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Rasmus Kjaer Hoeier
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updated to final and LUP published version
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‎LOA.aux

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\newacro{FIFO}[\AC@hyperlink{FIFO}{FIFO}]{Fan-In Fan-Out}
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\newacro{FoM}[\AC@hyperlink{FoM}{FoM}]{Figure-of-Merit}
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\newacro{LG}[\AC@hyperlink{LG}{LG}]{Long gate}
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\newacro{MLP}[\AC@hyperlink{MLP}{MLP}]{Multilayer Perceptron}
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\newacro{NIM}[\AC@hyperlink{NIM}{NIM}]{Nuclear Instrument Module}
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\newacro{PMT}[\AC@hyperlink{PMT}{PMT}]{Photomultiplier Tube}
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\newacro{PS}[\AC@hyperlink{PS}{PS}]{Pulse Shape}

‎LOA.tex

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\acro{FIFO}{Fan-In Fan-Out}
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\acro{FoM}{Figure-of-Merit}
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\acro{LG}{Long gate}
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\acro{MLP}{Multilayer Perceptron}
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\acro{NIM}{Nuclear Instrument Module}
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\acro{PMT}{Photomultiplier Tube}
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\acro{PS}{Pulse Shape}

‎main.aux

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‎main.lof

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\addvspace {10\p@ }
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {1.1}{\ignorespaces Scintillation detector.}}{6}{figure.caption.9}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {1.2}{\ignorespaces PS sensitivity.}}{6}{figure.caption.10}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {1.3}{\ignorespaces PS versus $Q_{LG}$.}}{7}{figure.caption.11}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {1.4}{\ignorespaces Illustration of the neutron-tagging setup.}}{8}{figure.caption.12}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {1.5}{\ignorespaces Sketch of a time-of-flight spectrum.}}{9}{figure.caption.13}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {1.6}{\ignorespaces Reference neutron energy spectrum for a Pu/Be source.}}{10}{figure.caption.14}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {1.1}{\ignorespaces Scintillation detector.}}{6}{figure.caption.10}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {1.2}{\ignorespaces PS sensitivity.}}{6}{figure.caption.11}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {1.3}{\ignorespaces PS versus $Q_{LG}$.}}{7}{figure.caption.12}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {1.4}{\ignorespaces Illustration of the neutron-tagging setup.}}{8}{figure.caption.13}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {1.5}{\ignorespaces Sketch of a time-of-flight spectrum.}}{9}{figure.caption.14}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {1.6}{\ignorespaces Reference neutron energy spectrum for a Pu/Be source.}}{10}{figure.caption.15}
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\addvspace {10\p@ }
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.1}{\ignorespaces The Source-Testing Facility.}}{11}{figure.caption.15}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.2}{\ignorespaces The Aquarium.}}{12}{figure.caption.16}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.3}{\ignorespaces Photographs of the detectors.}}{13}{figure.caption.17}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.4}{\ignorespaces Schematic of the experimental setup.}}{14}{figure.caption.18}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.5}{\ignorespaces Data-acquisition systems.}}{15}{figure.caption.19}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.6}{\ignorespaces Time walk resulting from leading-edge triggering.}}{16}{figure.caption.21}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.7}{\ignorespaces CFD trigger principle.}}{16}{figure.caption.22}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.8}{\ignorespaces TDC calibration spectrum.}}{17}{figure.caption.25}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.9}{\ignorespaces QDC calibration of the analog setup.}}{19}{figure.caption.28}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.10}{\ignorespaces Sampling rate.}}{20}{figure.caption.31}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.11}{\ignorespaces Relative timing for NE213 detector pulses of different amplitudes.}}{23}{figure.caption.33}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.12}{\ignorespaces Digitized pulse-height spectrum from the NE213 detector.}}{23}{figure.caption.35}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.13}{\ignorespaces Examples of rejected digitized events.}}{25}{figure.caption.37}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.14}{\ignorespaces Energy calibration of the digital setup.}}{27}{figure.caption.40}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.15}{\ignorespaces Selection of training and validation data using ToF information.}}{28}{figure.caption.42}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.16}{\ignorespaces Convolution of a vector and a kernel.}}{29}{figure.caption.43}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.17}{\ignorespaces Two-layer CNN.}}{30}{figure.caption.44}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.18}{\ignorespaces The Max pooling principle.}}{31}{figure.caption.45}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.19}{\ignorespaces Training and validation accuracy of the CNN.}}{32}{figure.caption.47}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.20}{\ignorespaces Pulses classified by the CNN with more than 95\% confidence.\relax }}{33}{figure.caption.48}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.21}{\ignorespaces CNN decision study.}}{34}{figure.caption.49}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.1}{\ignorespaces The Source-Testing Facility.}}{11}{figure.caption.16}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.2}{\ignorespaces The Aquarium.