diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index b4564e5a..9b3c1ceb 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -99,3 +99,5 @@ _local
 
 # OS stuff
 .DS_Store
+
+.envrc
diff --git a/examples/iterative_design_nand.py b/examples/iterative_design_nand.py
index ca69b0cd..23ad81cd 100644
--- a/examples/iterative_design_nand.py
+++ b/examples/iterative_design_nand.py
@@ -17,6 +17,7 @@
 import typer
 
 import faebryk.library._F as F
+from faebryk.core.graph import GraphFunctions
 from faebryk.core.module import Module
 from faebryk.libs.brightness import TypicalLuminousIntensity
 from faebryk.libs.examples.buildutil import apply_design_to_pcb
@@ -119,7 +120,9 @@ def App():
         app.add(c)
 
     # parametrizing
-    for _, t in app.get_graph().nodes_with_trait(F.ElectricLogic.has_pulls):
+    for _, t in GraphFunctions(app.get_graph()).nodes_with_trait(
+        F.ElectricLogic.has_pulls
+    ):
         for pull_resistor in (r for r in t.get_pulls() if r):
             pull_resistor.resistance.merge(F.Range.from_center_rel(100 * P.kohm, 0.05))
     power_source.power.voltage.merge(3 * P.V)
diff --git a/poetry.lock b/poetry.lock
deleted file mode 100644
index e21497d4..00000000
--- a/poetry.lock
+++ /dev/null
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-    {file = "wrapt-1.16.0.tar.gz", hash = "sha256:5f370f952971e7d17c7d1ead40e49f32345a7f7a5373571ef44d800d06b1899d"},
-]
-
-[metadata]
-lock-version = "2.0"
-python-versions = "^3.12,<3.13"
-content-hash = "86c6b9a700cf392c5c6fbafcc24f293dc8c5a913a8aaab1c01d3957e197784eb"
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index e1f471fe..67306643 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
 [build-system]
 # using scikit-build-core>0.9.3 disables editable mode
-requires = ["hatchling", "scikit-build-core==0.9.2", "nanobind~=2.2.0", "hatch-vcs"]
+requires = [
+    "hatchling",
+    "scikit-build-core==0.9.2",
+    "nanobind~=2.2.0",
+    "hatch-vcs",
+]
 build-backend = "hatchling.build"
 
 [project]
@@ -17,9 +22,7 @@ classifiers = [
 ]
 requires-python = ">=3.12,<3.13"
 dependencies = [
-    "networkx==3.3",
     "numpy>=1.24.3,<3.0.0",
-    "scipy>=1.11.1,<=1.14.0",
     "matplotlib~=3.7.1",
     "sexpdata==1.0.2",
     "black~=24.4.2",
@@ -36,7 +39,8 @@ dependencies = [
     "typer>=0.12,<0.13",
     "isort~=5.6.4",
     "ruff>=0.6.4,<0.7.0",
-    "pint~=0.24.3",
+    # Waiting for a new release that works on python 3.13
+    "pint @ git+https://github.com/hgrecco/pint.git@a8bcb6ee1d0d61278bf17e332bc1aa473672e273",
     "deprecated~=1.2.14",
     "more-itertools~=10.4.0",
     "psutil~=6.0.0",
@@ -66,6 +70,9 @@ faebryk = "faebryk.tools.main:__main__"
 
 [tool.hatch]
 
+[tool.hatch.metadata]
+allow-direct-references = true
+
 [tool.hatch.env]
 #requires = ["hatch-pip-compile"]
 
@@ -93,7 +100,7 @@ cmake.source-dir = "src/faebryk/core/cpp"
 [tool.pytest]
 [tool.pytest.ini_options]
 # loadscope to run tests for each file in same worker
-addopts = ["--import-mode=importlib", "--numprocesses=auto", "--dist=loadscope"]
+addopts = ["--import-mode=importlib", "--numprocesses=auto"]
 filterwarnings = ["ignore:.*:DeprecationWarning"]
 testpaths = ["test"]
 
diff --git a/src/faebryk/core/core.py b/src/faebryk/core/core.py
index 4249d283..27c98f2a 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/core/core.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/core/core.py
@@ -10,11 +10,6 @@
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
-LINK_TB = ConfigFlag(
-    "LINK_TB",
-    False,
-    "Save stack trace for each link. Warning: Very slow! Just use for debug",
-)
 ID_REPR = ConfigFlag("ID_REPR", False, "Add object id to repr")
 
 
diff --git a/src/faebryk/core/cpp/.clang-format b/src/faebryk/core/cpp/.clang-format
index d9a358cb..71b5bd16 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/core/cpp/.clang-format
+++ b/src/faebryk/core/cpp/.clang-format
@@ -5,4 +5,5 @@ BreakConstructorInitializers: BeforeComma
 ConstructorInitializerIndentWidth: 2
 AllowShortFunctionsOnASingleLine: None
 AllowShortLambdasOnASingleLine: None
-ColumnLimit: 89
\ No newline at end of file
+ColumnLimit: 89
+SeparateDefinitionBlocks: Always
diff --git a/src/faebryk/core/cpp/CMakeLists.txt b/src/faebryk/core/cpp/CMakeLists.txt
index 60e24f9a..253fd8da 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/core/cpp/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/src/faebryk/core/cpp/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -38,6 +38,8 @@ message(STATUS "Python_EXECUTABLE: ${Python_EXECUTABLE}")
 message(STATUS "Python_INCLUDE_DIR: ${Python_INCLUDE_DIR}")
 message(STATUS "Python_LIBRARY: ${Python_LIBRARY}")
 
+# To make a debug build, run cmake with -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Debug
+# or in environment: FBRK_CPP_DEBUG_BUILD=y
 if (NOT CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE AND NOT CMAKE_CONFIGURATION_TYPES)
   set(CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE Release CACHE STRING "Choose the type of build." FORCE)
   set_property(CACHE CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE PROPERTY STRINGS "Debug" "Release" "MinSizeRel" "RelWithDebInfo")
@@ -56,7 +58,10 @@ if(${EDITABLE} AND CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER_ID STREQUAL "GNU")
 endif()
 # source files ---------------------------------------------------------
 include_directories(${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/include)
-set(SOURCE_FILES src/main.cpp)
+file(GLOB_RECURSE SOURCE_FILES 
+  "${CMAKE_SOURCE_DIR}/src/*.cpp"
+)
+
 
 # build ----------------------------------------------------------------
 nanobind_add_module(${PROJECT_NAME} ${SOURCE_FILES})
diff --git a/src/faebryk/core/cpp/__init__.py b/src/faebryk/core/cpp/__init__.py
index 7a331763..085cdb7d 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/core/cpp/__init__.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/core/cpp/__init__.py
@@ -5,9 +5,15 @@
 import logging
 from importlib.metadata import Distribution
 
+from faebryk.libs.util import ConfigFlag, at_exit, global_lock
+
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
+LEAK_WARNINGS = ConfigFlag("CPP_LEAK_WARNINGS", default=False)
+DEBUG_BUILD = ConfigFlag("CPP_DEBUG_BUILD", default=False)
+
+
 # Check if installed as editable
 def is_editable_install():
     distro = Distribution.from_name("faebryk")
@@ -58,27 +64,33 @@ def compile_and_load():
         if arch in ["arm64", "x86_64"]:
             other_flags += [f"-DCMAKE_OSX_ARCHITECTURES={arch}"]
 
-    run_live(
-        [
-            "cmake",
-            "-S",
-            str(_cmake_dir),
-            "-B",
-            str(_build_dir),
-            "-DEDITABLE=1",
-            "-DPython_EXECUTABLE=" + sys.executable,
-            *other_flags,
-        ],
-        logger=logger,
-    )
-    run_live(
-        [
-            "cmake",
-            "--build",
-            str(_build_dir),
-        ],
-        logger=logger,
-    )
+    if DEBUG_BUILD:
+        other_flags += ["-DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Debug"]
+
+    with global_lock(_build_dir / "lock", timeout_s=60):
+        run_live(
+            [
+                "cmake",
+                "-S",
+                str(_cmake_dir),
+                "-B",
+                str(_build_dir),
+                "-DEDITABLE=1",
+                "-DPython_EXECUTABLE=" + sys.executable,
+                *other_flags,
+            ],
+            logger=logger,
+        )
+        run_live(
+            [
+                "cmake",
+                "--build",
+                str(_build_dir),
+                "--",
+                "-j",
+            ],
+            logger=logger,
+        )
 
     if not _build_dir.exists():
         raise RuntimeError("build directory not found")
@@ -97,7 +109,8 @@ def compile_and_load():
                 + "\n"
                 + "# This file is auto-generated by nanobind.\n"
                 + "# Do not edit this file directly; edit the corresponding\n"
-                + "# C++ file instead."
+                + "# C++ file instead.\n"
+                # + "from typing import overload\n"
                 + pyi_source.read_text(),
                 is_pyi=True,
             )
@@ -111,3 +124,15 @@ def compile_and_load():
     from faebryk_core_cpp_editable import *  # type: ignore # noqa: E402, F403
 else:
     from faebryk_core_cpp import *  # type: ignore # noqa: E402, F403
+
+
+def cleanup():
+    if LEAK_WARNINGS:
+        print("\n--- Nanobind leakage analysis ".ljust(80, "-"))
+        # nanobind automatically prints leaked objects at exit
+    from faebryk.core.cpp import set_leak_warnings
+
+    set_leak_warnings(bool(LEAK_WARNINGS))
+
+
+at_exit(cleanup, on_exception=False)
diff --git a/src/faebryk/core/cpp/__init__.pyi b/src/faebryk/core/cpp/__init__.pyi
index e0a05567..a4ec03f4 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/core/cpp/__init__.pyi
+++ b/src/faebryk/core/cpp/__init__.pyi
@@ -4,6 +4,150 @@
 # This file is auto-generated by nanobind.
 # Do not edit this file directly; edit the corresponding
 # C++ file instead.
+import enum
+from collections.abc import Callable, Sequence, Set
+from typing import overload
 
