Add guide for Overlay, rename files to Overlay/OverlayTests

Author: karwa

Guides/Overlay.md

@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+# Overlay
+
+[[Source](https://github.com/apple/swift-algorithms/blob/main/Sources/Algorithms/Overlay.swift) | 
+ [Tests](https://github.com/apple/swift-algorithms/blob/main/Tests/SwiftAlgorithmsTests/OverlayTests.swift)]
+
+Compose collections by overlaying the elements of one collection
+over an arbitrary region of another collection.
+
+Swift offers many interesting collections, for instance:
+
+- `Range<Int>` allows us to express the numbers in `0..<1000`
+   in an efficient way that does not allocate storage for each number.
+   
+- `Repeated<Int>` allows us to express, say, one thousand copies of the same value,
+   without allocating space for a thousand values.
+   
+- `LazyMapCollection` allows us to transform the elements of a collection on-demand,
+   without creating a copy of the source collection and eagerly transforming every element.
+
+- The collections in this package, such as `.chunked`, `.cycled`, `.joined`, and `.interspersed`,
+  similarly compute their elements on-demand.
+
+While these collections can be very efficient, it is difficult to compose them in to arbitrary datasets.
+If we have the Range `5..<10`, and want to insert a `0` in the middle of it, we would need to allocate storage
+for the entire collection, losing the benefits of `Range<Int>`. Similarly, if we have some numbers in storage
+(say, in an Array) and wish to insert a contiguous range in the middle of it, we have to allocate storage
+in the Array and cannot take advantage of `Range<Int>` memory efficiency.
+
+The `OverlayCollection` allows us to form arbitrary compositions without mutating
+or allocating storage for the result.
+
+```swift
+// 'numbers' is a composition of:
+// - Range<Int>, and
+// - CollectionOfOne<Int>
+
+let numbers = (5..<10).overlay.inserting(0, at: 7)
+
+for n in numbers {
+  // n: 5, 6, 0, 7, 8, 9
+  //          ^
+}
+```
+
+```swift
+// 'numbers' is a composition of:
+// - Array<Int>, and
+// - Range<Int>
+
+let rawdata = [3, 6, 1, 4, 6]
+let numbers = rawdata.overlay.inserting(contentsOf: 5..<10, at: 3)
+
+for n in numbers {
+  // n: 3, 6, 1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 4, 6
+  //             ^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+}
+```
+
+We can also insert elements in to a `LazyMapCollection`:
+
+```swift
+enum ListItem {
+  case product(Product)
+  case callToAction
+}
+
+let products: [Product] = ...
+
+var listItems: some Collection<ListItem> {
+  products
+    .lazy.map { ListItem.product($0) }
+    .overlay.inserting(.callToAction, at: min(4, products.count))
+}
+
+for item in listItems {
+  // item: .product(A), .product(B), .product(C), .callToAction, .product(D), ...
+  //                                              ^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+}
+```
+
+## Detailed Design
+
+An `.overlay` member is added to all collections:
+
+```swift
+extension Collection {
+  public var overlay: OverlayCollectionNamespace<Self> { get }
+}
+```
+
+This member returns a wrapper structure, `OverlayCollectionNamespace`,
+which provides a similar suite of methods to the standard library's `RangeReplaceableCollection` protocol.  
+
+However, while `RangeReplaceableCollection` methods mutate the collection they are applied to,
+these methods return a new `OverlayCollection` value which substitutes the specified elements on-demand.
+
+```swift
+extension OverlayCollectionNamespace {
+
+  // Multiple elements:
+
+  public func replacingSubrange<Overlay>(
+    _ subrange: Range<Elements.Index>, with newElements: Overlay
+  ) -> OverlayCollection<Elements, Overlay>
+
+  public func appending<Overlay>(
+    contentsOf newElements: Overlay
+  ) -> OverlayCollection<Elements, Overlay>
+
+  public func inserting<Overlay>(
+    contentsOf newElements: Overlay, at position: Elements.Index
+  ) -> OverlayCollection<Elements, Overlay>
+
+  public func removingSubrange(
+    _ subrange: Range<Elements.Index>
+  ) -> OverlayCollection<Elements, EmptyCollection<Elements.Element>>
+  
+  // Single elements:
+  
+  public func appending(
+    _ element: Elements.Element
+  ) -> OverlayCollection<Elements, CollectionOfOne<Elements.Element>>
+
+  public func inserting(
+    _ element: Elements.Element, at position: Elements.Index
+  ) -> OverlayCollection<Elements, CollectionOfOne<Elements.Element>>
+
+  public func removing(
+    at position: Elements.Index
+  ) -> OverlayCollection<Elements, EmptyCollection<Elements.Element>>
+  
+}
+```
+
+`OverlayCollection` conforms to `BidirectionalCollection` when both the base and overlay collections conform.
+
+### Conditional Overlays
+
+In order to allow overlays to be applied conditionally, another function is added to all collections:
+
+```swift
+extension Collection {
+
+  public func overlay<Overlay>(
+    if condition: Bool,
+    _ makeOverlay: (OverlayCollectionNamespace<Self>) -> OverlayCollection<Self, Overlay>
+  ) -> OverlayCollection<Self, Overlay>
+  
+}
+```
+
+If the `condition` parameter is `true`, the `makeOverlay` closure is invoked to apply the desired overlay.
+If `condition` is `false`, the closure is not invoked, and the function returns a no-op overlay,
+containing the same elements as the base collection. 
+
+This allows overlays to be applied conditionally while still being usable as opaque return types:
+
+```swift
+func getNumbers(shouldInsert: Bool) -> some Collection<Int> {
+  (5..<10).overlay(if: shouldInsert) { $0.inserting(0, at: 7) }
+}
+
+for n in getNumbers(shouldInsert: true) {
+  // n: 5, 6, 0, 7, 8, 9
+}
+
+for n in getNumbers(shouldInsert: false) {
+  // n: 5, 6, 7, 8, 9
+}
+```