Install and run python dependencies in node.js project.
This project is an alternative to a python virtual environment for node.js projects. It aims to make pip work more like npm. It supports pythons 2 and 3.
As a prerequisite, python and npm must be installed and on PATH.
Suppose we create an empty project with a package.json file:
/home/al$ mkdir myproject
/home/al$ cd myproject
/home/al/myproject$ npm init -y
Wrote to /home/al/myproject/package.json:
{
"name": "myproject",
...
}
Then, to install nopy as a local dependency:
$ npm install nopy --save
...
Optionally, add scripts to package.json to run the command line tools via npm:
{
"name": "myproject",
...
"scripts": {
"nopenv": "nopenv",
"nopy": "nopy",
"npip": "npip"
},
"dependencies": {
"nopy": ""
},
...
}
In the remaining example, the scripts are assumed to have been added.
To install a python package in a node.js project:
$ npm run npip -- install toposort
...
Downloading/unpacking toposort
Downloading toposort-1.5-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Installing collected packages: toposort
Successfully installed toposort
Cleaning up...
This creates a python_modules subdirectory, which contains the installed python packages. Other pip commands are supported by npip:
$ npm run -s npip -- freeze
toposort==1.5
Invoke python using the nopy wrapper and it will find the python packages installed in python_modules.
$ npm run nopy
...
Python 3.6.0
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
>>> from toposort import toposort
>>> list(toposort({2: {11},
... 9: {11, 8, 10},
... 10: {11, 3},
... 11: {7, 5},
... 8: {7, 3},
... }))
[{3, 5, 7}, {8, 11}, {2, 10}, {9}]
Here, when python was invoked interactively, it looked in the python_modules subdirectory to find the locally installed toposort dependency.
Suppose the program above was saved in as a script file called script.py. To direct python to invoke that script file:
$ npm run -s nopy -- script.py
[{3, 5, 7}, {8, 11}, {2, 10}, {9}]
Both python command line options and script arguments may be passed to nopy via the command line in the same way as they would be passed to python.
To pass python code on the command line, use python's -c option:
$ npm run -s nopy -- -c 'import sys; print(sys.argv[1]);' hello
hello
Similarly, pythons's -m option may be used to execute python modules.
To find the python_modules directory, when nopy is invoked with the path to a script, it first inspects the directory containing that script to see if it has a package.json file. If it's there, then it will try to use a python_modules directory alongside it. If package.json isn't found, it works up the directory hierarchy towards the root. If a package.json file is found anywhere along the way, it tries to use a sibling python_modules directory. This resembles the mechanism that node.js uses to resolve modules.
If nopy is invoked with no script path, e.g. if it is invoked interactively or with -m or -c, the process is quite similar. Instead of starting in the script's directory, it starts in the current working directory.
Python dependencies should be listed in the package.json file in the same way as for node.js dependencies, except the section is called python.dependencies rather than dependencies. Here is an example package.json file:
{
"name": "myproject",
...
"dependencies": {
"nopy": ""
},
"python": {
"dependencies": {
"toposort": ">=1.5"
}
}
}
A version may be specified for python dependencies, which follows the same format as used by pip requirement specifiers. The version may be an empty string.
This serves not only to document the python dependencies; if npip install is invoked with no requirements, its default action is to install all the python dependencies given in package.json.
$ npm run npip -- install
...
Requirement already satisfied: toposort
It might be desirable to install the python dependencies at the same time as the other dependencies. This can be accomplished with an npm install script.
{
"name": "myproject",
...
"scripts": {
"install": "npip install",
"nopy": "nopy",
"npip": "npip"
},
"dependencies": {
"nopy": ""
},
"python": {
"dependencies": {
"toposort": ">=1.5"
}
}
}
Now both the node.js and python dependencies can be installed with a single command:
$ npm install
Python dependencies may also be placed in a python.devDependencies section. Currently, these are treated exactly the same as python.dependencies. The distinction is in what is documented: a dev dependency might only required by those developing a project and need not be installed to just use it. In the future, dev dependencies might not be installed in some cases.
The nopenv tool is similar to nopy. Rather than invoking the python interpreter with a python script, it is used to run executable programs in the context of a python environment, including locally installed python modules. For example, it is useful for running executables installed by some python packages.
The mako python package will be used as an example in this section. It is a popular template library. It is not related to nopy in any way but is a useful example because it installs an executable called mako-render that we might want to run. To install mako, add it to the python.dependencies section of package.json:
{
"name": "myproject",
...
"scripts": {
"install": "npip install",
"nopy": "nopy",
"npip": "npip"
},
"dependencies": {
"nopy": ""
},
"python": {
"dependencies": {
"mako": "==1.0.6",
"toposort": ">=1.5"
}
}
}
Then reinstall:
$ npm install
Suppose we have a file template.mako containing a simple template:
## template.mako
Hello, ${NAME}!
