
   SHAKE_Init(&state, SHAKE256_BLOCKSIZE);
-  SHA3_Update(&state, seed, params->c_tilde_bytes);
-  SHAKE_Final(buf, &state, SHAKE256_BLOCKSIZE);
+  SHAKE_Absorb(&state, seed, params->c_tilde_bytes);
+  SHAKE_Squeeze(buf, &state, SHAKE256_BLOCKSIZE);
 
   signs = 0;
   for(i = 0; i < 8; ++i) {
@@ -502,7 +502,7 @@ void ml_dsa_poly_challenge(ml_dsa_params *params, ml_dsa_poly *c, const uint8_t
   for(i = ML_DSA_N-params->tau; i < ML_DSA_N; ++i) {
     do {
       if(pos >= SHAKE256_BLOCKSIZE) {
-        SHAKE_Final(buf, &state, SHAKE256_BLOCKSIZE);
+        SHAKE_Squeeze(buf, &state, SHAKE256_BLOCKSIZE);
         pos = 0;
       }
 
diff --git a/crypto/ml_dsa/ml_dsa_ref/sign.c b/crypto/ml_dsa/ml_dsa_ref/sign.c
index 64f4110656..0573eb1b01 100644
--- a/crypto/ml_dsa/ml_dsa_ref/sign.c
+++ b/crypto/ml_dsa/ml_dsa_ref/sign.c
@@ -171,9 +171,9 @@ int ml_dsa_sign_internal(ml_dsa_params *params,
 
   /* FIPS 204: line 7 Compute rhoprime = CRH(key, rnd, mu) */
   SHAKE_Init(&state, SHAKE256_BLOCKSIZE);
-  SHA3_Update(&state, key, ML_DSA_SEEDBYTES);
-  SHA3_Update(&state, rnd, ML_DSA_RNDBYTES);
-  SHA3_Update(&state, mu, ML_DSA_CRHBYTES);
+  SHAKE_Absorb(&state, key, ML_DSA_SEEDBYTES);
+  SHAKE_Absorb(&state, rnd, ML_DSA_RNDBYTES);
+  SHAKE_Absorb(&state, mu, ML_DSA_CRHBYTES);
   SHAKE_Final(rhoprime, &state, ML_DSA_CRHBYTES);
 
   /* FIPS 204: line 5 Expand matrix and transform vectors */
@@ -199,8 +199,8 @@ int ml_dsa_sign_internal(ml_dsa_params *params,
   ml_dsa_polyveck_pack_w1(params, sig, &w1);
 
   SHAKE_Init(&state, SHAKE256_BLOCKSIZE);
-  SHA3_Update(&state, mu, ML_DSA_CRHBYTES);
-  SHA3_Update(&state, sig, params->k * params->poly_w1_packed_bytes);
+  SHAKE_Absorb(&state, mu, ML_DSA_CRHBYTES);
+  SHAKE_Absorb(&state, sig, params->k * params->poly_w1_packed_bytes);
   SHAKE_Final(sig, &state, params->c_tilde_bytes);
   ml_dsa_poly_challenge(params, &cp, sig);
   ml_dsa_poly_ntt(&cp);
@@ -471,9 +471,10 @@ int ml_dsa_verify_internal(ml_dsa_params *params,
 
   /* FIPS 204: line 12 Call random oracle and verify challenge */
   SHAKE_Init(&state, SHAKE256_BLOCKSIZE);
-  SHA3_Update(&state, mu, ML_DSA_CRHBYTES);
-  SHA3_Update(&state, buf, params->k * params->poly_w1_packed_bytes);
+  SHAKE_Absorb(&state, mu, ML_DSA_CRHBYTES);
+  SHAKE_Absorb(&state, buf, params->k * params->poly_w1_packed_bytes);
   SHAKE_Final(c2, &state, params->c_tilde_bytes);
+
   for(i = 0; i < params->c_tilde_bytes; ++i) {
     if(c[i] != c2[i]) {
       return -1;