knb-lter-nes.24.2.xml

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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    <allow>
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  <dataset>
    <title>Zooplankton sample inventory for Northeast U.S. Shelf Long Term Ecological Research (NES-LTER) Transect cruises, ongoing since 2017</title>
    <creator>
      <individualName>
        <givenName>Alexandra</givenName>
        <givenName>C</givenName>
        <surName>Cabanelas</surName>
      </individualName>
      <organizationName>Northeast U.S. Shelf LTER</organizationName>
      <electronicMailAddress>acabanelas@whoi.edu</electronicMailAddress>
      <userId directory="https://orcid.org">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6224-077X</userId>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <individualName>
        <givenName>Megan</givenName>
        <surName>Ferguson</surName>
      </individualName>
      <organizationName>Northeast U.S. Shelf LTER</organizationName>
      <electronicMailAddress>megan.ferguson@whoi.edu</electronicMailAddress>
      <userId directory="https://orcid.org">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4496-6600</userId>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <individualName>
        <givenName>Joel</givenName>
        <givenName>K</givenName>
        <surName>Llopiz</surName>
      </individualName>
      <organizationName>Northeast U.S. Shelf LTER</organizationName>
      <electronicMailAddress>jllopiz@whoi.edu</electronicMailAddress>
      <userId directory="https://orcid.org">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7584-7471</userId>
    </creator>
    <creator>
      <individualName>
        <givenName>Mei</givenName>
        <surName>Sato</surName>
      </individualName>
      <organizationName>Northeast U.S. Shelf LTER</organizationName>
      <electronicMailAddress>msato@whoi.edu</electronicMailAddress>
      <userId directory="https://orcid.org">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0217-9898</userId>
    </creator>
    <associatedParty>
      <individualName>
        <givenName>Sarah</givenName>
        <givenName>G</givenName>
        <surName>Glancy</surName>
      </individualName>
      <organizationName>Northeast U.S. Shelf LTER</organizationName>
      <electronicMailAddress>sglancy@whoi.edu</electronicMailAddress>
      <userId directory="https://orcid.org">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3914-4402</userId>
      <role>technician</role>
    </associatedParty>
    <associatedParty>
      <individualName>
        <givenName>Julia</givenName>
        <surName>Cox</surName>
      </individualName>
      <organizationName>Northeast U.S. Shelf LTER</organizationName>
      <userId directory="https://orcid.org">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0389-2206</userId>
      <role>technician</role>
    </associatedParty>
    <pubDate>2024-12-04</pubDate>
    <abstract>
      <para>This dataset provides an inventory of physical samples collected from zooplankton bongo and/or ring net tows conducted during the Northeast U.S. Shelf Long-Term Ecological Research (NES-LTER) Transect cruises, ongoing since 2017. The NES-LTER transect, located south of Martha’s Vineyard, Massachusetts, comprises standard stations L1-L11 and extends 150 km offshore. Dedicated NES-LTER cruises target all four seasons: winter, spring, summer, and fall. Samples are collected via oblique tows with a 61-cm bongo net fitted with 150- and 335-micron mesh nets, as well as a ring net with a 20-micron mesh net. During earlier spring and fall cruises along the NES-LTER Transect, in collaboration with the Ocean Observatories Initiative, samples were collected through vertical tows using a ring net with a 150-micron mesh. Samples collected are distributed among various laboratories for DNA metabarcoding, stable isotopes analysis, and morphological identification. </para>
    </abstract>
    <keywordSet>
      <keyword>populations</keyword>
      <keyword>organic matter</keyword>
      <keywordThesaurus>LTER Core Research Areas</keywordThesaurus>
    </keywordSet>
    <keywordSet>
      <keyword>zooplankton</keyword>
      <keyword>transects</keyword>
      <keyword>marine</keyword>
      <keyword>oceanography</keyword>
      <keyword>ecology</keyword>
      <keyword>plankton</keyword>
      <keywordThesaurus>LTER Controlled Vocabulary</keywordThesaurus>
    </keywordSet>
    <keywordSet>
      <keyword>Bongo net</keyword>
      <keyword>ring net</keyword>
      <keywordThesaurus>SeaVoX Device Catalogue</keywordThesaurus>
    </keywordSet>
    <keywordSet>
      <keyword>Single net or net pair oblique tow</keyword>
      <keyword>Single net or net pair vertical tow</keyword>
      <keywordThesaurus>BODC Sampling net gear deployment vocabulary</keywordThesaurus>
    </keywordSet>
    <keywordSet>
      <keyword>Northeast U.S. Continental Shelf</keyword>
      <keywordThesaurus>NOAA Large Marine Ecosystems</keywordThesaurus>
    </keywordSet>
    <additionalInfo>
      <para>This data package includes data from MIT-WHOI Joint Program (JP) cruises funded by WHOI Academic Programs Office, with Chief Scientists Glen Gawarkiewicz (AR38) and Joel Llopiz (AR32 and AR63). For other cruises on R/V Neil Armstrong, we thank the Ocean Observatories Initiative, funded by the National Science Foundation under Cooperative Agreement No. 1743430.&#13;
We’d like to thank additional personnel who conducted bongo tow sampling on Transect cruises, including Sarah G. Glancy, Isabel Honda, Stace Beaulieu, Taylor Crockford, Emily Peacock, Diana Fontaine, Julia Cox, Thomas Heine, Pierre Marrec, Adrienne Breef-Pilz, John San Soucie, Helena McMonagle, Justin Suca, and many others that have assisted with NES-LTER sampling. Sampling wouldn’t have been possible without the hard work of the ship technicians, marine techs, engineers, winch operators, and the entire ship crew. Thank you all for your efforts!&#13;
</para>
    </additionalInfo>
    <intellectualRights>
      <para>This data package is released to the "public domain" under Creative Commons CC0 1.0 "No Rights Reserved" (see: https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/). It is considered professional etiquette to provide attribution of the original work if this data package is shared in whole or by individual components. A generic citation is provided for this data package on the website https://portal.edirepository.org (herein "website") in the summary metadata page. Communication (and collaboration) with the creators of this data package is recommended to prevent duplicate research or publication. This data package (and its components) is made available "as is" and with no warranty of accuracy or fitness for use. The creators of this data package and the website shall not be liable for any damages resulting from misinterpretation or misuse of the data package or its components. Periodic updates of this data package may be available from the website. Thank you.
</para>
    </intellectualRights>
    <coverage>
      <geographicCoverage>
        <geographicDescription>NES-LTER Transect</geographicDescription>
        <boundingCoordinates>
          <westBoundingCoordinate>-71.0547</westBoundingCoordinate>
          <eastBoundingCoordinate>-70.52705</eastBoundingCoordinate>
          <northBoundingCoordinate>41.524</northBoundingCoordinate>
          <southBoundingCoordinate>39.7509</southBoundingCoordinate>
        </boundingCoordinates>
      </geographicCoverage>
      <temporalCoverage>
        <rangeOfDates>
          <beginDate>
            <calendarDate>2018-01-31</calendarDate>
          </beginDate>
          <endDate>
            <calendarDate>2024-09-11</calendarDate>
          </endDate>
        </rangeOfDates>
      </temporalCoverage>
    </coverage>
    <maintenance>
      <description>ongoing</description>
    </maintenance>
    <contact>
      <organizationName>Northeast U.S. Shelf LTER</organizationName>
      <positionName>Nes-Lter Information Manager</positionName>
      <electronicMailAddress>lter-nes-info@whoi.edu</electronicMailAddress>
    </contact>
    <methods>
      <methodStep>
        <description>
          <markdown># Field Operations for Plankton Net Tows

Here, we summarize the field operations for net tows, since the focus of this data package is on providing a detailed inventory of zooplankton samples collected at sea and processed on board. Field operations for net tows are documented in the associated abundance data package [knb-lter-nes.25.1]. Subsequent analyses of these samples, such as zooplankton abundance and stable isotopes, will be detailed in separate, dedicated data packages. Zooplankton abundance data package [knb-lter-nes.25.1] is available and encompasses ongoing data from 2018.  An event log data package [knb-lter-nes.20] for transect cruises with raw event log data is available. The metadata file included in this inventory package [nes-lter-zooplankton-tow-metadata-v2] includes all pertinent data that was extracted from and corrected from the electronic event logs. 