}}{12}{figure.caption.17}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.3}{\ignorespaces Photographs of the detectors.}}{13}{figure.caption.18}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.4}{\ignorespaces Schematic of the experimental setup.}}{14}{figure.caption.19}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.5}{\ignorespaces Data-acquisition systems.}}{15}{figure.caption.20}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.6}{\ignorespaces Time walk resulting from leading-edge triggering.}}{16}{figure.caption.22}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.7}{\ignorespaces CFD trigger principle.}}{16}{figure.caption.23}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.8}{\ignorespaces TDC calibration spectrum.}}{17}{figure.caption.26}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.9}{\ignorespaces QDC calibration of the analog setup.}}{19}{figure.caption.29}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.10}{\ignorespaces Sampling rate.}}{20}{figure.caption.32}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.11}{\ignorespaces Relative timing for NE213 detector pulses of different amplitudes.}}{23}{figure.caption.34}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.12}{\ignorespaces Digitized pulse-height spectrum from the NE213 detector.}}{23}{figure.caption.36}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.13}{\ignorespaces Examples of rejected digitized events.}}{25}{figure.caption.38}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.14}{\ignorespaces Energy calibration of the digital setup.}}{27}{figure.caption.41}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.15}{\ignorespaces Selection of training and validation data using ToF information.}}{28}{figure.caption.43}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.16}{\ignorespaces Convolution of a vector and a kernel.}}{29}{figure.caption.44}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.17}{\ignorespaces Two-layer CNN.}}{30}{figure.caption.45}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.18}{\ignorespaces The Max pooling principle.}}{31}{figure.caption.46}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.19}{\ignorespaces Training and validation accuracy of the CNN.}}{32}{figure.caption.48}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.20}{\ignorespaces Pulses classified by the CNN with more than 95\% confidence.\relax }}{33}{figure.caption.49}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2.21}{\ignorespaces CNN decision study.}}{34}{figure.caption.50}
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\addvspace {10\p@ }
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.1}{\ignorespaces Comparison of analog and digital spectra from the NE213 detector.}}{36}{figure.caption.52}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.2}{\ignorespaces Analog and digital ToF spectra.}}{37}{figure.caption.54}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.3}{\ignorespaces ToF spectrum, analog setup.}}{38}{figure.caption.55}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.4}{\ignorespaces Analog PS spectrum as a function of deposited energy.}}{40}{figure.caption.56}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.5}{\ignorespaces PS FoM for the analog setup.}}{40}{figure.caption.57}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.6}{\ignorespaces PS vs. ToF for the analog setup.}}{41}{figure.caption.59}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.7}{\ignorespaces ToF spectrum, digital setup.}}{42}{figure.caption.60}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.8}{\ignorespaces Digital PS discrimination as a function of deposited energy.}}{43}{figure.caption.61}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.9}{\ignorespaces PS FoM for the digital setup.}}{44}{figure.caption.63}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.10}{\ignorespaces PS vs. ToF for the digital setup.}}{45}{figure.caption.64}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.11}{\ignorespaces Filtered ToF spectra for misclassification studies.}}{47}{figure.caption.65}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.12}{\ignorespaces ToF plotted against energy deposition for the digital setup.}}{49}{figure.caption.67}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.13}{\ignorespaces Deposited energy and neutron kinetic energy.}}{49}{figure.caption.68}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.1}{\ignorespaces Comparison of analog and digital spectra from the NE213 detector.}}{36}{figure.caption.53}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.2}{\ignorespaces Analog and digital ToF spectra.}}{37}{figure.caption.55}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.3}{\ignorespaces ToF spectrum, analog setup.}}{38}{figure.caption.56}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.4}{\ignorespaces Analog PS spectrum as a function of deposited energy.}}{40}{figure.caption.57}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.5}{\ignorespaces PS FoM for the analog setup.}}{40}{figure.caption.58}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.6}{\ignorespaces PS vs. ToF for the analog setup.}}{41}{figure.caption.60}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.7}{\ignorespaces ToF spectrum, digital setup.}}{42}{figure.caption.61}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.8}{\ignorespaces Digital PS discrimination as a function of deposited energy.}}{43}{figure.caption.62}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.9}{\ignorespaces PS FoM for the digital setup.}}{44}{figure.caption.64}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.10}{\ignorespaces PS vs. ToF for the digital setup.}}{45}{figure.caption.65}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.11}{\ignorespaces Filtered ToF spectra for misclassification studies.}}{47}{figure.caption.66}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.12}{\ignorespaces ToF plotted against energy deposition for the digital setup.}}{49}{figure.caption.68}
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\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3.13}{\ignorespaces Deposited energy and neutron kinetic energy.}}{49}{figure.caption.69}
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\addvspace {10\p@ }

