请你为 最不经常使用(LFU)缓存算法设计并实现数据结构。
实现 LFUCache
类:
LFUCache(int capacity)
- 用数据结构的容量capacity
初始化对象int get(int key)
- 如果键key
存在于缓存中,则获取键的值,否则返回-1
。void put(int key, int value)
- 如果键key
已存在,则变更其值;如果键不存在,请插入键值对。当缓存达到其容量capacity
时,则应该在插入新项之前,移除最不经常使用的项。在此问题中,当存在平局(即两个或更多个键具有相同使用频率)时,应该去除 最近最久未使用 的键。
为了确定最不常使用的键,可以为缓存中的每个键维护一个 使用计数器 。使用计数最小的键是最久未使用的键。
当一个键首次插入到缓存中时,它的使用计数器被设置为 1
(由于 put 操作)。对缓存中的键执行 get
或 put
操作,使用计数器的值将会递增。
函数 get
和 put
必须以 O(1)
的平均时间复杂度运行。
示例:
输入: ["LFUCache", "put", "put", "get", "put", "get", "get", "put", "get", "get", "get"] [[2], [1, 1], [2, 2], [1], [3, 3], [2], [3], [4, 4], [1], [3], [4]] 输出: [null, null, null, 1, null, -1, 3, null, -1, 3, 4] 解释: // cnt(x) = 键 x 的使用计数 // cache=[] 将显示最后一次使用的顺序(最左边的元素是最近的) LFUCache lfu = new LFUCache(2); lfu.put(1, 1); // cache=[1,_], cnt(1)=1 lfu.put(2, 2); // cache=[2,1], cnt(2)=1, cnt(1)=1 lfu.get(1); // 返回 1 // cache=[1,2], cnt(2)=1, cnt(1)=2 lfu.put(3, 3); // 去除键 2 ,因为 cnt(2)=1 ,使用计数最小 // cache=[3,1], cnt(3)=1, cnt(1)=2 lfu.get(2); // 返回 -1(未找到) lfu.get(3); // 返回 3 // cache=[3,1], cnt(3)=2, cnt(1)=2 lfu.put(4, 4); // 去除键 1 ,1 和 3 的 cnt 相同,但 1 最久未使用 // cache=[4,3], cnt(4)=1, cnt(3)=2 lfu.get(1); // 返回 -1(未找到) lfu.get(3); // 返回 3 // cache=[3,4], cnt(4)=1, cnt(3)=3 lfu.get(4); // 返回 4 // cache=[3,4], cnt(4)=2, cnt(3)=3
提示:
0 <= capacity <= 104
0 <= key <= 105
0 <= value <= 109
- 最多调用
2 * 105
次get
和put
方法
和 LRU 缓存 类似的思路,用 map<key, node>
和 map<freq, list<node>>
存储不同使用频率的节点
对于 get
操作,判断 key 是否存在哈希表中:
- 若不存在,返回 -1
- 若存在,增加节点的使用频率,返回节点值
对于 put
操作,同样判断 key 是否存在哈希表中:
- 若不存在,首先判断缓存容量是否足够,不够的话需要先删除使用次数最少的节点。然后再创建新节点,插入使用频率为 1 的双链表
- 若存在,修改原节点的值,增加节点的使用频率
class LFUCache {
private final Map<Integer, Node> map;
private final Map<Integer, DoublyLinkedList> freqMap;
private final int capacity;
private int minFreq;
public LFUCache(int capacity) {
this.capacity = capacity;
map = new HashMap<>(capacity, 1);
freqMap = new HashMap<>();
}
public int get(int key) {
if (capacity == 0) {
return -1;
}
if (!map.containsKey(key)) {
return -1;
}
Node node = map.get(key);
incrFreq(node);
return node.value;
}
public void put(int key, int value) {
if (capacity == 0) {
return;
}
if (map.containsKey(key)) {
Node node = map.get(key);
node.value = value;
incrFreq(node);
return;
}
if (map.size() == capacity) {
DoublyLinkedList list = freqMap.get(minFreq);
map.remove(list.removeLast().key);
}
Node node = new Node(key, value);
addNode(node);
map.put(key, node);
minFreq = 1;
}
private void incrFreq(Node node) {
int freq = node.freq;
DoublyLinkedList list = freqMap.get(freq);
list.remove(node);
if (list.isEmpty()) {
freqMap.remove(freq);
if (freq == minFreq) {
minFreq++;
}
}
node.freq++;
addNode(node);
}
private void addNode(Node node) {
int freq = node.freq;
DoublyLinkedList list = freqMap.getOrDefault(freq, new DoublyLinkedList());
list.addFirst(node);
freqMap.put(freq, list);
}
private static class Node {
int key;
int value;
int freq;
Node prev;