## Field Sampling Operations for Oblique Bongo/Ring Net Tow
During dedicated Northeast U.S. Shelf Long-Term Ecological Research (NES-LTER) transect cruises, zooplankton sampling occurs at each standard transect station (L1-L11 and in the vicinity of the Martha’s Vineyard Coastal Observatory, MVCO). Zooplankton is collected with 61-cm diameter bongo nets, one with a 335-µm mesh and the other with a 150-µm mesh. Both nets are 3.2 m long and have similar porosity values— 45% and 46%, respectively. The nets are conically shaped and taper down to a detachable cod end. A General Oceanics mechanical flowmeter is attached to the center of each bongo net mouth. A Star-Oddi DST centi-TD time-depth recorder (TDR) is attached to the bongo frame to record the net’s maximum depth, trajectory during the tow, and water temperature (to be accessed post-deployment). During the tow, the depth of the net is checked by measuring wire angle using a handheld inclinometer. Zooplankton sampling tows are conducted as single oblique (descending and then ascending only once), towing at a speed through the water of 1.5 to 2.0 knots. The target net depth is 5 m off the bottom, or 200 m when bottom depth exceeds 200 m. Winch pay-out and retrieval speeds follow NOAA’s EcoMon protocol, with the exception that our maximum pay-out speed is 30 m/min (e.g. when the target sampling depths are &gt;60 m, pay-out is at 30 m/min and retrieval is at 20 m/min). The bongo frame attaches to the end of the wire with a shackle. Attached to the bottom of the bongo frame is a ~1.5 ft section of chain and a 45 kg weight. 

In addition to the bongo nets, a 30-cm-diameter ring net with a mesh size of 20 µm is attached ~2 m above the bongo frame with a book clamp. This ring net is non-quantitative and is only used for size fractionated stable isotope analysis—specifically the 20-100 µm and 100-200 µm fractions.

Deployment on the R/V Endeavor is off starboard side with one of the J-frame’s .322 wires. 

## Field Sampling Operations for Towing Vertical Ring Net Only
During transect cruises with collaborators (e.g., Ocean Observatories Initiative in spring and fall through fall 2022), zooplankton are sampled at each regular transect station (L1-L11). Zooplankton are collected using a 30-cm ring net with a 150-µm mesh (2 m long, 46% porosity). A single vertical tow is conducted after lowering the weight to 1 m above the bottom, then positioning the net’s mouth 3 m above the seafloor, as determined by a CTD or onboard depth sounder. The R/V Armstrong uses a dynamic positioning system to maintain a stationary position during sampling. Winch payout and retrieval speeds are set to 30 m/min. These samples are non-quantitative. Fewer samples are collected on these cruises, resulting in many NAs in the metadata file [nes-lter-zooplankton-tow-metadata-v2] for Ring Net only entries.

# Sampling Protocols

## Summary of sample splits, allocations, and preservations: 

### 335 µm mesh net:
- ¾ split into 5% buffered formalin-seawater solution for morphological identification (to Richardson lab at NOAA NEFSC)
- ¼ split in 95% ethanol for DNA metabarcoding (to Rynearson lab at URI)

### 150 µm mesh net:
- ¼ split into 95% ethanol for morphological ID (to Llopiz lab at WHOI)
- ¼ split into 95% ethanol for DNA metabarcoding (to Rynearson lab at URI)
- ¼ split to be size fractionated on board (&gt;1000 µm, 500-1000 µm, and 200-500 µm) for stable isotope analyses. Size fractions are frozen (-20°C) in vials.
- ¼ split for fresh sorting on board and freezing of individual taxa (or the split will be frozen for later sorting of taxa in the lab) for stable isotope analyses—4 dominant taxa of copepods (e.g. Calanus, Centropages, Pseudocalanus, Oithona), as well as appendicularians and chaetognaths.

## Sampling Protocol for Oblique Bongo/Ring Net Tow
Upon retrieval, the nets are rinsed on the outside with a seawater hose to ensure that all plankton are collected in the cod ends. The cod ends are then carefully removed only after the water level is below the cod end opening, while positioned within a labeled and appropriate bucket. Labeled cod ends are then carried in their corresponding labeled buckets (distinguishing between the 335-µm and 150-µm mesh nets) into the wet lab for processing. In the wet laboratory, samples are split using a Folsom plankton splitter, and aliquots are processed according to established sample allocation. Aliquots are preserved in a 5% buffered formalin-seawater solution, 95% ethanol, or frozen, depending on the purpose of the sample. 

### Detailed methods:

#### Upon retrieval:
- Record flowmeter readings for each net.
- Rinse the nets thoroughly from the outside, starting at the top and working down to the cod end.
- If there are a few large organisms in the sample (e.g. jellies), remove them prior to splitting and preserve them separately in ethanol. Use the large (~5 mm) sieve if needed. Note the removal and preservation of organisms in the Bongo/Ring Event Log, specifying the net from which they were extracted, and lab their jar accordingly. 
- Rinse all sieves and any equipment with sample residue between each sample.
- Rinse all gear with freshwater upon completion of sampling for the cruise. 

#### For 335-µm sample:

- Split the sample with a Folsom plankton splitter.
- Put 3/4 of the 335 µm sample into a glass quart jar with formalin to a 12% formalin/seawater mix, buffer with 1:1 disodium phosphate:monosodium phosphate.
- Drain and gather the remaining ¼ split onto a ≤335-µm-mesh sieve and preserve in 95% ethanol using a glass pint jar. Jar should be at least 2/3’s full of ethanol and 1/3 or less of plankton.
- Ensure each sample is appropriately labeled both internally and externally.
- Store samples separately.

#### For the 150-µm sample:

- Split the sample with a Folsom plankton splitter.
- Preserve two ¼ splits in 95% ethanol by draining and collecting each on a 150 µm mesh sieve and transferring to a plastic pint jar using a squirt bottle of ethanol. One sample is designated for the Llopiz lab, and the other for the Rynearson lab. 
- One of the remaining ¼ splits gets size fractionated on 1000 µm, 500 µm, and 200 µm sieves, and what is collected on each sieve gets drained and transferred to a cryovial and then frozen at -20°C. 
- The other ¼ split will be drained and frozen at maximum -20°C.
- Ensure each sample is appropriately labeled both internally and externally.
- Place ethanol-preserved splits in their appropriate boxes (Llopiz and Rynearson labs)

#### For the 20-µm net sample:

- This sample is non-quantitative. Target a well-mixed sub-sample.
- Size fractions 100-200 µm and 20-100-µm are retained, drained and transferred to a cryovial and then frozen at -20°C.

#### Size-fractionation:
Zooplankton samples for stable isotope analysis originate from the 150 µm mesh bongo net and 20 µm ring net (no size-fractionated zooplankton collected from 335 µm). 
First, samples are split using a Folsom splitter and then separated by size using sieves of varying mesh sizes (metal sieves for 1000 µm, 500 µm, and 200 µm; and PVC fitted with mesh for the 100 µm and 20 µm sieves). During this process, samples are rinsed with filtered seawater only (not ethanol) to avoid contamination. A quarter (¼) of the sample collected with the 150 µm mesh net is apportioned for the &gt;1000 µm, 500-1000 µm, and 200-500 µm size-fractionated samples. The entire sample collected using the 20 µm ring net is apportioned/allocated to the 20-100 µm and 100-200 µm size fractions. Size fractions are drained, material transferred to cryovials and frozen in -20°C freezer. 

Size fractions:

|Net |Sieve | Fraction |
|--|-------------|-------------------|
|150-µm bongo|1000 µm|&gt; 1000 µm|
|150-µm bongo|500 µm|500-1000 µm|
|150-µm bongo|200 µm|200-500 µm|
|20-µm ring|100 µm|100-200 µm|
|20-µm ring|20 µm|20-100 µm|

#### 24 hrs after sampling:
- Drain and replace the ethanol of ethanol-preserved samples. Note the date changed on the external jar labels and on the Bongo Event Log sheet.
- Test the pH of formalin samples and add additional buffer if the pH is &lt;7.

#### Post-cruise:
- Ensure that samples are promptly delivered to their respective labs.
- Advise whether any samples require additional ethanol changes.

## Sampling Protocol for Vertical Tow Ring Net
Sieve the sample using only seawater and transfer it directly into the jar for preservation. The entire sample will go into a single jar with 95% ethanol. Ethanol will be changed 24hrs after initial preservation.

#### Detailed methods:

#### Upon retrieval:
- Drain the contents into a 150-µm sieve and use pre-filtered seawater to rinse the cod end. Make sure the mesh on the cod end is rinsed well.
- If there are a few large organisms in the sample (e.g. gelatinous or fish), remove them and preserve them separately in ethanol. Use the large (~5 mm) sieve if needed.
- Transfer the entire sample to a plastic 16 oz or 4 oz jar, depending on sample density.
- Ensure each sample is appropriately labeled both internally and externally.
- Rinse all sieves and anything with sample residue with freshwater between each station.
- Rinse all gear with freshwater upon completion of sampling for the cruise.

#### 24 hrs after sampling:
- Drain and replace the ethanol of ethanol-preserved samples. Note the date changed on the external jar labels and on the Ring Net Event Log sheet.