-def add(arg0: int, arg1: int, /) -> int:
+class Graph:
+    def __init__(self) -> None: ...
+    def get_edges(self, arg: GraphInterface, /) -> dict[GraphInterface, Link]: ...
+    def invalidate(self) -> None: ...
+    @property
+    def node_count(self) -> int: ...
+    @property
+    def edge_count(self) -> int: ...
+    def node_projection(self) -> set[Node]: ...
+    def nodes_by_names(self, arg: Set[str], /) -> list[tuple[Node, str]]: ...
+    def bfs_visit(
+        self,
+        filter: Callable[[Sequence[GraphInterface], Link], bool],
+        start: Sequence[GraphInterface],
+    ) -> set[GraphInterface]: ...
+    def __repr__(self) -> str: ...
+
+class GraphInterface:
+    def __init__(self) -> None: ...
+    def __repr__(self) -> str: ...
+    def get_graph(self) -> Graph: ...
+    @property
+    def G(self) -> Graph: ...
+    def get_gif_edges(self) -> set[GraphInterface]: ...
+    @property
+    def edges(self) -> dict[GraphInterface, Link]: ...
+    @property
+    def node(self) -> Node: ...
+    @node.setter
+    def node(self, arg: Node, /) -> None: ...
+    def is_connected_to(self, arg: GraphInterface, /) -> Link | None: ...
+    @property
+    def name(self) -> str: ...
+    @name.setter
+    def name(self, arg: str, /) -> None: ...
+    def get_connected_nodes(self, types: Sequence[type]) -> set[Node]: ...
+    @overload
+    def connect(self, other: GraphInterface) -> None: ...
+    @overload
+    def connect(self, others: Sequence[GraphInterface]) -> None: ...
+    @overload
+    def connect(self, other: GraphInterface, link: Link) -> None: ...
+
+class GraphInterfaceHierarchical(GraphInterface):
+    def __init__(self, is_parent: bool) -> None: ...
+    def get_parent(self) -> tuple[Node, str] | None: ...
+    def get_children(self) -> list[Node]: ...
+    @property
+    def is_parent(self) -> bool: ...
+    def disconnect_parent(self) -> None: ...
+
+class GraphInterfaceModuleConnection(GraphInterface):
+    def __init__(self) -> None: ...
+
+class GraphInterfaceModuleSibling(GraphInterfaceHierarchical):
+    def __init__(self, is_parent: bool) -> None: ...
+
+class GraphInterfaceReference(GraphInterface):
+    def __init__(self) -> None: ...
+    def get_referenced_gif(self) -> GraphInterfaceSelf: ...
+    def get_reference(self) -> Node: ...
+
+class GraphInterfaceReferenceUnboundError(Exception):
+    pass
+
+class GraphInterfaceSelf(GraphInterface):
+    def __init__(self) -> None: ...
+
+class Link:
+    pass
+
+class LinkDirect(Link):
+    def __init__(self) -> None: ...
+
+class LinkDirectConditional(LinkDirect):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        arg: Callable[
+            [GraphInterface, GraphInterface], LinkDirectConditionalFilterResult
+        ],
+        /,
+    ) -> None: ...
+
+class LinkDirectConditionalFilterResult(enum.Enum):
+    FILTER_PASS = 0
+
+    FILTER_FAIL_RECOVERABLE = 1
+
+    FILTER_FAIL_UNRECOVERABLE = 2
+
+class LinkFilteredException(Exception):
+    pass
+
+class LinkNamedParent(LinkParent):
+    def __init__(self, arg: str, /) -> None: ...
+
+class LinkParent(Link):
+    def __init__(self) -> None: ...
+
+class LinkPointer(Link):
+    def __init__(self) -> None: ...
+
+class LinkSibling(LinkPointer):
+    def __init__(self) -> None: ...
+
+class Node:
+    def __init__(self) -> None: ...
+    @staticmethod
+    def transfer_ownership(arg: Node, /) -> Node: ...
+    def get_graph(self) -> Graph: ...
+    @property
+    def self_gif(self) -> GraphInterfaceSelf: ...
+    @property
+    def children(self) -> GraphInterfaceHierarchical: ...
+    @property
+    def parent(self) -> GraphInterfaceHierarchical: ...
+    def get_children(
+        self,
+        direct_only: bool,
+        types: Sequence[type] | None = None,
+        include_root: bool = False,
+        f_filter: Callable[[Node], bool] | None = None,
+        sort: bool = True,
+    ) -> list[Node]: ...
+    def get_parent(self) -> tuple[Node, str] | None: ...
+    def get_parent_force(self) -> tuple[Node, str]: ...
+    def get_name(self, accept_no_parent: bool = False) -> str: ...
+    def get_hierarchy(self) -> list[tuple[Node, str]]: ...
+    def get_full_name(self, types: bool = False) -> str: ...
+    def __repr__(self) -> str: ...
+
+class NodeException(Exception):
+    pass
+
+class NodeNoParent(Exception):
+    pass
+
+def add(i: int, j: int = 1) -> int:
     """A function that adds two numbers"""
+
+def call_python_function(func: Callable[[], int]) -> int: ...
+def print_obj(obj: object) -> None: ...
+def set_leak_warnings(value: bool) -> None: ...
diff --git a/src/faebryk/core/cpp/cpp_helpers.py b/src/faebryk/core/cpp/cpp_helpers.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..1674db0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/faebryk/core/cpp/cpp_helpers.py
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# This file is part of the faebryk project
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+
+import logging
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
diff --git a/src/faebryk/core/cpp/include/graph/graph.hpp b/src/faebryk/core/cpp/include/graph/graph.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..328727dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/faebryk/core/cpp/include/graph/graph.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+/* This file is part of the faebryk project
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "util.hpp"
+#include <nanobind/stl/function.h>
+#include <nanobind/stl/optional.h>
+#include <nanobind/stl/pair.h>
+#include <nanobind/stl/shared_ptr.h>
+#include <nanobind/stl/string.h>
+#include <nanobind/stl/unordered_map.h>
+#include <nanobind/stl/unordered_set.h>
+#include <nanobind/stl/vector.h>
+#include <sstream>
+#include <vector>
+
+namespace nb = nanobind;
+
+template <typename T> using Set = std::unordered_set<T>;
+template <typename K, typename V> using Map = std::unordered_map<K, V>;
+
+class Graph;
+class GraphInterface;
+class GraphInterfaceHierarchical;
+class GraphInterfaceSelf;
+class Link;
+class Node;
+
+using GI_ref = std::shared_ptr<GraphInterface>;
+using GI_ref_weak = GraphInterface *;
+using Link_ref = std::shared_ptr<Link>;
+using Node_ref = std::shared_ptr<Node>;
+using Graph_ref = std::shared_ptr<Graph>;
+using GI_refs_weak = std::vector<GI_ref_weak>;
+using HierarchicalNodeRef = std::pair<Node_ref, std::string>;
+
+class Node {
+  private:
+    std::optional<nb::object> py_handle{};
+
+  public:
+    struct NodeException : public std::runtime_error {
+        NodeException(Node &node, const std::string &msg)
+          : std::runtime_error(msg) {
+        }
+    };
+
+    struct NodeNoParent : public NodeException {
+        NodeNoParent(Node &node, const std::string &msg)
+          : NodeException(node, msg) {
+        }
+    };
+
+  private:
+    std::shared_ptr<GraphInterfaceSelf> self;
+    std::shared_ptr<GraphInterfaceHierarchical> children;
+    std::shared_ptr<GraphInterfaceHierarchical> parent;
+
+  public:
+    /**
+     * Don't call this constructor directly from C++ if you don't know what you're
+     * doing. Requires ownership transfer & py_handle setting.
+     */
+    Node();
+    // TODO add checks for whether this was called
+    static Node_ref transfer_ownership(Node_ref node);
+
+    std::shared_ptr<Graph> get_graph();
+    std::shared_ptr<GraphInterfaceSelf> get_self_gif();
+    std::shared_ptr<GraphInterfaceHierarchical> get_children_gif();
+    std::shared_ptr<GraphInterfaceHierarchical> get_parent_gif();
+
+    std::optional<HierarchicalNodeRef> get_parent();
+    HierarchicalNodeRef get_parent_force();
+    std::string get_root_id();
+    std::string get_name(bool accept_no_parent = false);
+    std::vector<HierarchicalNodeRef> get_hierarchy();
+    std::string get_full_name(bool types = false);
+    std::string repr();
+
+    std::string get_type_name();
+    // TODO replace with constructor
+    void set_py_handle(nb::object handle);
+    std::optional<nb::object> get_py_handle();
+
+  private:
+    std::unordered_set<Node_ref> get_children_all(bool include_root);
+    std::unordered_set<Node_ref> get_children_direct();
+
+  public:
+    std::vector<Node_ref>
+    get_children(bool direct_only,
+                 std::optional<std::vector<nb::type_object>> types = {},
+                 bool include_root = true,
+                 std::function<bool(Node_ref)> f_filter = nullptr, bool sort = true);
+};
+
+class GraphInterface {
+    Node_ref node{};
+    std::string name{};
+
+  protected:
+    void register_graph(std::shared_ptr<GraphInterface> gi);
+
+  public:
+    GraphInterface();
+    ~GraphInterface();
+
+    Graph_ref G;
+
+    template <typename T> static std::shared_ptr<T> factory();
+    std::unordered_set<GI_ref_weak> get_gif_edges();
+    std::unordered_map<GI_ref_weak, Link_ref> &get_edges();
+    std::optional<Link_ref> is_connected(GI_ref_weak to);
+    Graph_ref get_graph();
+    std::unordered_set<Node_ref> get_connected_nodes(std::vector<nb::type_object> types);
+    void connect(GI_ref_weak other);
+    void connect(GI_refs_weak others);
+    void connect(GI_ref_weak other, Link_ref link);
+    // TODO replace with set_node(Node_ref node, std::string name)
+    void set_node(Node_ref node);
+    Node_ref get_node();
+    void set_name(std::string name);
+    std::string get_name();
+    std::string get_full_name(bool types = false);
+    std::string repr();
+    // force vtable, for typename
+    virtual void do_stuff() {};
+};
+
+class Link {
+    GI_ref_weak from;
+    GI_ref_weak to;
+    bool setup = false;
+
+  protected:
+    Link();
+    Link(GI_ref_weak from, GI_ref_weak to);
+
+  public:
+    std::pair<GI_ref_weak, GI_ref_weak> get_connections();
+    virtual void set_connections(GI_ref_weak from, GI_ref_weak to);
+    bool is_setup();
+};
+
+using Path = std::vector<GI_ref_weak>;
+
+class Graph {
+    Set<GI_ref> v;
+    std::vector<std::tuple<GI_ref_weak, GI_ref_weak, Link_ref>> e;
+
+    Map<GI_ref_weak, Map<GI_ref_weak, Link_ref>> e_cache = {};
+    Map<GI_ref_weak, Set<GI_ref_weak>> e_cache_simple = {};
+    bool invalidated = false;
+
+  public:
+    void hold(GI_ref gi);
+    void merge(Graph &other);
+    static void add_edge(Link_ref link);
+    static void remove_edge(Link_ref link);
+    static Graph_ref merge_graphs(Graph_ref g1, Graph_ref g2);
+
+    std::unordered_set<GI_ref_weak> get_gif_edges(GI_ref_weak from);
+    std::unordered_map<GI_ref_weak, Link_ref> &get_edges(GI_ref_weak from);
+
+    Graph();
+    ~Graph();
+
+    void remove_node(GI_ref node);
+
+    void invalidate();
+    int node_count();
+    int edge_count();
+
+    std::string repr();
+
+    // Algorithms
+    std::unordered_set<Node_ref> node_projection();
+    std::vector<std::pair<Node_ref, std::string>>
+    nodes_by_names(std::unordered_set<std::string> names);
+    std::unordered_set<GI_ref_weak>
+    bfs_visit(std::function<bool(std::vector<GI_ref_weak> &, Link_ref)> filter,
+              std::vector<GI_ref_weak> start);
+};
+
+template <typename T> inline std::shared_ptr<T> GraphInterface::factory() {
+    static_assert(std::is_base_of<GraphInterface, T>::value,
+                  "T must be a subclass of GraphInterface");
+    auto gi = std::make_shared<T>();
+    gi->register_graph(gi);
+    return gi;
+}
diff --git a/src/faebryk/core/cpp/include/graph/graphinterfaces.hpp b/src/faebryk/core/cpp/include/graph/graphinterfaces.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..b0eeeaa5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/faebryk/core/cpp/include/graph/graphinterfaces.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+/* This file is part of the faebryk project
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "graph.hpp"
+
+class LinkParent;
+
+class GraphInterfaceSelf : public GraphInterface {
+  public:
+    using GraphInterface::GraphInterface;
+};
+
+class GraphInterfaceHierarchical : public GraphInterface {
+    bool is_parent;
+
+  public:
+    GraphInterfaceHierarchical(bool is_parent);
+
+    template <typename T> static std::shared_ptr<T> factory(bool is_parent);
+    bool get_is_parent();
+    std::vector<Node_ref> get_children();
+    std::vector<HierarchicalNodeRef> get_children_with_names();
+    std::optional<HierarchicalNodeRef> get_parent();
+    void disconnect_parent();
+
+    static bool is_uplink(GI_ref_weak from, GI_ref_weak to);
+    static bool is_downlink(GI_ref_weak from, GI_ref_weak to);
+
+  private:
+    std::optional<std::shared_ptr<LinkParent>> get_parent_link();
+};
+
+/** Represents a reference to a node object */
+class GraphInterfaceReference : public GraphInterface {
+  public:
+    /** Cannot resolve unbound reference */
+    struct UnboundError : public std::runtime_error {
+        UnboundError(const std::string &msg)
+          : std::runtime_error(msg) {
+        }
+    };
+
+  public:
+    using GraphInterface::GraphInterface;
+
+    GraphInterfaceSelf *get_referenced_gif();
+    Node_ref get_reference();
+};
+
+// TODO move those back to python when inherited GIFs work again
+
+class GraphInterfaceModuleSibling : public GraphInterfaceHierarchical {
+  public:
+    using GraphInterfaceHierarchical::GraphInterfaceHierarchical;
+};
+
+class GraphInterfaceModuleConnection : public GraphInterface {
+  public:
+    using GraphInterface::GraphInterface;
+};
+
+template <typename T>
+inline std::shared_ptr<T> GraphInterfaceHierarchical::factory(bool is_parent) {
+    static_assert(std::is_base_of<GraphInterfaceHierarchical, T>::value,
+                  "T must be a subclass of GraphInterfaceHierarchical");
+
+    auto gi = std::make_shared<T>(is_parent);
+    gi->register_graph(gi);
+    return gi;
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/faebryk/core/cpp/include/graph/links.hpp b/src/faebryk/core/cpp/include/graph/links.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d1074198
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/faebryk/core/cpp/include/graph/links.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+/* This file is part of the faebryk project
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include "graph/graph.hpp"
+#include "graphinterfaces.hpp"
+
+class LinkDirect : public Link {
+  public:
+    LinkDirect();
+    LinkDirect(GI_ref_weak from, GI_ref_weak to);
+};
+
+class LinkParent : public Link {
+    GraphInterfaceHierarchical *parent;
+    GraphInterfaceHierarchical *child;
+
+  public:
+    LinkParent();
+    LinkParent(GraphInterfaceHierarchical *from, GraphInterfaceHierarchical *to);
+
+    void set_connections(GI_ref_weak from, GI_ref_weak to) override;
+    GraphInterfaceHierarchical *get_parent();
+    GraphInterfaceHierarchical *get_child();
+};
+
+class LinkNamedParent : public LinkParent {
+    std::string name;
+
+  public:
+    LinkNamedParent(std::string name);
+    LinkNamedParent(std::string name, GraphInterfaceHierarchical *from,
+                    GraphInterfaceHierarchical *to);
+
+    std::string get_name();
+};
+
+class LinkDirectShallow : public LinkDirect {
+    // TODO
+};
+
+class LinkPointer : public Link {
+    GraphInterfaceSelf *pointee;
+    GraphInterface *pointer;
+
+  public:
+    LinkPointer();
+    LinkPointer(GI_ref_weak from, GraphInterfaceSelf *to);
+    void set_connections(GI_ref_weak from, GI_ref_weak to) override;
+    GraphInterface *get_pointer();
+    GraphInterfaceSelf *get_pointee();
+};
+
+class LinkSibling : public LinkPointer {
+  public:
+    LinkSibling();
+    LinkSibling(GI_ref_weak from, GraphInterfaceSelf *to);
+};
+
+class LinkDirectConditional : public LinkDirect {
+
+  public:
+    enum FilterResult {
+        FILTER_PASS,
+        FILTER_FAIL_RECOVERABLE,
+        FILTER_FAIL_UNRECOVERABLE
+    };
+
+    using FilterF = std::function<FilterResult(GI_ref_weak from, GI_ref_weak to)>;
+
+    struct LinkFilteredException : public std::runtime_error {
+        LinkFilteredException(std::string msg)
+          : std::runtime_error(msg) {
+        }
+    };
+
+  private:
+    FilterF filter;
+
+  public:
+    LinkDirectConditional(FilterF filter);
+    LinkDirectConditional(FilterF filter, GI_ref_weak from, GI_ref_weak to);
+    void set_connections(GI_ref_weak from, GI_ref_weak to) override;
+};
+
+class LinkDirectDerived : public LinkDirectConditional {
+  private:
+    static LinkDirectConditional::FilterF make_filter_from_path(Path path);
+
+  public:
+    LinkDirectDerived(Path path);
+    LinkDirectDerived(Path path, GI_ref_weak from, GI_ref_weak to);
+};
diff --git a/src/faebryk/core/cpp/include/nano.hpp b/src/faebryk/core/cpp/include/nano.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..46546ad9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/faebryk/core/cpp/include/nano.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+/* This file is part of the faebryk project
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <nanobind/nanobind.h>
+
+namespace nb = nanobind;
+
+// Fix for nanobind new override
+template <typename Func, typename Sig = nb::detail::function_signature_t<Func>>
+struct new__;
+
+// 0-arg function
+template <typename Func, typename Return> struct new__<Func, Return()> {
+    std::remove_reference_t<Func> func;
+
+    new__(Func &&f)
+      : func((nb::detail::forward_t<Func>)f) {
+    }
+
+    template <typename Class, typename... Extra>
+    NB_INLINE void execute(Class &cl, const Extra &...extra) {
+        nb::detail::wrap_base_new(cl, false);
+
+        auto wrapper_cls = [func =
+                                (nb::detail::forward_t<Func>)func](nb::type_object h) {
+            // printf("Called wrapper_cls with %s\n", nb::type_name(h).c_str());
+            return func();
+        };
+        auto wrapper = [func = (nb::detail::forward_t<Func>)func]() {
+            throw std::runtime_error("Called wrapper in 0-arg function");
+            return func();
+        };
+
+        cl.def_static("__new__", std::move(wrapper), extra...);
+        cl.def_static("__new__", std::move(wrapper_cls), nb::arg("cls"), extra...);
+        cl.def(
+            "__init__",
+            [](nb::handle) {
+                // throw std::runtime_error("Called init in 0-arg function");
+            },
+            extra...);
+    }
+};
+
+// function with arguments
+template <typename Func, typename Return, typename FirstArg, typename... Args>
+struct new__<Func, Return(FirstArg, Args...)> {
+    std::remove_reference_t<Func> func;
+
+    new__(Func &&f)
+      : func((nb::detail::forward_t<Func>)f) {
+    }
+
+    template <typename Class, typename... Extra>
+    NB_INLINE void execute(Class &cl, const Extra &...extra) {
+        nb::detail::wrap_base_new(cl, sizeof...(Args) != 0);
+
+        constexpr bool is_first_arg_type_object =
+            std::is_same_v<FirstArg, nb::type_object>;
+
+        // function that needs cls as first argument
+        if constexpr (is_first_arg_type_object) {
+            auto wrapper = [func = (nb::detail::forward_t<Func>)func](nb::type_object h,
+                                                                      Args... args) {
+                // printf("Called wrapper with %s\n", nb::type_name(h).c_str());
+                return func(h, (nb::detail::forward_t<Args>)args...);
+            };
+            auto wrapper_nocls = [func =
+                                      (nb::detail::forward_t<Func>)func](Args... args) {
+                throw std::runtime_error("Called wrapper_nocls");
+            };
+
+            cl.def_static("__new__", std::move(wrapper_nocls), extra...);
+            cl.def_static("__new__", std::move(wrapper), nb::arg("cls"), extra...);
+            cl.def(
+                "__init__",
+                [](nb::handle, Args...) {
+                    // throw std::runtime_error("Called init in handle function");
+                },
+                extra...);
+        } else {
+            // function that does not need cls as first argument
+            auto wrapper_cls = [func = (nb::detail::forward_t<Func>)func](
+                                   nb::type_object h, FirstArg arg1, Args... args) {
+                // printf("Called wrapper_cls with %s\n", nb::type_name(h).c_str());
+                return func(arg1, (nb::detail::forward_t<Args>)args...);
+            };
+            auto wrapper = [func = (nb::detail::forward_t<Func>)func](FirstArg arg1,
+                                                                      Args... args) {
+                throw std::runtime_error("Called wrapper for non-handle function");
+            };
+
+            cl.def_static("__new__", std::move(wrapper), extra...);
+            cl.def_static("__new__", std::move(wrapper_cls), nb::arg("cls"), extra...);
+            cl.def(
+                "__init__",
+                [](nb::handle, FirstArg, Args...) {
+                    // throw std::runtime_error("Called init in non-handle function");
+                },
+                extra...);
+        }
+    }
+};
+
+template <typename Func> new__(Func &&f) -> new__<Func>;
+
+#define FACTORY(pyclass, newc, ...)                                                     \
+    {                                                                                   \
+        auto _ = pyclass;                                                               \
+        new__(newc).execute(_, ##__VA_ARGS__);                                          \
+    }
diff --git a/src/faebryk/core/cpp/include/pyutil.hpp b/src/faebryk/core/cpp/include/pyutil.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..ac9c39a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/faebryk/core/cpp/include/pyutil.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+/* This file is part of the faebryk project
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <nanobind/nanobind.h>
+
+namespace nb = nanobind;
+
+namespace pyutil {
+
+// TODO avoid calling these functions
+//  instance checks can be done without a python call by recreating the type tree in C++
+// (for graph objects ofc)
+
+inline bool isinstance(nb::object obj, nb::type_object type) {
+    // Call the Python isinstance function
+    nb::object isinstance_func = nb::module_::import_("builtins").attr("isinstance");
+    return nb::cast<bool>(isinstance_func(obj, type));
+}
+
+inline bool isinstance(nb::object obj, std::vector<nb::type_object> types) {
+    return std::any_of(types.begin(), types.end(), [obj](auto type) {
+        return isinstance(obj, type);
+    });
+}
+
+} // namespace pyutil
diff --git a/src/faebryk/core/cpp/include/util.hpp b/src/faebryk/core/cpp/include/util.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..25af413c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/faebryk/core/cpp/include/util.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+/* This file is part of the faebryk project
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <cxxabi.h>
+#include <memory>
+#include <string>
+
+namespace util {
+
+template <typename T> std::string get_type_name(const T *obj) {
+    int status;
+    std::unique_ptr<char, void (*)(void *)> demangled_name(
+        abi::__cxa_demangle(typeid(*obj).name(), nullptr, nullptr, &status), std::free);
+    return demangled_name ? demangled_name.get() : "unknown type";
+}
+
+template <typename T> std::string get_type_name(const std::shared_ptr<T> &obj) {
+    return get_type_name(obj.get());
+}
+
+} // namespace util
diff --git a/src/faebryk/core/cpp/src/graph/graph.cpp b/src/faebryk/core/cpp/src/graph/graph.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..76bcd349
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/faebryk/core/cpp/src/graph/graph.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+/* This file is part of the faebryk project
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+ */
+
+#include "graph/graph.hpp"
+#include "graph/links.hpp"
+#include <queue>
+
+Graph::Graph() {
+}
+
+Graph::~Graph() {
+    if (!this->invalidated) {
+        printf("WARNING: graph not invalidated\n");
+    }
+}
+
+void Graph::hold(GI_ref gi) {
+    this->v.insert(gi);
+}
+
+Graph_ref Graph::merge_graphs(Graph_ref g1, Graph_ref g2) {
+    if (g1 == g2) {
+        return g1;
+    }
+
+    auto G_target = (g1->node_count() >= g2->node_count()) ? g1 : g2;
+    auto G_source = (g1 == G_target) ? g2 : g1;
+
+    assert(G_source->node_count() > 0);
+
+    for (auto &v : G_source->v) {
+        v->G = G_target;
+    }
+    G_target->merge(*G_source);
+    G_source->invalidate();
+
+    return G_target;
+}
+
+void Graph::add_edge(Link_ref link) {
+    auto [from, to] = link->get_connections();
+
+    auto G = Graph::merge_graphs(from->G, to->G);
+
+    // remove existing link
+    if (G->e_cache_simple[from].contains(to)) {
+        // this->remove_edge(this->e_cache[from][to]);
+        // TODO: reconsider this
+        throw std::runtime_error("link already exists");
+    }
+
+    G->e_cache_simple[from].insert(to);
+    G->e_cache_simple[to].insert(from);
+    G->e_cache[from][to] = link;
+    G->e_cache[to][from] = link;
+    G->e.push_back(std::make_tuple(from, to, link));
+}
+
+void Graph::remove_edge(Link_ref link) {
+    auto [from, to] = link->get_connections();
+    auto G = from->G;
+    if (G != to->G) {
+        throw std::runtime_error("link not in graph");
+    }
+
+    if (!G->e_cache_simple[from].contains(to)) {
+        return;
+    }
+    if (G->e_cache[from][to] != link) {
+        throw std::runtime_error("link not in graph");
+    }
+    G->e_cache_simple[from].erase(to);
+    G->e_cache[from].erase(to);
+    G->e_cache[to].erase(from);
+    std::erase_if(G->e, [link](const auto &edge) {
+        return std::get<2>(edge) == link;
+    });
+
+    // TODO
+    if (G->e_cache_simple[from].empty()) {
+        //     G->remove_node(from);
+    }
+    if (G->e_cache_simple[to].empty()) {
+        //     G->remove_node(to);
+    }
+}
+
+void Graph::merge(Graph &other) {
+    this->v.merge(other.v);
+    this->e.insert(this->e.end(), other.e.begin(), other.e.end());
+    this->e_cache.merge(other.e_cache);
+    this->e_cache_simple.merge(other.e_cache_simple);
+}
+
+std::unordered_set<GI_ref_weak> Graph::get_gif_edges(GI_ref_weak from) {
+    return this->e_cache_simple[from];
+}
+
+std::unordered_map<GI_ref_weak, Link_ref> &Graph::get_edges(GI_ref_weak from) {
+    return this->e_cache[from];
+}
+
+void Graph::remove_node(GI_ref node) {
+    auto node_ptr = node.get();
+    this->v.erase(node);
+
+    // TODO remove G ref from Gif
+
+    for (auto &[from, tos] : this->e_cache_simple) {
+        tos.erase(node_ptr);
+    }
+    this->e_cache_simple.erase(node_ptr);
+
+    for (auto &[to, link] : this->e_cache[node_ptr]) {
+        this->e_cache[to].erase(node_ptr);
+    }
+    this->e_cache.erase(node_ptr);
+
+    std::erase_if(this->e, [node_ptr](const auto &edge) {
+        return std::get<0>(edge) == node_ptr || std::get<1>(edge) == node_ptr;
+    });
+}
+
+void Graph::invalidate() {
+    this->invalidated = true;
+    this->v.clear();
+}
+
+int Graph::node_count() {
+    return this->v.size();
+}
+
+int Graph::edge_count() {
+    return this->e.size();
+}
+
+std::string Graph::repr() {
+    std::stringstream ss;
+    ss << "<Graph[V:" << this->node_count() << ", E:" << this->edge_count() << "] at "
+       << this << ">";
+    return ss.str();
+}
+
+// Algorithms --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+std::unordered_set<Node_ref> Graph::node_projection() {
+    std::unordered_set<Node_ref> nodes;
+    for (auto &gif : this->v) {
+        if (auto self_gif = dynamic_cast<GraphInterfaceSelf *>(gif.get())) {
+            auto node = self_gif->get_node();
+            assert(node);
+            nodes.insert(node);
+        }
+    }
+    return nodes;
+}
+
+std::vector<std::pair<Node_ref, std::string>>
+Graph::nodes_by_names(std::unordered_set<std::string> names) {
+    std::vector<std::pair<Node_ref, std::string>> nodes;
+    for (auto &node : this->node_projection()) {
+        auto full_name = node->get_full_name();
+        if (names.contains(full_name)) {
+            nodes.push_back({node, full_name});
+        }
+    }
+    return nodes;
+}
+
+std::unordered_set<GI_ref_weak>
+Graph::bfs_visit(std::function<bool(std::vector<GI_ref_weak> &, Link_ref)> filter,
+                 std::vector<GI_ref_weak> start) {
+    std::unordered_set<GI_ref_weak> visited;
+    std::queue<std::vector<GI_ref_weak>> queue;
+    queue.push(start);
+
+    while (!queue.empty()) {
+        auto path = queue.front();
+        queue.pop();
+
+        auto current = path.back();
+
+        for (auto &[next, link] : this->e_cache[current]) {
+            if (visited.contains(next)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            std::vector<GI_ref_weak> next_path(path);
+            next_path.push_back(next);
+
+            if (filter(next_path, link)) {
+                queue.push(next_path);
+                visited.insert(next);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return visited;
+}
diff --git a/src/faebryk/core/cpp/src/graph/graphinterface.cpp b/src/faebryk/core/cpp/src/graph/graphinterface.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..256b25fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/faebryk/core/cpp/src/graph/graphinterface.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+/* This file is part of the faebryk project
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+ */
+
+#include "graph/graphinterfaces.hpp"
+#include "graph/links.hpp"
+#include "pyutil.hpp"
+#include <chrono>
+
+std::shared_ptr<Graph> GraphInterface::get_graph() {
+    return this->G;
+}
+
+void GraphInterface::set_node(Node_ref node) {
+    assert(!this->node);
+    this->node = node;
+}
+
+Node_ref GraphInterface::get_node() {
+    assert(this->node);
+    return this->node;
+}
+
+void GraphInterface::set_name(std::string name) {
+    assert(this->name.empty());
+    this->name = name;
+}
+
+std::string GraphInterface::get_name() {
+    return this->name;
+}
+
+std::string GraphInterface::get_full_name(bool types) {
+    assert(this->node);
+
+    std::stringstream ss;
+    ss << this->get_node()->get_full_name(types) << "." << this->name;
+    if (types) {
+        ss << "|" << util::get_type_name(this) << "|";
+    }
+    return ss.str();
+}
+
+std::string GraphInterface::repr() {
+    std::stringstream ss;
+    ss << "<" << util::get_type_name(this) << " at " << this << ">";
+    return ss.str();
+}
+
+GraphInterface::~GraphInterface() {
+}
+
+GraphInterface::GraphInterface()
+  : G(std::make_shared<Graph>()) {
+}
+
+void GraphInterface::connect(GI_ref_weak other) {
+    auto link = std::make_shared<LinkDirect>(this, other);
+    Graph::add_edge(link);
+}
+
+void GraphInterface::connect(GI_refs_weak others) {
+    for (auto other : others) {
+        this->connect(other);
+    }
+}
+
+void GraphInterface::connect(GI_ref_weak other, Link_ref link) {
+    if (link->is_setup()) {
+        throw std::runtime_error("link already setup");
+    }
+    link->set_connections(this, other);
+    Graph::add_edge(link);
+}
+
+void GraphInterface::register_graph(std::shared_ptr<GraphInterface> gi) {
+    this->G->hold(gi);
+}
+
+std::optional<Link_ref> GraphInterface::is_connected(GI_ref_weak to) {
+    auto &edges = this->get_edges();
+    auto edge = edges.find(to);
+    if (edge == edges.end()) {
+        return {};
+    }
+    return edge->second;
+}
+
+Set<GI_ref_weak> GraphInterface::get_gif_edges() {
+    return this->G->get_gif_edges(this);
+}
+
+std::unordered_map<GI_ref_weak, Link_ref> &GraphInterface::get_edges() {
+    return this->G->get_edges(this);
+}
+
+std::unordered_set<Node_ref>
+GraphInterface::get_connected_nodes(std::vector<nb::type_object> types) {
+    auto edges = this->get_edges();
+    std::unordered_set<Node_ref> nodes;
+    for (auto [to, link] : edges) {
+        if (auto direct_link = std::dynamic_pointer_cast<LinkDirect>(link)) {
+            auto node = to->get_node();
+            for (auto type : types) {
+                auto py_handle = node->get_py_handle();
+                if (!py_handle) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if (pyutil::isinstance(py_handle.value(), type)) {
+                    nodes.insert(node);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return nodes;
+}
diff --git a/src/faebryk/core/cpp/src/graph/graphinterfaces.cpp b/src/faebryk/core/cpp/src/graph/graphinterfaces.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..4817903b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/faebryk/core/cpp/src/graph/graphinterfaces.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+/* This file is part of the faebryk project
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+ */
+
+#include "graph/graphinterfaces.hpp"
+#include "graph/links.hpp"
+
+// GraphInterfaceSelf ------------------------------------------------------------------
+// GraphInterfaceHierarchical ----------------------------------------------------------
+
+bool GraphInterfaceHierarchical::get_is_parent() {
+    return this->is_parent;
+}
+
+std::vector<Node_ref> GraphInterfaceHierarchical::get_children() {
+    assert(this->is_parent);
+
+    auto edges = this->get_edges();
+    std::vector<Node_ref> children;
+    for (auto [to, link] : edges) {
+        if (auto named_link = std::dynamic_pointer_cast<LinkParent>(link)) {
+            children.push_back(to->get_node());
+        }
+    }
+    return children;
+}
+
+std::vector<HierarchicalNodeRef> GraphInterfaceHierarchical::get_children_with_names() {
+    assert(this->is_parent);
+
+    auto edges = this->get_edges();
+    std::vector<HierarchicalNodeRef> children;
+    for (auto [to, link] : edges) {
+        if (auto named_link = dynamic_cast<LinkNamedParent *>(link.get())) {
+            children.push_back(std::make_pair(to->get_node(), named_link->get_name()));
+        }
+    }
+    return children;
+}
+
+std::optional<std::shared_ptr<LinkParent>>
+GraphInterfaceHierarchical::get_parent_link() {
+    assert(!this->is_parent);
+
+    auto edges = this->get_edges();
+    for (auto [to, link] : edges) {
+        if (auto parent_link = std::dynamic_pointer_cast<LinkParent>(link)) {
+            return parent_link;
+        }
+    }
+    return std::nullopt;
+}
+
+std::optional<HierarchicalNodeRef> GraphInterfaceHierarchical::get_parent() {
+    auto link = this->get_parent_link();
+    if (!link) {
+        return std::nullopt;
+    }
+    auto p = (*link)->get_parent();
+    // if unnamed, name is empty string
+    std::string name;
+    if (auto named_link = std::dynamic_pointer_cast<LinkNamedParent>(*link)) {
+        name = named_link->get_name();
+    }
+    return std::make_pair(p->get_node(), name);
+}
+
+GraphInterfaceHierarchical::GraphInterfaceHierarchical(bool is_parent)
+  : GraphInterface()
+  , is_parent(is_parent) {
+}
+
+void GraphInterfaceHierarchical::disconnect_parent() {
+    auto link = this->get_parent_link();
+    if (!link) {
+        return;
+    }
+    Graph::remove_edge(*link);
+}
+
+bool GraphInterfaceHierarchical::is_uplink(GI_ref_weak from, GI_ref_weak to) {
+    auto from_gif = dynamic_cast<GraphInterfaceHierarchical *>(from);
+    auto to_gif = dynamic_cast<GraphInterfaceHierarchical *>(to);
+    if (!from_gif || !to_gif) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    return !from_gif->is_parent && to_gif->is_parent;
+}
+
+bool GraphInterfaceHierarchical::is_downlink(GI_ref_weak from, GI_ref_weak to) {
+    auto from_gif = dynamic_cast<GraphInterfaceHierarchical *>(from);
+    auto to_gif = dynamic_cast<GraphInterfaceHierarchical *>(to);
+    if (!from_gif || !to_gif) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    return from_gif->is_parent && !to_gif->is_parent;
+}
+
+// GraphInterfaceReference -------------------------------------------------------------
+GraphInterfaceSelf *GraphInterfaceReference::get_referenced_gif() {
+    auto edges = this->get_edges();
+    for (auto [to, link] : edges) {
+        if (auto pointer_link = std::dynamic_pointer_cast<LinkPointer>(link)) {
+            if (!std::dynamic_pointer_cast<LinkSibling>(link)) {
+                return pointer_link->get_pointee();
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    throw UnboundError("Reference is not bound");
+}
+
+Node_ref GraphInterfaceReference::get_reference() {
+    return this->get_referenced_gif()->get_node();
+}
+
+// GraphInterfaceModuleSibling -------------------------------------------------------
+// GraphInterfaceModuleConnection -----------------------------------------------------
diff --git a/src/faebryk/core/cpp/src/graph/link.cpp b/src/faebryk/core/cpp/src/graph/link.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..db84246a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/faebryk/core/cpp/src/graph/link.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+/* This file is part of the faebryk project
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+ */
+
+#include "graph/graph.hpp"
+#include "graph/links.hpp"
+
+Link::Link()
+  : from(nullptr)
+  , to(nullptr)
+  , setup(false) {
+}
+
+Link::Link(GI_ref_weak from, GI_ref_weak to)
+  : from(from)
+  , to(to)
+  , setup(true) {
+}
+
+std::pair<GI_ref_weak, GI_ref_weak> Link::get_connections() {
+    if (!this->setup) {
+        throw std::runtime_error("link not setup");
+    }
+    return {this->from, this->to};
+}
+
+void Link::set_connections(GI_ref_weak from, GI_ref_weak to) {
+    this->from = from;
+    this->to = to;
+    this->setup = true;
+}
+
+bool Link::is_setup() {
+    return this->setup;
+}
diff --git a/src/faebryk/core/cpp/src/graph/links.cpp b/src/faebryk/core/cpp/src/graph/links.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..82ddb4ed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/faebryk/core/cpp/src/graph/links.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+/* This file is part of the faebryk project
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+ */
+
+#include "graph/links.hpp"
+
+// LinkDirect --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+LinkDirect::LinkDirect()
+  : Link() {
+}
+
+LinkDirect::LinkDirect(GI_ref_weak from, GI_ref_weak to)
+  : Link(from, to) {
+}
+
+// LinkParent --------------------------------------------------------------------------
+LinkParent::LinkParent()
+  : Link()
+  , parent(nullptr)
+  , child(nullptr) {
+}
+
+LinkParent::LinkParent(GraphInterfaceHierarchical *from, GraphInterfaceHierarchical *to)
+  : Link(from, to)
+  , parent(nullptr)
+  , child(nullptr) {
+    this->set_connections(from, to);
+}
+
+void LinkParent::set_connections(GI_ref_weak from, GI_ref_weak to) {
+    auto from_h = dynamic_cast<GraphInterfaceHierarchical *>(from);
+    auto to_h = dynamic_cast<GraphInterfaceHierarchical *>(to);
+
+    if (!from_h || !to_h) {
+        throw std::runtime_error("invalid gifs for LinkParent");
+    }
+
+    Link::set_connections(from, to);
+    if (from_h->get_is_parent() && !to_h->get_is_parent()) {
+        this->parent = from_h;
+        this->child = to_h;
+    } else if (!from_h->get_is_parent() && to_h->get_is_parent()) {
+        this->parent = to_h;
+        this->child = from_h;
+    } else {
+        throw std::runtime_error("invalid parent-child relationship");
+    }
+}
+
+GraphInterfaceHierarchical *LinkParent::get_parent() {
+    if (!this->is_setup()) {
+        throw std::runtime_error("link not setup");
+    }
+    return this->parent;
+}
+
+GraphInterfaceHierarchical *LinkParent::get_child() {
+    if (!this->is_setup()) {
+        throw std::runtime_error("link not setup");
+    }
+    return this->child;
+}
+
+// LinkNamedParent ---------------------------------------------------------------------
+LinkNamedParent::LinkNamedParent(std::string name)
+  : LinkParent()
+  , name(name) {
+}
+
+LinkNamedParent::LinkNamedParent(std::string name, GraphInterfaceHierarchical *from,
+                                 GraphInterfaceHierarchical *to)
+  : LinkParent(from, to)
+  , name(name) {
+}
+
+std::string LinkNamedParent::get_name() {
+    return this->name;
+}
+
+// LinkPointer -------------------------------------------------------------------------
+LinkPointer::LinkPointer()
+  : Link()
+  , pointee(nullptr)
+  , pointer(nullptr) {
+}
+
+LinkPointer::LinkPointer(GI_ref_weak from, GraphInterfaceSelf *to)
+  : Link(from, to)
+  , pointee(nullptr)
+  , pointer(nullptr) {
+    this->set_connections(from, to);
+}
+
+void LinkPointer::set_connections(GI_ref_weak from, GI_ref_weak to) {
+    auto from_s = dynamic_cast<GraphInterfaceSelf *>(from);
+    auto to_s = dynamic_cast<GraphInterfaceSelf *>(to);
+
+    if (!from_s && !to_s) {
+        throw std::runtime_error("LinkPointer needs to point to a self-gif");
+    }
+    if (!to_s) {
+        to_s = from_s;
+        from = to;
+    }
+
+    Link::set_connections(from, to_s);
+    this->pointer = from;
+    this->pointee = to_s;
+}
+
+GraphInterfaceSelf *LinkPointer::get_pointee() {
+    if (!this->is_setup()) {
+        throw std::runtime_error("link not setup");
+    }
+    return this->pointee;
+}
+
+GraphInterface *LinkPointer::get_pointer() {
+    if (!this->is_setup()) {
+        throw std::runtime_error("link not setup");
+    }
+    return this->pointer;
+}
+
+// LinkSibling ------------------------------------------------------------------------
+LinkSibling::LinkSibling()
+  : LinkPointer() {
+}
+
+LinkSibling::LinkSibling(GI_ref_weak from, GraphInterfaceSelf *to)
+  : LinkPointer(from, to) {
+}
+
+// LinkDirectConditional ----------------------------------------------------------------
+LinkDirectConditional::LinkDirectConditional(FilterF filter)
+  : LinkDirect()
+  , filter(filter) {
+}
+
+LinkDirectConditional::LinkDirectConditional(FilterF filter, GI_ref_weak from,
+                                             GI_ref_weak to)
+  : LinkDirect(from, to)
+  , filter(filter) {
+    this->set_connections(from, to);
+}
+
+void LinkDirectConditional::set_connections(GI_ref_weak from, GI_ref_weak to) {
+    if (this->filter(from, to) != FilterResult::FILTER_PASS) {
+        throw LinkFilteredException("LinkDirectConditional filtered");
+    }
+    LinkDirect::set_connections(from, to);
+}
+
+// LinkDirectDerived -------------------------------------------------------------------
+LinkDirectDerived::LinkDirectDerived(Path path)
+  : LinkDirectConditional(make_filter_from_path(path)) {
+}
+
+LinkDirectDerived::LinkDirectDerived(Path path, GI_ref_weak from, GI_ref_weak to)
+  : LinkDirectConditional(make_filter_from_path(path), from, to) {
+}
+
+LinkDirectConditional::FilterF LinkDirectDerived::make_filter_from_path(Path path) {
+    // TODO
+    return [path](GI_ref_weak, GI_ref_weak) {
+        return LinkDirectConditional::FilterResult::FILTER_PASS;
+    };
+}
diff --git a/src/faebryk/core/cpp/src/graph/node.cpp b/src/faebryk/core/cpp/src/graph/node.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..61bb9628
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/faebryk/core/cpp/src/graph/node.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,226 @@
+/* This file is part of the faebryk project
+ * SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+ */
+
+#include "graph/graph.hpp"
+#include "graph/links.hpp"
+#include "pyutil.hpp"
+
+Node::Node()
+  : self(GraphInterfaceSelf::factory<GraphInterfaceSelf>())
+  , children(GraphInterfaceHierarchical::factory<GraphInterfaceHierarchical>(true))
+  , parent(GraphInterfaceHierarchical::factory<GraphInterfaceHierarchical>(false)) {
+
+    this->self->set_name("self");
+
+    this->children->set_name("children");
+    this->children->connect(this->self.get(), std::make_shared<LinkSibling>());
+
+    this->parent->set_name("parent");
+    this->parent->connect(this->self.get(), std::make_shared<LinkSibling>());
+}
+
+Node_ref Node::transfer_ownership(Node_ref node) {
+    // TODO consider some hacking with nb::cast during new to avoid this
+
+    node->self->set_node(node);
+    node->children->set_node(node);
+    node->parent->set_node(node);
+
+    auto other = nb::find(node);
+    node->set_py_handle(other);
+
+    return node;
+}
+
+void Node::set_py_handle(nb::object handle) {
+    if (this->py_handle.has_value()) {
+        throw std::runtime_error("py_handle already set");
+    }
+    assert(handle.is_valid());
+    this->py_handle = handle;
+}
+
+std::shared_ptr<Graph> Node::get_graph() {
+    return this->self->get_graph();
+}
+
+std::shared_ptr<GraphInterfaceSelf> Node::get_self_gif() {
+    return this->self;
+}
+
+std::shared_ptr<GraphInterfaceHierarchical> Node::get_children_gif() {
+    return this->children;
+}
+
+std::shared_ptr<GraphInterfaceHierarchical> Node::get_parent_gif() {
+    return this->parent;
+}
+
+std::optional<HierarchicalNodeRef> Node::get_parent() {
+    return this->parent->get_parent();
+}
+
+HierarchicalNodeRef Node::get_parent_force() {
+    auto p = this->get_parent();
+    if (!p) {
+        throw NodeNoParent(*this, __func__);
+    }
+    return *p;
+}
+
+std::string Node::get_root_id() {
+    std::stringstream ss;
+    ss << std::hex << std::uppercase << reinterpret_cast<uintptr_t>(this);
+    auto out = ss.str();
+    return "*" + out.substr(out.size() - 4);
+}
+
+std::string Node::get_name(bool accept_no_parent) {
+    if (!accept_no_parent) {
+        return this->get_parent_force().second;
+    }
+    auto p = this->get_parent();
+    if (!p) {
+        return this->get_root_id();
+    }
+    return p->second;
+}
+
+std::vector<HierarchicalNodeRef> Node::get_hierarchy() {
+    auto p = this->get_parent();
+    if (!p) {
+        return std::vector{std::make_pair(this->self->get_node(), this->get_root_id())};
+    }
+    auto [parent, name] = *p;
+    auto parent_hierarchy = parent->get_hierarchy();
+    parent_hierarchy.push_back(std::make_pair(this->self->get_node(), name));
+    return parent_hierarchy;
+}
+
+std::string Node::get_full_name(bool types) {
+    std::stringstream ss;
+    auto p = this->get_parent();
+    if (p) {
+        auto [parent, name] = *p;
+        auto parent_hierarchy = parent->get_full_name(types);
+        ss << parent_hierarchy << "." << name;
+    } else {
+        ss << this->get_root_id();
+    }
+    if (types) {
+        ss << "|" << this->get_type_name();
+    }
+    return ss.str();
+}
+
+std::string Node::repr() {
+    std::stringstream ss;
+    ss << "<" << this->get_full_name(true) << ">";
+    return ss.str();
+}
+
+std::string Node::get_type_name() {
+    if (this->py_handle.has_value()) {
+        auto out = std::string(
+            nb::repr(this->py_handle.value().type().attr("__name__")).c_str());
+        // format : 'ClassName'
+        // extract ClassName
+        // remove quotes
+        auto pos = out.find_first_of('\'');
+        if (pos != std::string::npos) {
+            out = out.substr(pos + 1, out.size() - 2);
+        }
+        return out;
+    }
+    return util::get_type_name(this);
+}
+
+std::optional<nb::object> Node::get_py_handle() {
+    return this->py_handle;
+}
+
+std::unordered_set<Node_ref> Node::get_children_all(bool include_root) {
+    std::unordered_set<Node_ref> out;
+
+    auto direct_children = this->get_children_direct();
+    if (include_root) {
+        out.insert(this->self->get_node());
+    }
+    for (auto child : direct_children) {
+        out.merge(child->get_children_all(false));
+    }
+    out.merge(direct_children);
+
+    return out;
+}
+
+std::unordered_set<Node_ref> Node::get_children_direct() {
+    auto children = this->children->get_children();
+    return std::unordered_set<Node_ref>(children.begin(), children.end());
+}
+
+std::vector<Node_ref>
+Node::get_children(bool direct_only, std::optional<std::vector<nb::type_object>> types,
+                   bool include_root, std::function<bool(Node_ref)> f_filter,
+                   bool sort) {
+    std::unordered_set<Node_ref> children;
+    if (direct_only) {
+        children = this->get_children_direct();
+        if (include_root) {
+            children.insert(this->self->get_node());
+        }
+    } else {
+        children = this->get_children_all(include_root);
+    }
+
+    // always true if Node in types
+    if (types) {
+        auto type_h = nb::type<Node>();
+        for (auto type : *types) {
+            if (type.ptr() == type_h.ptr()) {
+                types = {};
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    std::vector<Node_ref> children_filtered;
+
+    // If no filtering is needed, copy all children directly
+    if (!types && !f_filter) {
+        children_filtered.assign(children.begin(), children.end());
+    } else {
+        for (auto node : children) {
+            // filter by type
+            if (types) {
+                auto handle = node->get_py_handle();
+                if (!handle) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if (!pyutil::isinstance(*handle, *types)) {
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+
+            // filter by function
+            if (f_filter && !f_filter(node)) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            children_filtered.push_back(node);
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (sort) {
+        // Custom comparator for sorting by node name
+        auto comp = [](const Node_ref &a, const Node_ref &b) {
+            return a->get_name(true) < b->get_name(true);
+        };
+
+        // Sort the children_filtered vector using the custom comparator
+        std::sort(children_filtered.begin(), children_filtered.end(), comp);
+    }
+
+    return children_filtered;
+}
diff --git a/src/faebryk/core/cpp/src/main.cpp b/src/faebryk/core/cpp/src/main.cpp
index 808c2138..4ed85c84 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/core/cpp/src/main.cpp
+++ b/src/faebryk/core/cpp/src/main.cpp
@@ -2,6 +2,10 @@
  * SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
  */
 
+#include "graph/graph.hpp"
+#include "graph/graphinterfaces.hpp"
+#include "graph/links.hpp"
+#include "nano.hpp"
 #include <nanobind/nanobind.h>
 
 // check if c++20 is used
@@ -9,8 +13,6 @@
 #error "C++20 is required"
 #endif
 
-namespace nb = nanobind;
-
 #if EDITABLE
 #define PYMOD(m) NB_MODULE(faebryk_core_cpp_editable, m)
 #warning "EDITABLE"
@@ -18,14 +20,141 @@ namespace nb = nanobind;
 #define PYMOD(m) NB_MODULE(faebryk_core_cpp, m)
 #endif
 
+// #include <nanobind/nb_types.h>
+
+namespace nb = nanobind;
+using namespace nb::literals;
+
 // -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 int add(int i, int j) {
     return i + j;
 }
 
+int call_python_function(std::function<int()> func) {
+    auto out = func();
+    printf("%d\n", out);
+    return out;
+}
+
+void print_obj(nb::handle obj) {
+    printf("%s\n", nb::repr(obj).c_str());
+}
+
+void print_obj_pyptr(PyObject *pyobj) {
+    auto obj = nb::handle(pyobj);
+    print_obj(obj);
+}
+
 PYMOD(m) {
     m.doc() = "faebryk core c++ module";
 
