GH-45293: [CI] Install patch command to base conda.dockerfile required in case of bundled ORC (#45294)

### Rationale for this change

Patch command is required for bundled ORC.

### What changes are included in this PR?

Adding patch to the based conda image.

### Are these changes tested?

Yes via CI

### Are there any user-facing changes?

No

* GitHub Issue: #45293

Authored-by: Raúl Cumplido <[email protected]>
Signed-off-by: Sutou Kouhei <[email protected]>

Author: raulcd

ci/docker/conda.dockerfile

@@ -21,9 +21,15 @@ FROM ${arch}/ubuntu:22.04
 # install build essentials
 RUN export DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive && \
     apt-get update -y -q && \
-    apt-get install -y -q curl wget tzdata libc6-dbg gdb \
-    && apt-get clean \
-    && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
+    apt-get install -y -q \
+    curl \
+    gdb \
+    libc6-dbg \
+    patch \
+    tzdata \
+    wget && \
+    apt-get clean && \
+    rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*
 
 # install conda and mamba via miniforge
 COPY ci/scripts/install_conda.sh /arrow/ci/scripts/