# Calculations

## Sampling Depth 
Data collected with the Star-Oddi DST centi-TD time-depth recorder (TDR) miniature temperature and pressure (depth) data logger is included in this package. The TDR is set up to collect data every second during the bongo nets descent and ascent. Sometimes the TDR had a depth offset, these values were corrected prior to data publishing, so the TDR depth reported here is correct. In some instances, the sampling depth (net maximum depth) was not recorded by the time-depth recorder (TDR) or the CTD attached to the bongo wire. When this occurred during oblique bongo tows, we estimated the maximum tow depth (in meters, necessary for calculating depth integrated meters squared abundance values) using the following equation based on the straight cosine law:
Z = L * cos(α)

Where:
- Z = estimated maximum tow depth (in meters),
- L = length of wire paid out (in meters),
- Α = wire angle (in radians)

For vertical tows, where no wire angle measurement is available, the net depth was assumed to be equal to the maximum wire paid out. When TDR, wire out, and wire angle information were unavailable, the target net depth was used as the net sampling depth. 

A secondary flag with comments provides information about when this estimation was used. The primary flag for these cases, where TDR/CTD depths are unavailable, is set to 3 (more on data flags below). 

The sampling depth is found in the net\_max\_depth column of the metadata file.

## Volume of Water Filtered
The volume of water filtered was calculated using the following equation:
V = (R)(Ff)(A)
Where:
- V = calculated volume of water filtered (in meters cubed)
- R = number of flowmeter revolutions during tow
- Ff  = factory calibration factor (in meters per revolution) = 0.26873
- A = area of net mouth (in meters squared) = 0.2922

When flowmeters failed, the following equation was used to calculate volume of water filtered:

V = (A)(T)(S)

Where:
- V = calculated volume of water filtered (in meters cubed)
- A = area of net mouth (in meters squared) = 0.2922
- T  = duration of tow (in seconds)
- S = ship speed during tow (in meters per second)

These values are recorded in the vol\_filtered\_m3\_335 and vol\_filtered\_m3\_150 columns of the metadata file. The comments indicate whether ship speed and tow duration were used instead of flowmeter readings to calculate the net volume sampled. 

## Standard Haul Factor

Standard haul factors are provided to make multiple tows comparable. These were calculated using:

For 10 meters squared:

H = (Z * 10) / volume of water sampled (meters cubed)

Where:
- H = area (10 meters squared)
- Z = Maximum tow depth (in meters) [net\_max\_depth_m column]

For 100 meters cubed:

H = 100 / volume of water sampled (meters cubed)

Where:
- H = volume (100 meters cubed) 

# Storage Protocols Post-Cruise

Post-cruise sample allocation and storage:

## Llopiz Lab

### Preservation method:
- Morphological ID (MorphID): Ethanol
- Stable isotope analysis on size fractions (SIA): Frozen 
- Taxa-picking: Frozen 

### Short Term Storage
- Samples are examined for proper preservation and ethanol is changed if needed. Date of change is recorded on the jar.
- A layer of electrical tape is wrapped around the opening of the jar to prevent evaporation.
- Jars are placed in cardboard boxes organized roughly by cruise and date.
- Boxes are labeled with the cruise IDs and MVCO dates if applicable.
- Boxes of samples are stored in Llopiz lab: Redfield 226 with ethanol safety tag on the outside of the box.

### Long Term Storage
- Samples are transferred to BioSpecs in the Llopiz storage area.
- In addition to the writing on the box for short term storage, sticker labels available from Phil Alatalo at WHOI are affixed to the boxes and the accompanying data sheet online is filled out.

## Rynearson Lab

### Preservation method:
- Metabarcoding (DNA) 150 µm mesh net: Ethanol
- Metabarcoding (DNA) 335 µm mesh net: Ethanol

### Long Term Storage
- Samples are checked a) for proper, legible labeling and b) to ensure ethanol was changed after the initial fixation. If needed, labels are improved, and ethanol is changed where not yet done.
- Samples are stored in labeled cardboard boxes in drawers in the Rynearson lab.

## Richardson Working Group

### Preservation method:
- Morphological ID (MorphID): Formalin

### Short Term Storage
- In plankton lab on NEFSC Narragansett campus in Narragansett, RI.
- Samples are shipped to Poland a maximum of 3 times a year. These samples are processed following MARMAP NEFSC Sorting Protocols 5.3.1 ECOSYSTEM MONITORING - ZOOPLANKTON.

### Long Term Storage:
Ichthyoplankton:
- Vial of cephalopod paralarvae (not ID’ed to species)
- Vial of fish eggs (not ID’ed to species)
- Vial (1) of larval fish for each taxon

Zooplankton:
- Quarter aliquot of the sample
- Vial of individuals for each taxon from the 400+ aliquot of individuals. In some cases taxa are combined in the vials.

These samples are archived at the Narragansett Lab with samples dating back to the 1970s.

# Notes Regarding Cruises and Stations Included

Occasionally, the bongo net hits the sea floor during a tow, resulting in missed samples when there is no time to redeploy. Whenever possible, nets are rinsed and redeployed. In some cases, the sand and/or mud is sieved, and samples preserved. These occurrences are documented in the comment and data flags sections of the inventory data package. 

Bongo and ring net samples were not collected at the following cruises (stations), primarily due to time constraints, bad weather, or instances where the bongo hit the bottom without time for a redo: EN608 (L8), EN644 (L8), EN655 (L8, L11, MVCO), AR32 (L2, L4, L8, L9, MVCO), AR63 (L1, L3, L6, L8, L9, L10, L11, MVCO), AR38 (L1, L5, L8, MVCO), EN661 (L6, L7, L8, L9), AT46 (L10), and EN712 (L6). EN627 u11c was an opportunistic sample.

The following cruises only used a 30-cm ring net (no bongo net) with a 150 µm mesh mainly for MorphID samples (for Llopiz lab): AR31A, AR39B, AR34B, AR31A, AR28B, AR61B, AR66B. These samples were all non-quantitative vertical tows (no oblique). In the inventory data, these cruises have “NA” for most of the sample inventory collection since they were not part of the protocol yet. These were cruises with OOI collaborators. Upcoming cruises will continue using the bongo net and its associated protocol for oblique tows to obtain quantitative zooplankton data (i.e., abundances).
For cruises HRS2303 and AR77, only ship speed over ground is available, with no data on speed through water. Ship speed for cruise EN720 was not yet available at the time of package assembly, so an estimated value of 2 knots was used.
# Data Flags
Data quality flags were assigned following the Ocean Best Practices UNESCO 2013 IOC 54:V3 IODE Quality Flag Standard  [Available here: https://www.iode.org/index.php?option=com_oe&amp;task=viewDocumentRecord&amp;docID=10762]: 

|Flag|Description|
|----|----|
|1|Good (passed documented required QC tests)|
|2|Not evaluated, not available, or unknown (no QC test performed or information on quality is not available)|
|3|Questionable/suspect or of high interest|
|4|Bad (failed critical documented QC test(s) or as assigned by the data provider)|



Advanced Flagging Scheme:

In addition to the primary flags, the Ocean Best Practices UNESCO 2013 IOC 54:V3 standard also describes an advanced flagging scheme with more detailed commentary, helping to clarify and provide additional context. In this data set, this scheme includes comments such as:
- Depth recorder (TDR) data not available. Net max depth was calculated based on wire information (cosine law).
- Target depth used for net max depth due to unavailable TDR data and wire information.
- Target depth used for net max depth due to unavailable wire data for Ring Net.
# Quality Assurance and Data Package Assembly

To ensure the accuracy of the entries for physical samples from zooplankton net tows, data was validated using R. This involved checking for ranges of values and unique strings in each column. All coordinates were plotted on a map to ensure that the values were within reasonable ranges. Errors in manually written latitude and longitude were fixed based on the ship’s event log entries. Entries were cross-referenced with the scanned Bongo/Ring Event Log sheets and the event log for each cruise. Missing values were identified, and NAs assigned. Documentation is available at https://github.com/cabanelas/nes\_lter\_zooplankton\_inventory\_v2.

Data package assembly with metadata templates was completed in R, with documentation available at https://github.com/WHOIGit/nes-lter-zooplankton-transect-inventory.

# Differences From Previous Version

This is the second version of the NES-LTER zooplankton inventory data package [knb-lter-nes24.2]. The previous data package [knb-lter-nes24.1] included sample inventory data for 16 cruises; version two adds 11 for a total of 27 cruises. New in this version is the tow metadata table. Methods were edited and updated. Some column names and descriptions were updated.

Cruises in v1: EN608, EN617, EN627, EN644, EN649, EN655, AR28B, AR31A, AR32, AR34B, AR38, AR39B, AR61B, AR63, EN657, and EN661. New cruises in v2: EN668, AT46, EN687, EN695, HRS2303, EN706, AR77, EN712, AR66B, EN715, and EN720 .

# Related Packages 

Other related packages include event log data package [knb-lter-nes.20.1] and zooplankton abundance data package [knb-lter-nes.25.1] for transect cruises. 