‎main.lot

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\contentsline {table}{\numberline {1.1}{\ignorespaces Neutron nomenclature as a function of energy.}}{3}{table.caption.5}
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\contentsline {table}{\numberline {1.1}{\ignorespaces Neutron nomenclature as a function of energy.}}{3}{table.caption.6}
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\contentsline {table}{\numberline {2.1}{\ignorespaces Analog energy-calibration data.}}{18}{table.caption.27}
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\contentsline {table}{\numberline {2.2}{\ignorespaces Summary of problematic events.}}{24}{table.caption.36}
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\contentsline {table}{\numberline {2.3}{\ignorespaces Digital energy-calibration data.}}{26}{table.caption.39}
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\contentsline {table}{\numberline {2.4}{\ignorespaces Parameters essential to the CNN.\relax }}{32}{table.caption.46}
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\contentsline {table}{\numberline {2.1}{\ignorespaces Analog energy-calibration data.}}{18}{table.caption.28}
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\contentsline {table}{\numberline {2.2}{\ignorespaces Summary of problematic events.}}{24}{table.caption.37}
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\contentsline {table}{\numberline {2.3}{\ignorespaces Digital energy-calibration data.}}{26}{table.caption.40}
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\contentsline {table}{\numberline {2.4}{\ignorespaces Parameters essential to the CNN.\relax }}{32}{table.caption.47}
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\contentsline {table}{\numberline {3.1}{\ignorespaces Overview of the analog and digital data sets.}}{35}{table.caption.50}
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\contentsline {table}{\numberline {3.2}{\ignorespaces CC FoM parameters for the analog setup.\relax }}{41}{table.caption.58}
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\contentsline {table}{\numberline {3.3}{\ignorespaces CC FoM parameters for the digital setup.\relax }}{44}{table.caption.62}
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\contentsline {table}{\numberline {3.4}{\ignorespaces Overview of PSD misclassification studies.\relax }}{48}{table.caption.66}
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\contentsline {table}{\numberline {3.1}{\ignorespaces Overview of the analog and digital data sets.}}{35}{table.caption.51}
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\contentsline {table}{\numberline {3.2}{\ignorespaces CC FoM parameters for the analog setup.\relax }}{41}{table.caption.59}
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\contentsline {table}{\numberline {3.3}{\ignorespaces CC FoM parameters for the digital setup.\relax }}{44}{table.caption.63}
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\contentsline {table}{\numberline {3.4}{\ignorespaces Overview of PSD misclassification studies.\relax }}{48}{table.caption.67}
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\addvspace {10\p@ }

