diff --git a/src/bloqade/ir/routine/base.py b/src/bloqade/ir/routine/base.py
index 56338a889..ff0bde798 100644
--- a/src/bloqade/ir/routine/base.py
+++ b/src/bloqade/ir/routine/base.py
@@ -5,8 +5,8 @@
 from bloqade.builder.base import Builder
 from bloqade.ir.routine.params import Params
 
-
-from dataclasses import dataclass
+from pydantic import ConfigDict
+from pydantic.dataclasses import dataclass
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Union
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
@@ -29,7 +29,10 @@ def parse(self: "RoutineBase") -> "Routine":
         return self
 
 
-@dataclass(frozen=True)
+__pydantic_dataclass_config__ = ConfigDict(arbitrary_types_allowed=True)
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True, config=__pydantic_dataclass_config__)
 class RoutineBase(RoutineParse):
     source: Builder
     circuit: AnalogCircuit
@@ -43,7 +46,7 @@ def __str__(self):
         return out
 
 
-@dataclass(frozen=True)
+@dataclass(frozen=True, config=__pydantic_dataclass_config__)
 class Routine(RoutineBase):
     """Result of parsing a completed Builder string."""
 
diff --git a/src/bloqade/ir/routine/bloqade.py b/src/bloqade/ir/routine/bloqade.py
index 51a09a258..eccc7afaa 100644
--- a/src/bloqade/ir/routine/bloqade.py
+++ b/src/bloqade/ir/routine/bloqade.py
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 from collections import OrderedDict
-from bloqade.ir.routine.base import RoutineBase
+from bloqade.ir.routine.base import RoutineBase, __pydantic_dataclass_config__
 from bloqade.builder.typing import LiteralType
 from bloqade.task.batch import LocalBatch
 from beartype import beartype
@@ -7,13 +7,13 @@
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 
 
-@dataclass(frozen=True)
+@dataclass(frozen=True, config=__pydantic_dataclass_config__)
 class BloqadeServiceOptions(RoutineBase):
     def python(self):
         return BloqadePythonRoutine(self.source, self.circuit, self.params)
 
 
-@dataclass(frozen=True)
+@dataclass(frozen=True, config=__pydantic_dataclass_config__)
 class BloqadePythonRoutine(RoutineBase):
     def _compile(
         self,
diff --git a/src/bloqade/ir/routine/braket.py b/src/bloqade/ir/routine/braket.py
index c2c718b4b..c0b5f52ae 100644
--- a/src/bloqade/ir/routine/braket.py
+++ b/src/bloqade/ir/routine/braket.py
@@ -4,14 +4,14 @@
 from beartype.typing import Optional, Tuple
 from bloqade.builder.typing import LiteralType
 
-from bloqade.ir.routine.base import RoutineBase
+from bloqade.ir.routine.base import RoutineBase, __pydantic_dataclass_config__
 from bloqade.submission.braket import BraketBackend
 from bloqade.task.batch import LocalBatch, RemoteBatch
 from bloqade.task.braket_simulator import BraketEmulatorTask
 from bloqade.task.braket import BraketTask
 
 
-@dataclass(frozen=True)
+@dataclass(frozen=True, config=__pydantic_dataclass_config__)
 class BraketServiceOptions(RoutineBase):
     def aquila(self) -> "BraketHardwareRoutine":
         backend = BraketBackend(
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ def local_emulator(self):
         return BraketLocalEmulatorRoutine(self.source, self.circuit, self.params)
 
 
-@dataclass(frozen=True)
+@dataclass(frozen=True, config=__pydantic_dataclass_config__)
 class BraketHardwareRoutine(RoutineBase):
     backend: BraketBackend
 
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ def __call__(
         return self.run(shots, args, name, shuffle, **kwargs)
 
 
-@dataclass(frozen=True)
+@dataclass(frozen=True, config=__pydantic_dataclass_config__)
 class BraketLocalEmulatorRoutine(RoutineBase):
     def _compile(
         self, shots: int, args: Tuple[LiteralType, ...] = (), name: Optional[str] = None
diff --git a/src/bloqade/ir/routine/quera.py b/src/bloqade/ir/routine/quera.py
index 5f6c9fa23..717b90b33 100644
--- a/src/bloqade/ir/routine/quera.py
+++ b/src/bloqade/ir/routine/quera.py
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 import json
 
 from bloqade.builder.typing import LiteralType
-from bloqade.ir.routine.base import RoutineBase
+from bloqade.ir.routine.base import RoutineBase, __pydantic_dataclass_config__
 from bloqade.submission.quera import QuEraBackend
 from bloqade.submission.mock import MockBackend
 from bloqade.submission.quera_api_client.load_config import load_config
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 from beartype import beartype
 
 
-@dataclass(frozen=True)
+@dataclass(frozen=True, config=__pydantic_dataclass_config__)
 class QuEraServiceOptions(RoutineBase):
     @beartype
     def device(self, config_file: Optional[str], **api_config):
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ def mock(self, state_file: str = ".mock_state.txt") -> "QuEraHardwareRoutine":
         return QuEraHardwareRoutine(self.source, self.circuit, self.params, backend)
 
 
-@dataclass(frozen=True)
+@dataclass(frozen=True, config=__pydantic_dataclass_config__)
 class QuEraHardwareRoutine(RoutineBase):
     backend: Union[QuEraBackend, MockBackend]