</markdown>
        </description>
      </methodStep>
    </methods>
    <project>
      <title>LTER: Scales of Variability in Ecosystem Dynamics and Production on the Changing Northeast U.S. Shelf (NES II)</title>
      <personnel>
        <individualName>
          <givenName>Heidi</givenName>
          <surName>Sosik</surName>
        </individualName>
        <electronicMailAddress>hsosik@whoi.edu</electronicMailAddress>
        <userId directory="https://orcid.org">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4591-2842</userId>
        <role>Principal Investigator</role>
      </personnel>
      <personnel>
        <individualName>
          <givenName>Changsheng</givenName>
          <surName>Chen</surName>
        </individualName>
        <electronicMailAddress>c1chen@umassd.edu</electronicMailAddress>
        <userId directory="https://orcid.org">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8715-6101</userId>
        <role>Co-Principal Investigator</role>
      </personnel>
      <personnel>
        <individualName>
          <givenName>Rubao</givenName>
          <surName>Ji</surName>
        </individualName>
        <electronicMailAddress>rji@whoi.edu</electronicMailAddress>
        <userId directory="https://orcid.org">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8839-5427</userId>
        <role>Co-Principal Investigator</role>
      </personnel>
      <personnel>
        <individualName>
          <givenName>Joel</givenName>
          <surName>Llopiz</surName>
        </individualName>
        <electronicMailAddress>jllopiz@whoi.edu</electronicMailAddress>
        <userId directory="https://orcid.org">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7584-7471</userId>
        <role>Co-Principal Investigator</role>
      </personnel>
      <personnel>
        <individualName>
          <givenName>Susanne</givenName>
          <surName>Menden-Deuer</surName>
        </individualName>
        <electronicMailAddress>smenden@uri.edu</electronicMailAddress>
        <userId directory="https://orcid.org">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8434-4251</userId>
        <role>Co-Principal Investigator</role>
      </personnel>
      <personnel>
        <individualName>
          <givenName>Michael</givenName>
          <surName>Neubert</surName>
        </individualName>
        <electronicMailAddress>mneubert@whoi.edu</electronicMailAddress>
        <userId directory="https://orcid.org">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8820-5008</userId>
        <role>Co-Principal Investigator</role>
      </personnel>
      <personnel>
        <individualName>
          <givenName>Tatiana</givenName>
          <surName>Rynearson</surName>
        </individualName>
        <electronicMailAddress>rynearson@uri.edu</electronicMailAddress>
        <userId directory="https://orcid.org">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2951-0066</userId>
        <role>Co-Principal Investigator</role>
      </personnel>
      <personnel>
        <individualName>
          <givenName>Mei</givenName>
          <surName>Sato</surName>
        </individualName>
        <electronicMailAddress>msato@whoi.edu</electronicMailAddress>
        <userId directory="https://orcid.org">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4860-2476</userId>
        <role>Co-Principal Investigator</role>
      </personnel>
      <personnel>
        <individualName>
          <givenName>Rachel</givenName>
          <surName>Stanley</surName>
        </individualName>
        <electronicMailAddress>rstanle2@wellesley.edu</electronicMailAddress>
        <userId directory="https://orcid.org">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4860-2476</userId>
        <role>Co-Principal Investigator</role>
      </personnel>
      <personnel>
        <individualName>
          <givenName>Weifeng</givenName>
          <surName>Zhang</surName>
        </individualName>
        <electronicMailAddress>wzhang@whoi.edu</electronicMailAddress>
        <userId directory="https://orcid.org">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2819-1780</userId>
        <role>Co-Principal Investigator</role>
      </personnel>
      <abstract>
        <para>The Northeast U.S. Shelf (NES) Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) project integrates observations, experiments, and models to understand and predict how planktonic food webs are changing, and how those changes impact the productivity of higher trophic levels. The NES-LTER is co-located with the Northeast U.S. Continental Shelf Large Marine Ecosystem, spanning the Middle Atlantic Bight and Gulf of Maine. Our focal cross-shelf transect extends about 150 km southward from Martha’s Vineyard, MA, to just beyond the shelf break. Our overarching question is: How is climate change impacting the pelagic NES ecosystem and, in particular, affecting the relationship between compositional (e.g., species diversity and size structure) and aggregate (e.g., rates of primary production, and transfer of energy to important forage fish species) variability?</para>
      </abstract>
      <funding>
        <para>NSF Award OCE-2322676</para>
      </funding>
      <relatedProject>
        <title>LTER: Linking Pelagic Community Structure with Ecosystem Dynamics and Production Regimes on the Changing Northeast US Shelf (NES I)</title>
        <personnel>
          <individualName>
            <givenName>Heidi</givenName>
            <surName>Sosik</surName>
          </individualName>
          <electronicMailAddress>hsosik@whoi.edu</electronicMailAddress>
          <userId directory="https://orcid.org">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4591-2842</userId>
          <role>Principal Investigator</role>
        </personnel>
        <funding>NSF Award OCE-1655686</funding>
      </relatedProject>
      <relatedProject>
        <title>RAPID: Collaborative Research: Autumn transition in plankton ecology during an ocean heatwave on the Northeast U.S. Shelf</title>
        <personnel>
          <individualName>
            <givenName>Heidi</givenName>
            <surName>Sosik</surName>
          </individualName>
          <electronicMailAddress>hsosik@whoi.edu</electronicMailAddress>
          <userId directory="https://orcid.org">0000-0002-4591-2842</userId>
          <role>Principal Investigator</role>
        </personnel>
        <award>
          <funderName>National Science Foundation</funderName>
          <awardNumber>NSF Award OCE-210243</awardNumber>
          <title>RAPID: Collaborative Research: Autumn transition in plankton ecology during an ocean heatwave on the Northeast U.S. Shelf</title>
        </award>
      </relatedProject>
      <relatedProject>
        <title>Management and Operation of the Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI)</title>
        <personnel>
          <individualName>
            <givenName>James</givenName>
            <surName>Edson</surName>
          </individualName>
          <electronicMailAddress>jedson@whoi.edu</electronicMailAddress>
          <userId directory="https://orcid.org">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8777-031X</userId>
          <role>Principal Investigator</role>
        </personnel>
        <funding>NSF Award OCE-1743430</funding>
      </relatedProject>
    </project>
    <dataTable>
      <entityName>nes-lter-zooplankton-transect-inventory</entityName>
      <entityDescription>Zooplankton sample inventory for NES-LTER Transect cruises</entityDescription>
      <physical>
        <objectName>nes-lter-zooplankton-transect-inventory-v2.csv</objectName>
        <size unit="bytes">261715</size>
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      <attributeList>
        <attribute>
          <attributeName>cruise</attributeName>
          <attributeDefinition>Identifier for research cruise, generally including abbreviation for research vessel and voyage number</attributeDefinition>
          <storageType>string</storageType>
          <measurementScale>
            <nominal>
              <nonNumericDomain>
                <textDomain>
                  <definition>Identifier for research cruise, generally including abbreviation for research vessel and voyage number</definition>
                </textDomain>
              </nonNumericDomain>
            </nominal>
          </measurementScale>
        </attribute>
        <attribute>
          <attributeName>station</attributeName>
          <attributeDefinition>NES-LTER standard station nearest to the sample location</attributeDefinition>
          <storageType>string</storageType>
          <measurementScale>
            <nominal>
              <nonNumericDomain>
                <textDomain>
                  <definition>NES-LTER standard station nearest to the sample location</definition>
                </textDomain>
              </nonNumericDomain>
            </nominal>
          </measurementScale>
        </attribute>
        <attribute>
          <attributeName>cast</attributeName>
          <attributeDefinition>CTD rosette cast number chronological per cruise</attributeDefinition>
          <storageType>float</storageType>
          <measurementScale>
            <ratio>
              <unit>
                <standardUnit>dimensionless</standardUnit>
              </unit>
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                <numberType>natural</numberType>
                <bounds>
                  <minimum exclusive="false">1</minimum>
                  <maximum exclusive="false">45</maximum>
                </bounds>
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          </measurementScale>
        </attribute>
        <attribute>
          <attributeName>cast_type</attributeName>
          <attributeDefinition>Type of cast whether oblique or vertical</attributeDefinition>
          <storageType>string</storageType>
          <measurementScale>
            <nominal>
              <nonNumericDomain>
                <enumeratedDomain>
                  <codeDefinition>
                    <code>oblique</code>
                    <definition>Single net or net pair oblique tow http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/B07/current/NDT007/</definition>
                  </codeDefinition>
                  <codeDefinition>
                    <code>vertical</code>
                    <definition>Single net or net pair vertical tow http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/B07/current/NDT001/</definition>
                  </codeDefinition>
                </enumeratedDomain>
              </nonNumericDomain>
            </nominal>
          </measurementScale>
        </attribute>
        <attribute>
          <attributeName>net_type</attributeName>
          <attributeDefinition>Type of net deployed</attributeDefinition>
          <storageType>string</storageType>
          <measurementScale>
            <nominal>
              <nonNumericDomain>
                <enumeratedDomain>
                  <codeDefinition>
                    <code>Ring</code>
                    <definition>Gimbal-ring zooplankton sampler - Kozasa (1984) http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L22/current/NETT0045/</definition>