-    m.def("add", &add, "A function that adds two numbers");
+    m.def("add", &add, "i"_a, "j"_a = 1, "A function that adds two numbers");
+    m.def("call_python_function", &call_python_function, "func"_a);
+    m.def("set_leak_warnings", &nb::set_leak_warnings, "value"_a);
+    m.def("print_obj", &print_obj, "obj"_a);
+
+    // Graph
+    using GI = GraphInterface;
+
+    FACTORY(
+        nb::class_<GI>(m, "GraphInterface")
+            .def("__repr__", &GI::repr)
+            .def("get_graph", &GI::get_graph)
+            .def_prop_ro("G", &GI::get_graph)
+            .def("get_gif_edges", &GI::get_gif_edges, nb::rv_policy::reference)
+            .def_prop_ro("edges", &GI::get_edges, nb::rv_policy::reference)
+            .def_prop_rw("node", &GI::get_node, &GI::set_node)
+            .def("is_connected_to", &GI::is_connected)
+            .def_prop_rw("name", &GI::get_name, &GI::set_name)
+            .def("get_connected_nodes", &GI::get_connected_nodes, "types"_a)
+            .def("connect", nb::overload_cast<GI_ref_weak>(&GI::connect), "other"_a)
+            .def("connect", nb::overload_cast<GI_refs_weak>(&GI::connect), "others"_a)
+            .def("connect", nb::overload_cast<GI_ref_weak, Link_ref>(&GI::connect),
+                 "other"_a, "link"_a),
+        &GraphInterface::factory<GraphInterface>);
+
+    nb::class_<Graph>(m, "Graph")
+        .def(nb::init<>())
+        .def("get_edges", &Graph::get_edges, nb::rv_policy::reference)
+        .def("invalidate", &Graph::invalidate)
+        .def_prop_ro("node_count", &Graph::node_count)
+        .def_prop_ro("edge_count", &Graph::edge_count)
+        .def("node_projection", &Graph::node_projection)
+        .def("nodes_by_names", &Graph::nodes_by_names)
+        .def("bfs_visit", &Graph::bfs_visit, "filter"_a, "start"_a,
+             nb::rv_policy::reference)
+        .def("__repr__", &Graph::repr);
+
+    // Graph interfaces
+    FACTORY((nb::class_<GraphInterfaceSelf, GI>(m, "GraphInterfaceSelf")),
+            &GraphInterfaceSelf::factory<GraphInterfaceSelf>);
+
+    FACTORY((nb::class_<GraphInterfaceReference, GI>(m, "GraphInterfaceReference")
+                 .def("get_referenced_gif", &GraphInterfaceReference::get_referenced_gif,
+                      nb::rv_policy::reference)
+                 .def("get_reference", &GraphInterfaceReference::get_reference)),
+            &GraphInterfaceReference::factory<GraphInterfaceReference>);
+
+    nb::exception<GraphInterfaceReference::UnboundError>(
+        m, "GraphInterfaceReferenceUnboundError");
+
+    FACTORY(
+        (nb::class_<GraphInterfaceHierarchical, GI>(m, "GraphInterfaceHierarchical")
+             .def("get_parent", &GraphInterfaceHierarchical::get_parent)
+             .def("get_children", &GraphInterfaceHierarchical::get_children)
+             .def_prop_ro("is_parent", &GraphInterfaceHierarchical::get_is_parent)
+             .def("disconnect_parent", &GraphInterfaceHierarchical::disconnect_parent)),
+        &GraphInterfaceHierarchical::factory<GraphInterfaceHierarchical>, "is_parent"_a);
+
+    FACTORY((nb::class_<GraphInterfaceModuleSibling, GraphInterfaceHierarchical>(
+                m, "GraphInterfaceModuleSibling")),
+            &GraphInterfaceModuleSibling::factory<GraphInterfaceModuleSibling>,
+            "is_parent"_a);
+
+    FACTORY((nb::class_<GraphInterfaceModuleConnection, GI>(
+                m, "GraphInterfaceModuleConnection")),
+            &GraphInterfaceModuleConnection::factory<GraphInterfaceModuleConnection>);
+
+    // Links
+    nb::class_<Link>(m, "Link");
+    nb::class_<LinkParent, Link>(m, "LinkParent").def(nb::init<>());
+    nb::class_<LinkNamedParent, LinkParent>(m, "LinkNamedParent")
+        .def(nb::init<std::string>());
+    nb::class_<LinkDirect, Link>(m, "LinkDirect").def(nb::init<>());
+    nb::class_<LinkPointer, Link>(m, "LinkPointer").def(nb::init<>());
+    nb::class_<LinkSibling, LinkPointer>(m, "LinkSibling").def(nb::init<>());
+    nb::class_<LinkDirectConditional, LinkDirect>(m, "LinkDirectConditional")
+        .def(nb::init<LinkDirectConditional::FilterF>());
+
+    nb::exception<LinkDirectConditional::LinkFilteredException>(m,
+                                                                "LinkFilteredException");
+    nb::enum_<LinkDirectConditional::FilterResult>(m,
+                                                   "LinkDirectConditionalFilterResult")
+        .value("FILTER_PASS", LinkDirectConditional::FilterResult::FILTER_PASS)
+        .value("FILTER_FAIL_RECOVERABLE",
+               LinkDirectConditional::FilterResult::FILTER_FAIL_RECOVERABLE)
+        .value("FILTER_FAIL_UNRECOVERABLE",
+               LinkDirectConditional::FilterResult::FILTER_FAIL_UNRECOVERABLE);
+
+    // Node
+    nb::class_<Node>(m, "Node")
+        .def(nb::init<>())
+        .def_static("transfer_ownership", &Node::transfer_ownership)
+        .def("get_graph", &Node::get_graph)
+        .def_prop_ro("self_gif", &Node::get_self_gif)
+        .def_prop_ro("children", &Node::get_children_gif)
+        .def_prop_ro("parent", &Node::get_parent_gif)
+        .def("get_children", &Node::get_children, "direct_only"_a,
+             "types"_a = nb::none(), "include_root"_a = false, "f_filter"_a = nb::none(),
+             "sort"_a = true)
+        .def("get_parent", &Node::get_parent)
+        .def("get_parent_force", &Node::get_parent_force)
+        .def("get_name", &Node::get_name, "accept_no_parent"_a = false)
+        .def("get_hierarchy", &Node::get_hierarchy)
+        .def("get_full_name", &Node::get_full_name, "types"_a = false)
+        .def("__repr__", &Node::repr);
+
+    nb::exception<Node::NodeException>(m, "NodeException");
+    nb::exception<Node::NodeNoParent>(m, "NodeNoParent");
 }
diff --git a/src/faebryk/core/graph.py b/src/faebryk/core/graph.py
index 16d66a1c..3de67b47 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/core/graph.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/core/graph.py
@@ -2,142 +2,48 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 
 import logging
-from abc import abstractmethod
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Callable, Iterable, Iterator, Mapping, Self
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
-from typing_extensions import deprecated
-
-from faebryk.libs.util import (
-    ConfigFlag,
-    LazyMixin,
-    SharedReference,
-    bfs_visit,
-    lazy_construct,
-)
-
-logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
-
-# only for typechecker
+from faebryk.core.cpp import Graph
+from faebryk.core.node import Node
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    from faebryk.core.link import Link
-
-# TODO create GraphView base class
-
-LAZY = ConfigFlag("LAZY", False, "Use lazy construction for graphs")
-
-
-class Graph[T, GT](LazyMixin, SharedReference[GT]):
-    # perf counter
-    counter = 0
-
-    def __init__(self, G: GT):
-        super().__init__(G)
-        type(self).counter += 1
-
-    @property
-    @deprecated("Use call")
-    def G(self):
-        return self()
-
-    def merge(self, other: Self) -> tuple[Self, bool]:
-        lhs, rhs = self, other
-
-        # if node not init, graph is empty / not existing
-        # thus we dont have to merge the graph, just need to setup the ref
-        if LAZY:
-            if not lhs.is_init or not rhs.is_init:
-                if not lhs.is_init:
-                    lhs, rhs = rhs, lhs
-                rhs.links = lhs.links
-                rhs.object = lhs.object
-                lhs.links.add(rhs)
-                rhs._init = True
-                return lhs, True
-
-        if lhs() == rhs():
-            return self, False
-
-        unioned = self._union(self(), other())
-        if unioned is rhs():
-            lhs, rhs = rhs, lhs
-        if unioned is not lhs():
-            lhs.set(unioned)
-
-        res = lhs.link(rhs)
-        if not res:
-            return self, False
-
-        # TODO remove, should not be needed
-        assert isinstance(res.representative, type(self))
+    from faebryk.core.trait import Trait
 
-        return res.representative, True
-
-    def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        G = self()
-        node_cnt = self.node_cnt
-        edge_cnt = self.edge_cnt
-        g_repr = f"{type(G).__name__}({node_cnt=},{edge_cnt=})({hex(id(G))})"
-        return f"{type(self).__name__}({g_repr})"
-
-    @property
-    @abstractmethod
-    def node_cnt(self) -> int: ...
-
-    @property
-    @abstractmethod
-    def edge_cnt(self) -> int: ...
-
-    @abstractmethod
-    def v(self, obj: T): ...
-
-    @abstractmethod
-    def add_edge(self, from_obj: T, to_obj: T, link: "Link"): ...
-
-    # TODO implement everywhere
-    @abstractmethod
-    def remove_edge(self, from_obj: T, to_obj: T | None = None): ...
-
-    @abstractmethod
-    def is_connected(self, from_obj: T, to_obj: T) -> "Link | None": ...
-
-    @abstractmethod
-    def get_edges(self, obj: T) -> Mapping[T, "Link"]: ...
-
-    @staticmethod
-    @abstractmethod
-    def _union(rep: GT, old: GT) -> GT: ...
-
-    def bfs_visit(
-        self,
-        filter: Callable[[list[T], "Link"], bool],
-        start: Iterable[T],
-        G: GT | None = None,
-    ):
-        G = G or self()
-
-        return bfs_visit(
-            lambda n: [
-                o for o, link in self.get_edges(n[-1]).items() if filter(n + [o], link)
-            ],
-            start,
-        )
-
-    def __str__(self) -> str:
-        return f"{type(self).__name__}(V={self.node_cnt}, E={self.edge_cnt})"
-
-    @abstractmethod
-    def __iter__(self) -> Iterator[T]: ...
-
-    # TODO subgraph should return a new GraphView
-    @abstractmethod
-    def subgraph(self, node_filter: Callable[[T], bool]) -> Iterable[T]: ...
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
-    def subgraph_type(self, *types: type[T]):
-        return self.subgraph(lambda n: isinstance(n, types))
 
-    # TODO remove boilerplate for lazy, if it becomes a bit more usable
-    def __init_subclass__(cls) -> None:
-        super().__init_subclass__()
-        if LAZY:
-            lazy_construct(cls)
+# TODO move these to C++
+# just here for making refactoring easier for the moment
+# a bit weird typecheck
+class GraphFunctions:
+    # Make all kinds of graph filtering functions so we can optimize them in the future
+    # Avoid letting user query all graph nodes always because quickly very slow
+    def __init__(self, graph: Graph):
+        self.graph = graph
+
+    def node_projection(self) -> list["Node"]:
+        return list(self.nodes_of_type(Node))
+
+    def nodes_with_trait[T: "Trait"](self, trait: type[T]) -> list[tuple["Node", T]]:
+        return [
+            (n, n.get_trait(trait))
+            for n in self.node_projection()
+            if n.has_trait(trait)
+        ]
+
+    # TODO: Waiting for python to add support for type mapping
+    def nodes_with_traits[*Ts](
+        self, traits: tuple[*Ts]
+    ):  # -> list[tuple[Node, tuple[*Ts]]]:
+        return [
+            (n, tuple(n.get_trait(trait) for trait in traits))  # type: ignore
+            for n in self.node_projection()
+            if all(n.has_trait(trait) for trait in traits)  # type: ignore
+        ]
+
+    def nodes_of_type[T: "Node"](self, t: type[T]) -> set[T]:
+        return {n for n in self.graph.node_projection() if isinstance(n, t)}
+
+    def nodes_of_types(self, t: tuple[type["Node"], ...]) -> set["Node"]:
+        return {n for n in self.graph.node_projection() if isinstance(n, t)}
diff --git a/src/faebryk/core/graphinterface.py b/src/faebryk/core/graphinterface.py
index 6b1f4dc5..43a8b9ba 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/core/graphinterface.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/core/graphinterface.py
@@ -1,220 +1,14 @@
 # This file is part of the faebryk project
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 import logging
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Iterable, Mapping, Optional
-
-from typing_extensions import Self, deprecated
-
-from faebryk.core.core import ID_REPR, FaebrykLibObject
-from faebryk.core.graph_backends.default import GraphImpl
-from faebryk.core.link import (
-    Link,
-    LinkDirect,
-    LinkNamedParent,
-    LinkPointer,
-    LinkSibling,
-)
-from faebryk.libs.util import (
-    KeyErrorNotFound,
-    exceptions_to_log,
-    find,
-    not_none,
-    try_avoid_endless_recursion,
-)
-
-if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    from faebryk.core.node import Node
-    from faebryk.core.trait import Trait
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
-class Graph(GraphImpl["GraphInterface"]):
-    # Make all kinds of graph filtering functions so we can optimize them in the future
-    # Avoid letting user query all graph nodes always because quickly very slow
-
-    def node_projection(self) -> set["Node"]:
-        from faebryk.core.node import Node
-
-        return Node.get_nodes_from_gifs(self.subgraph_type(GraphInterfaceSelf))
-
-    def nodes_with_trait[T: "Trait"](self, trait: type[T]) -> list[tuple["Node", T]]:
-        return [
-            (n, n.get_trait(trait))
-            for n in self.node_projection()
-            if n.has_trait(trait)
-        ]
-
-    # Waiting for python to add support for type mapping
-    def nodes_with_traits[*Ts](
-        self, traits: tuple[*Ts]
-    ):  # -> list[tuple[Node, tuple[*Ts]]]:
-        return [
-            (n, tuple(n.get_trait(trait) for trait in traits))
-            for n in self.node_projection()
-            if all(n.has_trait(trait) for trait in traits)
-        ]
-
-    def nodes_by_names(self, names: Iterable[str]) -> list[tuple["Node", str]]:
-        return [
-            (n, node_name)
-            for n in self.node_projection()
-            if (node_name := n.get_full_name()) in names
-        ]
-
-    def nodes_of_type[T: "Node"](self, t: type[T]) -> set[T]:
-        return {n for n in self.node_projection() if isinstance(n, t)}
-
-    def nodes_of_types(self, t: tuple[type["Node"], ...]) -> set["Node"]:
-        return {n for n in self.node_projection() if isinstance(n, t)}
-
-
-class GraphInterface(FaebrykLibObject):
-    GT = Graph
-
-    def __init__(self) -> None:
-        super().__init__()
-        self.G = self.GT()
-
-        # can't put it into constructor
-        # else it needs a reference when defining IFs
-        self._node: Optional["Node"] = None
-        self.name: str = type(self).__name__
-
-    @property
-    def node(self):
-        return not_none(self._node)
-
-    @node.setter
-    def node(self, value: "Node"):
-        self._node = value
-
-    # Graph stuff
-    @property
-    def edges(self) -> Mapping["GraphInterface", Link]:
-        return self.G.get_edges(self)
-
-    def get_links(self) -> list[Link]:
-        return list(self.edges.values())
-
-    def get_links_by_type[T: Link](self, link_type: type[T]) -> list[T]:
-        return [link for link in self.get_links() if isinstance(link, link_type)]
-
-    @property
-    @deprecated("Use get_links")
-    def connections(self):
-        return self.get_links()
-
-    def get_direct_connections(self) -> set["GraphInterface"]:
-        return set(self.edges.keys())
-
-    def is_connected(self, other: "GraphInterface"):
-        return self is other or self.G.is_connected(self, other)
-
-    # Less graph-specific stuff
-
-    # TODO make link trait to initialize from list
-    def connect(self, other: "GraphInterface", linkcls=None) -> Self:
-        assert other is not self
-
-        if linkcls is None:
-            linkcls = LinkDirect
-        link = linkcls([other, self])
-
-        _, no_path = self.G.merge(other.G)
-
-        if not no_path:
-            dup = self.is_connected(other)
-            assert (
-                not dup or type(dup) is linkcls
-            ), f"Already connected with different link type: {dup}"
-
-        self.G.add_edge(self, other, link=link)
-
-        if logger.isEnabledFor(logging.DEBUG):
-            with exceptions_to_log():
-                logger.debug(f"GIF connection: {link}")
-
-        return self
-
-    def get_full_name(self, types: bool = False):
-        typestr = f"|{type(self).__name__}|" if types else ""
-        return f"{self.node.get_full_name(types=types)}.{self.name}{typestr}"
-
-    def __str__(self) -> str:
-        return f"{str(self.node)}.{self.name}"
-
-    @try_avoid_endless_recursion
-    def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        id_str = f"(@{hex(id(self))})" if ID_REPR else ""
-
-        return (
-            f"{self.get_full_name(types=True)}{id_str}"
-            if self._node is not None
-            else "| <No None>"
-        )
-
-    def get_connected_nodes[T: "Node"](self, types: type[T]) -> set[T]:
-        from faebryk.core.link import LinkDirect
-        from faebryk.core.node import Node
-
-        return {
-            n
-            for n in Node.get_nodes_from_gifs(
-                g for g, t in self.edges.items() if isinstance(t, LinkDirect)
-            )
-            if isinstance(n, types)
-        }
-
-
-class GraphInterfaceHierarchical(GraphInterface):
-    def __init__(self, is_parent: bool) -> None:
-        super().__init__()
-        self.is_parent = is_parent
-
-    # TODO make consistent api with get_parent
-    def get_children(self) -> list[tuple[str, "Node"]]:
-        assert self.is_parent
-
-        hier_conns = self.get_links_by_type(LinkNamedParent)
-        if len(hier_conns) == 0:
-            return []
-
-        return [(c.name, c.get_child().node) for c in hier_conns]
-
-    def get_parent(self) -> tuple["Node", str] | None:
-        assert not self.is_parent
-
-        conns = self.get_links_by_type(LinkNamedParent)
-        if not conns:
-            return None
-        assert len(conns) == 1
-        conn = conns[0]
-        parent = conn.get_parent()
-
-        return parent.node, conn.name
-
-    def disconnect_parent(self):
-        self.G.remove_edge(self)
-
-
-class GraphInterfaceSelf(GraphInterface): ...
-
-
-class GraphInterfaceReference[T: "Node"](GraphInterface):
-    """Represents a reference to a node object"""
-
-    class UnboundError(Exception):
-        """Cannot resolve unbound reference"""
-
-    def get_referenced_gif(self) -> GraphInterfaceSelf:
-        try:
-            return find(
-                self.get_links_by_type(LinkPointer),
-                lambda link: not isinstance(link, LinkSibling),
-            ).pointee
-        except KeyErrorNotFound as ex:
-            raise GraphInterfaceReference.UnboundError from ex
-
-    def get_reference(self) -> T:
-        return self.get_referenced_gif().node
+from faebryk.core.cpp import (  # noqa: E402, F401
+    GraphInterface,
+    GraphInterfaceHierarchical,
+    GraphInterfaceReference,
+    GraphInterfaceReferenceUnboundError,
+    GraphInterfaceSelf,
+)
diff --git a/src/faebryk/core/link.py b/src/faebryk/core/link.py
index 7ba9dfd4..b9d2e510 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/core/link.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/core/link.py
@@ -1,143 +1,18 @@
 # This file is part of the faebryk project
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-import inspect
 import logging
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Callable
-
-from faebryk.core.core import LINK_TB, FaebrykLibObject
-from faebryk.libs.util import is_type_pair
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
-if TYPE_CHECKING:
-    from faebryk.core.graphinterface import (
-        GraphInterface,
-        GraphInterfaceHierarchical,
-        GraphInterfaceSelf,
-    )
-
-
-class Link(FaebrykLibObject):
-    def __init__(self) -> None:
-        super().__init__()
-
-        if LINK_TB:
-            self.tb = inspect.stack()
-
-    def get_connections(self) -> list["GraphInterface"]:
-        raise NotImplementedError
-
-    def __eq__(self, __value: "Link") -> bool:
-        return set(self.get_connections()) == set(__value.get_connections())
-
-    def __hash__(self) -> int:
-        return super().__hash__()
-
-    def __str__(self) -> str:
-        return (
-            f"{type(self).__name__}"
-            f"([{', '.join(str(i) for i in self.get_connections())}])"
-        )
-
-    def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        return f"{type(self).__name__}()"
-
-
-class LinkPointer(Link):
-    """A Link that points towards a self-gif"""
-
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        interfaces: list["GraphInterfaceSelf | GraphInterface"],
-    ) -> None:
-        from faebryk.core.graphinterface import GraphInterface, GraphInterfaceSelf
-
-        super().__init__()
-        assert len(interfaces) == 2
-
-        pair = is_type_pair(
-            interfaces[0], interfaces[1], GraphInterfaceSelf, GraphInterface
-        )
-        if not pair:
-            raise TypeError("Interfaces must be one self-gif and one other-gif")
-        self.pointee, self.pointer = pair
-
-    def get_connections(self) -> list["GraphInterface"]:
-        return [self.pointee, self.pointer]
-
-
-class LinkSibling(LinkPointer):
-    """A link represents a connection between a self-gif and a gif in the same node"""
-
-
-class LinkParent(Link):
-    def __init__(self, interfaces: list["GraphInterface"]) -> None:
-        super().__init__()
-        from faebryk.core.graphinterface import GraphInterfaceHierarchical
-
-        assert all([isinstance(i, GraphInterfaceHierarchical) for i in interfaces])
-        # TODO rethink invariant
-        assert len(interfaces) == 2
-        assert len([i for i in interfaces if i.is_parent]) == 1  # type: ignore
-
-        self.interfaces: list["GraphInterfaceHierarchical"] = interfaces  # type: ignore
-
-    def get_connections(self):
-        return self.interfaces
-
-    def get_parent(self):
-        return [i for i in self.interfaces if i.is_parent][0]
-
-    def get_child(self):
-        return [i for i in self.interfaces if not i.is_parent][0]
-
-
-class LinkNamedParent(LinkParent):
-    def __init__(self, name: str, interfaces: list["GraphInterface"]) -> None:
-        super().__init__(interfaces)
-        self.name = name
-
-    @classmethod
-    def curry(cls, name: str):
-        def curried(interfaces: list["GraphInterface"]):
-            return cls(name, interfaces)
-
-        return curried
-
-
-class LinkDirect(Link):
-    """Represents a symmetrical link between two interfaces of the same type"""
-
-    def __init__(self, interfaces: list["GraphInterface"]) -> None:
-        super().__init__()
-        assert (
-            len(set(map(type, interfaces))) == 1
-        ), "Interfaces must be of the same type"
-        self.interfaces = interfaces
-
-    def get_connections(self) -> list["GraphInterface"]:
-        return self.interfaces
-
-
-class LinkFilteredException(Exception): ...
-
-
-class _TLinkDirectShallow(LinkDirect):
-    def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
-        if cls is _TLinkDirectShallow:
-            raise TypeError(
-                "Can't instantiate abstract class _TLinkDirectShallow directly"
-            )
-        return super().__new__(cls)
-
-
-def LinkDirectShallow(if_filter: Callable[[LinkDirect, "GraphInterface"], bool]):
-    class _LinkDirectShallow(_TLinkDirectShallow):
-        i_filter = if_filter
-
-        def __init__(self, interfaces: list["GraphInterface"]) -> None:
-            if not all(map(self.i_filter, interfaces)):
-                raise LinkFilteredException()
-            super().__init__(interfaces)
 
-    return _LinkDirectShallow
+from faebryk.core.cpp import (  # noqa: E402, F401
+    Link,
+    LinkDirect,
+    LinkDirectConditional,
+    LinkDirectConditionalFilterResult,
+    LinkFilteredException,
+    LinkNamedParent,
+    LinkParent,
+    LinkPointer,
+    LinkSibling,
+)
diff --git a/src/faebryk/core/module.py b/src/faebryk/core/module.py
index a23bf857..9218f8e6 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/core/module.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/core/module.py
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 from faebryk.core.moduleinterface import GraphInterfaceModuleSibling
 from faebryk.core.node import Node, NodeException, f_field
 from faebryk.core.trait import Trait
-from faebryk.libs.util import unique_ref
+from faebryk.libs.util import cast_assert, unique_ref
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from faebryk.core.moduleinterface import ModuleInterface
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ class TraitT(Trait): ...
     def get_most_special(self) -> "Module":
         specialers = {
             specialer
-            for specialer_gif in self.specialized.get_direct_connections()
+            for specialer_gif in self.specialized.get_gif_edges()
             if (specialer := specialer_gif.node) is not self
             and isinstance(specialer, Module)
         }
@@ -118,11 +118,13 @@ def get_node_prop_matrix[N: Node](sub_type: type[N]):
         assert not has_parent or attach_to is None
         if not has_parent:
             if attach_to:
-                attach_to.add(special, container=attach_to.specialized)
+                attach_to.add(special, container=attach_to.specialized_)
             else:
                 gen_parent = self.get_parent()
                 if gen_parent:
-                    gen_parent[0].add(special, name=f"{gen_parent[1]}_specialized")
+                    cast_assert(Node, gen_parent[0]).add(
+                        special, name=f"{gen_parent[1]}_specialized"
+                    )
 
         return special
 
diff --git a/src/faebryk/core/moduleinterface.py b/src/faebryk/core/moduleinterface.py
index 74eb405b..12ea622d 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/core/moduleinterface.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/core/moduleinterface.py
@@ -4,25 +4,27 @@
 from typing import (
     Iterable,
     Sequence,
+    cast,
 )
 
 from typing_extensions import Self
 
-from faebryk.core.core import LINK_TB
-from faebryk.core.graphinterface import (
-    GraphInterface,
-    GraphInterfaceHierarchical,
+from faebryk.core.cpp import (  # noqa: F401
+    GraphInterfaceModuleConnection,
+    GraphInterfaceModuleSibling,
 )
+from faebryk.core.graphinterface import GraphInterface
 from faebryk.core.link import (
     Link,
     LinkDirect,
-    LinkDirectShallow,
+    LinkDirectConditional,
+    LinkDirectConditionalFilterResult,
     LinkFilteredException,
-    _TLinkDirectShallow,
 )
-from faebryk.core.node import Node
+from faebryk.core.node import CNode, Node
 from faebryk.core.trait import Trait
-from faebryk.libs.util import cast_assert, once, print_stack
+from faebryk.library.can_specialize import can_specialize
+from faebryk.libs.util import cast_assert, is_type_set_subclasses, once
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
@@ -32,37 +34,30 @@
 # Chain resolve is for deciding what to do in a case like this
 # if1 -> link1 -> if2 -> link2 -> if3
 # This will then decide with which link if1 and if3 are connected
-def _resolve_link_transitive(links: Iterable[type[Link]]) -> type[Link]:
-    from faebryk.libs.util import is_type_set_subclasses
+def _resolve_link_transitive(links: set[type[Link]]) -> type[Link]:
+    if len(links) == 1:
+        return next(iter(links))
 
-    uniq = set(links)
-    assert uniq
-
-    if len(uniq) == 1:
-        return next(iter(uniq))
-
-    if is_type_set_subclasses(uniq, {_TLinkDirectShallow}):
+    if is_type_set_subclasses(links, {LinkDirectConditional}):
         # TODO this only works if the filter is identical
         raise NotImplementedError()
 
-    if is_type_set_subclasses(uniq, {LinkDirect, _TLinkDirectShallow}):
-        return [u for u in uniq if issubclass(u, _TLinkDirectShallow)][0]
+    if is_type_set_subclasses(links, {LinkDirect, LinkDirectConditional}):
+        return [u for u in links if issubclass(u, LinkDirectConditional)][0]
 
     raise NotImplementedError()
 
 
 # This one resolves the case if1 -> link1 -> if2; if1 -> link2 -> if2
 def _resolve_link_duplicate(links: Iterable[type[Link]]) -> type[Link]:
-    from faebryk.libs.util import is_type_set_subclasses
-
     uniq = set(links)
     assert uniq
 
     if len(uniq) == 1:
         return next(iter(uniq))
 
-    if is_type_set_subclasses(uniq, {LinkDirect, _TLinkDirectShallow}):
-        return [u for u in uniq if not issubclass(u, _TLinkDirectShallow)][0]
+    if is_type_set_subclasses(uniq, {LinkDirect, LinkDirectConditional}):
+        return [u for u in uniq if not issubclass(u, LinkDirectConditional)][0]
 
     raise NotImplementedError()
 
@@ -84,12 +79,6 @@ def dec(self):
 _CONNECT_DEPTH = _LEVEL()
 
 
-class GraphInterfaceModuleSibling(GraphInterfaceHierarchical): ...
-
-
-class GraphInterfaceModuleConnection(GraphInterface): ...
-
-
 # CONNECT PROCEDURE
 # connect
 #   connect_siblings
@@ -116,27 +105,37 @@ class TraitT(Trait): ...
     specialized: GraphInterface
     connected: GraphInterfaceModuleConnection
 
-    # TODO rename
-    @classmethod
-    @once
-    def LinkDirectShallow(cls):
+    class _LinkDirectShallow(LinkDirectConditional):
         """
         Make link that only connects up but not down
         """
 
-        def test(node: Node):
-            return not any(isinstance(p[0], cls) for p in node.get_hierarchy()[:-1])
+        def has_no_parent_with_type(self, node: CNode):
+            parents = (p[0] for p in node.get_hierarchy()[:-1])
+            return not any(isinstance(p, self.test_type) for p in parents)
 
-        class _LinkDirectShallowMif(
-            LinkDirectShallow(lambda link, gif: test(gif.node))
-        ): ...
+        def __init__(self, test_type: type["ModuleInterface"]):
+            self.test_type = test_type
+            super().__init__(
+                lambda src, dst: LinkDirectConditionalFilterResult.FILTER_PASS
+                if self.has_no_parent_with_type(dst.node)
+                else LinkDirectConditionalFilterResult.FILTER_FAIL_UNRECOVERABLE
+            )
+
+    # TODO rename
+    @classmethod
+    @once
+    def LinkDirectShallow(cls):
+        class _LinkDirectShallowMif(ModuleInterface._LinkDirectShallow):
+            def __init__(self):
+                super().__init__(test_type=cls)
 
         return _LinkDirectShallowMif
 
     def __preinit__(self) -> None: ...
 
     @staticmethod
-    def _get_connected(gif: GraphInterface):
+    def _get_connected(gif: GraphInterface, clss: bool):
         assert isinstance(gif.node, ModuleInterface)
         connections = gif.edges.items()
 
@@ -144,19 +143,43 @@ def _get_connected(gif: GraphInterface):
         assert len(connections) == len({c[0] for c in connections})
 
         return {
-            cast_assert(ModuleInterface, s.node): link
+            cast_assert(ModuleInterface, s.node): (link if not clss else type(link))
             for s, link in connections
             if s.node is not gif.node
         }
 
-    def get_connected(self):
-        return self._get_connected(self.connected)
+    def get_connected(self, clss: bool = False):
+        return self._get_connected(self.connected, clss)
 
-    def get_specialized(self):
-        return self._get_connected(self.specialized)
+    def get_specialized(self, clss: bool = False):
+        return self._get_connected(self.specialized, clss)
 
-    def get_specializes(self):
-        return self._get_connected(self.specializes)
+    def get_specializes(self, clss: bool = False):
+        return self._get_connected(self.specializes, clss)
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def _cross_connect(
+        s_group: dict["ModuleInterface", type[Link]],
+        d_group: dict["ModuleInterface", type[Link]],
+        linkcls: type[Link],
+        hint=None,
+    ):
+        if logger.isEnabledFor(logging.DEBUG) and hint is not None:
+            logger.debug(f"Connect {hint} {s_group} -> {d_group}")
+
+        for s, slink in s_group.items():
+            linkclss = {slink, linkcls}
+            linkclss_ambiguous = len(linkclss) > 1
+            for d, dlink in d_group.items():
+                # can happen while connection trees are resolving
+                if s is d:
+                    continue
+                if not linkclss_ambiguous and dlink in linkclss:
+                    link = linkcls
+                else:
+                    link = _resolve_link_transitive(linkclss | {dlink})
+
+                s._connect_across_hierarchies(d, linkcls=link)
 
     def _connect_siblings_and_connections(
         self, other: "ModuleInterface", linkcls: type[Link]
@@ -176,36 +199,23 @@ def _connect_siblings_and_connections(
         if logger.isEnabledFor(logging.DEBUG):
             logger.debug(f"MIF connection: {self} to {other}")
 
-        def cross_connect(
-            s_group: dict[ModuleInterface, type[Link] | Link],
-            d_group: dict[ModuleInterface, type[Link] | Link],
-            hint=None,
-        ):
-            if logger.isEnabledFor(logging.DEBUG) and hint is not None:
-                logger.debug(f"Connect {hint} {s_group} -> {d_group}")
-
-            for s, slink in s_group.items():
-                if isinstance(slink, Link):
-                    slink = type(slink)
-                for d, dlink in d_group.items():
-                    if isinstance(dlink, Link):
-                        dlink = type(dlink)
-                    # can happen while connection trees are resolving
-                    if s is d:
-                        continue
-                    link = _resolve_link_transitive([slink, dlink, linkcls])
-
-                    s._connect_across_hierarchies(d, linkcls=link)
-
         # Connect to all connections
-        s_con = self.get_connected() | {self: linkcls}
-        d_con = other.get_connected() | {other: linkcls}
-        cross_connect(s_con, d_con, "connections")
+        s_con = self.get_connected(clss=True) | {self: linkcls}
+        d_con = other.get_connected(clss=True) | {other: linkcls}
+        ModuleInterface._cross_connect(s_con, d_con, linkcls, "connections")
 
         # Connect to all siblings
-        s_sib = self.get_specialized() | self.get_specializes() | {self: linkcls}
-        d_sib = other.get_specialized() | other.get_specializes() | {other: linkcls}
-        cross_connect(s_sib, d_sib, "siblings")
+        s_sib = (
+            self.get_specialized(clss=True)
+            | self.get_specializes(clss=True)
+            | {self: linkcls}
+        )
+        d_sib = (
+            other.get_specialized(clss=True)
+            | other.get_specializes(clss=True)
+            | {other: linkcls}
+        )
+        ModuleInterface._cross_connect(s_sib, d_sib, linkcls, "siblings")
 
         return self
 
@@ -261,7 +271,7 @@ def _is_connected(a, b):
         # depends on connections between src_i & dst_i
         # e.g. if any Shallow, we need to choose shallow
         link = _resolve_link_transitive(
-            [type(sublink) for _, _, sublink in connection_map if sublink]
+            {type(sublink) for _, _, sublink in connection_map if sublink}
         )
 
         if logger.isEnabledFor(logging.DEBUG):
@@ -278,8 +288,6 @@ def _connect_across_hierarchies(
             resolved = _resolve_link_duplicate([type(existing_link), linkcls])
             if resolved is type(existing_link):
                 return
-            if LINK_TB:
-                print(print_stack(existing_link.tb))
             raise NotImplementedError(
                 "Overriding existing links not implemented, tried to override "
                 + f"{existing_link} with {resolved}"
@@ -287,7 +295,7 @@ def _connect_across_hierarchies(
 
         # level 0 connect
         try:
-            self.connected.connect(other.connected, linkcls=linkcls)
+            self.connected.connect(other.connected, linkcls())
         except LinkFilteredException:
             return
 
