When combining two or more sketches, it is VERY important that you understand the various sections of the sketch, the next part of this guide is describing these sections.
You can skip over this, then come back later and read it when your combined sketches don’t work.
::: tip Sketch Sections Arduino basic sketches have sections
- Block comments
- Single line comments
- Libraries Include Section
- Definition Section
- Global Variables
- Functions
- Setup
- Loop
Let's look at each of these sections in more detail :::
These can appear anywhere in the code. You will see them appear the most at the top with the author, description, etc.
Comments are ignored by the Arduino compiler. They are there to help you understand the code.
They can be used to temporarily disable code. This is useful when you are testing a section of code and you want to disable the rest of the code.
Example
/*
* This is a block comment
*/The block comments start with /* and end with */
A single line comment starts with // and ends at the end of the line.
Example
// This is a single line commentWhen combining sketches, you can ignore the comment lines and comment blocks, if you want, as Arduino code ignores these.
This section appears at the very top of the sketch.
::: info Special Cases
There are some VERY special cases where a library may have a directive required before the library is loaded. This is very unusual but can happen. It will appear as a line of code that looks like this:
#define SOME_PIN 20or
#define SOME_VALUEbefore the include library statement
:::
The library load/include command is in the form of:
#include <library file name>This will load and include the library if it is in the standard library path. If you load a library using the library manager, then the library will be in the correct place to be loaded with this statement.
In some cases, the library file name may be in quotes, but this is a special case.
#include "library file name"In the case the library file is not in the normal location, then if it is in the same directory as the sketch it will use the quote format.
::: info Special Case It may also have the full path to the file as well, but this is a special case. :::
Usually, a sketch will have constants here. These are variables that do not change.
Example
#define led_pin 13
#define num_leds 20::: warning Pay Attention There are no semi colons after a define. :::
A variable that is declared above the setup(), may or may not change value over time, and is used throughout the sketch - has a global scope. This means the variable can be accessed anywhere in the sketch.
Example
int led_counter = 10; // this is a global variable
int led_counter; // with no initial value
Servo myservo(servo_pin); // this is a global objectThis is a section that may or not be in the sketch. Usual coding practice is to have any functions that are used in the sketch located here.
These functions may be simple or complex.
Example
void blickLED() {
digitalWrite(led_pin, HIGH);
delay(1000);
digitalWrite(led_pin, LOW);
delay(1000);
}In the program, you would call this function with
blinkLED();void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
}This is a special function that runs once when the Arduino starts.
Here, we place commands to start devices and or libraries.
Setup serial ports basically anything that needs to be done ONCE when the Arduino starts
Example
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600); // start serial port
pinMode(led_pin, OUTPUT); // set led pin to output
pinMode(2, INPUT); // set switch pin to input
servo.attach(servo_pin); // attach servo to servo pin
}This is the section that runs all the time after setup.
Once setup has run, loop runs continuously. This is where your main code will be.
Example
void loop() {
bool switchstate = digitalRead(2); // read switch state
if (switchstate == HIGH) {
digitalWrite(3, HIGH); // turn on LED
digitalWrite(4, LOW); // turn off LED
digitalWrite(5, LOW); // turn off LED
}
}In this lesson on combining sketches, we will be using two sketches from the examples for two libraries.
One from LiquidCrytstal Library
The other from Adafruit DHT Sensor Library
This is the first file DHT_Unified_Sensor
This is the second file Hello World
These files are accessible via the file, examples menu as shown – AFTER you load the libraries using the library manager
Here are the two files side by side. With the IDE you can open two files and set them up, side by side. Basically open the IDE twice.
in each file there is a large comments block. To tidy up, we will remove them. This is optional.
This gives us the two files – in a form that is a little easier to work on
First up, we copy the library load section
This is the section copied from right file to left file
The next section is the Definition Section
In these particular files, there are definitions in one file. We copy from the right side to the left side sketch. Checking that there are no definitions with the same names and or different values.
This is the section copied from right file to left file
Next is the Global Variables Section
Copy the variables and library initializer values Again checking that there are no variables with the same names and or different values.
This is the section copied from right file to left file
Next section is the Setup
NOTE: The contents of the Setup as copied but NOT the
Or the
at the end.
This is the section copied from right file to left file
Next is the loop
::: warning Pay Attention
The contents of the loop are copied but NOT the void loop()
:::
void loop() {Or the ending bracket
}
The two sketches are combined.
If you now run verify, the sketch on the left should be able to verify
This combined sketch is complete except for changing the code to use both sketches features
In this case, using the LCD to display the temperature and humidity readings