‎main.out

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\BOOKMARK [0][-]{chapter*.2}{List of Figures}{}% 1
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\BOOKMARK [0][-]{chapter*.3}{List of Tables}{}% 2
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\BOOKMARK [0][-]{chapter*.3}{List of Figures}{}% 1
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\BOOKMARK [0][-]{chapter*.4}{List of Tables}{}% 2
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\BOOKMARK [0][-]{chapter.1}{Introduction}{}% 3
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\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.1.1}{Motivation}{chapter.1}% 4
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\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.1.2}{The Basics}{chapter.1}% 5
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\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.1.2.1}{Neutron/Matter Interactions}{section.1.2}% 6
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\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.1.2.2}{Sources of Free Neutrons}{section.1.2}% 7
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\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.1.2.3}{Scintillation Detectors}{section.1.2}% 8
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\BOOKMARK [3][-]{section*.6}{Detecting Gamma-rays}{subsection.1.2.3}% 9
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\BOOKMARK [3][-]{section*.7}{Detecting Neutrons}{subsection.1.2.3}% 10
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\BOOKMARK [3][-]{section*.8}{Photomultiplier Tubes}{subsection.1.2.3}% 11
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\BOOKMARK [3][-]{section*.7}{Detecting Gamma-rays}{subsection.1.2.3}% 9
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\BOOKMARK [3][-]{section*.8}{Detecting Neutrons}{subsection.1.2.3}% 10
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\BOOKMARK [3][-]{section*.9}{Photomultiplier Tubes}{subsection.1.2.3}% 11
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\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.1.2.4}{Neutron/Gamma-Ray Discrimination}{section.1.2}% 12
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\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.1.2.5}{Neutron Time-of-Flight and Tagging}{section.1.2}% 13
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\BOOKMARK [0][-]{chapter.2}{Method}{}% 14
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\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.2.1.4}{Fast-Neutron and Gamma-Ray Detectors}{section.2.1}% 19
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\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.2.2}{Signal Processing}{chapter.2}% 20
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\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.2.2.1}{Analog}{section.2.2}% 21
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\BOOKMARK [3][-]{section*.20}{Constant-Fraction Discriminators}{subsection.2.2.1}% 22
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\BOOKMARK [3][-]{section*.23}{Trigger Logic}{subsection.2.2.1}% 23
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\BOOKMARK [3][-]{section*.24}{Time-to-Digital Converters}{subsection.2.2.1}% 24
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\BOOKMARK [3][-]{section*.26}{Charge-to-Digital Converters}{subsection.2.2.1}% 25
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\BOOKMARK [3][-]{section*.29}{Charge-Comparison Pulse-Shape Discrimination}{subsection.2.2.1}% 26
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\BOOKMARK [3][-]{section*.21}{Constant-Fraction Discriminators}{subsection.2.2.1}% 22
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\BOOKMARK [3][-]{section*.24}{Trigger Logic}{subsection.2.2.1}% 23
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\BOOKMARK [3][-]{section*.25}{Time-to-Digital Converters}{subsection.2.2.1}% 24
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\BOOKMARK [3][-]{section*.27}{Charge-to-Digital Converters}{subsection.2.2.1}% 25
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\BOOKMARK [3][-]{section*.30}{Charge-Comparison Pulse-Shape Discrimination}{subsection.2.2.1}% 26
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\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.2.2.2}{Digital}{section.2.2}% 27
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\BOOKMARK [3][-]{section*.30}{Digitizer Specifications and Configuration}{subsection.2.2.2}% 28
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\BOOKMARK [3][-]{section*.32}{Time Stamping}{subsection.2.2.2}% 29
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\BOOKMARK [3][-]{section*.34}{Data Selection}{subsection.2.2.2}% 30
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\BOOKMARK [3][-]{section*.38}{Energy Calibration}{subsection.2.2.2}% 31
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\BOOKMARK [3][-]{section*.41}{Charge-Comparison Pulse-Shape Discrimination}{subsection.2.2.2}% 32
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\BOOKMARK [3][-]{section*.31}{Digitizer Specifications and Configuration}{subsection.2.2.2}% 28
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\BOOKMARK [3][-]{section*.33}{Time Stamping}{subsection.2.2.2}% 29
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\BOOKMARK [3][-]{section*.35}{Data Selection}{subsection.2.2.2}% 30
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\BOOKMARK [3][-]{section*.39}{Energy Calibration}{subsection.2.2.2}% 31
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\BOOKMARK [3][-]{section*.42}{Charge-Comparison Pulse-Shape Discrimination}{subsection.2.2.2}% 32
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\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.2.3}{Convolutional Neural Network}{chapter.2}% 33
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\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.2.3.1}{Training Dataset}{section.2.3}% 34
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\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.2.3.2}{How It Works}{section.2.3}% 35
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\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.3.1}{Data Sets}{chapter.3}% 39
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\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.3.1.1}{Overview and Comparison}{section.3.1}% 40
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\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.3.1.2}{Livetime and Threshold Alignment}{section.3.1}% 41
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\BOOKMARK [3][-]{section*.51}{Deposited Energy}{subsection.3.1.2}% 42
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\BOOKMARK [3][-]{section*.53}{Time-of-Flight Spectra}{subsection.3.1.2}% 43
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\BOOKMARK [3][-]{section*.52}{Deposited Energy}{subsection.3.1.2}% 42
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\BOOKMARK [3][-]{section*.54}{Time-of-Flight Spectra}{subsection.3.1.2}% 43
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\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.3.2}{Analog Setup}{chapter.3}% 44
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\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.3.2.1}{Neutron Tagging}{section.3.2}% 45
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\BOOKMARK [2][-]{subsection.3.2.2}{Pulse-Shape Discrimination}{section.3.2}% 46
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\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.4.1}{Summary}{chapter.4}% 53
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\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.4.2}{Conclusions}{chapter.4}% 54
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\BOOKMARK [1][-]{section.4.3}{Outlook}{chapter.4}% 55
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\BOOKMARK [0][-]{chapter*.69}{Bibliography}{}% 56
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\BOOKMARK [0][-]{chapter*.70}{Bibliography}{}% 56

‎main.tex

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%-Set the stage. ESS and need for neutron detection + energy determination. charectarize detectors with known sources. ToF use in other contexts.
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%-Results: we can do the same measurements, but switching detectors and using more channels is easier. Varying parameters is easier (Take one dataset and vary parameters in software).
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\end{abstract}
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\blankpage
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\newpage
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\addtocounter{page}{-1}%
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\begin{center}
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\subsubsection*{Acknowledgments}
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\end{center}
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I would like to thank all the members of the Sonnig group for creating a friendly atmosphere and providing helpful feedback. In particular I want to thank my supervisors Hanno and Kevin. You gave me the freedom to jump down rabbit holes and open up cans of worms, but always helped me to stay on track. I very much appreciate your guidance and support throughout this project. Finally I want to thank my wife Cibele. This project would not have been possible without your patience and advice.
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\setcounter{tocdepth}{3}

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