@@ -314,13 +322,6 @@ def _connect_across_hierarchies(
 
         _CONNECT_DEPTH.dec()
 
-    def get_direct_connections(self) -> set["ModuleInterface"]:
-        return {
-            gif.node
-            for gif in self.connected.get_direct_connections()
-            if isinstance(gif.node, ModuleInterface) and gif.node is not self
-        }
-
     def connect(self: Self, *other: Self, linkcls=None) -> Self:
         # TODO consider some type of check at the end within the graph instead
         # assert type(other) is type(self)
@@ -347,12 +348,19 @@ def connect_shallow(self, other: Self) -> Self:
         return self.connect(other, linkcls=type(self).LinkDirectShallow())
 
     def is_connected_to(self, other: "ModuleInterface"):
-        return self.connected.is_connected(other.connected)
+        return self.connected.is_connected_to(other.connected)
 
     def specialize[T: ModuleInterface](self, special: T) -> T:
         logger.debug(f"Specializing MIF {self} with {special}")
 
-        assert isinstance(special, type(self))
+        extra = set()
+        # allow non-base specialization if explicitly allowed
+        if special.has_trait(can_specialize):
+            extra = set(special.get_trait(can_specialize).get_specializable_types())
+
+        assert isinstance(special, type(self)) or any(
+            issubclass(t, type(self)) for t in extra
+        )
 
         # This is doing the heavy lifting
         self.connect(special)
@@ -360,4 +368,4 @@ def specialize[T: ModuleInterface](self, special: T) -> T:
         # Establish sibling relationship
         self.specialized.connect(special.specializes)
 
-        return special
+        return cast(T, special)
diff --git a/src/faebryk/core/node.py b/src/faebryk/core/node.py
index 415d03b3..a48882a8 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/core/node.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/core/node.py
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
     Any,
     Callable,
     Iterable,
+    Self,
     Type,
     cast,
     get_args,
@@ -18,25 +19,22 @@
 from deprecated import deprecated
 from more_itertools import partition
 
-from faebryk.core.core import ID_REPR, FaebrykLibObject
+from faebryk.core.cpp import Node as CNode
 from faebryk.core.graphinterface import (
     GraphInterface,
-    GraphInterfaceHierarchical,
-    GraphInterfaceSelf,
 )
-from faebryk.core.link import Link, LinkNamedParent, LinkSibling
+from faebryk.core.link import LinkNamedParent, LinkSibling
 from faebryk.libs.exceptions import FaebrykException
 from faebryk.libs.util import (
     KeyErrorNotFound,
-    PostInitCaller,
     Tree,
     cast_assert,
     debugging,
     find,
     not_none,
+    post_init_decorator,
     times,
     try_avoid_endless_recursion,
-    try_or,
     zip_dicts_by_key,
 )
 
@@ -126,9 +124,9 @@ def _(*args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> Callable[[], T]:
         def __() -> T:
             return con(*args, **kwargs)
 
-        return _d_field(__)
+        return _d_field(__)  # type: ignore
 
-    return _
+    return _  # type: ignore
 
 
 def list_f_field[T, **P](n: int, con: Callable[P, T]) -> Callable[P, list[T]]:
@@ -138,9 +136,9 @@ def _(*args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> Callable[[], list[T]]:
         def __() -> list[T]:
             return [con(*args, **kwargs) for _ in range(n)]
 
-        return _d_field(__)
+        return _d_field(__)  # type: ignore
 
-    return _
+    return _  # type: ignore
 
 
 class NodeException(FaebrykException):
@@ -180,21 +178,17 @@ class InitVar(dataclass_InitVar):
 # -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
 
-class Node(FaebrykLibObject, metaclass=PostInitCaller):
+@post_init_decorator
+class Node(CNode):
     runtime_anon: list["Node"]
     runtime: dict[str, "Node"]
-    specialized: list["Node"]
-
-    self_gif: GraphInterfaceSelf
-    children: GraphInterfaceHierarchical = f_field(GraphInterfaceHierarchical)(
-        is_parent=True
-    )
-    parent: GraphInterfaceHierarchical = f_field(GraphInterfaceHierarchical)(
-        is_parent=False
-    )
+    specialized_: list["Node"]
 
     _init: bool = False
 
+    class _Skipped(Exception):
+        pass
+
     def __hash__(self) -> int:
         # TODO proper hash
         return hash(id(self))
@@ -223,22 +217,33 @@ def add[T: Node | GraphInterface](
                 raise FieldContainerError(f"Expected dict got {type(container)}")
             if name in container:
                 raise FieldExistsError(name)
-            container[name] = obj
+            # TODO consider setting name for non runtime container
+            # if container is not self.runtime:
+            #   name = f"{container_name}[{name}]"
+            pass
         else:
             if not isinstance(container, list):
                 raise FieldContainerError(f"Expected list got {type(container)}")
-            container.append(obj)
-            name = f"{container_name}[{len(container) - 1}]"
+            name = f"{container_name}[{len(container)}]"
 
-        if isinstance(obj, GraphInterface):
-            self._handle_add_gif(name, obj)
+        try:
+            if isinstance(obj, GraphInterface):
+                self._handle_add_gif(name, obj)
+            else:
+                self._handle_add_node(name, obj)
+        except Node._Skipped:
+            return obj
+
+        # add to container
+        if isinstance(container, dict):
+            container[name] = obj
         else:
-            self._handle_add_node(name, obj)
+            container.append(obj)
 
         return obj
 
     def add_to_container[T: Node](
-        self, n: int, factory: Callable[[], T], container: list[T] | None = None
+        self, n: int, factory: Callable[[], T], container: list["Node"] | None = None
     ):
         if container is None:
             container = self.runtime_anon
@@ -248,10 +253,6 @@ def add_to_container[T: Node](
             self.add(obj, container=container)
         return constr
 
-    def __init_subclass__(cls, *, init: bool = True) -> None:
-        super().__init_subclass__()
-        cls._init = init
-
     @classmethod
     def __faebryk_fields__(cls) -> tuple[dict[str, Any], dict[str, Any]]:
         def all_vars(cls):
@@ -383,15 +384,18 @@ def _setup_fields(self, cls):
 
         def handle_add(name, obj):
             del objects[name]
+            try:
+                if isinstance(obj, GraphInterface):
+                    self._handle_add_gif(name, obj)
+                elif isinstance(obj, Node):
+                    self._handle_add_node(name, obj)
+                else:
+                    raise TypeError(
+                        f"Cannot handle adding field {name=} of type {type(obj)}"
+                    )
+            except Node._Skipped:
+                return
             added_objects[name] = obj
-            if isinstance(obj, GraphInterface):
-                self._handle_add_gif(name, obj)
-            elif isinstance(obj, Node):
-                self._handle_add_node(name, obj)
-            else:
-                raise TypeError(
-                    f"Cannot handle adding field {name=} of type {type(obj)}"
-                )
 
         def append(name, inst):
             if isinstance(inst, LL_Types):
@@ -467,7 +471,7 @@ def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
         out = super().__new__(cls)
         return out
 
-    def _setup(self) -> None:
+    def _setup(self, *args, **kwargs) -> None:
         cls = type(self)
         # print(f"Called Node init {cls.__qualname__:<20} {'-' * 80}")
 
@@ -484,30 +488,41 @@ def _setup(self) -> None:
         _, _ = self._setup_fields(cls)
 
         # Call 2-stage constructors
+
         if self._init:
-            for base in reversed(type(self).mro()):
-                if hasattr(base, "__preinit__"):
-                    base.__preinit__(self)
-            for base in reversed(type(self).mro()):
-                if hasattr(base, "__postinit__"):
-                    base.__postinit__(self)
+            for f_name in ("__preinit__", "__postinit__"):
+                for base in reversed(type(self).mro()):
+                    if hasattr(base, f_name):
+                        f = getattr(base, f_name)
+                        f(self)
 
     def __init__(self):
+        super().__init__()
+        CNode.transfer_ownership(self)
         assert not hasattr(self, "_is_setup")
         self._is_setup = True
 
-    def __preinit__(self): ...
+    def __preinit__(self, *args, **kwargs) -> None: ...
 
-    def __postinit__(self): ...
+    def __postinit__(self, *args, **kwargs) -> None: ...
 
     def __post_init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        self._setup()
+        if not getattr(self, "_is_setup", False):
+            raise Exception(
+                "Node constructor hasn't been called."
+                "Did you forget to call super().__init__()?"
+                f"{type(self).__qualname__}"
+            )
+        self._setup(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def __init_subclass__(cls, *, init: bool = True) -> None:
+        cls._init = init
+        post_init_decorator(cls)
 
     def _handle_add_gif(self, name: str, gif: GraphInterface):
         gif.node = self
         gif.name = name
-        if not isinstance(gif, GraphInterfaceSelf):
-            gif.connect(self.self_gif, linkcls=LinkSibling)
+        gif.connect(self.self_gif, LinkSibling())
 
     def _handle_add_node(self, name: str, node: "Node"):
         if node.get_parent():
@@ -515,14 +530,14 @@ def _handle_add_node(self, name: str, node: "Node"):
 
         from faebryk.core.trait import TraitImpl
 
-        if isinstance(node, TraitImpl):
+        if TraitImpl.is_traitimpl(node):
             if self.has_trait(node.__trait__):
                 if not node.handle_duplicate(
-                    cast_assert(TraitImpl, self.get_trait(node.__trait__)), self
+                    cast(TraitImpl, self.get_trait(node.__trait__)), self
                 ):
-                    return
+                    raise Node._Skipped()
 
-        node.parent.connect(self.children, LinkNamedParent.curry(name))
+        node.parent.connect(self.children, LinkNamedParent(name))
         node._handle_added_to_parent()
 
     def _remove_child(self, node: "Node"):
@@ -530,32 +545,9 @@ def _remove_child(self, node: "Node"):
 
     def _handle_added_to_parent(self): ...
 
-    def get_graph(self):
-        return self.self_gif.G
-
-    def get_parent(self):
-        return self.parent.get_parent()
-
-    def get_name(self):
-        p = self.get_parent()
-        if not p:
-            raise NodeNoParent(self, "Parent required for name")
-        return p[1]
-
-    def get_hierarchy(self) -> list[tuple["Node", str]]:
-        parent = self.get_parent()
-        if not parent:
-            return [(self, "*")]
-        parent_obj, name = parent
-
-        return parent_obj.get_hierarchy() + [(self, name)]
-
-    def get_full_name(self, types: bool = False):
-        hierarchy = self.get_hierarchy()
-        if types:
-            return ".".join([f"{name}|{type(obj).__name__}" for obj, name in hierarchy])
-        else:
-            return ".".join([f"{name}" for _, name in hierarchy])
+    def builder(self, op: Callable[[Self], Any]) -> Self:
+        op(self)
+        return self
 
     # printing -------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
@@ -563,11 +555,6 @@ def get_full_name(self, types: bool = False):
     def __str__(self) -> str:
         return f"<{self.get_full_name(types=True)}>"
 
-    @try_avoid_endless_recursion
-    def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        id_str = f"(@{hex(id(self))})" if ID_REPR else ""
-        return f"<{self.get_full_name(types=True)}>{id_str}"
-
     def pretty_params(self) -> str:
         from faebryk.core.parameter import Parameter
 
@@ -588,18 +575,24 @@ def add_trait[_TImpl: "TraitImpl"](self, trait: _TImpl) -> _TImpl:
     def _find_trait_impl[V: "Trait | TraitImpl"](
         self, trait: type[V], only_implemented: bool
     ) -> V | None:
-        from faebryk.core.trait import TraitImpl, TraitImplementationConfusedWithTrait
+        from faebryk.core.trait import (
+            Trait,
+            TraitImpl,
+            TraitImplementationConfusedWithTrait,
+        )
 
-        if issubclass(trait, TraitImpl):
+        if TraitImpl.is_traitimpl_type(trait):
             if not trait.__trait__.__decless_trait__:
-                raise TraitImplementationConfusedWithTrait(self, trait)
+                raise TraitImplementationConfusedWithTrait(
+                    self, cast(type[Trait], trait)
+                )
             trait = trait.__trait__
 
         out = self.get_children(
             direct_only=True,
-            types=TraitImpl,
-            f_filter=lambda impl: impl.implements(trait)
-            and (impl.is_implemented() or not only_implemented),
+            types=Trait,
+            f_filter=lambda impl: trait.is_traitimpl(impl)
+            and (cast(TraitImpl, impl).is_implemented() or not only_implemented),
         )
 
         assert len(out) <= 1
@@ -618,54 +611,15 @@ def has_trait(self, trait: type["Trait | TraitImpl"]) -> bool:
         return self.try_get_trait(trait) is not None
 
     def get_trait[V: "Trait | TraitImpl"](self, trait: Type[V]) -> V:
-        from faebryk.core.trait import TraitNotFound
+        from faebryk.core.trait import Trait, TraitNotFound
 
         impl = self.try_get_trait(trait)
         if not impl:
-            raise TraitNotFound(self, trait)
+            raise TraitNotFound(self, cast(type[Trait], trait))
 
         return cast_assert(trait, impl)
 
     # Graph stuff ----------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-    def _get_children_direct(self):
-        return {
-            gif.node
-            for gif, link in self.get_graph().get_edges(self.children).items()
-            if isinstance(link, LinkNamedParent)
-        }
-
-    def _get_children_all(self, include_root: bool):
-        # TODO looks like get_node_tree is 2x faster
-
-        def _filter(path, link):
-            next_node = path[-1]
-            prev_node = path[-2] if len(path) >= 2 else None
-
-            # Only look at hierarchy
-            if not isinstance(
-                next_node, (GraphInterfaceSelf, GraphInterfaceHierarchical)
-            ):
-                return False
-
-            # Only children
-            if (
-                isinstance(prev_node, GraphInterfaceHierarchical)
-                and isinstance(next_node, GraphInterfaceHierarchical)
-                and not prev_node.is_parent
-                and next_node.is_parent
-            ):
-                return False
-
-            return True
-
-        out = self.bfs_node(_filter)
-
-        if not include_root:
-            out.remove(self)
-
-        return set(out)
-
     def get_children[T: Node](
         self,
         direct_only: bool,
@@ -674,29 +628,18 @@ def get_children[T: Node](
         f_filter: Callable[[T], bool] | None = None,
         sort: bool = True,
     ) -> set[T]:
-        if direct_only:
-            out = self._get_children_direct()
-            if include_root:
-                out.add(self)
-        else:
-            out = self._get_children_all(include_root=include_root)
-
-        if types is not Node or f_filter:
-            out = {
-                n for n in out if isinstance(n, types) and (not f_filter or f_filter(n))
-            }
-
-        out = cast(set[T], out)
-
-        if sort:
-            out = set(
-                sorted(
-                    out,
-                    key=lambda n: try_or(n.get_name, default="", catch=NodeNoParent),
+        return cast(
+            set[T],
+            set(
+                super().get_children(
+                    direct_only=direct_only,
+                    types=types if isinstance(types, tuple) else (types,),
+                    include_root=include_root,
+                    f_filter=f_filter,  # type: ignore
+                    sort=sort,
                 )
-            )
-
-        return out
+            ),
+        )
 
     def get_tree[T: Node](
         self,
@@ -731,11 +674,6 @@ def get_tree[T: Node](
 
         return tree
 
-    def bfs_node(self, filter: Callable[[list[GraphInterface], Link], bool]):
-        return Node.get_nodes_from_gifs(
-            self.get_graph().bfs_visit(filter, [self.self_gif])
-        )
-
     @staticmethod
     def get_nodes_from_gifs(gifs: Iterable[GraphInterface]):
         # TODO move this to gif?
@@ -745,6 +683,9 @@ def get_nodes_from_gifs(gifs: Iterable[GraphInterface]):
 
     # Hierarchy queries ----------------------------------------------------------------
 
+    def get_hierarchy(self) -> list[tuple["Node", str]]:
+        return [(cast_assert(Node, n), name) for n, name in super().get_hierarchy()]
+
     def get_parent_f(
         self,
         filter_expr: Callable[["Node"], bool],
diff --git a/src/faebryk/core/parameter.py b/src/faebryk/core/parameter.py
index 607075de..7f610202 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/core/parameter.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/core/parameter.py
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 import logging
 from typing import (
+    Any,
     Callable,
     Concatenate,
     Optional,
@@ -14,17 +15,23 @@
 from faebryk.core.node import Node
 from faebryk.core.trait import Trait
 from faebryk.libs.units import Quantity, UnitsContainer
-from faebryk.libs.util import Tree, TwistArgs, is_type_pair, try_avoid_endless_recursion
+from faebryk.libs.util import (
+    Tree,
+    TwistArgs,
+    cast_assert,
+    is_type_pair,
+    try_avoid_endless_recursion,
+)
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
 def _resolved[PV, O](
-    func: Callable[["Parameter[PV]", "Parameter[PV]"], O],
+    func: Callable[["Parameter", "Parameter"], O],
 ) -> Callable[
     [
-        "PV | set[PV] | tuple[PV, PV] | Parameter[PV]",
-        "PV | set[PV] | tuple[PV, PV] | Parameter[PV]",
+        "PV | set | tuple[PV, PV] | Parameter",
+        "PV | set | tuple[PV, PV] | Parameter",
     ],
     O,
 ]:
@@ -36,10 +43,10 @@ def wrap(*args):
 
 
 def _resolved_self[PV, O, **P](
-    func: Callable[Concatenate["Parameter[PV]", P], O],
-) -> Callable[Concatenate["PV | set[PV] | tuple[PV, PV] | Parameter[PV]", P], O]:
+    func: Callable[Concatenate["Parameter", P], O],
+) -> Callable[Concatenate["PV | set | tuple[PV, PV] | Parameter", P], O]:
     def wrap(
-        p: "PV | set[PV] | tuple[PV, PV] | Parameter[PV]",
+        p: "PV | set | tuple[PV, PV] | Parameter",
         *args: P.args,
         **kwargs: P.kwargs,
     ):
@@ -48,9 +55,10 @@ def wrap(
     return wrap
 
 
-class Parameter[PV](Node):
-    type LIT = PV | set[PV] | tuple[PV, PV]
-    type LIT_OR_PARAM = LIT | "Parameter[PV]"
+class Parameter(Node):
+    type PV = Any
+    type LIT = PV | set | tuple[PV, PV]
+    type LIT_OR_PARAM = LIT | "Parameter"
 
     class TraitT(Trait): ...
 
@@ -60,13 +68,20 @@ class TraitT(Trait): ...
     class MergeException(Exception): ...
 
     class SupportsSetOps:
-        def __contains__(self, other: "Parameter[PV].LIT_OR_PARAM") -> bool: ...
+        def __contains__(self, other: "Parameter.LIT_OR_PARAM") -> bool: ...
+
+        @staticmethod
+        def check(other: "Parameter.LIT_OR_PARAM") -> bool:
+            return hasattr(other, "__contains__")
+
+    class is_dynamic(TraitT):
+        def execute(self) -> None: ...
 
-    def try_compress(self) -> "Parameter[PV]":
+    def try_compress(self) -> "Parameter":
         return self
 
     @classmethod
-    def from_literal(cls, value: LIT_OR_PARAM) -> '"Parameter[PV]"':
+    def from_literal(cls, value: LIT_OR_PARAM) -> '"Parameter"':
         from faebryk.library.Constant import Constant
         from faebryk.library.Range import Range
         from faebryk.library.Set import Set
@@ -80,7 +95,7 @@ def from_literal(cls, value: LIT_OR_PARAM) -> '"Parameter[PV]"':
         else:
             return Constant(value)
 
-    def _merge(self, other: "Parameter[PV]") -> "Parameter[PV]":
+    def _merge(self, other: "Parameter") -> "Parameter":
         from faebryk.library.ANY import ANY
         from faebryk.library.Operation import Operation
         from faebryk.library.Set import Set
@@ -98,20 +113,22 @@ def _is_pair[T, U](type1: type[T], type2: type[U]) -> Optional[tuple[T, U]]:
         except ValueError:
             ...
 
-        if pair := _is_pair(Parameter[PV], TBD):
+        if pair := _is_pair(Parameter, TBD):
             return pair[0]
 
-        if pair := _is_pair(Parameter[PV], ANY):
+        if pair := _is_pair(Parameter, ANY):
             return pair[0]
 
         # TODO remove as soon as possible
-        if pair := _is_pair(Parameter[PV], Operation):
+        if pair := _is_pair(Parameter, Operation):
             # TODO make MergeOperation that inherits from Operation
             # and return that instead, application can check if result is MergeOperation
             # if it was checking mergeability
             raise self.MergeException("cant merge range with operation")
 
-        if pair := _is_pair(Parameter[PV], Parameter[PV].SupportsSetOps):
+        if any(Parameter.SupportsSetOps.check(x) for x in (self, other)):
+            pair = (self, other)
+            # if pair := _is_pair(Parameter, Parameter.SupportsSetOps):
             out = self.intersect(*pair)
             if isinstance(out, Operation):
                 raise self.MergeException("not resolvable")
@@ -123,16 +140,16 @@ def _is_pair[T, U](type1: type[T], type2: type[U]) -> Optional[tuple[T, U]]:
 
         raise NotImplementedError
 
-    def _narrowed(self, other: "Parameter[PV]"):
+    def _narrowed(self, other: "Parameter"):
         if self is other:
             return
 
-        if self.narrowed_by.is_connected(other.narrows):
+        if self.narrowed_by.is_connected_to(other.narrows):
             return
         self.narrowed_by.connect(other.narrows)
 
     @_resolved
-    def is_mergeable_with(self: "Parameter[PV]", other: "Parameter[PV]") -> bool:
+    def is_mergeable_with(self: "Parameter", other: "Parameter") -> bool:
         try:
             self._merge(other)
             return True
@@ -142,7 +159,7 @@ def is_mergeable_with(self: "Parameter[PV]", other: "Parameter[PV]") -> bool:
             return False
 
     @_resolved
-    def is_subset_of(self: "Parameter[PV]", other: "Parameter[PV]") -> bool:
+    def is_subset_of(self: "Parameter", other: "Parameter") -> bool:
         from faebryk.library.ANY import ANY
         from faebryk.library.Operation import Operation
         from faebryk.library.TBD import TBD
@@ -150,7 +167,7 @@ def is_subset_of(self: "Parameter[PV]", other: "Parameter[PV]") -> bool:
         lhs = self
         rhs = other
 
-        def is_either_instance(t: type["Parameter[PV]"]):
+        def is_either_instance(t: type["Parameter"]):
             return isinstance(lhs, t) or isinstance(rhs, t)
 
         # Not resolveable
@@ -167,7 +184,9 @@ def is_either_instance(t: type["Parameter[PV]"]):
         return lhs & rhs == lhs
 
     @_resolved
-    def merge(self: "Parameter[PV]", other: "Parameter[PV]") -> "Parameter[PV]":
+    def merge(self: "Parameter", other: "Parameter") -> "Parameter":
+        if self is other:
+            return self
         out = self._merge(other)
 
         self._narrowed(out)
@@ -176,7 +195,7 @@ def merge(self: "Parameter[PV]", other: "Parameter[PV]") -> "Parameter[PV]":
         return out
 
     @_resolved
-    def override(self: "Parameter[PV]", other: "Parameter[PV]") -> "Parameter[PV]":
+    def override(self: "Parameter", other: "Parameter") -> "Parameter":
         if not other.is_subset_of(self):
             raise self.MergeException("override not possible")
 
@@ -185,9 +204,7 @@ def override(self: "Parameter[PV]", other: "Parameter[PV]") -> "Parameter[PV]":
 
     # TODO: replace with graph-based
     @staticmethod
-    def arithmetic_op(
-        op1: "Parameter[PV]", op2: "Parameter[PV]", op: Callable
-    ) -> "Parameter[PV]":
+    def arithmetic_op(op1: "Parameter", op2: "Parameter", op: Callable) -> "Parameter":
         from faebryk.library.ANY import ANY
         from faebryk.library.Constant import Constant
         from faebryk.library.Operation import Operation
@@ -255,7 +272,7 @@ def _is_pair[T, U](
         raise NotImplementedError
 
     @staticmethod
-    def intersect(op1: "Parameter[PV]", op2: "Parameter[PV]") -> "Parameter[PV]":
+    def intersect(op1: "Parameter", op2: "Parameter") -> "Parameter":
         from faebryk.library.Constant import Constant
         from faebryk.library.Operation import Operation
         from faebryk.library.Range import Range
@@ -317,56 +334,56 @@ def op(a, b):
         return Operation((op1, op2), op)
 
     @_resolved
-    def __add__(self: "Parameter[PV]", other: "Parameter[PV]"):
+    def __add__(self: "Parameter", other: "Parameter"):
         return self.arithmetic_op(self, other, lambda a, b: a + b)
 
     @_resolved
-    def __radd__(self: "Parameter[PV]", other: "Parameter[PV]"):
+    def __radd__(self: "Parameter", other: "Parameter"):
         return self.arithmetic_op(self, other, lambda a, b: b + a)
 
     @_resolved
-    def __sub__(self: "Parameter[PV]", other: "Parameter[PV]"):
+    def __sub__(self: "Parameter", other: "Parameter"):
         return self.arithmetic_op(self, other, lambda a, b: a - b)
 
     @_resolved
-    def __rsub__(self: "Parameter[PV]", other: "Parameter[PV]"):
+    def __rsub__(self: "Parameter", other: "Parameter"):
         return self.arithmetic_op(self, other, lambda a, b: b - a)
 
     # TODO PV | float
     @_resolved
-    def __mul__(self: "Parameter[PV]", other: "Parameter[PV]"):
+    def __mul__(self: "Parameter", other: "Parameter"):
         return self.arithmetic_op(self, other, lambda a, b: a * b)
 
     @_resolved
-    def __rmul__(self: "Parameter[PV]", other: "Parameter[PV]"):
+    def __rmul__(self: "Parameter", other: "Parameter"):
         return self.arithmetic_op(self, other, lambda a, b: b * a)
 
     # TODO PV | float
     @_resolved
-    def __truediv__(self: "Parameter[PV]", other: "Parameter[PV]"):
+    def __truediv__(self: "Parameter", other: "Parameter"):
         return self.arithmetic_op(self, other, lambda a, b: a / b)
 
     @_resolved
-    def __rtruediv__(self: "Parameter[PV]", other: "Parameter[PV]"):
+    def __rtruediv__(self: "Parameter", other: "Parameter"):
         return self.arithmetic_op(self, other, lambda a, b: b / a)
 
     @_resolved
-    def __pow__(self: "Parameter[PV]", other: "Parameter[PV]") -> "Parameter[PV]":
+    def __pow__(self: "Parameter", other: "Parameter") -> "Parameter":
         return self.arithmetic_op(self, other, lambda a, b: a**b)
 
     @_resolved
-    def __rpow__(self: "Parameter[PV]", other: "Parameter[PV]") -> "Parameter[PV]":
+    def __rpow__(self: "Parameter", other: "Parameter") -> "Parameter":
         return self.arithmetic_op(self, other, lambda a, b: b**a)
 
     @_resolved
-    def __and__(self: "Parameter[PV]", other: "Parameter[PV]") -> "Parameter[PV]":
+    def __and__(self: "Parameter", other: "Parameter") -> "Parameter":
         return self.intersect(self, other)
 
     @_resolved
-    def __rand__(self: "Parameter[PV]", other: "Parameter[PV]") -> "Parameter[PV]":
+    def __rand__(self: "Parameter", other: "Parameter") -> "Parameter":
         return self.intersect(other, self)
 
-    def get_most_narrow(self) -> "Parameter[PV]":
+    def get_most_narrow(self) -> "Parameter":
         out = self.get_narrowing_chain()[-1]
 
         com = out.try_compress()
@@ -378,12 +395,12 @@ def get_most_narrow(self) -> "Parameter[PV]":
         return out
 
     @staticmethod
-    def resolve_all(params: "Sequence[Parameter[PV]]") -> "Parameter[PV]":
+    def resolve_all(params: "Sequence[Parameter]") -> "Parameter":
         from faebryk.library.TBD import TBD
 
         params_set = list(params)
         if not params_set:
-            return TBD[PV]()
+            return TBD()
         it = iter(params_set)
         most_specific = next(it)
         for param in it:
@@ -408,15 +425,15 @@ def __str__(self) -> str:
 
     def get_narrowing_chain(self) -> list["Parameter"]:
         out: list[Parameter] = [self]
-        narrowers = self.narrowed_by.get_connected_nodes(Parameter)
+        narrowers = self.narrowed_by.get_connected_nodes([Parameter])
         if narrowers:
             assert len(narrowers) == 1, "Narrowing tree diverged"
-            out += next(iter(narrowers)).get_narrowing_chain()
+            out += cast_assert(Parameter, next(iter(narrowers))).get_narrowing_chain()
             assert id(self) not in map(id, out[1:]), "Narrowing tree cycle"
         return out
 
     def get_narrowed_siblings(self) -> set["Parameter"]:
-        return self.narrows.get_connected_nodes(Parameter)
+        return self.narrows.get_connected_nodes([Parameter])  # type: ignore
 
     def __copy__(self) -> Self:
         return type(self)()
@@ -434,9 +451,7 @@ def get_tree_param(self, include_root: bool = True) -> Tree["Parameter"]:
 
     # util functions -------------------------------------------------------------------
     @_resolved_self
-    def enum_parameter_representation(
-        self: "Parameter[PV]", required: bool = False
-    ) -> str:
+    def enum_parameter_representation(self: "Parameter", required: bool = False) -> str:
         return self._enum_parameter_representation(required=required)
 
     def _enum_parameter_representation(self, required: bool = False) -> str:
@@ -444,7 +459,7 @@ def _enum_parameter_representation(self, required: bool = False) -> str:
 
     @_resolved_self
     def as_unit(
-        self: "Parameter[PV]",
+        self: "Parameter",
         unit: UnitsContainer,
         base: int = 1000,
         required: bool = False,
@@ -459,7 +474,7 @@ def _as_unit(self, unit: UnitsContainer, base: int, required: bool) -> str:
 
     @_resolved_self
     def as_unit_with_tolerance(
-        self: "Parameter[PV]",
+        self: "Parameter",
         unit: UnitsContainer,
         base: int = 1000,
         required: bool = False,
@@ -472,7 +487,7 @@ def _as_unit_with_tolerance(
         return self._as_unit(unit, base=base, required=required)
 
     @_resolved_self
-    def get_max(self: "Parameter[PV]") -> PV:
+    def get_max(self: "Parameter") -> PV:
         return self._max()
 
     def _max(self):
diff --git a/src/faebryk/core/reference.py b/src/faebryk/core/reference.py
index b05d7bd2..2d4749fb 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/core/reference.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/core/reference.py
@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
 from collections import defaultdict
+from typing import cast
 
-from faebryk.core.graphinterface import GraphInterfaceReference
+from faebryk.core.graphinterface import (
+    GraphInterfaceReference,
+    GraphInterfaceReferenceUnboundError,
+)
 from faebryk.core.link import LinkPointer
 from faebryk.core.node import Node, constructed_field
 
@@ -21,8 +25,8 @@ def __init__(self, out_type: type[O] | None = None):
 
         def get(instance: Node) -> O:
             try:
-                return self.gifs[instance].get_reference()
-            except GraphInterfaceReference.UnboundError as ex:
+                return cast(O, self.gifs[instance].get_reference())
+            except GraphInterfaceReferenceUnboundError as ex:
                 raise Reference.UnboundError from ex
 
         def set_(instance: Node, value: O):
@@ -38,7 +42,7 @@ def set_(instance: Node, value: O):
                 raise TypeError(f"Expected {out_type} got {type(value)}")
 
             # attach our gif to what we're referring to
-            self.gifs[instance].connect(value.self_gif, LinkPointer)
+            self.gifs[instance].connect(value.self_gif, LinkPointer())
 
         property.__init__(self, get, set_)
 
diff --git a/src/faebryk/core/trait.py b/src/faebryk/core/trait.py
index 4d958d14..24e6310f 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/core/trait.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/core/trait.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 # This file is part of the faebryk project
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 import logging
+from typing import TypeGuard, cast
 
 from faebryk.core.node import Node, NodeException
 from faebryk.libs.util import cast_assert
@@ -46,21 +47,75 @@ def __init__(self, node: Node, *args: object) -> None:
 class Trait(Node):
     __decless_trait__: bool = False
 
+    # TODO once
     @classmethod
     def impl[T: "Trait"](cls: type[T]):
-        class _Impl(TraitImpl, cls): ...
+        # Implements TraitImpl
+        class _Impl(cls):
+            __trait__: type[Trait] = cls
+
+            @property
+            def obj(self) -> Node:
+                p = self.get_parent()
+                if not p:
+                    raise TraitUnbound(self)
+                return cast_assert(Node, p[0])
+
+            def get_obj[TN: Node](self, type: type[TN]) -> TN:
+                return cast_assert(type, self.obj)
+
+            def cmp(self, new_t: "TraitImpl") -> tuple[bool, "TraitImpl"]:
+                assert TraitImpl.is_traitimpl(new_t)
+
+                # If new same or more specific
+                if new_t.implements(self.__trait__):
+                    return True, new_t
+
+                # hack type (ghetto protocol)
+                traitimpl = cast(TraitImpl, self)
+
+                # If we are more specific
+                if self.implements(new_t.__trait__):
+                    return True, traitimpl
+
+                return False, traitimpl
+
+            def implements(self, trait: type[Trait]):
+                return trait.is_traitimpl(self)
+
+            # Overwriteable ------------------------------------------------------------
+
+            def _handle_added_to_parent(self):
+                self.on_obj_set()
+
+            def on_obj_set(self): ...
+
+            def handle_duplicate(self, old: "TraitImpl", node: Node) -> bool:
+                assert old is not self
+                _, candidate = old.cmp(cast(TraitImpl, self))
+                if candidate is not self:
+                    # raise TraitAlreadyExists(node, self)
+                    return False
+
+                node.del_trait(old.__trait__)
+                return True
+
+            # override this to implement a dynamic trait
+            def is_implemented(self):
+                return True
 
         # this should be outside the class def to prevent
         # __init_subclass__ from overwriting it
         _Impl.__trait__ = cls
+        _Impl.__name__ = f"{cls.__name__}Impl"
 
         return _Impl
 
     def __new__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
-        if not issubclass(cls, TraitImpl):
-            raise TypeError("Don't instantiate Trait use Trait.impl instead")
+        if not TraitImpl.is_traitimpl_type(cls):
+            raise TypeError(f"Don't instantiate Trait [{cls}] use Trait.impl instead")
 
-        return super().__new__(cls)
+        return super().__new__(cls)  # type: ignore
 
     @classmethod
     def decless(cls):
@@ -70,56 +125,50 @@ class _Trait(cls): ...
 
         return _Trait.impl()
 
+    @classmethod
+    def is_traitimpl(cls, obj: "Trait") -> TypeGuard["TraitImpl"]:
+        assert issubclass(cls, Trait)
+        if not TraitImpl.is_traitimpl(obj):
+            return False
+        return issubclass(obj.__trait__, cls)
 
-class TraitImpl(Node):
-    __trait__: type[Trait] = None
-
-    @property
-    def obj(self) -> Node:
-        p = self.get_parent()
-        if not p:
-            raise TraitUnbound(self)
-        return p[0]
-
-    def get_obj[T: Node](self, type: type[T]) -> T:
-        return cast_assert(type, self.obj)
-
-    def cmp(self, other: "TraitImpl") -> tuple[bool, "TraitImpl"]:
-        assert type(other), TraitImpl
-
-        # If other same or more specific
-        if other.implements(self.__trait__):
-            return True, other
+    # TODO check subclasses implementing abstractmethods (use subclass_init)
 
-        # If we are more specific
-        if self.implements(other.__trait__):
-            return True, self
 
-        return False, self
+# Hack, using this as protocol
+# Can't use actual protocol because CNode doesn't allow multiple inheritance
+class TraitImpl(Node):
+    """
+    Warning: Do not instancecheck against this type!
+    """
 
-    def implements(self, trait: type[Trait]):
-        assert issubclass(trait, Trait)
+    __trait__: type[Trait]
 
-        return issubclass(self.__trait__, trait)
+    @property
+    def obj(self) -> Node: ...
+    def get_obj[T: Node](self, type: type[T]) -> T: ...
+    def cmp(self, other: "TraitImpl") -> tuple[bool, "TraitImpl"]: ...
+    def implements(self, trait: type[Trait]): ...
 