Node next;
Node(int key, int value) {
this.key = key;
this.value = value;
this.freq = 1;
}
}
private static class DoublyLinkedList {
private final Node head;
private final Node tail;
public DoublyLinkedList() {
head = new Node(-1, -1);
tail = new Node(-1, -1);
head.next = tail;
tail.prev = head;
}
public void addFirst(Node node) {
node.prev = head;
node.next = head.next;
head.next.prev = node;
head.next = node;
}
public Node remove(Node node) {
node.next.prev = node.prev;
node.prev.next = node.next;
node.next = null;
node.prev = null;
return node;
}
public Node removeLast() {
return remove(tail.prev);
}
public boolean isEmpty() {
return head.next == tail;
}
}
}
type LFUCache struct {
cache map[int]*node
freqMap map[int]*list
minFreq int
capacity int
}
func Constructor(capacity int) LFUCache {
return LFUCache{
cache: make(map[int]*node),
freqMap: make(map[int]*list),
capacity: capacity,
}
}
func (this *LFUCache) Get(key int) int {
if this.capacity == 0 {
return -1
}
n, ok := this.cache[key]
if !ok {
return -1
}
this.incrFreq(n)
return n.val
}
func (this *LFUCache) Put(key int, value int) {
if this.capacity == 0 {
return
}
n, ok := this.cache[key]
if ok {
n.val = value
this.incrFreq(n)
return
}
if len(this.cache) == this.capacity {
l := this.freqMap[this.minFreq]
delete(this.cache, l.removeBack().key)
}
n = &node{key: key, val: value, freq: 1}
this.addNode(n)
this.cache[key] = n
this.minFreq = 1
}
func (this *LFUCache) incrFreq(n *node) {
l := this.freqMap[n.freq]
l.remove(n)
if l.empty() {
delete(this.freqMap, n.freq)
if n.freq == this.minFreq {
this.minFreq++
}
}
n.freq++
this.addNode(n)
}
func (this *LFUCache) addNode(n *node) {
l, ok := this.freqMap[n.freq]
if !ok {
l = newList()
this.freqMap[n.freq] = l
}
l.pushFront(n)
}
type node struct {
key int
val int
freq int
prev *node
next *node
}
type list struct {
head *node
tail *node
}
func newList() *list {
head := new(node)
tail := new(node)
head.next = tail
tail.prev = head
return &list{
head: head,
tail: tail,
}
}
func (l *list) pushFront(n *node) {
n.prev = l.head
n.next = l.head.next
l.head.next.prev = n
l.head.next = n
}
func (l *list) remove(n *node) {
n.prev.next = n.next
n.next.prev = n.prev
n.next = nil
n.prev = nil
}
func (l *list) removeBack() *node {
n := l.tail.prev
l.remove(n)
return n
}
func (l *list) empty() bool {
return l.head.next == l.tail
}
use std::cell::RefCell;
use std::collections::HashMap;
use std::rc::Rc;
struct Node {
key: i32,
value: i32,
freq: i32,
prev: Option<Rc<RefCell<Node>>>,
next: Option<Rc<RefCell<Node>>>,
}
impl Node {
fn new(key: i32, value: i32) -> Self {
Self {
key,
value,
freq: 1,
prev: None,
next: None,
}
}
}
struct LinkedList {
head: Option<Rc<RefCell<Node>>>,
tail: Option<Rc<RefCell<Node>>>,
}
impl LinkedList {
fn new() -> Self {
Self {
head: None,
tail: None,
}
}
fn push_front(&mut self, node: &Rc<RefCell<Node>>) {
match self.head.take() {
Some(head) => {