                  </codeDefinition>
                  <codeDefinition>
                    <code>Bongo</code>
                    <definition>Bongo net http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/L22/current/NETT0176/</definition>
                  </codeDefinition>
                </enumeratedDomain>
              </nonNumericDomain>
            </nominal>
          </measurementScale>
        </attribute>
        <attribute>
          <attributeName>mesh</attributeName>
          <attributeDefinition>Mesh size of the net used</attributeDefinition>
          <storageType>string</storageType>
          <measurementScale>
            <nominal>
              <nonNumericDomain>
                <enumeratedDomain>
                  <codeDefinition>
                    <code>150</code>
                    <definition>Mesh size is 150 microns.</definition>
                  </codeDefinition>
                  <codeDefinition>
                    <code>335</code>
                    <definition>Mesh size is 335 microns.</definition>
                  </codeDefinition>
                  <codeDefinition>
                    <code>20</code>
                    <definition>Mesh size is 20 microns.</definition>
                  </codeDefinition>
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              </nonNumericDomain>
            </nominal>
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        </attribute>
        <attribute>
          <attributeName>purpose</attributeName>
          <attributeDefinition>Intended use of sample</attributeDefinition>
          <storageType>string</storageType>
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            <nominal>
              <nonNumericDomain>
                <enumeratedDomain>
                  <codeDefinition>
                    <code>DNA</code>
                    <definition>Sample for DNA meta-barcoding of the entire sample.</definition>
                  </codeDefinition>
                  <codeDefinition>
                    <code>morphID</code>
                    <definition>Sample for morphological identification.</definition>
                  </codeDefinition>
                  <codeDefinition>
                    <code>stableisotope</code>
                    <definition>Sample for stable isotope analysis.</definition>
                  </codeDefinition>
                  <codeDefinition>
                    <code>taxapicking</code>
                    <definition>Used to select single taxa for stable isotopes, DNA barcoding, morphological ID, or other opportunistic analysis.</definition>
                  </codeDefinition>
                  <codeDefinition>
                    <code>other</code>
                    <definition>Purpose to be determined.</definition>
                  </codeDefinition>
                </enumeratedDomain>
              </nonNumericDomain>
            </nominal>
          </measurementScale>
        </attribute>
        <attribute>
          <attributeName>stableisotope_sizerange</attributeName>
          <attributeDefinition>Size range of sample size fractions</attributeDefinition>
          <storageType>string</storageType>
          <measurementScale>
            <nominal>
              <nonNumericDomain>
                <enumeratedDomain>
                  <codeDefinition>
                    <code>&gt;1000</code>
                    <definition>Ambient zooplankton greater than 1000 microns.</definition>
                  </codeDefinition>
                  <codeDefinition>
                    <code>&gt;500&amp;&lt;1000</code>
                    <definition>Ambient zooplankton greater than 500 and smaller than 1000 microns.</definition>
                  </codeDefinition>
                  <codeDefinition>
                    <code>&gt;200&amp;&lt;500</code>
                    <definition>Ambient zooplankton greater than 200 and smaller than 500 microns.</definition>
                  </codeDefinition>
                  <codeDefinition>
                    <code>&gt;100&amp;&lt;200</code>
                    <definition>Ambient zooplankton greater than 100 and smaller than 200 microns.</definition>
                  </codeDefinition>
                  <codeDefinition>
                    <code>&gt;20&amp;&lt;100</code>
                    <definition>Ambient zooplankton greater than 20 and smaller than 100 microns.</definition>
                  </codeDefinition>
                </enumeratedDomain>
              </nonNumericDomain>
            </nominal>
          </measurementScale>
        </attribute>
        <attribute>
          <attributeName>PI_recipient</attributeName>
          <attributeDefinition>Principal investigator or lab responsible for storing or processing the sample</attributeDefinition>
          <storageType>string</storageType>
          <measurementScale>
            <nominal>
              <nonNumericDomain>
                <enumeratedDomain>
                  <codeDefinition>
                    <code>Rynearson</code>
                    <definition>Tatiana Rynearson, URI</definition>
                  </codeDefinition>
                  <codeDefinition>
                    <code>Llopiz</code>
                    <definition>Joel Llopiz, WHOI</definition>
                  </codeDefinition>
                  <codeDefinition>
                    <code>Richardson</code>
                    <definition>David Richardson, NOAA NEFSC</definition>
                  </codeDefinition>
                </enumeratedDomain>
              </nonNumericDomain>
            </nominal>
          </measurementScale>
        </attribute>
        <attribute>
          <attributeName>fixative</attributeName>
          <attributeDefinition>Method of preservation used on the sample</attributeDefinition>
          <storageType>string</storageType>
          <measurementScale>
            <nominal>
              <nonNumericDomain>
                <enumeratedDomain>
                  <codeDefinition>
                    <code>EtOH</code>
                    <definition>95% Ethanol</definition>
                  </codeDefinition>
                  <codeDefinition>
                    <code>Frz</code>
                    <definition>Frozen at a minimum of -20C.</definition>
                  </codeDefinition>
                  <codeDefinition>
                    <code>F/SW</code>
                    <definition>12% formalin (buffered) and filtered seawater.</definition>
                  </codeDefinition>
                </enumeratedDomain>
              </nonNumericDomain>
            </nominal>
          </measurementScale>
        </attribute>
        <attribute>
          <attributeName>net_fraction</attributeName>
          <attributeDefinition>Fraction of the sample jar used for a respective sample from each net</attributeDefinition>
          <storageType>float</storageType>
          <measurementScale>
            <ratio>
              <unit>
                <standardUnit>dimensionless</standardUnit>
              </unit>
              <numericDomain>
                <numberType>real</numberType>
                <bounds>
                  <minimum exclusive="false">0</minimum>
                  <maximum exclusive="false">1</maximum>
                </bounds>
              </numericDomain>
            </ratio>
          </measurementScale>
        </attribute>
        <attribute>
          <attributeName>no_of_jars</attributeName>
          <attributeDefinition>The number of sample vessels preserved from the catch</attributeDefinition>
          <storageType>float</storageType>
          <measurementScale>
            <ratio>
              <unit>
                <standardUnit>dimensionless</standardUnit>
              </unit>
              <numericDomain>
                <numberType>whole</numberType>
                <bounds>
                  <minimum exclusive="false">0</minimum>
                  <maximum exclusive="false">3</maximum>
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              </numericDomain>
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          </measurementScale>
        </attribute>
        <attribute>
          <attributeName>comments_logsheets</attributeName>
          <attributeDefinition>Comments from the paper field sheets</attributeDefinition>
          <storageType>string</storageType>
          <measurementScale>
            <nominal>
              <nonNumericDomain>
                <textDomain>
                  <definition>Comments from the paper field sheets</definition>
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              </nonNumericDomain>
            </nominal>
          </measurementScale>
        </attribute>
        <attribute>
          <attributeName>comments_reMissingSample</attributeName>
          <attributeDefinition>Comments explaining why a sample is missing</attributeDefinition>
          <storageType>string</storageType>
          <measurementScale>
            <nominal>
              <nonNumericDomain>
                <textDomain>
                  <definition>Comments explaining why a sample is missing</definition>
                </textDomain>
              </nonNumericDomain>
            </nominal>
          </measurementScale>
        </attribute>
      </attributeList>
      <numberOfRecords>2187</numberOfRecords>
    </dataTable>
    <dataTable>
      <entityName>nes-lter-zooplankton-tow-metadata</entityName>
      <entityDescription>Zooplankton tow metadata for NES-LTER Transect cruises</entityDescription>
      <physical>
        <objectName>nes-lter-zooplankton-tow-metadata-v2.csv</objectName>
        <size unit="bytes">114547</size>
        <authentication method="MD5">79b4d319537046eef251b6c5f8d18506</authentication>
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      <attributeList>
        <attribute>
          <attributeName>cruise</attributeName>
          <attributeDefinition>Identifier for research cruise, generally including abbreviation for research vessel and voyage number</attributeDefinition>
          <storageType>string</storageType>
          <measurementScale>
            <nominal>
              <nonNumericDomain>
                <textDomain>
                  <definition>Identifier for research cruise, generally including abbreviation for research vessel and voyage number</definition>
                </textDomain>
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        </attribute>
        <attribute>
          <attributeName>station</attributeName>
          <attributeDefinition>NES-LTER standard station nearest to the sample location</attributeDefinition>
          <storageType>string</storageType>
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              <nonNumericDomain>
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                  <definition>NES-LTER standard station nearest to the sample location</definition>
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        </attribute>
        <attribute>
          <attributeName>cast</attributeName>
          <attributeDefinition>CTD rosette cast number chronological per cruise</attributeDefinition>