     # Overwriteable --------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-    def _handle_added_to_parent(self):
-        self.on_obj_set()
-
+    def _handle_added_to_parent(self): ...
     def on_obj_set(self): ...
+    def handle_duplicate(self, old: "TraitImpl", node: Node) -> bool:
+        """
+        Returns True if the duplicate was handled, False if the trait should be skipped
+        """
+        ...
 
-    def handle_duplicate(self, other: "TraitImpl", node: Node) -> bool:
-        assert other is not self
-        _, candidate = other.cmp(self)
-        if candidate is not self:
-            return False
+    def is_implemented(self): ...
 
-        node.del_trait(other.__trait__)
-        return True
-
-        # raise TraitAlreadyExists(node, self)
+    @staticmethod
+    def is_traitimpl(obj) -> TypeGuard["TraitImpl"]:
+        if not isinstance(obj, Trait):
+            return False
+        return getattr(obj, "__trait__", None) is not None
 
-    # override this to implement a dynamic trait
-    def is_implemented(self):
-        return True
+    @staticmethod
+    def is_traitimpl_type(obj) -> TypeGuard[type["TraitImpl"]]:
+        if not issubclass(obj, Trait):
+            return False
+        return getattr(obj, "__trait__", None) is not None
diff --git a/src/faebryk/exporters/esphome/esphome.py b/src/faebryk/exporters/esphome/esphome.py
index e33cacfe..b638a86d 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/exporters/esphome/esphome.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/exporters/esphome/esphome.py
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 import yaml
 
 import faebryk.library._F as F
-from faebryk.core.graphinterface import Graph
+from faebryk.core.graph import Graph, GraphFunctions
 from faebryk.core.parameter import Parameter
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ def merge_dicts(*dicts: dict) -> dict:
 
 
 def make_esphome_config(G: Graph) -> dict:
-    esphome_components = G.nodes_with_trait(F.has_esphome_config)
+    esphome_components = GraphFunctions(G).nodes_with_trait(F.has_esphome_config)
 
     esphome_config = merge_dicts(*[t.get_config() for _, t in esphome_components])
 
diff --git a/src/faebryk/exporters/netlist/graph.py b/src/faebryk/exporters/netlist/graph.py
index a67c8e18..41c49ad9 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/exporters/netlist/graph.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/exporters/netlist/graph.py
@@ -4,12 +4,11 @@
 import logging
 from abc import abstractmethod
 
-import networkx as nx
-
 import faebryk.library._F as F
-from faebryk.core.graphinterface import Graph
+from faebryk.core.graph import Graph, GraphFunctions
 from faebryk.core.module import Module
 from faebryk.exporters.netlist.netlist import T2Netlist
+from faebryk.libs.util import KeyErrorAmbiguous
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
@@ -53,7 +52,7 @@ def get_or_set_name_and_value_of_node(c: Module):
 class can_represent_kicad_footprint_via_attached_component(
     can_represent_kicad_footprint.impl()
 ):
-    def __init__(self, component: Module, graph: nx.Graph) -> None:
+    def __init__(self, component: Module, graph: Graph) -> None:
         """
         graph has to be electrically closed
         """
@@ -101,21 +100,17 @@ def add_or_get_net(interface: F.Electrical):
         net.part_of.connect(interface)
         return net
     if len(nets) > 1:
-        raise Exception(f"Multiple nets interconnected: {nets}")
+        raise KeyErrorAmbiguous(list(nets), "Multiple nets interconnected")
     return next(iter(nets))
 
 
-def attach_nets_and_kicad_info(g: Graph):
-    # g has to be closed
-
-    Gclosed = g
-
+def attach_nets_and_kicad_info(G: Graph):
     # group comps & fps
     node_fps = {
         n: t.get_footprint()
         # TODO maybe nicer to just look for footprints
         # and get their respective components instead
-        for n, t in Gclosed.nodes_with_trait(F.has_footprint)
+        for n, t in GraphFunctions(G).nodes_with_trait(F.has_footprint)
         if isinstance(n, Module)
     }
 
@@ -127,9 +122,8 @@ def attach_nets_and_kicad_info(g: Graph):
     for n, fp in node_fps.items():
         if fp.has_trait(can_represent_kicad_footprint):
             continue
-        fp.add(can_represent_kicad_footprint_via_attached_component(n, Gclosed))
+        fp.add(can_represent_kicad_footprint_via_attached_component(n, G))
 
     for fp in node_fps.values():
-        # TODO use graph
         for mif in fp.get_children(direct_only=True, types=F.Pad):
             add_or_get_net(mif.net)
diff --git a/src/faebryk/exporters/netlist/netlist.py b/src/faebryk/exporters/netlist/netlist.py
index 149b2215..41f6d292 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/exporters/netlist/netlist.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/exporters/netlist/netlist.py
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 
 import faebryk.library._F as F
-from faebryk.core.graphinterface import Graph
+from faebryk.core.graph import Graph, GraphFunctions
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ class Vertex:
 def make_t2_netlist_from_graph(G: Graph) -> T2Netlist:
     from faebryk.exporters.netlist.graph import can_represent_kicad_footprint
 
-    nets = G.nodes_of_type(F.Net)
+    nets = GraphFunctions(G).nodes_of_type(F.Net)
 
     t2_nets = [
         T2Netlist.Net(
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ def make_t2_netlist_from_graph(G: Graph) -> T2Netlist:
 
     comps = {
         t.get_footprint().get_trait(can_represent_kicad_footprint).get_kicad_obj()
-        for _, t in G.nodes_with_trait(F.has_footprint)
+        for _, t in GraphFunctions(G).nodes_with_trait(F.has_footprint)
     }
 
     not_found = [
diff --git a/src/faebryk/exporters/pcb/kicad/transformer.py b/src/faebryk/exporters/pcb/kicad/transformer.py
index 7c40c11c..de0baa87 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/exporters/pcb/kicad/transformer.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/exporters/pcb/kicad/transformer.py
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 from typing_extensions import deprecated
 
 import faebryk.library._F as F
-from faebryk.core.graphinterface import Graph
+from faebryk.core.graph import Graph, GraphFunctions
 from faebryk.core.module import Module
 from faebryk.core.moduleinterface import ModuleInterface
 from faebryk.core.node import Node
@@ -224,7 +224,7 @@ def attach(self):
         footprints = {
             (f.propertys["Reference"].value, f.name): f for f in self.pcb.footprints
         }
-        for node, fpt in self.graph.nodes_with_trait(F.has_footprint):
+        for node, fpt in GraphFunctions(self.graph).nodes_with_trait(F.has_footprint):
             if not node.has_trait(F.has_overriden_name):
                 continue
             g_fp = fpt.get_footprint()
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ def attach(self):
 
         attached = {
             n: t.get_fp()
-            for n, t in self.graph.nodes_with_trait(
+            for n, t in GraphFunctions(self.graph).nodes_with_trait(
                 PCB_Transformer.has_linked_kicad_footprint
             )
         }
@@ -303,7 +303,7 @@ def get_fp(cmp: Node) -> Footprint:
     def get_all_footprints(self) -> List[tuple[Module, Footprint]]:
         return [
             (cast_assert(Module, cmp), t.get_fp())
-            for cmp, t in self.graph.nodes_with_trait(
+            for cmp, t in GraphFunctions(self.graph).nodes_with_trait(
                 PCB_Transformer.has_linked_kicad_footprint
             )
         ]
@@ -503,7 +503,7 @@ def _get_pad(ffp: F.Footprint, intf: F.Electrical):
         pin_map = ffp.get_trait(F.has_kicad_footprint).get_pin_names()
         pin_name = find(
             pin_map.items(),
-            lambda pad_and_name: intf.is_connected_to(pad_and_name[0].net) is not None,
+            lambda pad_and_name: intf.is_connected_to(pad_and_name[0].net),
         )[1]
 
         fp = PCB_Transformer.get_fp(ffp)
@@ -878,7 +878,7 @@ def insert_jlcpcb_serial(
     # Positioning ----------------------------------------------------------------------
     def move_footprints(self):
         # position modules with defined positions
-        pos_mods = self.graph.nodes_with_traits(
+        pos_mods = GraphFunctions(self.graph).nodes_with_traits(
             (F.has_pcb_position, self.has_linked_kicad_footprint)
         )
 
diff --git a/src/faebryk/exporters/pcb/layout/heuristic_decoupling.py b/src/faebryk/exporters/pcb/layout/heuristic_decoupling.py
index 661bf143..d1ee36e0 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/exporters/pcb/layout/heuristic_decoupling.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/exporters/pcb/layout/heuristic_decoupling.py
@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ def place_next_to_pad(
     nfp = module.get_trait(F.has_footprint).get_footprint()
     npad = find(
         nfp.get_children(direct_only=True, types=F.Pad),
-        lambda p: p.net.is_connected_to(pad.net) is not None,
+        lambda p: p.net.is_connected_to(pad.net),
     )
     nkfp, nkpad = npad.get_trait(PCB_Transformer.has_linked_kicad_pad).get_pad()
     if len(nkpad) != 1:
@@ -249,7 +249,7 @@ def place_next_to(
     for parent_pad, child in zip(pads_intf, children):
         intf = find(
             child.get_children(direct_only=True, types=F.Electrical),
-            lambda x: x.is_connected_to(parent_intf) is not None,
+            lambda x: x.is_connected_to(parent_intf),
         )
 
         logger.debug(f"Placing {intf} next to {parent_pad}")
diff --git a/src/faebryk/exporters/pcb/routing/routing.py b/src/faebryk/exporters/pcb/routing/routing.py
index 57bdaf34..de8ea334 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/exporters/pcb/routing/routing.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/exporters/pcb/routing/routing.py
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 import networkx as nx
 
 import faebryk.library._F as F
+from faebryk.core.graph import GraphFunctions
 from faebryk.exporters.pcb.kicad.transformer import PCB_Transformer
 from faebryk.exporters.pcb.routing.grid import (
     Coord,
@@ -124,7 +125,7 @@ def draw_circle(self, coord: OutCoord, size=0.5, layer="User.9"):
         )
 
     def route_all(self):
-        nets = self.transformer.graph.nodes_of_type(F.Net)
+        nets = GraphFunctions(self.transformer.graph).nodes_of_type(F.Net)
 
         # TODO add net picking heuristic
         for net in nets:
diff --git a/src/faebryk/exporters/pcb/routing/util.py b/src/faebryk/exporters/pcb/routing/util.py
index 809cc333..03356bdc 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/exporters/pcb/routing/util.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/exporters/pcb/routing/util.py
@@ -219,6 +219,6 @@ def group_pads_that_are_connected_already(
 def get_routes_of_pad(pad: F.Pad):
     return {
         route
-        for mif in pad.pcb.get_direct_connections()
+        for mif in pad.pcb.get_connected()
         if (route := mif.get_parent_of_type(Route))
     }
diff --git a/src/faebryk/exporters/schematic/kicad/transformer.py b/src/faebryk/exporters/schematic/kicad/transformer.py
index 0aa9ea6b..d5a61501 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/exporters/schematic/kicad/transformer.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/exporters/schematic/kicad/transformer.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 # import numpy as np
 # from shapely import Polygon
 import faebryk.library._F as F
-from faebryk.core.graphinterface import Graph
+from faebryk.core.graph import Graph, GraphFunctions
 from faebryk.core.module import Module
 from faebryk.core.node import Node
 from faebryk.libs.exceptions import FaebrykException
@@ -125,7 +125,9 @@ def attach(self):
         symbols = {
             (f.propertys["Reference"].value, f.lib_id): f for f in self.sch.symbols
         }
-        for node, sym_trait in self.graph.nodes_with_trait(F.Symbol.has_symbol):
+        for node, sym_trait in GraphFunctions(self.graph).nodes_with_trait(
+            F.Symbol.has_symbol
+        ):
             # FIXME: I believe this trait is used as a proxy for being a component
             # since, names are replaced with designators during typical pipelines
             if not node.has_trait(F.has_overriden_name):
@@ -151,7 +153,7 @@ def attach(self):
         # Log what we were able to attach
         attached = {
             n: t.symbol
-            for n, t in self.graph.nodes_with_trait(
+            for n, t in GraphFunctions(self.graph).nodes_with_trait(
                 SchTransformer.has_linked_sch_symbol
             )
         }
@@ -238,7 +240,7 @@ def get_symbol(cmp: Node) -> F.Symbol:
     def get_all_symbols(self) -> List[tuple[Module, F.Symbol]]:
         return [
             (cast_assert(Module, cmp), t.symbol)
-            for cmp, t in self.graph.nodes_with_trait(
+            for cmp, t in GraphFunctions(self.graph).nodes_with_trait(
                 SchTransformer.has_linked_sch_symbol
             )
         ]
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/ANY.py b/src/faebryk/library/ANY.py
index fd81098c..fede5fb4 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/library/ANY.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/ANY.py
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 from faebryk.libs.units import UnitsContainer
 
 
-class ANY[PV](Parameter[PV]):
+class ANY(Parameter):
     """
     Allow parameter to take any value.
     Operations with this parameter automatically resolve to ANY too.
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/Analog_Devices_ADM2587EBRWZ.py b/src/faebryk/library/Analog_Devices_ADM2587EBRWZ.py
index 86801728..ef855918 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/library/Analog_Devices_ADM2587EBRWZ.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/Analog_Devices_ADM2587EBRWZ.py
@@ -97,6 +97,7 @@ def pin_association_heuristic(self):
         )
 
     def __init__(self, full_duplex: bool = False):
+        super().__init__()
         self._full_duplex = full_duplex
         if full_duplex:
             raise NotImplementedError("Full duplex RS485 not implemented")
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/BH1750FVI_TR.py b/src/faebryk/library/BH1750FVI_TR.py
index e08eb0cc..ee13ff0e 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/library/BH1750FVI_TR.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/BH1750FVI_TR.py
@@ -6,14 +6,14 @@
 import faebryk.library._F as F
 from faebryk.core.module import Module
 from faebryk.libs.library import L
-from faebryk.libs.units import P, Quantity
+from faebryk.libs.units import P
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
 class BH1750FVI_TR(Module):
     class _bh1750_esphome_config(F.has_esphome_config.impl()):
-        update_interval: F.TBD[Quantity]
+        update_interval: F.TBD
 
         def get_config(self) -> dict:
             val = self.update_interval.get_most_narrow()
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/BJT.py b/src/faebryk/library/BJT.py
index 03c7dde3..f1935aef 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/library/BJT.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/BJT.py
@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@ class OperationRegion(Enum):
         SATURATION = auto()
         CUT_OFF = auto()
 
-    doping_type: Parameter[DopingType]
-    operation_region: Parameter[OperationRegion]
+    doping_type: Parameter
+    operation_region: Parameter
 
     emitter: F.Electrical
     base: F.Electrical
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/Battery.py b/src/faebryk/library/Battery.py
index 60ec3372..c7157166 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/library/Battery.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/Battery.py
@@ -5,12 +5,11 @@
 import faebryk.library._F as F
 import faebryk.libs.library.L as L
 from faebryk.core.module import Module
-from faebryk.libs.units import Quantity
 
 
 class Battery(Module):
-    voltage: F.TBD[Quantity]
-    capacity: F.TBD[Quantity]
+    voltage: F.TBD
+    capacity: F.TBD
 
     power: F.ElectricPower
 
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/Button.py b/src/faebryk/library/Button.py
index a74cf6d4..bd4a48fb 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/library/Button.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/Button.py
@@ -6,14 +6,13 @@
 import faebryk.library._F as F
 from faebryk.core.module import Module
 from faebryk.libs.library import L
-from faebryk.libs.units import Quantity
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
 class Button(Module):
     unnamed = L.list_field(2, F.Electrical)
-    height: F.TBD[Quantity]
+    height: F.TBD
 
     designator_prefix = L.f_field(F.has_designator_prefix_defined)(
         F.has_designator_prefix.Prefix.S
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/ButtonCell.py b/src/faebryk/library/ButtonCell.py
index 30810149..9700fb3b 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/library/ButtonCell.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/ButtonCell.py
@@ -53,9 +53,9 @@ class Size(IntEnum):
         N_2430 = 2430
         N_2450 = 2450
 
-    material: F.TBD[Material]
-    shape: F.TBD[Shape]
-    size: F.TBD[Size]
+    material: F.TBD
+    shape: F.TBD
+    size: F.TBD
 
     designator_prefix = L.f_field(F.has_designator_prefix_defined)(
         F.has_designator_prefix.Prefix.B
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/Capacitor.py b/src/faebryk/library/Capacitor.py
index 14107527..c5847b2b 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/library/Capacitor.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/Capacitor.py
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@
 import faebryk.library._F as F
 from faebryk.core.module import Module
 from faebryk.libs.library import L
-from faebryk.libs.units import Quantity
 from faebryk.libs.util import join_if_non_empty
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
@@ -26,9 +25,9 @@ class TemperatureCoefficient(IntEnum):
 
     unnamed = L.list_field(2, F.Electrical)
 
-    capacitance: F.TBD[Quantity]
-    rated_voltage: F.TBD[Quantity]
-    temperature_coefficient: F.TBD[TemperatureCoefficient]
+    capacitance: F.TBD
+    rated_voltage: F.TBD
+    temperature_coefficient: F.TBD
 
     attach_to_footprint: F.can_attach_to_footprint_symmetrically
     designator_prefix = L.f_field(F.has_designator_prefix_defined)(
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/Common_Mode_Filter.py b/src/faebryk/library/Common_Mode_Filter.py
index b36ba92b..151e0b22 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/library/Common_Mode_Filter.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/Common_Mode_Filter.py
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@
 import faebryk.library._F as F
 from faebryk.core.module import Module
 from faebryk.libs.library import L
-from faebryk.libs.units import Quantity
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
@@ -15,10 +14,10 @@ class Common_Mode_Filter(Module):
     coil_a: F.Inductor
     coil_b: F.Inductor
 
-    inductance: F.TBD[Quantity]
-    self_resonant_frequency: F.TBD[Quantity]
-    rated_current: F.TBD[Quantity]
-    dc_resistance: F.TBD[Quantity]
+    inductance: F.TBD
+    self_resonant_frequency: F.TBD
+    rated_current: F.TBD
+    dc_resistance: F.TBD
 
     designator_prefix = L.f_field(F.has_designator_prefix_defined)(
         F.has_designator_prefix.Prefix.FL
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/Comparator.py b/src/faebryk/library/Comparator.py
index b8f25f9d..03d6dbef 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/library/Comparator.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/Comparator.py
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@
 import faebryk.library._F as F
 from faebryk.core.module import Module
 from faebryk.libs.library import L
-from faebryk.libs.units import Quantity
 
 
 class Comparator(Module):
@@ -15,12 +14,12 @@ class OutputType(Enum):
         PushPull = auto()
         OpenDrain = auto()
 
-    common_mode_rejection_ratio: F.TBD[Quantity]
-    input_bias_current: F.TBD[Quantity]
-    input_hysteresis_voltage: F.TBD[Quantity]
-    input_offset_voltage: F.TBD[Quantity]
-    propagation_delay: F.TBD[Quantity]
-    output_type: F.TBD[OutputType]
+    common_mode_rejection_ratio: F.TBD
+    input_bias_current: F.TBD
+    input_hysteresis_voltage: F.TBD
+    input_offset_voltage: F.TBD
+    propagation_delay: F.TBD
+    output_type: F.TBD
 
     power: F.ElectricPower
     inverting_input: F.Electrical
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/Constant.py b/src/faebryk/library/Constant.py
index 71aaf244..14059b90 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/library/Constant.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/Constant.py
@@ -8,10 +8,11 @@
 
 from faebryk.core.parameter import Parameter, _resolved
 from faebryk.libs.units import Quantity, UnitsContainer, to_si_str
+from faebryk.libs.util import once
 
 
-class Constant[PV](Parameter[PV], Parameter[PV].SupportsSetOps):
-    type LIT_OR_PARAM = Parameter[PV].LIT_OR_PARAM
+class Constant(Parameter):
+    type LIT_OR_PARAM = Parameter.LIT_OR_PARAM
 
     def __init__(self, value: LIT_OR_PARAM) -> None:
         super().__init__()
@@ -32,6 +33,9 @@ def __repr__(self):
 
     @_resolved
     def __eq__(self, other) -> bool:
+        if self is other:
+            return True
+
         if not isinstance(other, Constant):
             return False
 
@@ -42,9 +46,16 @@ def __eq__(self, other) -> bool:
 
         return self.value == other.value
 
-    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+    @once
+    def _hash_val(self):
+        # assert not isinstance(self.value, Parameter)
         return hash(self.value)
 
+    def __hash__(self) -> int:
+        if isinstance(self.value, Parameter):
+            return hash(self.value)
+        return self._hash_val()
+
     # comparison operators
     @_resolved
     def __le__(self, other) -> bool:
@@ -98,12 +109,12 @@ def __int__(self):
         return int(self.value)
 
     @_resolved
-    def __contains__(self, other: Parameter[PV]) -> bool:
+    def __contains__(self, other: Parameter) -> bool:
         if not isinstance(other, Constant):
             return False
         return other.value == self.value
 
-    def try_compress(self) -> Parameter[PV]:
+    def try_compress(self) -> Parameter:
         if isinstance(self.value, Parameter):
             return self.value
         return super().try_compress()
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/Crystal.py b/src/faebryk/library/Crystal.py
index 96f56058..378fc234 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/library/Crystal.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/Crystal.py
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 import faebryk.library._F as F
 from faebryk.core.module import Module
 from faebryk.libs.library import L
-from faebryk.libs.units import Quantity
 
 
 class Crystal(Module):
@@ -17,13 +16,13 @@ class Crystal(Module):
     # ----------------------------------------
     #               parameters
     # ----------------------------------------
-    frequency: F.TBD[Quantity]
-    frequency_tolerance: F.TBD[F.Range]
-    frequency_temperature_tolerance: F.TBD[F.Range]
-    frequency_ageing: F.TBD[F.Range]
-    equivalent_series_resistance: F.TBD[Quantity]
-    shunt_capacitance: F.TBD[Quantity]
-    load_capacitance: F.TBD[Quantity]
+    frequency: F.TBD
+    frequency_tolerance: F.TBD
+    frequency_temperature_tolerance: F.TBD
+    frequency_ageing: F.TBD
+    equivalent_series_resistance: F.TBD
+    shunt_capacitance: F.TBD
+    load_capacitance: F.TBD
 
     # ----------------------------------------
     #                traits
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/DifferentialPair.py b/src/faebryk/library/DifferentialPair.py
index 668cbe1b..c885c27f 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/library/DifferentialPair.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/DifferentialPair.py
@@ -5,14 +5,13 @@
 
 import faebryk.library._F as F
 from faebryk.core.moduleinterface import ModuleInterface
-from faebryk.libs.units import Quantity
 
 
 class DifferentialPair(ModuleInterface):
     p: F.SignalElectrical
     n: F.SignalElectrical
 
-    impedance: F.TBD[Quantity]
+    impedance: F.TBD
 
     def terminated(self) -> Self:
         terminated_bus = type(self)()
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/Diode.py b/src/faebryk/library/Diode.py
index 9342d5cd..89c9db3e 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/library/Diode.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/Diode.py
@@ -5,15 +5,14 @@
 from faebryk.core.module import Module
 from faebryk.core.parameter import Parameter
 from faebryk.libs.library import L
-from faebryk.libs.units import Quantity
 
 
 class Diode(Module):
-    forward_voltage: F.TBD[Quantity]
-    max_current: F.TBD[Quantity]
-    current: F.TBD[Quantity]
-    reverse_working_voltage: F.TBD[Quantity]
-    reverse_leakage_current: F.TBD[Quantity]
+    forward_voltage: F.TBD
+    max_current: F.TBD
+    current: F.TBD
+    reverse_working_voltage: F.TBD
+    reverse_leakage_current: F.TBD
 
     anode: F.Electrical
     cathode: F.Electrical
@@ -45,6 +44,6 @@ def pin_association_heuristic(self):
         )
 
     def get_needed_series_resistance_for_current_limit(
-        self, input_voltage_V: Parameter[Quantity]
-    ) -> Parameter[Quantity]:
+        self, input_voltage_V: Parameter
+    ) -> Parameter:
         return (input_voltage_V - self.forward_voltage) / self.current
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/Diodes_Incorporated_AP2552W6_7.py b/src/faebryk/library/Diodes_Incorporated_AP2552W6_7.py
index a76610b7..37ccdf1d 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/library/Diodes_Incorporated_AP2552W6_7.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/Diodes_Incorporated_AP2552W6_7.py
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 from faebryk.library.has_pcb_position import has_pcb_position
 from faebryk.libs.library import L  # noqa: F401
 from faebryk.libs.picker.picker import DescriptiveProperties
-from faebryk.libs.units import P, Quantity
+from faebryk.libs.units import P
 from faebryk.libs.util import assert_once
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ class Diodes_Incorporated_AP2552W6_7(Module):
     """
 
     @assert_once
-    def set_current_limit(self, current: Parameter[Quantity]) -> F.Resistor:
+    def set_current_limit(self, current: Parameter) -> F.Resistor:
         self.current_limit.merge(current)
 
         current_limit_setting_resistor = self.ilim.add(F.Resistor())
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ def set_current_limit(self, current: Parameter[Quantity]) -> F.Resistor:
     fault: F.ElectricLogic
     ilim: F.SignalElectrical
 
-    current_limit: F.TBD[Quantity]
+    current_limit: F.TBD
     # ----------------------------------------
     #                 traits
     # ----------------------------------------
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/EEPROM.py b/src/faebryk/library/EEPROM.py
index e89b050f..f7ecbf51 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/library/EEPROM.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/EEPROM.py
@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@
 import faebryk.library._F as F
 from faebryk.core.module import Module
 from faebryk.libs.library import L
-from faebryk.libs.units import Quantity
 
 
 class EEPROM(Module):
@@ -25,7 +24,7 @@ def set_address(self, addr: int):
     #     modules, interfaces, parameters
     # ----------------------------------------
 
-    memory_size: F.TBD[Quantity]
+    memory_size: F.TBD
 
     power: F.ElectricPower
     i2c: F.I2C
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/ElectricLogic.py b/src/faebryk/library/ElectricLogic.py
index a0733cf2..2bab0db7 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/library/ElectricLogic.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/ElectricLogic.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 from faebryk.libs.library import L
 
 
-class ElectricLogic(F.SignalElectrical, F.Logic):
+class ElectricLogic(F.SignalElectrical):
     class has_pulls(F.Logic.TraitT):
         @abstractmethod
         def get_pulls(self) -> tuple[F.Resistor | None, F.Resistor | None]: ...
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ class PushPull(Enum):
     # ----------------------------------------
     #     modules, interfaces, parameters
     # ----------------------------------------
-    push_pull: F.TBD[PushPull]
+    push_pull: F.TBD
 
     # ----------------------------------------
     #                 traits
@@ -99,6 +99,8 @@ class PushPull(Enum):
     def pulled(self):
         return ElectricLogic.can_be_pulled_defined(self.signal, self.reference)
 
+    specializable_types = L.f_field(F.can_specialize_defined)([F.Logic])
+
     # ----------------------------------------
     #                functions
     # ----------------------------------------
@@ -106,7 +108,6 @@ def set(self, on: bool):
         """
         Set the logic signal by directly connecting to the reference.
         """
-        super().set(on)
         r = self.reference
         self.signal.connect(r.hv if on else r.lv)
 
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/ElectricLogicGate.py b/src/faebryk/library/ElectricLogicGate.py
index 7c4b80bf..d44971ac 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/library/ElectricLogicGate.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/ElectricLogicGate.py
@@ -2,37 +2,18 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 
 import faebryk.library._F as F
-from faebryk.core.trait import TraitImpl
 from faebryk.libs.library import L
 from faebryk.libs.util import times
 
 
 class ElectricLogicGate(F.LogicGate):
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        input_cnt: F.Constant[int],
-        output_cnt: F.Constant[int],
-        *functions: TraitImpl,
-    ) -> None:
-        self.input_cnt = input_cnt
-        self.output_cnt = output_cnt
-        super().__init__(input_cnt, output_cnt, *functions)
-
-    def __preinit__(self):
-        self_logic = self
-
-        for in_if_l, in_if_el in zip(self_logic.inputs, self.inputs):
-            in_if_l.specialize(in_if_el)
-        for out_if_l, out_if_el in zip(self_logic.outputs, self.outputs):
-            out_if_l.specialize(out_if_el)
-
     @L.rt_field
     def inputs(self):
-        return times(self.input_cnt, F.ElectricLogic)
+        return times(self._input_cnt, F.ElectricLogic)
 