head.borrow_mut().prev = Some(Rc::clone(node));
node.borrow_mut().prev = None;
node.borrow_mut().next = Some(head);
self.head = Some(Rc::clone(node));
}
None => {
node.borrow_mut().prev = None;
node.borrow_mut().next = None;
self.head = Some(Rc::clone(node));
self.tail = Some(Rc::clone(node));
}
};
}
fn remove(&mut self, node: &Rc<RefCell<Node>>) {
match (node.borrow().prev.as_ref(), node.borrow().next.as_ref()) {
(None, None) => {
self.head = None;
self.tail = None;
}
(None, Some(next)) => {
self.head = Some(Rc::clone(next));
next.borrow_mut().prev = None;
}
(Some(prev), None) => {
self.tail = Some(Rc::clone(prev));
prev.borrow_mut().next = None;
}
(Some(prev), Some(next)) => {
next.borrow_mut().prev = Some(Rc::clone(prev));
prev.borrow_mut().next = Some(Rc::clone(next));
}
};
}
fn pop_back(&mut self) -> Option<Rc<RefCell<Node>>> {
match self.tail.take() {
Some(tail) => {
self.remove(&tail);
Some(tail)
}
None => None,
}
}
fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
self.head.is_none()
}
}
struct LFUCache {
cache: HashMap<i32, Rc<RefCell<Node>>>,
freq_map: HashMap<i32, LinkedList>,
min_freq: i32,
capacity: usize,
}
/**
* `&self` means the method takes an immutable reference.
* If you need a mutable reference, change it to `&mut self` instead.
*/
impl LFUCache {
fn new(capacity: i32) -> Self {
Self {
cache: HashMap::new(),
freq_map: HashMap::new(),
min_freq: 0,
capacity: capacity as usize,
}
}
fn get(&mut self, key: i32) -> i32 {
if self.capacity == 0 {
return -1;
}
match self.cache.get(&key) {
Some(node) => {
let node = Rc::clone(node);
self.incr_freq(&node);
let value = node.borrow().value;
value
}
None => -1,
}
}
fn put(&mut self, key: i32, value: i32) {
if self.capacity == 0 {
return;
}
match self.cache.get(&key) {
Some(node) => {
let node = Rc::clone(node);
node.borrow_mut().value = value;
self.incr_freq(&node);
}
None => {
if self.cache.len() == self.capacity {
let list = self.freq_map.get_mut(&self.min_freq).unwrap();
self.cache.remove(&list.pop_back().unwrap().borrow().key);
}
let node = Rc::new(RefCell::new(Node::new(key, value)));
self.add_node(&node);
self.cache.insert(key, node);
self.min_freq = 1;
}
};
}
fn incr_freq(&mut self, node: &Rc<RefCell<Node>>) {
let freq = node.borrow().freq;
let list = self.freq_map.get_mut(&freq).unwrap();
list.remove(node);
if list.is_empty() {
self.freq_map.remove(&freq);
if freq == self.min_freq {
self.min_freq += 1;
}
}
node.borrow_mut().freq += 1;
self.add_node(node);
}
fn add_node(&mut self, node: &Rc<RefCell<Node>>) {
let freq = node.borrow().freq;
match self.freq_map.get_mut(&freq) {
Some(list) => {
list.push_front(node);
}
None => {
let mut list = LinkedList::new();
list.push_front(node);
self.freq_map.insert(node.borrow().freq, list);
}
};
}
}
/**
* Your LFUCache object will be instantiated and called as such:
* let obj = LFUCache::new(capacity);
* let ret_1: i32 = obj.get(key);
* obj.put(key, value);
*/