          <storageType>string</storageType>
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                  <definition>CTD rosette cast number chronological per cruise</definition>
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              </nonNumericDomain>
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        </attribute>
        <attribute>
          <attributeName>event</attributeName>
          <attributeDefinition>Sample identifier formatted as cruise_station_cast</attributeDefinition>
          <storageType>string</storageType>
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                  <definition>Sample identifier formatted as cruise_station_cast</definition>
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        </attribute>
        <attribute>
          <attributeName>datetime_UTC_start</attributeName>
          <attributeDefinition>Date and time event started in UTC</attributeDefinition>
          <storageType>date</storageType>
          <measurementScale>
            <dateTime>
              <formatString>YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss</formatString>
              <dateTimeDomain/>
            </dateTime>
          </measurementScale>
        </attribute>
        <attribute>
          <attributeName>datetime_UTC_end</attributeName>
          <attributeDefinition>Date and time event ended in UTC</attributeDefinition>
          <storageType>date</storageType>
          <measurementScale>
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              <formatString>YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss</formatString>
              <dateTimeDomain/>
            </dateTime>
          </measurementScale>
        </attribute>
        <attribute>
          <attributeName>decimalLatitudeStart</attributeName>
          <attributeDefinition>Latitude at net deployment</attributeDefinition>
          <storageType>float</storageType>
          <measurementScale>
            <ratio>
              <unit>
                <standardUnit>degree</standardUnit>
              </unit>
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                  <minimum exclusive="false">39.7509</minimum>
                  <maximum exclusive="false">41.524</maximum>
                </bounds>
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          </measurementScale>
        </attribute>
        <attribute>
          <attributeName>decimalLongitudeStart</attributeName>
          <attributeDefinition>Longitude at net deployment</attributeDefinition>
          <storageType>float</storageType>
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              <unit>
                <standardUnit>degree</standardUnit>
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          </measurementScale>
        </attribute>
        <attribute>
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          <attributeDefinition>Latitude at net recovery</attributeDefinition>
          <storageType>float</storageType>
          <measurementScale>
            <ratio>
              <unit>
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                </bounds>
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          </measurementScale>
        </attribute>
        <attribute>
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          <attributeDefinition>Longitude at net recovery</attributeDefinition>
          <storageType>float</storageType>
          <measurementScale>
            <ratio>
              <unit>
                <standardUnit>degree</standardUnit>
              </unit>
              <numericDomain>
                <numberType>real</numberType>
                <bounds>
                  <minimum exclusive="false">-71.0559</minimum>
                  <maximum exclusive="false">-70.524907</maximum>
                </bounds>
              </numericDomain>
            </ratio>
          </measurementScale>
        </attribute>
        <attribute>
          <attributeName>depth_bottom</attributeName>
          <attributeDefinition>Depth of the seafloor in sampling area http://vocab.nerc.ac.uk/collection/P09/current/BATH/</attributeDefinition>
          <storageType>float</storageType>
          <measurementScale>
            <ratio>
              <unit>
                <standardUnit>meter</standardUnit>
              </unit>
              <numericDomain>
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                <bounds>
                  <minimum exclusive="false">12</minimum>
                  <maximum exclusive="false">1830</maximum>
                </bounds>
              </numericDomain>
            </ratio>
          </measurementScale>
        </attribute>
        <attribute>
          <attributeName>depth_target</attributeName>
          <attributeDefinition>Target depth of net in meters (usually 5 m off the bottom or 200 m max).</attributeDefinition>
          <storageType>float</storageType>
          <measurementScale>
            <ratio>
              <unit>
                <standardUnit>meter</standardUnit>
              </unit>
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                  <minimum exclusive="false">6</minimum>
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        </attribute>
        <attribute>
          <attributeName>depth_TDR</attributeName>
          <attributeDefinition>Maximum depth of bongo frame as recorded by a SeaStart ODDI temperature depth recorder TDR</attributeDefinition>
          <storageType>float</storageType>
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            <ratio>
              <unit>
                <standardUnit>meter</standardUnit>
              </unit>
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                  <maximum exclusive="false">268</maximum>
                </bounds>
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          </measurementScale>
        </attribute>
        <attribute>
          <attributeName>net_max_depth</attributeName>
          <attributeDefinition>Maximum corrected depth sampled by zooplankton nets. This value comes from time depth recorder TDR, CTD mounted on Bongo wire, calculated using wire out and wire angle, or calculated based on maximum wire out for vertical Ring Net tows. This is the depth value used for depth integrated abundance.</attributeDefinition>
          <storageType>float</storageType>
          <measurementScale>
            <ratio>
              <unit>
                <standardUnit>meter</standardUnit>
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              <numericDomain>
                <numberType>real</numberType>
                <bounds>
                  <minimum exclusive="false">6.3</minimum>
                  <maximum exclusive="false">438</maximum>
                </bounds>
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          </measurementScale>
        </attribute>
        <attribute>
          <attributeName>avg_angle</attributeName>
          <attributeDefinition>Average angle of winch wire during oblique tows (not applicable for ring net only tows) in degrees. Estimated using a handheld inclinometer.</attributeDefinition>
          <storageType>float</storageType>
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            <ratio>
              <unit>
                <standardUnit>degree</standardUnit>
              </unit>
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                  <maximum exclusive="false">60</maximum>
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          </measurementScale>
        </attribute>
        <attribute>
          <attributeName>max_wire_out</attributeName>
          <attributeDefinition>Maximum length of winch wire deployed during the tow</attributeDefinition>
          <storageType>float</storageType>
          <measurementScale>
            <ratio>
              <unit>
                <standardUnit>meter</standardUnit>
              </unit>
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                <numberType>natural</numberType>
                <bounds>
                  <minimum exclusive="false">7</minimum>
                  <maximum exclusive="false">438</maximum>
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              </numericDomain>
            </ratio>
          </measurementScale>
        </attribute>
        <attribute>
          <attributeName>wire_rate_out</attributeName>
          <attributeDefinition>Rate at which the zooplankton net winch wire was deployed</attributeDefinition>
          <storageType>float</storageType>
          <measurementScale>
            <ratio>
              <unit>
                <customUnit>meterPerMinute</customUnit>
              </unit>
              <numericDomain>
                <numberType>natural</numberType>
                <bounds>
                  <minimum exclusive="false">5</minimum>
                  <maximum exclusive="false">30</maximum>
                </bounds>
              </numericDomain>
            </ratio>
          </measurementScale>
        </attribute>
        <attribute>
          <attributeName>wire_rate_in</attributeName>
          <attributeDefinition>Rate at which the zooplankton net winch wire was retrieved</attributeDefinition>
          <storageType>float</storageType>
          <measurementScale>
            <ratio>
              <unit>
                <customUnit>meterPerMinute</customUnit>
              </unit>
              <numericDomain>
                <numberType>natural</numberType>
                <bounds>
                  <minimum exclusive="false">4</minimum>
                  <maximum exclusive="false">30</maximum>
                </bounds>
              </numericDomain>
            </ratio>
          </measurementScale>
        </attribute>
        <attribute>
          <attributeName>STW_start</attributeName>
          <attributeDefinition>Ship speed through water at the start of the tow (in knots). This value is used to calculate volume sampled when flowmeters fail.</attributeDefinition>
          <storageType>float</storageType>
          <measurementScale>
            <ratio>
              <unit>
                <standardUnit>knot</standardUnit>
              </unit>
              <numericDomain>
                <numberType>real</numberType>
                <bounds>
                  <minimum exclusive="false">0</minimum>
                  <maximum exclusive="false">10.6</maximum>
                </bounds>
              </numericDomain>
            </ratio>
          </measurementScale>
        </attribute>
        <attribute>
          <attributeName>SOG_start</attributeName>
          <attributeDefinition>Ship speed over ground at the start of the tow</attributeDefinition>
          <storageType>float</storageType>
          <measurementScale>
            <ratio>
              <unit>
                <standardUnit>knot</standardUnit>
              </unit>
              <numericDomain>
                <numberType>real</numberType>
                <bounds>
                  <minimum exclusive="false">0.02</minimum>
                  <maximum exclusive="false">10.31</maximum>
                </bounds>
              </numericDomain>