     @L.rt_field
     def outputs(self):
-        return times(self.output_cnt, F.ElectricLogic)
+        return times(self._output_cnt, F.ElectricLogic)
 
     @L.rt_field
     def single_electric_reference(self):
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/ElectricLogicGates.py b/src/faebryk/library/ElectricLogicGates.py
index dc3d78fe..79a866ae 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/library/ElectricLogicGates.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/ElectricLogicGates.py
@@ -7,19 +7,19 @@
 
 class ElectricLogicGates(Namespace):
     class OR(F.ElectricLogicGate):
-        def __init__(self, input_cnt: F.Constant[int]):
+        def __init__(self, input_cnt: F.Constant):
             super().__init__(input_cnt, F.Constant(1), F.LogicGate.can_logic_or_gate())
 
     class NOR(F.ElectricLogicGate):
-        def __init__(self, input_cnt: F.Constant[int]):
+        def __init__(self, input_cnt: F.Constant):
             super().__init__(input_cnt, F.Constant(1), F.LogicGate.can_logic_nor_gate())
 
     class NAND(F.ElectricLogicGate):
-        def __init__(self, input_cnt: F.Constant[int]):
+        def __init__(self, input_cnt: F.Constant):
             super().__init__(
                 input_cnt, F.Constant(1), F.LogicGate.can_logic_nand_gate()
             )
 
     class XOR(F.ElectricLogicGate):
-        def __init__(self, input_cnt: F.Constant[int]):
+        def __init__(self, input_cnt: F.Constant):
             super().__init__(input_cnt, F.Constant(1), F.LogicGate.can_logic_xor_gate())
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/ElectricPower.py b/src/faebryk/library/ElectricPower.py
index f8f03927..2d103eaf 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/library/ElectricPower.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/ElectricPower.py
@@ -9,49 +9,43 @@
 from faebryk.core.moduleinterface import ModuleInterface
 from faebryk.core.node import Node
 from faebryk.libs.library import L
-from faebryk.libs.units import P, Quantity
+from faebryk.libs.units import P
 from faebryk.libs.util import RecursionGuard
 
 
 class ElectricPower(F.Power):
-    class can_be_decoupled_power(F.can_be_decoupled_defined):
-        def __init__(self) -> None: ...
-
+    class can_be_decoupled_power(F.can_be_decoupled.impl()):
         def on_obj_set(self):
             obj = self.get_obj(ElectricPower)
-            super().__init__(hv=obj.hv, lv=obj.lv)
+            self.hv = obj.hv
+            self.lv = obj.lv
 
         def decouple(self):
             obj = self.get_obj(ElectricPower)
-            return (
-                super()
-                .decouple()
-                .builder(
-                    lambda c: c.rated_voltage.merge(
-                        F.Range(obj.voltage * 2.0, math.inf * P.V)
-                    )
+            return F.can_be_decoupled_defined.decouple(self).builder(
+                lambda c: c.rated_voltage.merge(
+                    F.Range(obj.voltage * 2.0, math.inf * P.V)
                 )
             )
 
-    class can_be_surge_protected_power(F.can_be_surge_protected_defined):
-        def __init__(self) -> None: ...
-
+    class can_be_surge_protected_power(F.can_be_surge_protected.impl()):
         def on_obj_set(self):
             obj = self.get_obj(ElectricPower)
-            super().__init__(obj.lv, obj.hv)
+            self.lv = obj.lv
+            self.hv = obj.hv
 
         def protect(self):
             obj = self.get_obj(ElectricPower)
             return [
                 tvs.builder(lambda t: t.reverse_working_voltage.merge(obj.voltage))
-                for tvs in super().protect()
+                for tvs in F.can_be_surge_protected_defined.protect(self)
             ]
 
     hv: F.Electrical
     lv: F.Electrical
 
-    voltage: F.TBD[Quantity]
-    max_current: F.TBD[Quantity]
+    voltage: F.TBD
+    max_current: F.TBD
     """
     Only for this particular power interface
     Does not propagate to connections
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/Electrical.py b/src/faebryk/library/Electrical.py
index 6fce6013..10d96819 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/library/Electrical.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/Electrical.py
@@ -3,11 +3,10 @@
 
 import faebryk.library._F as F
 from faebryk.core.moduleinterface import ModuleInterface
-from faebryk.libs.units import Quantity
 
 
 class Electrical(ModuleInterface):
-    potential: F.TBD[Quantity]
+    potential: F.TBD
 
     def get_net(self):
         from faebryk.library.Net import Net
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/Filter.py b/src/faebryk/library/Filter.py
index b3ddec65..6fc33304 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/library/Filter.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/Filter.py
@@ -15,9 +15,9 @@ class Response(Enum):
         BANDSTOP = auto()
         OTHER = auto()
 
-    cutoff_frequency: F.TBD[float]
-    order: F.TBD[int]
-    response: F.TBD[Response]
+    cutoff_frequency: F.TBD
+    order: F.TBD
+    response: F.TBD
 
     in_: F.Signal
     out: F.Signal
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/Fuse.py b/src/faebryk/library/Fuse.py
index 8a957956..2a5876e7 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/library/Fuse.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/Fuse.py
@@ -7,7 +7,6 @@
 import faebryk.library._F as F
 from faebryk.core.module import Module
 from faebryk.libs.library import L
-from faebryk.libs.units import Quantity
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
@@ -22,9 +21,9 @@ class ResponseType(Enum):
         FAST = auto()
 
     unnamed = L.list_field(2, F.Electrical)
-    fuse_type: F.TBD[FuseType]
-    response_type: F.TBD[ResponseType]
-    trip_current: F.TBD[Quantity]
+    fuse_type: F.TBD
+    response_type: F.TBD
+    trip_current: F.TBD
 
     attach_to_footprint: F.can_attach_to_footprint_symmetrically
 
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/GDT.py b/src/faebryk/library/GDT.py
index 46149b66..41b1766c 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/library/GDT.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/GDT.py
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@
 import faebryk.library._F as F
 from faebryk.core.module import Module
 from faebryk.libs.library import L
-from faebryk.libs.units import Quantity
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
@@ -16,8 +15,8 @@ class GDT(Module):
     tube_1: F.Electrical
     tube_2: F.Electrical
 
-    dc_breakdown_voltage: F.TBD[Quantity]
-    impulse_discharge_current: F.TBD[Quantity]
+    dc_breakdown_voltage: F.TBD
+    impulse_discharge_current: F.TBD
 
     @L.rt_field
     def can_bridge(self):
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/GenericBusProtection.py b/src/faebryk/library/GenericBusProtection.py
index ba7865bb..00165803 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/library/GenericBusProtection.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/GenericBusProtection.py
@@ -9,7 +9,9 @@
 from faebryk.libs.library import L
 
 
-class GenericBusProtection[T: ModuleInterface](Module):
+class GenericBusProtection(Module):
+    type T = ModuleInterface
+
     @L.rt_field
     def bus_unprotected(self):
         return self.bus_factory()
@@ -23,7 +25,9 @@ def __init__(self, bus_factory: Callable[[], T]) -> None:
         self.bus_factory = bus_factory
 
     def __preinit__(self):
-        def get_mifs[U: ModuleInterface](bus: T, mif_type: type[U]) -> set[U]:
+        def get_mifs[U: ModuleInterface](
+            bus: "GenericBusProtection.T", mif_type: type[U]
+        ) -> set[U]:
             return bus.get_children(direct_only=True, types=mif_type)
 
         raw = list(
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/HLK_LD2410B_P.py b/src/faebryk/library/HLK_LD2410B_P.py
index 88e7c620..7ddea11e 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/library/HLK_LD2410B_P.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/HLK_LD2410B_P.py
@@ -4,12 +4,12 @@
 import faebryk.library._F as F
 from faebryk.core.module import Module
 from faebryk.libs.library import L
-from faebryk.libs.units import P, Quantity
+from faebryk.libs.units import P
 
 
 class HLK_LD2410B_P(Module):
     class _ld2410b_esphome_config(F.has_esphome_config.impl()):
-        throttle: F.TBD[Quantity]
+        throttle: F.TBD
 
         def get_config(self) -> dict:
             val = self.throttle.get_most_narrow()
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ def get_config(self) -> dict:
 
             uart_candidates = {
                 mif
-                for mif in obj.uart.get_direct_connections()
+                for mif in obj.uart.get_connected()
                 if mif.has_trait(F.is_esphome_bus)
                 and mif.has_trait(F.has_esphome_config)
             }
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/Header.py b/src/faebryk/library/Header.py
index ee384c98..642c26dc 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/library/Header.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/Header.py
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@
 import faebryk.library._F as F
 from faebryk.core.module import Module
 from faebryk.libs.library import L
-from faebryk.libs.units import Quantity
 from faebryk.libs.util import times
 
 
@@ -36,16 +35,16 @@ def __preinit__(self):
         self.pin_count_horizonal.merge(self._horizontal_pin_count)
         self.pin_count_vertical.merge(self._vertical_pin_count)
 
-    pin_pitch: F.TBD[Quantity]
-    mating_pin_lenght: F.TBD[Quantity]
-    conection_pin_lenght: F.TBD[Quantity]
-    spacer_height: F.TBD[Quantity]
-    pin_type: F.TBD[PinType]
-    pad_type: F.TBD[PadType]
-    angle: F.TBD[Angle]
+    pin_pitch: F.TBD
+    mating_pin_lenght: F.TBD
+    conection_pin_lenght: F.TBD
+    spacer_height: F.TBD
+    pin_type: F.TBD
+    pad_type: F.TBD
+    angle: F.TBD
 
-    pin_count_horizonal: F.TBD[int]
-    pin_count_vertical: F.TBD[int]
+    pin_count_horizonal: F.TBD
+    pin_count_vertical: F.TBD
 
     @L.rt_field
     def contact(self):
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/I2C.py b/src/faebryk/library/I2C.py
index 7db966d9..e96c1ef2 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/library/I2C.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/I2C.py
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 import faebryk.library._F as F
 from faebryk.core.moduleinterface import ModuleInterface
 from faebryk.libs.library import L
-from faebryk.libs.units import P, Quantity
+from faebryk.libs.units import P
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ class I2C(ModuleInterface):
     scl: F.ElectricLogic
     sda: F.ElectricLogic
 
-    frequency: F.TBD[Quantity]
+    frequency: F.TBD
 
     @L.rt_field
     def single_electric_reference(self):
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/Inductor.py b/src/faebryk/library/Inductor.py
index 9120dc78..6b0b28cf 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/library/Inductor.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/Inductor.py
@@ -5,17 +5,16 @@
 import faebryk.library._F as F
 from faebryk.core.module import Module
 from faebryk.libs.library import L
-from faebryk.libs.units import Quantity
 from faebryk.libs.util import join_if_non_empty
 
 
 class Inductor(Module):
     unnamed = L.list_field(2, F.Electrical)
 
-    inductance: F.TBD[Quantity]
-    self_resonant_frequency: F.TBD[Quantity]
-    rated_current: F.TBD[Quantity]
-    dc_resistance: F.TBD[Quantity]
+    inductance: F.TBD
+    self_resonant_frequency: F.TBD
+    rated_current: F.TBD
+    dc_resistance: F.TBD
 
     @L.rt_field
     def can_bridge(self):
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/LDO.py b/src/faebryk/library/LDO.py
index aa38a06a..e397c857 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/library/LDO.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/LDO.py
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 import faebryk.library._F as F
 from faebryk.core.module import Module
 from faebryk.libs.library import L
-from faebryk.libs.units import P, Quantity
+from faebryk.libs.units import P
 from faebryk.libs.util import assert_once, join_if_non_empty
 
 
@@ -24,14 +24,14 @@ class OutputPolarity(Enum):
         POSITIVE = auto()
         NEGATIVE = auto()
 
-    max_input_voltage: F.TBD[Quantity]
-    output_voltage: F.TBD[Quantity]
-    output_polarity: F.TBD[OutputPolarity]
-    output_type: F.TBD[OutputType]
-    output_current: F.TBD[Quantity]
-    psrr: F.TBD[Quantity]
-    dropout_voltage: F.TBD[Quantity]
-    quiescent_current: F.TBD[Quantity]
+    max_input_voltage: F.TBD
+    output_voltage: F.TBD
+    output_polarity: F.TBD
+    output_type: F.TBD
+    output_current: F.TBD
+    psrr: F.TBD
+    dropout_voltage: F.TBD
+    quiescent_current: F.TBD
 
     enable: F.ElectricLogic
     power_in: F.ElectricPower
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/LED.py b/src/faebryk/library/LED.py
index 12b9f60b..ab13dcc2 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/library/LED.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/LED.py
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@
 
 import faebryk.library._F as F
 from faebryk.core.parameter import Parameter
-from faebryk.libs.units import Quantity
 
 
 class LED(F.Diode):
@@ -40,9 +39,9 @@ class Color(Enum):
         ULTRA_VIOLET = auto()
         INFRA_RED = auto()
 
-    brightness: F.TBD[Quantity]
-    max_brightness: F.TBD[Quantity]
-    color: F.TBD[Color]
+    brightness: F.TBD
+    max_brightness: F.TBD
+    color: F.TBD
 
     def __preinit__(self):
         self.current.merge(self.brightness / self.max_brightness * self.max_current)
@@ -51,12 +50,12 @@ def __preinit__(self):
         #    F.Range(0 * P.millicandela, self.max_brightness)
         # )
 
-    def set_intensity(self, intensity: Parameter[Quantity]) -> None:
+    def set_intensity(self, intensity: Parameter) -> None:
         self.brightness.merge(intensity * self.max_brightness)
 
     def connect_via_current_limiting_resistor(
         self,
-        input_voltage: Parameter[Quantity],
+        input_voltage: Parameter,
         resistor: F.Resistor,
         target: F.Electrical,
         low_side: bool,
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/LEDIndicator.py b/src/faebryk/library/LEDIndicator.py
index f9710910..01448a3c 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/library/LEDIndicator.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/LEDIndicator.py
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ class LEDIndicator(Module):
     power_switch = L.f_field(F.PowerSwitch)(normally_closed=False)
 
     def __init__(self, use_mosfet: bool = True):
+        super().__init__()
         self._use_mosfet = use_mosfet
 
     def __preinit__(self):
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/Logic.py b/src/faebryk/library/Logic.py
index 8edc33ba..f15595b1 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/library/Logic.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/Logic.py
@@ -2,11 +2,12 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 
 import faebryk.library._F as F
-from faebryk.libs.library import L
+from faebryk.libs.library import L  # noqa: F401
 
 
 class Logic(F.Signal):
-    state = L.f_field(F.Range)(False, True)
+    """
+    Acts as protocol, because multi inheritance is not supported
+    """
 
-    def set(self, on: bool):
-        self.state.merge(on)
+    def set(self, on: bool): ...
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/Logic74xx.py b/src/faebryk/library/Logic74xx.py
index 6cf3250f..da09e054 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/library/Logic74xx.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/Logic74xx.py
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ class Family(Enum):
         CD4000 = auto()
 
     power: F.ElectricPower
-    logic_family: F.TBD[Family]
+    logic_family: F.TBD
 
     designator = L.f_field(F.has_designator_prefix_defined)(
         F.has_designator_prefix.Prefix.U
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/LogicGate.py b/src/faebryk/library/LogicGate.py
index d9917341..11f01157 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/library/LogicGate.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/LogicGate.py
@@ -49,8 +49,8 @@ def xor(self, *ins: F.Logic):
 
     def __init__(
         self,
-        input_cnt: F.Constant[int],
-        output_cnt: F.Constant[int],
+        input_cnt: F.Constant,
+        output_cnt: F.Constant,
         *functions: TraitImpl,
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__()
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/LogicGates.py b/src/faebryk/library/LogicGates.py
index 16c0ef08..53e18797 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/library/LogicGates.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/LogicGates.py
@@ -7,19 +7,19 @@
 
 class LogicGates(Namespace):
     class OR(F.LogicGate):
-        def __init__(self, input_cnt: F.Constant[int]):
+        def __init__(self, input_cnt: F.Constant):
             super().__init__(input_cnt, F.Constant(1), F.LogicGate.can_logic_or_gate())
 
     class NOR(F.LogicGate):
-        def __init__(self, input_cnt: F.Constant[int]):
+        def __init__(self, input_cnt: F.Constant):
             super().__init__(input_cnt, F.Constant(1), F.LogicGate.can_logic_nor_gate())
 
     class NAND(F.LogicGate):
-        def __init__(self, input_cnt: F.Constant[int]):
+        def __init__(self, input_cnt: F.Constant):
             super().__init__(
                 input_cnt, F.Constant(1), F.LogicGate.can_logic_nand_gate()
             )
 
     class XOR(F.LogicGate):
-        def __init__(self, input_cnt: F.Constant[int]):
+        def __init__(self, input_cnt: F.Constant):
             super().__init__(input_cnt, F.Constant(1), F.LogicGate.can_logic_xor_gate())
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/MOSFET.py b/src/faebryk/library/MOSFET.py
index 250c54b4..d430b7e3 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/library/MOSFET.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/MOSFET.py
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@
 import faebryk.library._F as F
 from faebryk.core.module import Module
 from faebryk.libs.library import L
-from faebryk.libs.units import Quantity
 
 
 class MOSFET(Module):
@@ -18,12 +17,12 @@ class SaturationType(Enum):
         ENHANCEMENT = auto()
         DEPLETION = auto()
 
-    channel_type: F.TBD[ChannelType]
-    saturation_type: F.TBD[SaturationType]
-    gate_source_threshold_voltage: F.TBD[Quantity]
-    max_drain_source_voltage: F.TBD[Quantity]
-    max_continuous_drain_current: F.TBD[Quantity]
-    on_resistance: F.TBD[Quantity]
+    channel_type: F.TBD
+    saturation_type: F.TBD
+    gate_source_threshold_voltage: F.TBD
+    max_drain_source_voltage: F.TBD
+    max_continuous_drain_current: F.TBD
+    on_resistance: F.TBD
 
     source: F.Electrical
     gate: F.Electrical
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/MultiCapacitor.py b/src/faebryk/library/MultiCapacitor.py
index 5c5cdbf8..e2aaba17 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/library/MultiCapacitor.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/MultiCapacitor.py
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@
 import faebryk.library._F as F  # noqa: F401
 from faebryk.core.parameter import Parameter
 from faebryk.libs.library import L  # noqa: F401
-from faebryk.libs.units import Quantity
 from faebryk.libs.util import times  # noqa: F401
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
@@ -26,6 +25,7 @@ class MultiCapacitor(F.Capacitor):
     # ----------------------------------------
 
     def __init__(self, count: int):
+        super().__init__()
         self._count = count
 
     @L.rt_field
@@ -45,11 +45,11 @@ def __preinit__(self):
         # ------------------------------------
         self.capacitance.merge(sum(c.capacitance for c in self.capacitors))
 
-    def set_equal_capacitance(self, capacitance: Parameter[Quantity]):
+    def set_equal_capacitance(self, capacitance: Parameter):
         op = capacitance / self._count
 
         self.set_equal_capacitance_each(op)
 
-    def set_equal_capacitance_each(self, capacitance: Parameter[Quantity]):
+    def set_equal_capacitance_each(self, capacitance: Parameter):
         for c in self.capacitors:
             c.capacitance.merge(capacitance)
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/OLED_Module.py b/src/faebryk/library/OLED_Module.py
index b7590a4a..f460b6b9 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/library/OLED_Module.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/OLED_Module.py
@@ -38,9 +38,9 @@ class DisplayController(Enum):
     power: F.ElectricPower
     i2c: F.I2C
 
-    display_resolution: F.TBD[DisplayResolution]
-    display_controller: F.TBD[DisplayController]
-    display_size: F.TBD[DisplaySize]
+    display_resolution: F.TBD
+    display_controller: F.TBD
+    display_size: F.TBD
 
     def __preinit__(self):
         self.power.voltage.merge(F.Range(3.0 * P.V, 5 * P.V))
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/OpAmp.py b/src/faebryk/library/OpAmp.py
index 8b9bb054..e05e1530 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/library/OpAmp.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/OpAmp.py
@@ -4,17 +4,16 @@
 import faebryk.library._F as F
 from faebryk.core.module import Module
 from faebryk.libs.library import L
-from faebryk.libs.units import Quantity
 
 
 class OpAmp(Module):
-    bandwidth: F.TBD[Quantity]
-    common_mode_rejection_ratio: F.TBD[Quantity]
-    input_bias_current: F.TBD[Quantity]
-    input_offset_voltage: F.TBD[Quantity]
-    gain_bandwidth_product: F.TBD[Quantity]
-    output_current: F.TBD[Quantity]
-    slew_rate: F.TBD[Quantity]
+    bandwidth: F.TBD
+    common_mode_rejection_ratio: F.TBD
+    input_bias_current: F.TBD
+    input_offset_voltage: F.TBD
+    gain_bandwidth_product: F.TBD
+    output_current: F.TBD
+    slew_rate: F.TBD
 
     power: F.ElectricPower
     inverting_input: F.Electrical
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/Operation.py b/src/faebryk/library/Operation.py
index 8bb9829e..5cbc8194 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/library/Operation.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/Operation.py
@@ -11,15 +11,15 @@
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
-class Operation[PV](Parameter[PV]):
+class Operation(Parameter):
     class OperationNotExecutable(Exception): ...
 
-    type LIT_OR_PARAM = Parameter[PV].LIT_OR_PARAM
+    type LIT_OR_PARAM = Parameter.LIT_OR_PARAM
 
     def __init__(
         self,
         operands: typing.Iterable[LIT_OR_PARAM],
-        operation: typing.Callable[..., Parameter[PV]],
+        operation: typing.Callable[..., Parameter],
     ) -> None:
         super().__init__()
         self.operands = tuple(self.from_literal(o) for o in operands)
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ def _execute(self):
         logger.debug(f"{operands=} resolved to {out}")
         return out
 
-    def try_compress(self) -> Parameter[PV]:
+    def try_compress(self) -> Parameter:
         try:
             return self._execute()
         except Operation.OperationNotExecutable:
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/Pad.py b/src/faebryk/library/Pad.py
index 63636e60..a9c7d14d 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/library/Pad.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/Pad.py
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ def find_pad_for_intf_with_parent_that_has_footprint(
         pads = [
             pad
             for pad in footprint.get_children(direct_only=True, types=Pad)
-            if pad.net.is_connected_to(intf) is not None
+            if pad.net.is_connected_to(intf)
         ]
         return pads
 
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/Potentiometer.py b/src/faebryk/library/Potentiometer.py
index 587859d6..606ae66b 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/library/Potentiometer.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/Potentiometer.py
@@ -4,13 +4,12 @@
 import faebryk.library._F as F
 from faebryk.core.module import Module
 from faebryk.libs.library import L
-from faebryk.libs.units import Quantity
 
 
 class Potentiometer(Module):
     resistors_ifs = L.list_field(2, F.Electrical)
     wiper: F.Electrical
-    total_resistance: F.TBD[Quantity]
+    total_resistance: F.TBD
     resistors = L.list_field(2, F.Resistor)
 
     def __preinit__(self):
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/PoweredLED.py b/src/faebryk/library/PoweredLED.py
index d1dffb11..b0eaf5ab 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/library/PoweredLED.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/PoweredLED.py
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ class PoweredLED(Module):
     led: F.LED
 
     def __init__(self, low_side_resistor: bool = True):
+        super().__init__()
         self._low_side_resistor = low_side_resistor
 
     def __preinit__(self):
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/RJ45_Receptacle.py b/src/faebryk/library/RJ45_Receptacle.py
index 84c3f74d..6d4ea630 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/library/RJ45_Receptacle.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/RJ45_Receptacle.py
@@ -21,4 +21,4 @@ class Mounting(Enum):
     designator_prefix = L.f_field(F.has_designator_prefix_defined)(
         F.has_designator_prefix.Prefix.J
     )
-    mounting: F.TBD[Mounting]
+    mounting: F.TBD
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/RP2040Pinmux.py b/src/faebryk/library/RP2040Pinmux.py
index 0675343d..b9d0167c 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/library/RP2040Pinmux.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/RP2040Pinmux.py
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ class RP2040Pinmux(F.Pinmux):
     #                 traits
     # ----------------------------------------
     def __init__(self, mcu: "RP2040"):
+        super().__init__()
         self._mcu = mcu
 
     def __preinit__(self):
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/Range.py b/src/faebryk/library/Range.py
index c217873b..a7939911 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/library/Range.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/Range.py
@@ -18,46 +18,45 @@ def __lt__(self, __value) -> bool: ...
     def __ge__(self, __value) -> bool: ...
 
 
-class Range[PV: _SupportsRangeOps](Parameter[PV], Parameter[PV].SupportsSetOps):
-    type LIT_OR_PARAM = Parameter[PV].LIT_OR_PARAM
+class Range(Parameter):
+    type PV = Parameter.PV
+    type LIT_OR_PARAM = Parameter.LIT_OR_PARAM
 
     class MinMaxError(Exception): ...
 
-    def __init__(self, *bounds: PV | Parameter[PV]) -> None:
+    def __init__(self, *bounds: PV | Parameter) -> None:
         super().__init__()
 
-        self._bounds: list[Parameter[PV]] = [
-            Parameter[PV].from_literal(b) for b in bounds
-        ]
+        self._bounds: list[Parameter] = [Parameter.from_literal(b) for b in bounds]
 
-    def _get_narrowed_bounds(self) -> list[Parameter[PV]]:
+    def _get_narrowed_bounds(self) -> list[Parameter]:
         return list({b.get_most_narrow() for b in self._bounds})
 
     @property
-    def min(self) -> Parameter[PV]:
+    def min(self) -> Parameter:
         try:
             return min(self._get_narrowed_bounds())
         except (TypeError, ValueError):
             raise self.MinMaxError()
 
     @property
-    def max(self) -> Parameter[PV]:
+    def max(self) -> Parameter:
         try:
             return max(self._get_narrowed_bounds())
         except (TypeError, ValueError):
             raise self.MinMaxError()
 
     @property
-    def bounds(self) -> list[Parameter[PV]]:
+    def bounds(self) -> list[Parameter]:
         try:
             return [self.min, self.max]
         except self.MinMaxError:
             return self._get_narrowed_bounds()
 
-    def as_tuple(self) -> tuple[Parameter[PV], Parameter[PV]]:
+    def as_tuple(self) -> tuple[Parameter, Parameter]:
         return (self.min, self.max)
 
-    def as_center_tuple(self, relative=False) -> tuple[Parameter[PV], Parameter[PV]]:
+    def as_center_tuple(self, relative=False) -> tuple[Parameter, Parameter]:
         center = (self.min + self.max) / 2
         delta = (self.max - self.min) / 2
         if relative:
@@ -65,15 +64,15 @@ def as_center_tuple(self, relative=False) -> tuple[Parameter[PV], Parameter[PV]]
         return center, delta
 
     @classmethod
-    def from_center(cls, center: LIT_OR_PARAM, delta: LIT_OR_PARAM) -> "Range[PV]":
+    def from_center(cls, center: LIT_OR_PARAM, delta: LIT_OR_PARAM) -> "Range":
         return cls(center - delta, center + delta)
 
     @classmethod
-    def from_center_rel(cls, center: PV, factor: PV) -> "Range[PV]":
+    def from_center_rel(cls, center: PV, factor: PV) -> "Range":
         return cls.from_center(center, center * factor)
 
     @classmethod
-    def _with_bound(cls, bound: LIT_OR_PARAM, other: float) -> "Range[PV]":
+    def _with_bound(cls, bound: LIT_OR_PARAM, other: float) -> "Range":
         try:
             other_with_unit = Parameter.with_same_unit(bound, other)
         except NotImplementedError:
@@ -82,11 +81,11 @@ def _with_bound(cls, bound: LIT_OR_PARAM, other: float) -> "Range[PV]":
         return cls(bound, other_with_unit)
 
     @classmethod
-    def lower_bound(cls, lower: LIT_OR_PARAM) -> "Range[PV]":
+    def lower_bound(cls, lower: LIT_OR_PARAM) -> "Range":
         return cls._with_bound(lower, inf)
 
     @classmethod
-    def upper_bound(cls, upper: LIT_OR_PARAM) -> "Range[PV]":
+    def upper_bound(cls, upper: LIT_OR_PARAM) -> "Range":
         return cls._with_bound(upper, 0)
 
     def __str__(self) -> str:
@@ -125,9 +124,9 @@ def __format__(self, format_spec):
     def __copy__(self) -> Self:
         return type(self)(*self._bounds)
 
-    def try_compress(self) -> Parameter[PV]:
+    def try_compress(self) -> Parameter:
         # compress into constant if possible
-        if len(set(map(id, self.bounds))) == 1:
+        if len(set(map(id, self._get_narrowed_bounds()))) == 1:
             return Parameter.from_literal(self.bounds[0])
         return super().try_compress()
 
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/Relay.py b/src/faebryk/library/Relay.py
index 4b9a20ac..6a02c9f7 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/library/Relay.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/Relay.py
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@
 import faebryk.library._F as F
 from faebryk.core.module import Module
 from faebryk.libs.library import L
-from faebryk.libs.units import Quantity
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
@@ -21,12 +20,12 @@ class Relay(Module):
     switch_b_nc: F.Electrical
     coil_power: F.ElectricPower
 
-    coil_rated_voltage: F.TBD[Quantity]
-    coil_rated_current: F.TBD[Quantity]
-    coil_resistance: F.TBD[Quantity]
-    contact_max_switching_voltage: F.TBD[Quantity]
-    contact_rated_switching_current: F.TBD[Quantity]
-    contact_max_switchng_current: F.TBD[Quantity]
+    coil_rated_voltage: F.TBD
+    coil_rated_current: F.TBD
+    coil_resistance: F.TBD
+    contact_max_switching_voltage: F.TBD
+    contact_rated_switching_current: F.TBD
+    contact_max_switchng_current: F.TBD
 
     designator_prefix = L.f_field(F.has_designator_prefix_defined)(
         F.has_designator_prefix.Prefix.K
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/Resistor.py b/src/faebryk/library/Resistor.py
index 31f00cf3..1a8515fb 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/library/Resistor.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/Resistor.py
@@ -8,16 +8,16 @@
 from faebryk.core.parameter import Parameter
 from faebryk.libs.library import L
 from faebryk.libs.picker.picker import PickError, has_part_picked_remove
-from faebryk.libs.units import P, Quantity
+from faebryk.libs.units import P
 from faebryk.libs.util import join_if_non_empty
 
 
 class Resistor(Module):
     unnamed = L.list_field(2, F.Electrical)
 
-    resistance: F.TBD[Quantity]
-    rated_power: F.TBD[Quantity]
-    rated_voltage: F.TBD[Quantity]
+    resistance: F.TBD
+    rated_power: F.TBD
+    rated_voltage: F.TBD
 
     attach_to_footprint: F.can_attach_to_footprint_symmetrically
     designator_prefix = L.f_field(F.has_designator_prefix_defined)(
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/ResistorVoltageDivider.py b/src/faebryk/library/ResistorVoltageDivider.py
index 8ba17374..01f2febc 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/library/ResistorVoltageDivider.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/ResistorVoltageDivider.py
@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ class ResistorVoltageDivider(Module):
 
     node = L.list_field(3, F.Electrical)
 
-    ratio: F.TBD[float]
-    max_current: F.TBD[float]
+    ratio: F.TBD
+    max_current: F.TBD
 
     @L.rt_field
     def can_bridge(self):
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/Resistor_Voltage_Divider.py b/src/faebryk/library/Resistor_Voltage_Divider.py
index cc7dd64a..5b286465 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/library/Resistor_Voltage_Divider.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/Resistor_Voltage_Divider.py
@@ -6,7 +6,6 @@
 import faebryk.library._F as F
 from faebryk.core.module import Module
 from faebryk.libs.library import L
-from faebryk.libs.units import Quantity
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
@@ -15,8 +14,8 @@ class Resistor_Voltage_Divider(Module):
     resistor = L.list_field(2, F.Resistor)
     node = L.list_field(3, F.Electrical)
 