Here is one way to run mako-render to expand the template with a variable substitution:
$ node_modules/.bin/nopenv mako-render template.mako --var NAME=Al
Hello, Al!
It's convenient to make an npm script in package.json to quickly invoke mako-render:
{
"name": "myproject",
...
"scripts": {
"install": "npip install",
"mako": "nopenv mako-render",
"nopy": "nopy",
"npip": "npip"
},
"dependencies": {
"nopy": ""
},
"python": {
"dependencies": {
"mako": "==1.0.6",
"toposort": ">=1.5"
}
}
}
Now the same can be accomplished with this shorter invocation:
$ npm run -s mako -- template.mako --var NAME=Al
Hello, Al!
By default, nopy assumes there is a program called python in the PATH, which it uses to invoke the python interpreter. This is configured in the python.execPath section of package.json.
"name": "myproject",
...
"python": {
"execPath": "python3",
},
...
In the example above, nopy will execute python3 instead of python to run programs.
By default, nopy sets the PYTHONPATH environment variable to the project directory, i.e. the directory containing package.json, replacing any previous value.
A different path may be used by putting it in the python.path section of package.json. Relative paths are relative to the project directory. An array of paths may also be provided.
In the example below, PYTHONPATH will be set so that python searches first in the project directory for modules and then in the src sub-directory.
{
"name": "myproject",
...
"python": {
"path": [".", "src"],
},
...
}
Note that modules from python packages installed in python_modules will be on the search path regardless of PYTHONPATH, since they are in the user site-packages directory.
Finally, remember that python prepends the directory containing the python script to the module search path and often you don't need to mess with PYTHONPATH at all.
nopy can be installed globally so that nopy and npip are on PATH. For example:
$ npm install nopy -g
...
$ npip install <package name>
...
However, I prefer to make do with only a local installation, npm scripts and bash aliases. The reason is because I generally want to minimize the number of globally installed things necessary to make a project work.
For interactive shells, you might like some shortcuts. Here are some examples for bash:
# $HOME/.bashrc
function npmrun()
{
local command=$1
shift
npm --silent --color false run "$command" -- $@
}
function npip()
{
npmrun npip $@
}
function nopy()
{
npmrun nopy $@
}
Or for Windows PowerShell:
# $PROFILE
function npmrun()
{
$command, $rest = $args
npm --silent --color false run "$command" -- $rest
}
function nopy()
{
npmrun nopy $args
}
function npip()
{
npmrun npip $args
}
Here is a usage example:
$ npip freeze
toposort==1.5
mako==1.0.6
You probably want git to ignore the python_modules directory and some other things.
# .gitignore
...
# Python things to ignore
python_modules
__pycache__
*.pyc
...
When a python script is invoked with nopy, its PYTHONPATH environment variable is modified to point to the node.js project directory, i.e. the one containing package.json, or whichever directories have been configured. This allows modules to be imported relative to the project directory itself, not just from python packages that have been installed in python_modules. In order to isolate the project's python dependencies, any previous value of PYTHONPATH is overridden.
Behind the scene, nopy uses python's per user site-packages directory mechanism. Specifically, when python or pip are invoked indirectly by way of the nopy or npip wrappers, the PYTHONUSERBASE environment variable is modified to reference the python_modules directory contained in the node.js project, the one alongside package.json. This tells python to look there for installed python packages. Additionally, pip is invoked with the --user option, which causes it to install packages in that python_modules directory.
A caveat though is, because python's per user site-packages directory is overridden, any other such directory, such as one residing in the user's home directory, is no longer visible to python. If the goal is to isolate the project's python dependencies within the project, this is a feature. It's definitely a potential gotcha, though!
npip ships with a version of pip that it can install locally into the node.js project site directory. It does this automatically when the first python package is installed but only if there is not a more recent version of pip installed globally. To see which version of pip is used by npip, use the --version option:
$ npm run -s npip -- --version
pip 9.0.1 from /home/al/myproject/python_modules/lib/python2.7/site-packages (python 2.7)
The oldest versions of python that nopy has been tested with are 2.7.6 and 3.6.0.
Unfortunately, pip has an undesirable behavior when uninstalling packages with a user site-package directory employed. When pip is invoked with the uninstall command, it will prefer to uninstall the package from the user site-package directory rather than globally. This is the desirable behavior for npip. However, if the package is not installed in the user site-pacakge directory, pip will attempt to uninstall the package globally! Oftentimes, this will fail on account of the user not having permission to uninstall global python packages but not necessarily.
These are some things that might happen in the future.
- There is a node.js API to programatically spawn python programs. This could be documented and made "official".
- Integrate JSON-RPC or other protocol over channel between node.js process and python child processes.