            </ratio>
          </measurementScale>
        </attribute>
        <attribute>
          <attributeName>STW_end</attributeName>
          <attributeDefinition>Ship speed through water at the end of the tow</attributeDefinition>
          <storageType>float</storageType>
          <measurementScale>
            <ratio>
              <unit>
                <standardUnit>knot</standardUnit>
              </unit>
              <numericDomain>
                <numberType>real</numberType>
                <bounds>
                  <minimum exclusive="false">0.02</minimum>
                  <maximum exclusive="false">3.01</maximum>
                </bounds>
              </numericDomain>
            </ratio>
          </measurementScale>
        </attribute>
        <attribute>
          <attributeName>SOG_end</attributeName>
          <attributeDefinition>Ship speed over ground at the end of the tow</attributeDefinition>
          <storageType>float</storageType>
          <measurementScale>
            <ratio>
              <unit>
                <standardUnit>knot</standardUnit>
              </unit>
              <numericDomain>
                <numberType>real</numberType>
                <bounds>
                  <minimum exclusive="false">0.15</minimum>
                  <maximum exclusive="false">6.9</maximum>
                </bounds>
              </numericDomain>
            </ratio>
          </measurementScale>
        </attribute>
        <attribute>
          <attributeName>flowmeter_sn_335</attributeName>
          <attributeDefinition>Serial number of flowmeter used in 335 micron net  (typically 29914)</attributeDefinition>
          <storageType>float</storageType>
          <measurementScale>
            <ratio>
              <unit>
                <standardUnit>dimensionless</standardUnit>
              </unit>
              <numericDomain>
                <numberType>natural</numberType>
                <bounds>
                  <minimum exclusive="false">28517</minimum>
                  <maximum exclusive="false">29914</maximum>
                </bounds>
              </numericDomain>
            </ratio>
          </measurementScale>
        </attribute>
        <attribute>
          <attributeName>flow_start_335</attributeName>
          <attributeDefinition>Starting flowmeter value for 335 micron net.</attributeDefinition>
          <storageType>float</storageType>
          <measurementScale>
            <ratio>
              <unit>
                <standardUnit>dimensionless</standardUnit>
              </unit>
              <numericDomain>
                <numberType>natural</numberType>
                <bounds>
                  <minimum exclusive="false">19</minimum>
                  <maximum exclusive="false">999928</maximum>
                </bounds>
              </numericDomain>
            </ratio>
          </measurementScale>
        </attribute>
        <attribute>
          <attributeName>flow_end_335</attributeName>
          <attributeDefinition>Ending flowmeter value for 335 micron net.</attributeDefinition>
          <storageType>float</storageType>
          <measurementScale>
            <ratio>
              <unit>
                <standardUnit>dimensionless</standardUnit>
              </unit>
              <numericDomain>
                <numberType>natural</numberType>
                <bounds>
                  <minimum exclusive="false">2472</minimum>
                  <maximum exclusive="false">999927</maximum>
                </bounds>
              </numericDomain>
            </ratio>
          </measurementScale>
        </attribute>
        <attribute>
          <attributeName>tot_flow_counts_335</attributeName>
          <attributeDefinition>Difference between flow_start_335 and flow_end_335</attributeDefinition>
          <storageType>float</storageType>
          <measurementScale>
            <ratio>
              <unit>
                <standardUnit>dimensionless</standardUnit>
              </unit>
              <numericDomain>
                <numberType>natural</numberType>
                <bounds>
                  <minimum exclusive="false">326</minimum>
                  <maximum exclusive="false">946486</maximum>
                </bounds>
              </numericDomain>
            </ratio>
          </measurementScale>
        </attribute>
        <attribute>
          <attributeName>vol_filtered_335</attributeName>
          <attributeDefinition>((tot_flow_counts_335/10) * flowmeter calibration factor * gear area in meters squared) where flowmeter calibration factor = 0.26873 and gear area = 0.2922. When flowmeter failed, volume was calcuated using geometric approach (area of net mouth in meters squared * duration of tow in seconds * ship speed during tow in meters per second.</attributeDefinition>
          <storageType>float</storageType>
          <measurementScale>
            <ratio>
              <unit>
                <standardUnit>meterCubed</standardUnit>
              </unit>
              <numericDomain>
                <numberType>real</numberType>
                <bounds>
                  <minimum exclusive="false">33.28585985</minimum>
                  <maximum exclusive="false">818.1458622</maximum>
                </bounds>
              </numericDomain>
            </ratio>
          </measurementScale>
        </attribute>
        <attribute>
          <attributeName>NOAA_335</attributeName>
          <attributeDefinition>NOAA sample collected in 335 micron net?</attributeDefinition>
          <storageType>string</storageType>
          <measurementScale>
            <nominal>
              <nonNumericDomain>
                <enumeratedDomain>
                  <codeDefinition>
                    <code>Y</code>
                    <definition>Sample was collected for NOAA from 335 micron net</definition>
                  </codeDefinition>
                  <codeDefinition>
                    <code>N</code>
                    <definition>No sample was collected for NOAA from 335 micron net</definition>
                  </codeDefinition>
                </enumeratedDomain>
              </nonNumericDomain>
            </nominal>
          </measurementScale>
        </attribute>
        <attribute>
          <attributeName>DNA_335</attributeName>
          <attributeDefinition>DNA sample collected in 335 micron net?</attributeDefinition>
          <storageType>string</storageType>
          <measurementScale>
            <nominal>
              <nonNumericDomain>
                <enumeratedDomain>
                  <codeDefinition>
                    <code>Y</code>
                    <definition>Sample was collected for DNA from 335 micron net</definition>
                  </codeDefinition>
                  <codeDefinition>
                    <code>N</code>
                    <definition>No sample was collected for DNA from 335 micron net</definition>
                  </codeDefinition>
                </enumeratedDomain>
              </nonNumericDomain>
            </nominal>
          </measurementScale>
        </attribute>
        <attribute>
          <attributeName>flowmeter_sn_150</attributeName>
          <attributeDefinition>Serial number of flowmeter  used in 150 micron net (typically 29913)</attributeDefinition>
          <storageType>float</storageType>
          <measurementScale>
            <ratio>
              <unit>
                <standardUnit>dimensionless</standardUnit>
              </unit>
              <numericDomain>
                <numberType>natural</numberType>
                <bounds>
                  <minimum exclusive="false">28517</minimum>
                  <maximum exclusive="false">29914</maximum>
                </bounds>
              </numericDomain>
            </ratio>
          </measurementScale>
        </attribute>
        <attribute>
          <attributeName>flow_start_150</attributeName>
          <attributeDefinition>Starting flowmeter value for 150 micron net.</attributeDefinition>
          <storageType>float</storageType>
          <measurementScale>
            <ratio>
              <unit>
                <standardUnit>dimensionless</standardUnit>
              </unit>
              <numericDomain>
                <numberType>natural</numberType>
                <bounds>
                  <minimum exclusive="false">9</minimum>
                  <maximum exclusive="false">996096</maximum>
                </bounds>
              </numericDomain>
            </ratio>
          </measurementScale>
        </attribute>
        <attribute>
          <attributeName>flow_end_150</attributeName>
          <attributeDefinition>Ending flowmeter value for 150 micron net.</attributeDefinition>
          <storageType>float</storageType>
          <measurementScale>
            <ratio>
              <unit>
                <standardUnit>dimensionless</standardUnit>
              </unit>
              <numericDomain>
                <numberType>natural</numberType>
                <bounds>
                  <minimum exclusive="false">96</minimum>
                  <maximum exclusive="false">996095</maximum>
                </bounds>
              </numericDomain>
            </ratio>
          </measurementScale>
        </attribute>
        <attribute>
          <attributeName>tot_flow_counts_150</attributeName>
          <attributeDefinition>Difference between flow_start_150 and flow_end_150 for total flow.</attributeDefinition>
          <storageType>float</storageType>
          <measurementScale>
            <ratio>
              <unit>
                <standardUnit>dimensionless</standardUnit>
              </unit>
              <numericDomain>
                <numberType>natural</numberType>
                <bounds>
                  <minimum exclusive="false">1432</minimum>
                  <maximum exclusive="false">303328</maximum>
                </bounds>
              </numericDomain>
            </ratio>
          </measurementScale>
        </attribute>
        <attribute>
          <attributeName>vol_filtered_150</attributeName>
          <attributeDefinition>((tot_flow_counts_150/10) * flowmeter calibration factor * gear area in meters squared) where flowmeter calibration factor = 0.26873 and gear area = 0.2922. When flowmeter failed, volume was calcuated using geometric approach (area of net mouth in meters squared * duration of tow in seconds * ship speed during tow in meters per second.</attributeDefinition>
          <storageType>float</storageType>
          <measurementScale>
            <ratio>
              <unit>
                <standardUnit>meterCubed</standardUnit>
              </unit>
              <numericDomain>
                <numberType>real</numberType>
                <bounds>
                  <minimum exclusive="false">30.074273</minimum>
                  <maximum exclusive="false">800.1955259</maximum>
                </bounds>
              </numericDomain>
            </ratio>
          </measurementScale>
        </attribute>
        <attribute>
          <attributeName>morph_ID_150</attributeName>
          <attributeDefinition>MorphID sample collected in 150 micron net?</attributeDefinition>