-    ratio: F.TBD[Quantity]
-    max_current: F.TBD[Quantity]
+    ratio: F.TBD
+    max_current: F.TBD
 
     def __preinit__(self):
         self.node[0].connect_via(self.resistor[0], self.node[1])
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/SCD40.py b/src/faebryk/library/SCD40.py
index 17f2c5c7..7a8f6944 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/library/SCD40.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/SCD40.py
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@
 import faebryk.library._F as F
 from faebryk.core.module import Module
 from faebryk.libs.library import L
-from faebryk.libs.units import P, Quantity
+from faebryk.libs.units import P
 
 
 class SCD40(Module):
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@ class SCD40(Module):
     """
 
     class _scd4x_esphome_config(F.has_esphome_config.impl()):
-        update_interval: F.TBD[Quantity]
+        update_interval: F.TBD
 
         def get_config(self) -> dict:
             val = self.update_interval.get_most_narrow()
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/SPIFlash.py b/src/faebryk/library/SPIFlash.py
index 9e9880c8..bd04106c 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/library/SPIFlash.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/SPIFlash.py
@@ -4,14 +4,13 @@
 import faebryk.library._F as F
 from faebryk.core.module import Module
 from faebryk.libs.library import L
-from faebryk.libs.units import Quantity
 
 
 class SPIFlash(Module):
     power: F.ElectricPower
     qspi = L.f_field(F.MultiSPI)(4)
 
-    memory_size: F.TBD[Quantity]
+    memory_size: F.TBD
     designator_prefix = L.f_field(F.has_designator_prefix_defined)(
         F.has_designator_prefix.Prefix.U
     )
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/Set.py b/src/faebryk/library/Set.py
index 112b5ece..97e6d698 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/library/Set.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/Set.py
@@ -8,10 +8,10 @@
 from faebryk.libs.units import UnitsContainer
 
 
-class Set[PV](Parameter[PV], Parameter[PV].SupportsSetOps):
-    type LIT_OR_PARAM = Parameter[PV].LIT_OR_PARAM
+class Set(Parameter):
+    type LIT_OR_PARAM = Parameter.LIT_OR_PARAM
 
-    def __init__(self, params: Iterable[Parameter[LIT_OR_PARAM]]) -> None:
+    def __init__(self, params: Iterable[Parameter]) -> None:
         super().__init__()
 
         # make primitves to constants
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ def __init__(self, params: Iterable[Parameter[LIT_OR_PARAM]]) -> None:
         )
 
     @staticmethod
-    def _flatten(params: set[Parameter[PV]]) -> set[Parameter[PV]]:
+    def _flatten(params: set[Parameter]) -> set[Parameter]:
         param_set = set(
             p for p in params if not isinstance(p, Set) and isinstance(p, Parameter)
         )
@@ -28,11 +28,11 @@ def _flatten(params: set[Parameter[PV]]) -> set[Parameter[PV]]:
 
         return param_set | set_set
 
-    def flat(self) -> set[Parameter[PV]]:
+    def flat(self) -> set[Parameter]:
         return Set._flatten(self._params)
 
     @property
-    def params(self) -> set[Parameter[PV]]:
+    def params(self) -> set[Parameter]:
         return self.flat()
 
     def __str__(self) -> str:
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ def copy(self) -> Self:
         return type(self)(self.params)
 
     @_resolved
-    def __contains__(self, other: Parameter[PV]) -> bool:
+    def __contains__(self, other: Parameter) -> bool:
         def nested_in(p):
             if other == p:
                 return True
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ def nested_in(p):
 
         return any(nested_in(p) for p in self.params)
 
-    def try_compress(self) -> Parameter[PV]:
+    def try_compress(self) -> Parameter:
         # compress into constant if possible
         if len(set(map(id, self.params))) == 1:
             return Parameter.from_literal(next(iter(self.params)))
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/SignalElectrical.py b/src/faebryk/library/SignalElectrical.py
index 780fa2bd..fa28488b 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/library/SignalElectrical.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/SignalElectrical.py
@@ -4,20 +4,24 @@
 from typing import Iterable
 
 import faebryk.library._F as F
-from faebryk.core.graphinterface import GraphInterface
-from faebryk.core.link import LinkFilteredException, _TLinkDirectShallow
+from faebryk.core.link import LinkDirectConditional, LinkDirectConditionalFilterResult
 from faebryk.core.module import Module
 from faebryk.core.moduleinterface import ModuleInterface
-from faebryk.core.node import Node
+from faebryk.core.node import CNode, Node
 from faebryk.libs.library import L
 
 
 class SignalElectrical(F.Signal):
-    class LinkIsolatedReference(_TLinkDirectShallow):
-        def __init__(self, interfaces: list[GraphInterface]) -> None:
-            if any(isinstance(gif.node, F.ElectricPower) for gif in interfaces):
-                raise LinkFilteredException("All nodes are ElectricPower")
-            super().__init__(interfaces)
+    class LinkIsolatedReference(LinkDirectConditional):
+        def test(self, node: CNode):
+            return not isinstance(node, F.ElectricPower)
+
+        def __init__(self) -> None:
+            super().__init__(
+                lambda src, dst: LinkDirectConditionalFilterResult.FILTER_PASS
+                if self.test(dst.node)
+                else LinkDirectConditionalFilterResult.FILTER_FAIL_UNRECOVERABLE
+            )
 
     # ----------------------------------------
     #     modules, interfaces, parameters
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/Switch.py b/src/faebryk/library/Switch.py
index 129477b1..98a6b4ad 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/library/Switch.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/Switch.py
@@ -10,7 +10,9 @@
 from faebryk.libs.util import once
 
 
-class _TSwitch[T: ModuleInterface](Module):
+class _TSwitch(Module):
+    T = ModuleInterface
+
     def __init__(self, t: type[T]):
         super().__init__()
         self.t = t
@@ -22,7 +24,7 @@ def is_instance(obj: Module, t: type[T]) -> bool:
 
 @once  # This means we can use a normal "isinstance" to test for them
 def Switch[T: ModuleInterface](interface_type: type[T]):
-    class _Switch(_TSwitch[interface_type]):
+    class _Switch(_TSwitch):
         def __init__(self) -> None:
             super().__init__(interface_type)
 
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/TBD.py b/src/faebryk/library/TBD.py
index 0f52ec82..33fbdff4 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/library/TBD.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/TBD.py
@@ -3,11 +3,12 @@
 
 from textwrap import indent
 
-from faebryk.core.parameter import Parameter
+from faebryk.core.parameter import Parameter, _resolved
 from faebryk.libs.units import UnitsContainer
 
 
-class TBD[PV](Parameter[PV]):
+class TBD(Parameter):
+    @_resolved
     def __eq__(self, __value: object) -> bool:
         if isinstance(__value, TBD):
             return True
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/TVS.py b/src/faebryk/library/TVS.py
index 205643a5..987e4548 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/library/TVS.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/TVS.py
@@ -4,10 +4,9 @@
 import logging
 
 import faebryk.library._F as F
-from faebryk.libs.units import Quantity
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
 class TVS(F.Diode):
-    reverse_breakdown_voltage: F.TBD[Quantity]
+    reverse_breakdown_voltage: F.TBD
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/UART_Base.py b/src/faebryk/library/UART_Base.py
index 025fe017..e6477593 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/library/UART_Base.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/UART_Base.py
@@ -4,14 +4,13 @@
 import faebryk.library._F as F
 from faebryk.core.moduleinterface import ModuleInterface
 from faebryk.libs.library import L
-from faebryk.libs.units import Quantity
 
 
 class UART_Base(ModuleInterface):
     rx: F.ElectricLogic
     tx: F.ElectricLogic
 
-    baud: F.TBD[Quantity]
+    baud: F.TBD
 
     @L.rt_field
     def single_electric_reference(self):
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/UART_RS485.py b/src/faebryk/library/UART_RS485.py
index 59ea95b2..aa6b19ba 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/library/UART_RS485.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/UART_RS485.py
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 import faebryk.library._F as F
 from faebryk.core.module import Module
 from faebryk.libs.library import L
-from faebryk.libs.units import P, Quantity
+from faebryk.libs.units import P
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
@@ -18,8 +18,8 @@ class UART_RS485(Module):
     read_enable: F.ElectricLogic
     write_enable: F.ElectricLogic
 
-    max_data_rate: F.TBD[Quantity]
-    gpio_voltage: F.TBD[Quantity]
+    max_data_rate: F.TBD
+    gpio_voltage: F.TBD
 
     def __preinit__(self):
         self.max_data_rate.merge(self.uart.baud)
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/USB2_0_ESD_Protection.py b/src/faebryk/library/USB2_0_ESD_Protection.py
index f2adcd75..8ef60fe6 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/library/USB2_0_ESD_Protection.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/USB2_0_ESD_Protection.py
@@ -23,8 +23,8 @@ class USB2_0_ESD_Protection(Module):
     # ----------------------------------------
     usb = L.list_field(2, F.USB2_0)
 
-    vbus_esd_protection: F.TBD[bool]
-    data_esd_protection: F.TBD[bool]
+    vbus_esd_protection: F.TBD
+    data_esd_protection: F.TBD
 
     # ----------------------------------------
     #                 traits
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/_F.py b/src/faebryk/library/_F.py
index c6828cfe..308fb51c 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/library/_F.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/_F.py
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 from faebryk.library.is_esphome_bus import is_esphome_bus
 from faebryk.library.has_construction_dependency import has_construction_dependency
 from faebryk.library.has_single_electric_reference import has_single_electric_reference
+from faebryk.library.can_specialize_defined import can_specialize_defined
 from faebryk.library.Power import Power
 from faebryk.library.Signal import Signal
 from faebryk.library.has_footprint import has_footprint
@@ -33,6 +34,7 @@
 from faebryk.library.has_linked_pad import has_linked_pad
 from faebryk.library.has_reference import has_reference
 from faebryk.library.can_bridge import can_bridge
+from faebryk.library.can_specialize import can_specialize
 from faebryk.library.has_descriptive_properties import has_descriptive_properties
 from faebryk.library.has_datasheet import has_datasheet
 from faebryk.library.has_designator import has_designator
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/can_be_decoupled_rails.py b/src/faebryk/library/can_be_decoupled_rails.py
index 32a88df6..121a9a94 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/library/can_be_decoupled_rails.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/can_be_decoupled_rails.py
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@
 
 class can_be_decoupled_rails(F.can_be_decoupled.impl()):
     def __init__(self, *rails: F.ElectricPower):
+        super().__init__()
         assert rails
         self._rails = rails
 
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/can_specialize.py b/src/faebryk/library/can_specialize.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..cc889847
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/can_specialize.py
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# This file is part of the faebryk project
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+import logging
+from abc import abstractmethod
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Iterable
+
+from faebryk.core.trait import Trait
+
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from faebryk.core.module import Module
+    from faebryk.core.moduleinterface import ModuleInterface
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class can_specialize(Trait):
+    """
+    Marks that a module can specialize other modules next to its bases.
+    """
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def get_specializable_types(
+        self,
+    ) -> Iterable[type["Module"] | type["ModuleInterface"]]:
+        """
+        Returns a list of types that can be specialized by this module (in addition to
+        its own type and the types of its bases).
+        """
+        pass
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/can_specialize_defined.py b/src/faebryk/library/can_specialize_defined.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..70952bd5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/can_specialize_defined.py
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# This file is part of the faebryk project
+# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+import logging
+from typing import Iterable, Sequence
+
+from faebryk.core.module import Module
+from faebryk.core.moduleinterface import ModuleInterface
+from faebryk.library.can_specialize import can_specialize
+
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
+
+class can_specialize_defined(can_specialize.impl()):
+    def __init__(
+        self, specializable_types: Sequence[type["Module"] | type["ModuleInterface"]]
+    ):
+        super().__init__()
+        self._specializable_types = specializable_types
+
+    def get_specializable_types(
+        self,
+    ) -> Iterable[type["Module"] | type["ModuleInterface"]]:
+        return self._specializable_types
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/has_descriptive_properties_defined.py b/src/faebryk/library/has_descriptive_properties_defined.py
index 3f4ffbfc..c1d3a194 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/library/has_descriptive_properties_defined.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/has_descriptive_properties_defined.py
@@ -23,11 +23,11 @@ def __init__(
     def get_properties(self) -> dict[str, str]:
         return self.properties
 
-    def handle_duplicate(self, other: TraitImpl, node: Node) -> bool:
-        if not isinstance(other, has_descriptive_properties_defined):
-            assert isinstance(other, F.has_descriptive_properties)
-            self.properties.update(other.get_properties())
-            return super().handle_duplicate(other, node)
+    def handle_duplicate(self, old: TraitImpl, node: Node) -> bool:
+        if not isinstance(old, has_descriptive_properties_defined):
+            assert isinstance(old, F.has_descriptive_properties)
+            self.properties.update(old.get_properties())
+            return super().handle_duplicate(old, node)
 
-        other.properties.update(self.properties)
+        old.properties.update(self.properties)
         return False
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/has_linked_pad_defined.py b/src/faebryk/library/has_linked_pad_defined.py
index eddcb68f..0dd8870b 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/library/has_linked_pad_defined.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/has_linked_pad_defined.py
@@ -20,10 +20,10 @@ def __init__(self, pad: "Pad") -> None:
     def get_pads(self) -> set["Pad"]:
         return self.pads
 
-    def handle_duplicate(self, other: TraitImpl, node: Node) -> bool:
-        if not isinstance(other, has_linked_pad_defined):
-            self.pads.update(other.get_pads())
-            return super().handle_duplicate(other, node)
+    def handle_duplicate(self, old: TraitImpl, node: Node) -> bool:
+        if not isinstance(old, has_linked_pad_defined):
+            self.pads.update(old.get_pads())
+            return super().handle_duplicate(old, node)
 
-        other.pads.update(self.pads)
+        old.pads.update(self.pads)
         return False
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/has_multi_picker.py b/src/faebryk/library/has_multi_picker.py
index fbf934be..49d7db82 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/library/has_multi_picker.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/has_multi_picker.py
@@ -77,10 +77,10 @@ def add_pickers_by_type[T](
                 )
             )
 
-    def handle_duplicate(self, other: TraitImpl, node: Node) -> bool:
-        if not isinstance(other, has_multi_picker):
-            return super().handle_duplicate(other, node)
+    def handle_duplicate(self, old: TraitImpl, node: Node) -> bool:
+        if not isinstance(old, has_multi_picker):
+            return super().handle_duplicate(old, node)
 
-        other.pickers.extend(self.pickers)
-        other.pickers.sort(key=lambda x: x[0])
+        old.pickers.extend(self.pickers)
+        old.pickers.sort(key=lambda x: x[0])
         return False
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/has_pcb_routing_strategy_manual.py b/src/faebryk/library/has_pcb_routing_strategy_manual.py
index 60516e8d..8a16dfce 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/library/has_pcb_routing_strategy_manual.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/has_pcb_routing_strategy_manual.py
@@ -2,11 +2,10 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 
 import logging
-from typing import Sequence
+from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Sequence
 
 import faebryk.library._F as F
 from faebryk.core.node import Node
-from faebryk.exporters.pcb.kicad.transformer import PCB_Transformer
 from faebryk.exporters.pcb.routing.util import (
     Path,
     Route,
@@ -14,6 +13,9 @@
     get_pads_pos_of_mifs,
 )
 
+if TYPE_CHECKING:
+    from faebryk.exporters.pcb.kicad.transformer import PCB_Transformer
+
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
 
@@ -30,7 +32,7 @@ def __init__(
         self.relative_to = relative_to
         self.absolute = absolute
 
-    def calculate(self, transformer: PCB_Transformer):
+    def calculate(self, transformer: "PCB_Transformer"):
         node = self.obj
         nets = get_internal_nets_of_node(node)
 
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/has_reference.py b/src/faebryk/library/has_reference.py
index 24c8fc11..2cdf58c7 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/library/has_reference.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/has_reference.py
@@ -3,11 +3,11 @@
 from faebryk.core.trait import Trait
 
 
-class has_reference[T: Node](Trait):
+class has_reference(Trait):
     """Trait-attached reference"""
 
-    reference: T = Reference()
+    reference = Reference()
 
-    def __init__(self, reference: T):
+    def __init__(self, reference: Node):
         super().__init__()
         self.reference = reference
diff --git a/src/faebryk/library/is_esphome_bus.py b/src/faebryk/library/is_esphome_bus.py
index d42104a2..48212e80 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/library/is_esphome_bus.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/library/is_esphome_bus.py
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ def get_bus_id(self) -> str: ...
 
     @staticmethod
     def find_connected_bus(bus: ModuleInterface):
-        connected_mifs = bus.get_direct_connections()
+        connected_mifs = list(bus.get_connected())
         try:
             return find(connected_mifs, lambda mif: mif.has_trait(is_esphome_bus))
         except ValueError:
diff --git a/src/faebryk/libs/app/designators.py b/src/faebryk/libs/app/designators.py
index ca3f79ad..0ef31e0b 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/libs/app/designators.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/libs/app/designators.py
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 from typing import cast
 
 import faebryk.library._F as F
-from faebryk.core.graphinterface import Graph
+from faebryk.core.graph import Graph, GraphFunctions
 from faebryk.exporters.netlist.netlist import T2Netlist
 from faebryk.libs.kicad.fileformats import C_kicad_pcb_file
 from faebryk.libs.util import duplicates, get_key, groupby
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ def attach_random_designators(graph: Graph):
     sorts nodes by path and then sequentially assigns designators
     """
 
-    nodes = {n for n, _ in graph.nodes_with_trait(F.has_footprint)}
+    nodes = {n for n, _ in GraphFunctions(graph).nodes_with_trait(F.has_footprint)}
 
     in_use = {
         n.get_trait(F.has_designator).get_designator()
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ def _get_first_hole(used: list[int]):
 
 
 def override_names_with_designators(graph: Graph):
-    for n, t in graph.nodes_with_trait(F.has_designator):
+    for n, t in GraphFunctions(graph).nodes_with_trait(F.has_designator):
         name = t.get_designator()
         if n.has_trait(F.has_overriden_name):
             logger.warning(
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ def replace_faebryk_names_with_designators_in_kicad_pcb(graph: Graph, pcbfile: P
     pattern = re.compile(r"^(.*)\[[^\]]*\]$")
     translation = {
         n.get_full_name(): t.get_name()
-        for n, t in graph.nodes_with_trait(F.has_overriden_name)
+        for n, t in GraphFunctions(graph).nodes_with_trait(F.has_overriden_name)
     }
 
     for fp in pcb.kicad_pcb.footprints:
diff --git a/src/faebryk/libs/app/erc.py b/src/faebryk/libs/app/erc.py
index 78b65aed..058e768b 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/libs/app/erc.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/libs/app/erc.py
@@ -6,12 +6,12 @@
 from typing import Callable, Iterable, Sequence
 
 import faebryk.library._F as F
-from faebryk.core.graphinterface import Graph
+from faebryk.core.graph import Graph, GraphFunctions
 from faebryk.core.module import Module
 from faebryk.core.moduleinterface import ModuleInterface
 from faebryk.library.Operation import Operation
 from faebryk.libs.picker.picker import has_part_picked
-from faebryk.libs.util import groupby, print_stack
+from faebryk.libs.util import groupby
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 
@@ -26,14 +26,8 @@ class ERCFaultShort(ERCFault):
     def __init__(self, faulting_ifs: Sequence[ModuleInterface], *args: object) -> None:
         link = faulting_ifs[0].is_connected_to(faulting_ifs[1])
         assert link
-        from faebryk.core.core import LINK_TB
-
-        stack = ""
-        if LINK_TB:
-            stack = print_stack(link.tb)
 
         super().__init__(faulting_ifs, *args)
-        print(stack)
 
 
 class ERCFaultElectricPowerUndefinedVoltage(ERCFault):
@@ -45,6 +39,12 @@ def __init__(self, faulting_EP: list[F.ElectricPower], *args: object) -> None:
         super().__init__(faulting_EP, msg, *args)
 
 
+class ERCPowerSourcesShortedError(ERCFault):
+    """
+    Multiple power sources shorted together
+    """
+
+
 def simple_erc(G: Graph):
     """Simple ERC check.
 
@@ -65,11 +65,20 @@ def simple_erc(G: Graph):
     logger.info("Checking graph for ERC violations")
 
     # power short and power with undefined voltage
-    electricpower = G.nodes_of_type(F.ElectricPower)
+    electricpower = GraphFunctions(G).nodes_of_type(F.ElectricPower)
     logger.info(f"Checking {len(electricpower)} Power")
     for ep in electricpower:
         if ep.lv.is_connected_to(ep.hv):
             raise ERCFaultShort([ep], "shorted power")
+        if ep.has_trait(F.Power.is_power_source):
+            other_sources = [
+                other
+                for other in ep.get_connected()
+                if isinstance(other, F.ElectricPower)
+                and other.has_trait(F.Power.is_power_source)
+            ]
+            if other_sources:
+                raise ERCPowerSourcesShortedError([ep] + other_sources)
 
     unresolved_voltage = [
         ep
@@ -81,12 +90,12 @@ def simple_erc(G: Graph):
         raise ERCFaultElectricPowerUndefinedVoltage(unresolved_voltage)
 
     # shorted nets
-    nets = G.nodes_of_type(F.Net)
-    logger.info(f"Checking {len(nets)} nets")
+    nets = GraphFunctions(G).nodes_of_type(F.Net)
+    logger.info(f"Checking {len(nets)} explicit nets")
     for net in nets:
         collisions = {
             p[0]
-            for mif in net.part_of.get_direct_connections()
+            for mif in net.part_of.get_connected()
             if (p := mif.get_parent()) and isinstance(p[0], F.Net)
         }
 
@@ -122,7 +131,8 @@ def simple_erc(G: Graph):
     #        checked.add(mif)
     #        if any(mif.is_connected_to(other) for other in (mifs - checked)):
     #            raise ERCFault([mif], "shorted symmetric footprint")
-    comps = G.nodes_of_types((F.Resistor, F.Capacitor, F.Fuse))
+    comps = GraphFunctions(G).nodes_of_types((F.Resistor, F.Capacitor, F.Fuse))
+    logger.info(f"Checking {len(comps)} passives")
     for comp in comps:
         assert isinstance(comp, (F.Resistor, F.Capacitor, F.Fuse))
         # TODO make prettier
diff --git a/src/faebryk/libs/app/kicad_netlist.py b/src/faebryk/libs/app/kicad_netlist.py
index 8d44c470..48ed9798 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/libs/app/kicad_netlist.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/libs/app/kicad_netlist.py
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 import logging
 from pathlib import Path
 
-from faebryk.core.graphinterface import Graph
+from faebryk.core.graph import Graph
 from faebryk.exporters.netlist.graph import attach_nets_and_kicad_info
 from faebryk.exporters.netlist.kicad.netlist_kicad import from_faebryk_t2_netlist
 from faebryk.exporters.netlist.netlist import make_t2_netlist_from_graph
diff --git a/src/faebryk/libs/app/pcb.py b/src/faebryk/libs/app/pcb.py
index aca2f587..bec525a8 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/libs/app/pcb.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/libs/app/pcb.py
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 import psutil
 
 import faebryk.library._F as F
-from faebryk.core.graphinterface import Graph
+from faebryk.core.graph import Graph
 from faebryk.core.module import Module
 from faebryk.core.node import Node
 from faebryk.exporters.pcb.kicad.transformer import PCB_Transformer
diff --git a/src/faebryk/libs/brightness.py b/src/faebryk/libs/brightness.py
index 678e31b4..48804ed2 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/libs/brightness.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/libs/brightness.py
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 
 import faebryk.library._F as F
 from faebryk.core.parameter import Parameter
-from faebryk.libs.units import P, Quantity
+from faebryk.libs.units import P
 
 """
 luminous intensity in candela (candela)
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@
 
 
 class _Unit:
-    def __init__(self, value: Parameter[Quantity]):
+    def __init__(self, value: Parameter):
         self._value = value
 
     def __repr__(self):
@@ -57,20 +57,20 @@ class LuminousFlux(_Unit):
     def from_intensity(
         cls,
         intensity: LuminousIntensity,
-        solid_angle: Parameter[Quantity],
+        solid_angle: Parameter,
     ) -> "LuminousFlux":
         return LuminousFlux(intensity.value * solid_angle)
 
-    def to_intensity(self, solid_angle: Parameter[Quantity]) -> LuminousIntensity:
+    def to_intensity(self, solid_angle: Parameter) -> LuminousIntensity:
         return LuminousIntensity(self.value / solid_angle)
 
 
 class Illuminance(_Unit):
     @classmethod
-    def from_flux(cls, flux: LuminousFlux, area: Parameter[Quantity]) -> "Illuminance":
+    def from_flux(cls, flux: LuminousFlux, area: Parameter) -> "Illuminance":
         return Illuminance(flux.value / area)
 
-    def to_luminous_flux(self, area: Parameter[Quantity]) -> LuminousFlux:
+    def to_luminous_flux(self, area: Parameter) -> LuminousFlux:
         return LuminousFlux(self.value * area)
 
 
diff --git a/src/faebryk/libs/e_series.py b/src/faebryk/libs/e_series.py
index 728cd2db..fad7be80 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/libs/e_series.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/libs/e_series.py
@@ -435,8 +435,8 @@ class ParamNotResolvedError(Exception): ...
 
 
 def e_series_intersect[T: float | Quantity](
-    value: Parameter[T], e_series: E_SERIES = E_SERIES_VALUES.E_ALL
-) -> F.Set[T]:
+    value: Parameter, e_series: E_SERIES = E_SERIES_VALUES.E_ALL
+) -> F.Set:
     # TODO this got really uglu, need to clean up
 
     value = value.get_most_narrow()
diff --git a/src/faebryk/libs/examples/pickers.py b/src/faebryk/libs/examples/pickers.py
index c3fd5e37..cab62c0c 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/libs/examples/pickers.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/libs/examples/pickers.py
@@ -265,7 +265,7 @@ def pick_battery(module: F.Battery):
     )
 
 
-def pick_switch(module: "_TSwitch[F.Electrical]"):
+def pick_switch(module: "_TSwitch"):
     module.add(F.can_attach_to_footprint_symmetrically())
     pick_module_by_params(
         module,
diff --git a/src/faebryk/libs/picker/jlcpcb/jlcpcb.py b/src/faebryk/libs/picker/jlcpcb/jlcpcb.py
index 41fe28fd..c4cab9cb 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/libs/picker/jlcpcb/jlcpcb.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/libs/picker/jlcpcb/jlcpcb.py
@@ -365,6 +365,7 @@ def attach(
         ):
             p.override(value)
 
+        attach(module, self.partno)
         module.add(
             F.has_descriptive_properties_defined(
                 {
@@ -380,7 +381,6 @@ def attach(
             )
         )
 
-        attach(module, self.partno)
         module.add(has_part_picked_defined(JLCPCB_Part(self.partno)))
         if logger.isEnabledFor(logging.DEBUG):
             logger.debug(
diff --git a/src/faebryk/libs/picker/jlcpcb/picker_lib.py b/src/faebryk/libs/picker/jlcpcb/picker_lib.py
index 25b6a340..77c9ef47 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/libs/picker/jlcpcb/picker_lib.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/libs/picker/jlcpcb/picker_lib.py
@@ -31,21 +31,21 @@
 #   - should be classes instead of functions
 
 
-def str_to_enum[T: Enum](enum: type[T], x: str) -> F.Constant[T]:
+def str_to_enum[T: Enum](enum: type[T], x: str) -> F.Constant:
     name = x.replace(" ", "_").replace("-", "_").upper()
     if name not in [e.name for e in enum]:
         raise ValueError(f"Enum translation error: {x}[={name}] not in {enum}")
     return F.Constant(enum[name])
 
 
-def str_to_enum_func[T: Enum](enum: type[T]) -> Callable[[str], F.Constant[T]]:
-    def f(x: str) -> F.Constant[T]:
+def str_to_enum_func[T: Enum](enum: type[T]) -> Callable[[str], F.Constant]:
+    def f(x: str) -> F.Constant:
         return str_to_enum(enum, x)
 
     return f
 
 
-def enum_to_str[T: Enum](x: Parameter[T], force: bool = True) -> set[str]:
+def enum_to_str(x: Parameter, force: bool = True) -> set[str]:
     val = x.get_most_narrow()
     if isinstance(val, F.Constant):
         val = F.Set([val])
diff --git a/src/faebryk/libs/picker/util.py b/src/faebryk/libs/picker/util.py
index 1ca8e3fb..6094dcb0 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/libs/picker/util.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/libs/picker/util.py
@@ -2,26 +2,30 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 
 import faebryk.library._F as F
+from faebryk.core.module import Module
 from faebryk.core.parameter import Parameter
 from faebryk.library.Set import Set
 from faebryk.libs.e_series import (
+    E_SERIES,
     E_SERIES_VALUES,
     ParamNotResolvedError,
     e_series_intersect,
 )
 from faebryk.libs.picker.picker import PickError
-from faebryk.libs.units import Quantity, to_si_str
+from faebryk.libs.units import to_si_str
 from faebryk.libs.util import cast_assert
 
 
 def generate_si_values(
-    value: Parameter[Quantity], si_unit: str, e_series: set[float] | None = None
+    value: Parameter, si_unit: str, e_series: E_SERIES | None = None
 ):
     """
     Generate a list of permissible SI values for the given parameter from an
     E-series
     """
 
+    module = value.get_parent_of_type(Module)
+    assert module is not None
     value = value.get_most_narrow()
 
     try:
@@ -29,7 +33,7 @@ def generate_si_values(
             [e_series_intersect(value, e_series or E_SERIES_VALUES.E_ALL)]
         ).params
     except ParamNotResolvedError as e:
-        raise PickError(value, f"Could not run e_series_intersect: {e}") from e
+        raise PickError(f"Could not resolve {value} in {e_series}", module) from e
 
     return [
         to_si_str(cast_assert(F.Constant, r).value, si_unit)
diff --git a/src/faebryk/libs/pycodegen.py b/src/faebryk/libs/pycodegen.py
index 2b89a729..4af1ba91 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/libs/pycodegen.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/libs/pycodegen.py
@@ -110,6 +110,4 @@ def format_and_write(code: str, path: Path):
     code = black.format_file_contents(code, fast=True, mode=black.FileMode())
     path.write_text(code)
 
-    print("Ruff----")
-    subprocess.run(["ruff", "check", "--fix", path], check=True)
-    print("--------")
+    subprocess.check_output(["ruff", "check", "--fix", path])
diff --git a/src/faebryk/libs/test/times.py b/src/faebryk/libs/test/times.py
index 16b1a78f..0cb9808c 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/libs/test/times.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/libs/test/times.py
@@ -1,35 +1,50 @@
 # This file is part of the faebryk project
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 
+import io
 import time
-from textwrap import indent
+
+from rich.console import Console
+from rich.table import Table
+
+from faebryk.libs.units import P
 
 
 class Times:
-    def __init__(self) -> None:
-        self.times = {}
-        self.last_time = time.time()
+    def __init__(self, cnt: int = 1, unit: str = "ms") -> None:
+        self.times: dict[str, float] = {}
+        self.last_time = time.perf_counter()
+
+        self.unit = unit
+        self.cnt = cnt
 
     def add(self, name: str):
-        now = time.time()
+        now = time.perf_counter()
         if name not in self.times:
             self.times[name] = now - self.last_time
         self.last_time = now
 
     def _format_val(self, val: float):
-        return f"{val * 1000:.2f}ms"
+        return f"{((val / self.cnt)*P.s).to(self.unit).m:.2f}", self.unit
 
     def __repr__(self):
-        formatted = {
-            k: self._format_val(v)
-            for k, v in self.times.items()
-            if not k.startswith("_")
-        }
-        longest_name = max(len(k) for k in formatted)
-        return "Timings: \n" + indent(
-            "\n".join(f"{k:>{longest_name}}: {v:<10}" for k, v in formatted.items()),
-            " " * 4,
-        )
+        table = Table(title="Timings")
+        table.add_column("Category", style="cyan")
+        table.add_column("Subcategory", style="magenta")
+        table.add_column("Value", justify="right", style="green")
+        table.add_column("Unit", style="yellow")
+
+        for k, v in self.times.items():
+            if not k.startswith("_"):
+                value, unit = self._format_val(v)
+                categories = k.split(":", 1)
+                if len(categories) == 1:
+                    categories.append("")
+                table.add_row(categories[0].strip(), categories[1].strip(), value, unit)
+
+        console = Console(record=True, file=io.StringIO())
+        console.print(table)
+        return console.export_text(styles=True)
 
     class Context:
         def __init__(self, name: str, times: "Times"):
@@ -38,10 +53,10 @@ def __init__(self, name: str, times: "Times"):
 
         def __enter__(self):
             self.times.add("_" + self.name)
-            self.start = time.time()
+            self.start = time.perf_counter()
 
         def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_value, traceback):
-            self.times.times[self.name] = time.time() - self.start
+            self.times.times[self.name] = time.perf_counter() - self.start
 
     def context(self, name: str):
         return Times.Context(name, self)
diff --git a/src/faebryk/libs/util.py b/src/faebryk/libs/util.py
index e6a44653..e1d6b23e 100644
--- a/src/faebryk/libs/util.py
+++ b/src/faebryk/libs/util.py
@@ -4,17 +4,20 @@
 import asyncio
 import collections.abc
 import inspect
+import itertools
 import logging
 import os
 import select
 import subprocess
 import sys
+import time
 from abc import abstractmethod
 from collections import defaultdict
 from contextlib import contextmanager
 from dataclasses import dataclass, fields
 from enum import StrEnum
 from itertools import chain
+from pathlib import Path
 from textwrap import indent
 from typing import (
     Any,
@@ -33,6 +36,7 @@
     get_origin,
 )
 
+import psutil
 from tortoise import Model
 from tortoise.queryset import QuerySet
 
@@ -68,9 +72,9 @@ def __eq__(self, other):
         return hash(self) == hash(other)
 
 
-def unique(it, key):
-    seen = []
-    out = []
+def unique[T, U](it: Iterable[T], key: Callable[[T], U]) -> list[T]:
+    seen: list[U] = []
+    out: list[T] = []
     for i in it:
         v = key(i)
         if v in seen:
@@ -646,7 +650,7 @@ def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs) -> Any:
         return self.f(*args, **kwargs)
 
 
-def at_exit(func: Callable):
+def at_exit(func: Callable, on_exception: bool = True):
     import atexit
     import sys
 
@@ -654,7 +658,8 @@ def at_exit(func: Callable):
 
     atexit.register(f)
     hook = sys.excepthook
-    sys.excepthook = lambda *args: (f(), hook(*args))
+    if on_exception:
+        sys.excepthook = lambda *args: (f(), hook(*args))
 
     # get main thread
     import threading
@@ -714,6 +719,23 @@ def __init_subclass__(cls) -> None:
 
 
 def once[T, **P](f: Callable[P, T]) -> Callable[P, T]:
+    # TODO add flag for this optimization
+    # might not be desirable if different instances with same hash
+    # return same values here
+    # check if f is a method with only self
+    if list(inspect.signature(f).parameters) == ["self"]:
+        name = f.__name__
+        attr_name = f"_{name}_once"
+
+        def wrapper_single(self) -> Any:
+            if not hasattr(self, attr_name):
+                setattr(self, attr_name, f(self))
+            return getattr(self, attr_name)
+
+        return wrapper_single
+
+    # TODO optimization: if takes self + args, use self as cache
+
     def wrapper(*args: P.args, **kwargs: P.kwargs) -> Any:
         lookup = (args, tuple(kwargs.items()))
         if lookup in wrapper.cache:
@@ -764,6 +786,7 @@ def __init__(self, name: str, default: T, descr: str = ""):
         self.default = default
         self.descr = descr
         self._type: type[T] = type(default)
+        self.get()
 
     @property
     def name(self) -> str:
@@ -794,6 +817,10 @@ def __hash__(self) -> int:
     def _convert(self, raw_val: str) -> T: ...
 
     def __eq__(self, other) -> bool:
+        # catch cache lookup
+        if isinstance(other, _ConfigFlagBase):
+            return id(other) == id(self)
+
         return self.get() == other
 
 
@@ -816,18 +843,29 @@ def __bool__(self):
 
 class ConfigFlagEnum[E: StrEnum](_ConfigFlagBase[E]):
     def __init__(self, enum: type[E], name: str, default: E, descr: str = "") -> None:
-        super().__init__(name, default, descr)
         self.enum = enum
+        super().__init__(name, default, descr)
 
     def _convert(self, raw_val: str) -> E:
         return self.enum[raw_val.upper()]
 
 
 class ConfigFlagString(_ConfigFlagBase[str]):
+    def __init__(self, name: str, default: str = "", descr: str = "") -> None:
+        super().__init__(name, default, descr)
+
     def _convert(self, raw_val: str) -> str:
         return raw_val
 
 
+class ConfigFlagInt(_ConfigFlagBase[int]):
+    def __init__(self, name: str, default: int = 0, descr: str = "") -> None:
+        super().__init__(name, default, descr)
+
+    def _convert(self, raw_val: str) -> int:
+        return int(raw_val)
+
+
 def zip_dicts_by_key(*dicts):
     keys = {k for d in dicts for k in d}
     return {k: tuple(d.get(k) for d in dicts) for k in keys}
@@ -869,6 +907,34 @@ def __call__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
         return obj
 
 
+def post_init_decorator(cls):
+    """
+    Class decorator that calls __post_init__ after the last (of derived classes)
+    __init__ has been called.
+    Attention: Needs to be called on cls in __init_subclass__ of decorated class.
+    """
+    post_init_base = getattr(cls, "__post_init_decorator", None)
+    # already decorated
+    if post_init_base is cls:
+        return
+
+    original_init = cls.__init__
+
+    # inherited constructor
+    if post_init_base and post_init_base.__init__ == cls.__init__:
+        original_init = post_init_base.__original_init__
+
+    def new_init(self, *args, **kwargs):
+        original_init(self, *args, **kwargs)
+        if hasattr(self, "__post_init__") and type(self) is cls:
+            self.__post_init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    cls.__init__ = new_init
+    cls.__original_init__ = original_init
+    cls.__post_init_decorator = cls
+    return cls
+
+
 class Tree[T](dict[T, "Tree[T]"]):
     def iter_by_depth(self) -> Iterable[Sequence[T]]:
         yield list(self.keys())
@@ -1135,3 +1201,60 @@ def run_live(
         )
 
     return "\n".join(stdout), process
+
+
+@contextmanager
+def global_lock(lock_file_path: Path, timeout_s: float | None = None):
+    # TODO consider using filelock instead
+
+    lock_file_path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+
+    start_time = time.time()
+    while try_or(
+        lambda: bool(lock_file_path.touch(exist_ok=False)),
+        default=True,
+        catch=FileExistsError,
+    ):
+        # check if pid still alive
+        try:
+            pid = int(lock_file_path.read_text())
+        except ValueError:
+            lock_file_path.unlink(missing_ok=True)
+            continue
+        assert pid != os.getpid()
+        if not psutil.pid_exists(pid):
+            lock_file_path.unlink(missing_ok=True)
+            continue
+        if timeout_s and time.time() - start_time > timeout_s:
+            raise TimeoutError()
+        time.sleep(0.1)
+
+    # write our pid to the lock file
+    lock_file_path.write_text(str(os.getpid()))
+    try:
+        yield
+    finally:
+        lock_file_path.unlink(missing_ok=True)
+
+
+def typename(x: object | type) -> str:
+    if not isinstance(x, type):
+        x = type(x)
+    return x.__name__
+
+
+def consume(iter: Iterable, n: int) -> list:
+    assert n >= 0
+    out = list(itertools.islice(iter, n))
+    return out if len(out) == n else []
+
+
+class DefaultFactoryDict[T, U](dict[T, U]):
+    def __init__(self, factory: Callable[[T], U], *args, **kwargs):
+        self.factory = factory
+        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
+
+    def __missing__(self, key: T) -> U:
+        res = self.factory(key)
+        self[key] = res
+        return res
diff --git a/test/core/cpp/test_importcpp.py b/test/core/cpp/test_importcpp.py
index 9a3e2d69..ea4636b0 100644
--- a/test/core/cpp/test_importcpp.py
+++ b/test/core/cpp/test_importcpp.py
@@ -2,7 +2,167 @@
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 
 
+from abc import abstractmethod
+
+import pytest
+
+
 def test_add():
-    from faebryk.core.cpp import add
+    from faebryk.core.cpp import add, call_python_function
 
     assert add(1, 2) == 3
+    assert add(1) == 2
+
+    assert call_python_function(lambda: 1) == 1
+
+
+def test_cnodes():
+    from faebryk.core.cpp import LinkNamedParent, Node
+
+    n1 = Node()
+    n1.transfer_ownership(n1)
+    n2 = Node()
+    n2.transfer_ownership(n2)
+
+    class _Node(Node):
+        def __init__(self) -> None:
+            super().__init__()
+            self.transfer_ownership(self)
+
+    n3 = _Node()
+
+    n1.children.connect(n2.parent, LinkNamedParent("test1"))
+    n2.children.connect(n3.parent, LinkNamedParent("test2"))
+    print(n1)
+    print(n2)
+    print(n3)
+    print(n1.children.get_children())
+    print(n1.get_children(direct_only=True, sort=True))
+    print(n2.get_children(direct_only=True, sort=True))
+    print(n1.get_children(include_root=True, direct_only=False, sort=True))
+
+
+def test_pynode():
+    from faebryk.core.node import Node
+
+    n = Node()
+    print(n)
+    print("---")
+
+    class SubNode(Node):
+        a: Node
+        b: Node
+
+    sn = SubNode()
+    print(sn.a)
+
+    print(sn.get_children(direct_only=True, types=Node))
+
+
+def test_derived_pynodes():
+    from faebryk.core.module import Module
+    from faebryk.core.moduleinterface import ModuleInterface
+
+    class App(Module):
+        mif1: ModuleInterface
+        mif2: ModuleInterface
+
+    app = App()
+    app.mif1.connect(app.mif2)
+
+    print(app.mif1)
+    print(app.mif1.get_connected())
+
+
+def test_traits_basic():
+    from faebryk.core.node import Node
+    from faebryk.core.trait import Trait
+
+    class T(Trait):
+        @abstractmethod
+        def do(self): ...
+
+    class T_do(T.impl()):
+        def do(self):
+            print("do")
+
+    class A(Node):
+        t: T_do
+
+    a = A()
+
+    print(a.t)
+    print(a.get_trait(T))
+    a.get_trait(T).do()
+
+
+def test_forgotten_superinit():
+    from faebryk.core.node import Node
+
+    class A(Node):
+        def __init__(self):
+            pass
+
+    with pytest.raises(Exception):
+        A()
+
+
+def test_library_nodes():
+    import faebryk.library._F as F
+
+    x = F.Electrical()
+
+    print(x)
+
+
+def test_cobject():
+    from faebryk.core.cpp import (
+        GraphInterface,
+        GraphInterfaceHierarchical,
+        GraphInterfaceSelf,
+        LinkDirect,
+        LinkNamedParent,
+    )
+
+    g1 = GraphInterfaceSelf()
+    g2 = GraphInterfaceHierarchical(True)
+    g3 = GraphInterface()
+    g4 = GraphInterfaceHierarchical(False)
+
+    g2.connect(g3)
+    g1.connect(g2, LinkDirect())
+    g2.connect(g4, LinkNamedParent("test"))
+
+    print(g1.edges)
+    print(g2.edges)
+    print(g1.get_graph())
+
+    g1.get_graph().invalidate()
+
+
+def test_link():
+    from faebryk.core.cpp import GraphInterface, LinkDirect
+
+    g1 = GraphInterface()
+    g2 = GraphInterface()
+    g1.connect(g2, LinkDirect())
+
+
+def test_mif_link():
+    from faebryk.core.link import LinkDirectConditional
+    from faebryk.core.moduleinterface import ModuleInterface
+
+    mif1 = ModuleInterface()
+    mif2 = ModuleInterface()
+    mif1.connect_shallow(mif2)
+    assert isinstance(mif1.is_connected_to(mif2), LinkDirectConditional)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    # test_add()
+    # test_cobject()
+    # test_cnodes()
+    # test_link()
+    test_mif_link()
+    # test_pynode()
+    # test_derived_pynodes()
diff --git a/test/core/test_core.py b/test/core/test_core.py
index 0d3e784a..19a66d43 100644
--- a/test/core/test_core.py
+++ b/test/core/test_core.py
@@ -18,19 +18,19 @@ def test_gifs(self):
         gif1.connect(gif2)
 
         self.assertIn(gif2, gif1.edges)
-        self.assertTrue(gif1.is_connected(gif2) is not None)
+        self.assertTrue(gif1.is_connected_to(gif2))
 
         gif3 = GIF()
 
         class linkcls(LinkDirect):
             pass
 
-        gif1.connect(gif3, linkcls)
-        self.assertIsInstance(gif1.is_connected(gif3), linkcls)
-        self.assertEqual(gif1.is_connected(gif3), gif3.is_connected(gif1))
+        gif1.connect(gif3, linkcls())
+        self.assertIsInstance(gif1.is_connected_to(gif3), linkcls)
+        self.assertEqual(gif1.is_connected_to(gif3), gif3.is_connected_to(gif1))
 
-        self.assertRaises(AssertionError, lambda: gif1.connect(gif3))
-        gif1.connect(gif3, linkcls)
+        self.assertRaises(RuntimeError, lambda: gif1.connect(gif3))
+        self.assertRaises(RuntimeError, lambda: gif1.connect(gif3, linkcls()))
 
         self.assertEqual(gif1.G, gif2.G)
 
@@ -39,13 +39,13 @@ def test_node_gifs(self):
 
         n1 = Node()
 
-        self.assertIsInstance(n1.self_gif.is_connected(n1.parent), LinkSibling)
-        self.assertIsInstance(n1.self_gif.is_connected(n1.children), LinkSibling)
+        self.assertIsInstance(n1.self_gif.is_connected_to(n1.parent), LinkSibling)
+        self.assertIsInstance(n1.self_gif.is_connected_to(n1.children), LinkSibling)
 
         n2 = Node()
         n1.add(n2, name="n2")
 
-        self.assertIsInstance(n1.children.is_connected(n2.parent), LinkParent)
+        self.assertIsInstance(n1.children.is_connected_to(n2.parent), LinkParent)
 
         print(n1.get_graph())
 
@@ -79,7 +79,9 @@ def test_fab_ll_chain_names(self):
             x.add(y, f"i{i}")
             x = y
 
-        self.assertEqual(x.get_full_name(), "*.i0.i1.i2.i3.i4.i5.i6.i7.i8.i9")
+        self.assertRegex(
+            x.get_full_name(), "[*][0-9A-F]{4}.i0.i1.i2.i3.i4.i5.i6.i7.i8.i9"
+        )
 
     def test_fab_ll_chain_tree(self):
         root = Node()
@@ -91,7 +93,9 @@ def test_fab_ll_chain_tree(self):
             x.add(z, f"j{i}")
             x = y
 
-        self.assertEqual(x.get_full_name(), "*.i0.i1.i2.i3.i4.i5.i6.i7.i8.i9")
+        self.assertRegex(
+            x.get_full_name(), "[*][0-9A-F]{4}.i0.i1.i2.i3.i4.i5.i6.i7.i8.i9"
+        )
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
diff --git a/test/core/test_hierarchy_connect.py b/test/core/test_hierarchy_connect.py
index fbdf2b59..f6291130 100644
--- a/test/core/test_hierarchy_connect.py
+++ b/test/core/test_hierarchy_connect.py
@@ -7,11 +7,15 @@
 
 import faebryk.library._F as F
 from faebryk.core.core import logger as core_logger
-from faebryk.core.link import LinkDirect, LinkDirectShallow, _TLinkDirectShallow
+from faebryk.core.link import (
+    LinkDirect,
+    LinkDirectConditional,
+    LinkDirectConditionalFilterResult,
+)
 from faebryk.core.module import Module
 from faebryk.core.moduleinterface import ModuleInterface
 from faebryk.libs.library import L
-from faebryk.libs.util import print_stack, times
+from faebryk.libs.util import times
 
 logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
 core_logger.setLevel(logger.getEffectiveLevel())
@@ -47,20 +51,20 @@ def test_chains(self):
         mifs[0].connect_shallow(mifs[1])
         mifs[1].connect_shallow(mifs[2])
         self.assertTrue(mifs[0].is_connected_to(mifs[2]))
-        self.assertIsInstance(mifs[0].is_connected_to(mifs[2]), _TLinkDirectShallow)
+        self.assertIsInstance(mifs[0].is_connected_to(mifs[2]), LinkDirectConditional)
 
         mifs = times(3, ModuleInterface)
         mifs[0].connect_shallow(mifs[1])
         mifs[1].connect(mifs[2])
         self.assertTrue(mifs[0].is_connected_to(mifs[2]))
-        self.assertIsInstance(mifs[0].is_connected_to(mifs[2]), _TLinkDirectShallow)
+        self.assertIsInstance(mifs[0].is_connected_to(mifs[2]), LinkDirectConditional)
 
         # Test hierarchy down filter & chain resolution
         mifs = times(3, F.ElectricLogic)
         mifs[0].connect_shallow(mifs[1])
         mifs[1].connect(mifs[2])
         self.assertTrue(mifs[0].is_connected_to(mifs[2]))
-        self.assertIsInstance(mifs[0].is_connected_to(mifs[2]), _TLinkDirectShallow)
+        self.assertIsInstance(mifs[0].is_connected_to(mifs[2]), LinkDirectConditional)
 
         self.assertTrue(mifs[1].signal.is_connected_to(mifs[2].signal))
         self.assertTrue(mifs[1].reference.is_connected_to(mifs[2].reference))
@@ -132,18 +136,13 @@ def single_electric_reference(self):
                     F.ElectricLogic.connect_all_module_references(self)
                 )
 
-        import faebryk.core.core as c
-
         # Enable to see the stack trace of invalid connections
         # c.LINK_TB = True
         app = UARTBuffer()
 
         def _assert_no_link(mif1, mif2):
             link = mif1.is_connected_to(mif2)
-            err = ""
-            if link and c.LINK_TB:
-                err = "\n" + print_stack(link.tb)
-            self.assertFalse(link, err)
+            self.assertFalse(link)
 
         def _assert_link(mif1: ModuleInterface, mif2: ModuleInterface, link=None):
             out = mif1.is_connected_to(mif2)
@@ -182,7 +181,7 @@ def _assert_link(mif1: ModuleInterface, mif2: ModuleInterface, link=None):
         _assert_link(bus2.tx, buf.outs_l[0], LinkDirect)
 
         # connect shallow
-        _assert_link(buf.ins_l[0], buf.outs_l[0], _TLinkDirectShallow)
+        _assert_link(buf.ins_l[0], buf.outs_l[0], LinkDirectConditional)
 
         # Check that the two buffer sides are connected logically
         _assert_link(bus1.tx, bus2.tx)
@@ -217,7 +216,11 @@ class Specialized(ModuleInterface): ...
         self.assertTrue(mifs[0].is_connected_to(mifs[2]))
 
         # test special link
-        class _Link(LinkDirectShallow(lambda link, gif: True)): ...
+        class _Link(LinkDirectConditional):
+            def __init__(self):
+                super().__init__(
+                    lambda src, dst: LinkDirectConditionalFilterResult.FILTER_PASS
+                )
 
         mifs = times(3, ModuleInterface)
         mifs_special = times(3, Specialized)
diff --git a/test/core/test_parameters.py b/test/core/test_parameters.py
index 9db7050d..a8e0d569 100644
--- a/test/core/test_parameters.py
+++ b/test/core/test_parameters.py
@@ -52,8 +52,8 @@ def assertIsInstance[T: Parameter](obj: Parameter, cls: type[T]) -> T:
         )
 
         # TBD Range
-        a = F.TBD[int]()
-        b = F.TBD[int]()
+        a = F.TBD()
+        b = F.TBD()
         R_TBD = F.Range(a, b)
         add = R_ONE_TEN + R_TBD
         mul = R_ONE_TEN * R_TBD
@@ -95,8 +95,8 @@ def assertIsInstance[T: Parameter](obj: Parameter, cls: type[T]) -> T:
         self.assertEqual(R_ONE_TEN & {1, 2, 11}, F.Set([1, 2]))
         self.assertEqual(R_ONE_TEN & F.Range(12, 13), F.Set([]))
         # with tbd
-        a = F.TBD[int]()
-        b = F.TBD[int]()
+        a = F.TBD()
+        b = F.TBD()
         RTBD = F.Range(a, b)
         r_one_ten_con_tbd = R_ONE_TEN & RTBD
         assertIsInstance(r_one_ten_con_tbd, F.Operation)
@@ -154,16 +154,16 @@ def assertIsInstance[T](obj, cls: type[T]) -> T:
         self.assertEqual(F.ANY(), F.ANY())
 
         def test_merge(
-            a: Parameter[int] | set[int] | int | tuple[int, int],
-            b: Parameter[int] | set[int] | int | tuple[int, int],
+            a: Parameter | set[int] | int | tuple[int, int],
+            b: Parameter | set[int] | int | tuple[int, int],
             expected,
         ):
-            a = Parameter[int].from_literal(a)
-            expected = Parameter[int].from_literal(expected)
+            a = Parameter.from_literal(a)
+            expected = Parameter.from_literal(expected)
             self.assertEqual(a.merge(b), expected)
 
         def fail_merge(a, b):
-            a = Parameter[int].from_literal(a)
+            a = Parameter.from_literal(a)
             self.assertRaises(Parameter.MergeException, lambda: a.merge(b))
 
         # F.Sets ----
@@ -196,11 +196,11 @@ def fail_merge(a, b):
 
     def test_specific(self):
         def test_spec(
-            a: Parameter[int] | set[int] | int | tuple[int, int],
-            b: Parameter[int] | set[int] | int | tuple[int, int],
+            a: Parameter | set[int] | int | tuple[int, int],
+            b: Parameter | set[int] | int | tuple[int, int],
             expected: bool = True,
         ):
-            b = Parameter[int].from_literal(b)
+            b = Parameter.from_literal(b)
             if expected:
                 self.assertTrue(b.is_subset_of(a))
             else:
@@ -231,11 +231,11 @@ def test_spec(
 
     def test_compress(self):
         def test_comp(
-            a: Parameter[int].LIT_OR_PARAM,
-            expected: Parameter[int].LIT_OR_PARAM,
+            a: Parameter.LIT_OR_PARAM,
+            expected: Parameter.LIT_OR_PARAM,
         ):
-            a = Parameter[int].from_literal(a)
-            expected = Parameter[int].from_literal(expected)
+            a = Parameter.from_literal(a)
+            expected = Parameter.from_literal(expected)
             self.assertEqual(a.get_most_narrow(), expected)
 
         test_comp(1, 1)
diff --git a/test/core/test_performance.py b/test/core/test_performance.py
index 090f461c..727a5f16 100644
--- a/test/core/test_performance.py
+++ b/test/core/test_performance.py
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 # This file is part of the faebryk project
 # SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 
+import logging
 import time
 import unittest
 from itertools import pairwise
@@ -15,6 +16,8 @@
 from faebryk.libs.test.times import Times
 from faebryk.libs.util import times
 
+logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
+
 
 class TestPerformance(unittest.TestCase):
     def test_get_all(self):
@@ -84,9 +87,9 @@ def _common_timings(
                 n.get_children(direct_only=True, types=ModuleInterface)
                 timings.add(f"get_mifs {name}")
 
-            print(f"{test_name:-<80}")
-            print(f"{timings!r}")
-            print(str(G))
+            logger.info(f"{test_name:-<80}")
+            logger.info(f"{timings!r}")
+            logger.info(str(G))
             return timings
 
         # _common_timings(lambda: _factory_simple_resistors(100), "simple")
@@ -98,9 +101,9 @@ def _common_timings(
                 lambda: _factory_simple_resistors(count), f"Simple resistors: {count}"
             )
             per_resistor = timings.times["instance"] / count
-            print(f"----> Avg/resistor: {per_resistor*1e3:.2f} ms")
+            logger.info(f"----> Avg/resistor: {per_resistor*1e3:.2f} ms")
 
-        print("=" * 80)
+        logger.info("=" * 80)
         for i in range(2, 5):
             count = 10 * 2**i
             timings = _common_timings(
@@ -108,12 +111,12 @@ def _common_timings(
                 f"Connected resistors: {count}",
             )
             per_resistor = timings.times["instance"] / count
-            print(f"----> Avg/resistor: {per_resistor*1e3:.2f} ms")
+            logger.info(f"----> Avg/resistor: {per_resistor*1e3:.2f} ms")
 
     def test_graph_merge_rec(self):
         timings = Times()
         count = 2**14
-        print(f"Count: {count}")
+        logger.info(f"Count: {count}")
 
         gs = times(count, GraphInterface)
         timings.add("instance")
@@ -146,16 +149,13 @@ def rec_connect(gs_sub: list[GraphInterface]):
         # self.assertLess(timings.times["split 1024"], 50e-3)
         # self.assertLess(timings.times["instance"], 300e-3)
         # self.assertLess(timings.times["connect"], 1200e-3)
-        print(timings)
-        print(f"----> Avg/connect: {per_connect*1e6:.2f} us")
-        from faebryk.core.graphinterface import GraphImpl
-
-        print("Counter", GraphImpl.counter, GraphImpl.counter - count)
+        logger.info(timings)
+        logger.info(f"----> Avg/connect: {per_connect*1e6:.2f} us")
 
     def test_graph_merge_it(self):
         timings = Times()
         count = 2**14
-        print(f"Count: {count}")
+        logger.info(f"Count: {count}")
 
         gs = times(count, GraphInterface)
         timings.add("instance")
@@ -165,18 +165,113 @@ def test_graph_merge_it(self):
 
         timings.add("connect")
 
-        self.assertEqual(gs[0].G.node_cnt, count)
+        self.assertEqual(gs[0].G.node_count, count)
 
         per_connect = timings.times["connect"] / count
         # self.assertLess(timings.times["connect"], 500e-3)
         # self.assertLess(timings.times["instance"], 200e-3)
         # self.assertLess(per_connect, 25e-6)
-        print(timings)
-        print(f"----> Avg/connect: {per_connect*1e6:.2f} us")
+        logger.info(timings)
+        logger.info(f"----> Avg/connect: {per_connect*1e6:.2f} us")
+
+    def test_mif_connect_check(self):
+        cnt = 100
+
+        timings = Times(cnt=cnt, unit="us")
+
+        for t in [
+            GraphInterface,
+            ModuleInterface,
+            F.Electrical,
+            F.ElectricPower,
+            F.ElectricLogic,
+            F.I2C,
+        ]:
+            instances = [(t(), t()) for _ in range(cnt)]
+            timings.add(f"{t.__name__}: construct")
+
+            for inst1, inst2 in instances:
+                inst1.connect(inst2)
+            timings.add(f"{t.__name__}: connect")
+
+            for inst1, inst2 in instances:
+                self.assertTrue(inst1.is_connected_to(inst2))
+            timings.add(f"{t.__name__}: is_connected")
+
+        logger.info(f"\n{timings}")
+
+    def test_mif_connect_hull(self):
+        cnt = 30
+
+        timings = Times(cnt=1, unit="ms")
+
+        for t in [
+            GraphInterface,
+            ModuleInterface,
+            F.Electrical,
+            F.ElectricPower,
+            F.ElectricLogic,
+            F.I2C,
+        ]:
+            instances = [t() for _ in range(cnt)]
+            timings.add(f"{t.__name__}: construct")
+
+            for other in instances[1:]:
+                instances[0].connect(other)
+            timings.add(f"{t.__name__}: connect")
+
+            self.assertTrue(instances[0].is_connected_to(instances[-1]))
+            timings.add(f"{t.__name__}: is_connected")
+
+            if issubclass(t, ModuleInterface):
+                list(instances[0].get_connected())
+            else:
+                instances[0].edges
+            timings.add(f"{t.__name__}: get_connected")
+
+            self.assertTrue(instances[0].is_connected_to(instances[-1]))
+            timings.add(f"{t.__name__}: is_connected cached")
+
+        logger.info(f"\n{timings}")
+
+    def test_complex_module(self):
+        timings = Times()
+
+        modules = [F.USB2514B, F.RP2040]
+
+        for t in modules:
+            app = t()  # noqa: F841
+            timings.add(f"{t.__name__}: construct")
+
+            # resolve_dynamic_parameters(app.get_graph())
+            timings.add(f"{t.__name__}: resolve")
+
+        logger.info(f"\n{timings}")
+
+    def test_no_connect(self):
+        CNT = 30
+
+        timings = Times()
+
+        app = F.RP2040_ReferenceDesign()
+        timings.add("construct")
+
+        for i in range(CNT):
+            list(app.rp2040.power_core.get_connected())
+            timings.add(f"_get_connected {i}")
+
+        all_times = [
+            timings.times[k] for k in timings.times if k.startswith("_get_connected")
+        ]
 
-        from faebryk.core.graphinterface import GraphImpl
+        timings.times["min"] = min(all_times)
+        timings.times["max"] = max(all_times)
+        timings.times["avg"] = sum(all_times) / len(all_times)
+        timings.times["median"] = sorted(all_times)[len(all_times) // 2]
+        timings.times["80%"] = sorted(all_times)[int(0.8 * len(all_times))]
+        timings.times["total"] = sum(all_times)
 
-        print("Counter", GraphImpl.counter, GraphImpl.counter - count)
+        logger.info(f"\n{timings}")
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":
diff --git a/test/exporters/netlist/kicad/test_netlist_kicad.py b/test/exporters/netlist/kicad/test_netlist_kicad.py
index a3bf37e5..70bfb944 100644
--- a/test/exporters/netlist/kicad/test_netlist_kicad.py
+++ b/test/exporters/netlist/kicad/test_netlist_kicad.py
@@ -47,11 +47,11 @@ def _test_netlist_graph():
         )
 
     # make netlist
-    G = resistor1.get_graph()
-    attach_random_designators(G)
-    override_names_with_designators(G)
-    attach_nets_and_kicad_info(G)
-    t2 = make_t2_netlist_from_graph(G)
+    G = resistor1.get_graph
+    attach_random_designators(G())
+    override_names_with_designators(G())
+    attach_nets_and_kicad_info(G())
+    t2 = make_t2_netlist_from_graph(G())
     for comp in t2.comps:
         del comp.properties["faebryk_name"]
     netlist = from_faebryk_t2_netlist(t2)
diff --git a/test/library/test_basic.py b/test/library/test_basic.py
index c31eb986..fb071af1 100644
--- a/test/library/test_basic.py
+++ b/test/library/test_basic.py
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 
 from faebryk.core.core import Namespace
 from faebryk.core.node import Node
-from faebryk.core.trait import Trait, TraitImpl
+from faebryk.core.trait import Trait
 from faebryk.libs.library import L
 
 try:
@@ -46,20 +46,32 @@ def test_symbol_types(name: str, module):
             name.startswith("_")
             or not isinstance(module, type)
             or not issubclass(module, Node)
-            or (issubclass(module, Trait) and not issubclass(module, TraitImpl))
+            or (issubclass(module, Trait))
         )
     ],
 )
+@pytest.mark.timeout(60)  # TODO lower
 def test_init_args(name: str, module):
     """Make sure we can instantiate all classes without error"""
 
-    # check if constructor has no args & no varargs
-    init_signature = inspect.signature(module.__init__)
-    if len(init_signature.parameters) > 1 or any(
-        param.kind in (inspect.Parameter.VAR_POSITIONAL, inspect.Parameter.VAR_KEYWORD)
-        for param in init_signature.parameters.values()
+    # handle post_init_decorator
+    init = (
+        module.__init__
+        if not hasattr(module, "__original_init__")
+        else module.__original_init__
+    )
+    init_signature = inspect.signature(init)
+    args = [p for p in init_signature.parameters.values() if p.name != "self"]
+
+    # check if constructor has no non-default args
+    if any(
+        p.kind not in (inspect.Parameter.VAR_POSITIONAL, inspect.Parameter.VAR_KEYWORD)
+        and p.default is inspect.Parameter.empty
+        for p in args
     ):
-        pytest.skip("Skipped module with init args because we can't instantiate it")
+        pytest.skip(
+            f"Skipped module with init args because we can't instantiate it: {args}"
+        )
 
     try:
         module()
diff --git a/test/library/test_reference.py b/test/library/test_reference.py
index efb76f2b..b12155cf 100644
--- a/test/library/test_reference.py
+++ b/test/library/test_reference.py
@@ -64,6 +64,7 @@ class B(Node):
         x = Reference(A)
 
         def __init__(self, x):
+            super().__init__()
             self.x = x
 
     a = A()
@@ -80,6 +81,7 @@ class B(Node):
         y = Reference(A)
 
         def __init__(self, x):
+            super().__init__()
             self.x = x
             self.y = self.x
 
diff --git a/test/libs/kicad/test_fileformats.py b/test/libs/kicad/test_fileformats.py
index f218b64c..95bc83d3 100644
--- a/test/libs/kicad/test_fileformats.py
+++ b/test/libs/kicad/test_fileformats.py
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@
 
 import pytest
 
+import faebryk.library._F as F  # noqa: F401
 from faebryk.libs.kicad.fileformats import (
     C_effects,
     C_footprint,