          <storageType>string</storageType>
          <measurementScale>
            <nominal>
              <nonNumericDomain>
                <enumeratedDomain>
                  <codeDefinition>
                    <code>Y</code>
                    <definition>Sample was collected for NOAA from 335 micron net</definition>
                  </codeDefinition>
                  <codeDefinition>
                    <code>N</code>
                    <definition>No sample was collected for NOAA from 335 micron net</definition>
                  </codeDefinition>
                </enumeratedDomain>
              </nonNumericDomain>
            </nominal>
          </measurementScale>
        </attribute>
        <attribute>
          <attributeName>DNA_150</attributeName>
          <attributeDefinition>DNA sample collected in 150 micron net?</attributeDefinition>
          <storageType>string</storageType>
          <measurementScale>
            <nominal>
              <nonNumericDomain>
                <enumeratedDomain>
                  <codeDefinition>
                    <code>Y</code>
                    <definition>Sample was collected for DNA from 150 micron net</definition>
                  </codeDefinition>
                  <codeDefinition>
                    <code>N</code>
                    <definition>No sample was collected for DNA from 150 micron net</definition>
                  </codeDefinition>
                </enumeratedDomain>
              </nonNumericDomain>
            </nominal>
          </measurementScale>
        </attribute>
        <attribute>
          <attributeName>size_fract_150</attributeName>
          <attributeDefinition>Size fractions sample collected in 150 micron net? Various size fractions are taken from this, if any were taken this is marked as Yes even if some are missing.</attributeDefinition>
          <storageType>string</storageType>
          <measurementScale>
            <nominal>
              <nonNumericDomain>
                <enumeratedDomain>
                  <codeDefinition>
                    <code>Y</code>
                    <definition>Size fractioned sample was collected. Various size fractions are taken from this net; if any were taken this is marked as Yes even if some are missing.</definition>
                  </codeDefinition>
                  <codeDefinition>
                    <code>N</code>
                    <definition>No size fractions were collected from 150 micron net</definition>
                  </codeDefinition>
                </enumeratedDomain>
              </nonNumericDomain>
            </nominal>
          </measurementScale>
        </attribute>
        <attribute>
          <attributeName>taxa_pick_150</attributeName>
          <attributeDefinition>Taxa picking sample collected in 150 micron net?</attributeDefinition>
          <storageType>string</storageType>
          <measurementScale>
            <nominal>
              <nonNumericDomain>
                <enumeratedDomain>
                  <codeDefinition>
                    <code>Y</code>
                    <definition>Taxa picking sample was collected from 150 micron net</definition>
                  </codeDefinition>
                  <codeDefinition>
                    <code>N</code>
                    <definition>No taxa picking sample was collected from 150 micron net</definition>
                  </codeDefinition>
                </enumeratedDomain>
              </nonNumericDomain>
            </nominal>
          </measurementScale>
        </attribute>
        <attribute>
          <attributeName>size_fract_20</attributeName>
          <attributeDefinition>Size fractions sample collected in 20 micron ring net? Various size fractions are taken from this, if any were taken this is marked as Yes even if some are missing.</attributeDefinition>
          <storageType>string</storageType>
          <measurementScale>
            <nominal>
              <nonNumericDomain>
                <enumeratedDomain>
                  <codeDefinition>
                    <code>Y</code>
                    <definition>Size fractioned sample was collected. Various size fractions are taken from this net; if any were taken this is marked as Yes even if some are missing.</definition>
                  </codeDefinition>
                  <codeDefinition>
                    <code>N</code>
                    <definition>No size fractions were collected from 20 micron net</definition>
                  </codeDefinition>
                </enumeratedDomain>
              </nonNumericDomain>
            </nominal>
          </measurementScale>
        </attribute>
        <attribute>
          <attributeName>haul_factor_10m2_335</attributeName>
          <attributeDefinition>Standard haul factor for the 335 micron net, calculated as (net_max_depth_m * 10) / vol_filtered_m3_335. This standardizes the tow to a sampling area of 10 meters squared, to make tows comparable.</attributeDefinition>
          <storageType>float</storageType>
          <measurementScale>
            <ratio>
              <unit>
                <standardUnit>dimensionless</standardUnit>
              </unit>
              <numericDomain>
                <numberType>real</numberType>
                <bounds>
                  <minimum exclusive="false">0.325848814</minimum>
                  <maximum exclusive="false">19.42566612</maximum>
                </bounds>
              </numericDomain>
            </ratio>
          </measurementScale>
        </attribute>
        <attribute>
          <attributeName>haul_factor_10m2_150</attributeName>
          <attributeDefinition>Standard haul factor for the 150 micron net, calculated as (net_max_depth_m * 10) / vol_filtered_m3_150. This standardizes the tow to a sampling area of 10 meters squared, to make tows comparable.</attributeDefinition>
          <storageType>float</storageType>
          <measurementScale>
            <ratio>
              <unit>
                <standardUnit>dimensionless</standardUnit>
              </unit>
              <numericDomain>
                <numberType>real</numberType>
                <bounds>
                  <minimum exclusive="false">0.325848814</minimum>
                  <maximum exclusive="false">20.09895013</maximum>
                </bounds>
              </numericDomain>
            </ratio>
          </measurementScale>
        </attribute>
        <attribute>
          <attributeName>haul_factor_100m3_335</attributeName>
          <attributeDefinition>Standard haul factor for the 335 micron net, calculated as 100 / vol_filtered_m3_335. This standardizes the tow to a sampled water volume of 100 meters cubed, to make tows comparable.</attributeDefinition>
          <storageType>float</storageType>
          <measurementScale>
            <ratio>
              <unit>
                <standardUnit>dimensionless</standardUnit>
              </unit>
              <numericDomain>
                <numberType>real</numberType>
                <bounds>
                  <minimum exclusive="false">0.122227594</minimum>
                  <maximum exclusive="false">3.004278707</maximum>
                </bounds>
              </numericDomain>
            </ratio>
          </measurementScale>
        </attribute>
        <attribute>
          <attributeName>haul_factor_100m3_150</attributeName>
          <attributeDefinition>Standard haul factor for the 150 micron net, calculated as 100 / vol_filtered_m3_150. This standardizes the tow to a sampled water volume of 100 meters cubed, to make tows comparable.</attributeDefinition>
          <storageType>float</storageType>
          <measurementScale>
            <ratio>
              <unit>
                <standardUnit>dimensionless</standardUnit>
              </unit>
              <numericDomain>
                <numberType>real</numberType>
                <bounds>
                  <minimum exclusive="false">0.124969457</minimum>
                  <maximum exclusive="false">3.325101159</maximum>
                </bounds>
              </numericDomain>
            </ratio>
          </measurementScale>
        </attribute>
        <attribute>
          <attributeName>comments</attributeName>
          <attributeDefinition>Detailed comments from physical bongo event log sheets.</attributeDefinition>
          <storageType>string</storageType>
          <measurementScale>
            <nominal>
              <nonNumericDomain>
                <textDomain>
                  <definition>Detailed comments from physical bongo event log sheets.</definition>
                </textDomain>
              </nonNumericDomain>
            </nominal>
          </measurementScale>
        </attribute>
        <attribute>
          <attributeName>primary_flag</attributeName>
          <attributeDefinition>IODE Quality Flag primary level</attributeDefinition>
          <storageType>string</storageType>
          <measurementScale>
            <nominal>
              <nonNumericDomain>
                <enumeratedDomain>
                  <codeDefinition>
                    <code>1</code>
                    <definition>good</definition>
                  </codeDefinition>
                  <codeDefinition>
                    <code>2</code>
                    <definition>not evaluated</definition>
                  </codeDefinition>
                  <codeDefinition>
                    <code>3</code>
                    <definition>questionable/suspect</definition>
                  </codeDefinition>
                  <codeDefinition>
                    <code>4</code>
                    <definition>bad</definition>
                  </codeDefinition>
                  <codeDefinition>
                    <code>9</code>
                    <definition>missing data</definition>
                  </codeDefinition>
                </enumeratedDomain>
              </nonNumericDomain>
            </nominal>
          </measurementScale>
        </attribute>
        <attribute>
          <attributeName>secondary_flag</attributeName>
          <attributeDefinition>Additional context for why a primary flag other than 1 was applied.</attributeDefinition>
          <storageType>string</storageType>
          <measurementScale>
            <nominal>
              <nonNumericDomain>
                <textDomain>
                  <definition>Additional context for why a primary flag other than 1 was applied.</definition>
                </textDomain>
              </nonNumericDomain>
            </nominal>
          </measurementScale>
        </attribute>
      </attributeList>
      <numberOfRecords>281</numberOfRecords>
    </dataTable>
  </dataset>
  <additionalMetadata>
    <metadata>
      <unitList>
        <unit id="meterPerMinute" multiplierToSI="0.0000115741" name="meterPerMinute" parentSI="meterPerDay" unitType="">
          <description>meters per minute</description>
        </unit>
      </unitList>
    </metadata>
  </additionalMetadata>
  <additionalMetadata>
    <metadata>
      <emlEditor>
        <app>EMLassemblyline</app>
        <release>3.5.5</release>
      </emlEditor>
    </metadata>
  </additionalMetadata>
</eml:eml>