M1/M1.ipynb

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   "source": [
    "# 01.Principal base de orientação a Objeto\n",
    "\n",
    "Os principais conceitos elencados em Orientação a Objetos estão em explorar tudo como objeto. Isso facilita (e muito) no desenvolvimento de código, pois podemos criar relações de herança, associação de uma maneira muito mais fácil que estrutural. Com isso, temos as vantagens:\n",
    "- Melhor abstração de código\n",
    "- Facilita manutenção \n",
    "- Design de Desenvolvimento mais limpo."
   ]
  },
  {
   "attachments": {},
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 1.1 Elementos de uma classe\n",
    "As classes são constituídas pelos seguintes elementos:\n",
    "| Tipo | Definição |\n",
    "|--|--|\n",
    "|Método|são \"funções\" que rege um comportamento do objeto(impressao, construção do obj., visualização de algum atributo, etc)|\n",
    "|Atributo|variaveis em geral(float, int, outras classes..)|\n",
    "\n",
    "Não necessariamente uma classe deve ter métodos ou atributos, mas isso depende de cada implementação. Veremos adiante casos que podemos associar uma classe com apenas atributos e outra com métodos.\n",
    "\n",
    "que são divididos em 3 categorias: \n",
    "- `private`: Só é acessivel ou acessível por dentro da classe, seus herdeiros não tem visibilidade dos dados.\n",
    "- `protected`: Não é possivel acessar por fora da classe, apenas dentro dela ou por herdeiros da mesma classe. \n",
    "- `public`: visível externamente - nao recomendado para atributos\n",
    "\n",
    "Cada uma dessas catergorias dependendem diretamente o planejamento e construção do software em desenvolvimento.\n",
    "\n",
    "Além disso, podemos adicionar mais 2 características a cada uma dessas categorias, caso seja necessário\n",
    "\n",
    "- `static` - uma variável que pertence a classe e será alocada em tempo de compilação. Ela nao pode ser copiada. Ela deve ser inicializada explicitamente.\n",
    "\n",
    "- `const` - uma variável/método que não é possivel alterar(muito usado para retorno de _getters_).\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "attachments": {},
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 1.2 Criando Classes\n",
    "Assim como vemo em C, que é possivel trabalharmos com structs dinâmicos ou estáticos, em C++ também podemos trabalhar com Classes Dinâmicas.\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "### Exemplo Invocação Estática\n",
    "Simplesmente invocamos o construtor da classe, que fará alocação na memória na _Heap_: \n",
    "```cpp \n",
    "Pessoa P(\"Joao\", 18, 545);\n",
    "Aluno A(\"Matheus\", 18, 878676);\n",
    "Professor Pro(\"Meirelles\", 12,231232);\n",
    "```\n",
    "\n",
    "### Exemplo Invocação Dinâmica\n",
    "Simplesmente invocamos o construtor da classe, que fará alocação na memória na _stack_: \n",
    "```cpp \n",
    "Pessoa *P     = new Pessoa(\"Joao\", 18, 545);\n",
    "Aluno *A      = new Aluno(\"Matheus\", 18, 878676);\n",
    "Professor *Pro= new Professor(\"Meirelles\", 12,231232);\n",
    "```\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "attachments": {},
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Precisamos de um exemplo prático sobre como seria a diferença de uma implementação entre ling. Orientada a Objeto (OO) vs. Linguagem estruturada:\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "\u001b[0;31m#include <cmath>\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;31m#include <cstdio>\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;32mclass\u001b[0m \u001b[0mPoint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m{\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m  \u001b[0mpublic\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m    \u001b[0mPoint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mfloat\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mfloat\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m;\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m    \u001b[0mPoint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mfloat\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mfloat\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mfloat\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m;\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m    \u001b[0;34m//\u001b[0m\u001b[0mfuncoes\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m-\u001b[0m\u001b[0mmembro\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m    \u001b[0mfloat\u001b[0m \u001b[0mdist_point\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mPoint\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m*\u001b[0m\u001b[0mP1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m;\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m    \u001b[0mvoid\u001b[0m \u001b[0mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m;\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m    \u001b[0mvoid\u001b[0m \u001b[0mmove\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mfloat\u001b[0m \u001b[0mx\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mfloat\u001b[0m \u001b[0my\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m;\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m  \u001b[0mprivate\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m  \u001b[0mfloat\u001b[0m \u001b[0mx\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m\u001b[0my\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mz\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m;\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m}\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m;\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m//\u001b[0m\u001b[0mConstrutores\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m3\u001b[0m\u001b[0mD\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m&\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m2\u001b[0m\u001b[0mD\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0mPoint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0mPoint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mfloat\u001b[0m \u001b[0mx1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mfloat\u001b[0m \u001b[0my1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mfloat\u001b[0m \u001b[0mz1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0mx\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mx1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0my\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0my1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mz\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mz1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m{\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m}\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0mPoint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0mPoint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mfloat\u001b[0m \u001b[0mx1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mfloat\u001b[0m \u001b[0my1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0mx\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mx1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0my\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0my1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m\u001b[0mz\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m0.0\u001b[0m\u001b[0mf\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m{\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m}\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m//\u001b[0m\u001b[0mDistancia\u001b[0m \u001b[0mentre\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m2\u001b[0m \u001b[0mpontos\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m-\u001b[0m \u001b[0mOO\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0mfloat\u001b[0m \u001b[0mPoint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0mdist_point\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mPoint\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m*\u001b[0m\u001b[0mP1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m{\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m  \u001b[0mfloat\u001b[0m \u001b[0ma\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m\u001b[0mb\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m\u001b[0mc\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m;\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m  \u001b[0ma\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mthis\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m->\u001b[0m\u001b[0mx\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m-\u001b[0m \u001b[0mP1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m->\u001b[0m\u001b[0mx\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m;\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m  \u001b[0mb\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mthis\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m->\u001b[0m\u001b[0my\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m-\u001b[0m \u001b[0mP1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m->\u001b[0m\u001b[0my\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m;\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m  \u001b[0mc\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mthis\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m->\u001b[0m\u001b[0mz\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m-\u001b[0m \u001b[0mP1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m->\u001b[0m\u001b[0mz\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m;\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m  \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m  \u001b[0;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0msqrt\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0ma\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m*\u001b[0m\u001b[0ma\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m+\u001b[0m \u001b[0mb\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m*\u001b[0m\u001b[0mb\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m+\u001b[0m \u001b[0mc\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m*\u001b[0m\u001b[0mc\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m;\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m}\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0mvoid\u001b[0m \u001b[0mPoint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m{\u001b[0m\u001b[0mprintf\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\" Object: (%.3f, %.3f)\\n\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mx\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0my\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m;\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m}\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0mvoid\u001b[0m \u001b[0mPoint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m:\u001b[0m\u001b[0mmove\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mfloat\u001b[0m \u001b[0mx\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mfloat\u001b[0m \u001b[0my\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m{\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m  \u001b[0mthis\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m->\u001b[0m\u001b[0mx\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mx\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m;\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m  \u001b[0mthis\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m->\u001b[0m\u001b[0my\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0my\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m;\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m}\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# !diff include/ex1_obj.hpp include/ex1_struct.h --side-by-side\n",
    "%pycat include/ex1_obj.hpp"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "\u001b[0;31m#include <cmath>\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;31m#include <cstdio>\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0mstruct\u001b[0m \u001b[0mpoint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m{\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m  \u001b[0mfloat\u001b[0m \u001b[0mx\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0my\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mz\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m;\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m}\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m;\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m//\u001b[0m\u001b[0mConstrutores\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m3\u001b[0m\u001b[0mD\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m&\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m2\u001b[0m\u001b[0mD\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0mstruct\u001b[0m \u001b[0mpoint\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m*\u001b[0m\u001b[0mnew_point3D\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mfloat\u001b[0m \u001b[0mx1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mfloat\u001b[0m \u001b[0my1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mfloat\u001b[0m \u001b[0mz1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m{\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m  \u001b[0mstruct\u001b[0m \u001b[0mpoint\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m*\u001b[0m\u001b[0mptr\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m;\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m  \u001b[0mptr\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mstruct\u001b[0m \u001b[0mpoint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m*\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m \u001b[0mmalloc\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0msizeof\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mstruct\u001b[0m \u001b[0mpoint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m;\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m  \u001b[0mptr\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m->\u001b[0m\u001b[0mx\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mx1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m;\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m  \u001b[0mptr\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m->\u001b[0m\u001b[0my\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0my1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m;\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m  \u001b[0mptr\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m->\u001b[0m\u001b[0mz\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mz1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m;\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m  \u001b[0;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0mptr\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m;\u001b[0m  \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m}\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0mstruct\u001b[0m \u001b[0mpoint\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m*\u001b[0m\u001b[0mnew_point2D\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mfloat\u001b[0m \u001b[0mx1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mfloat\u001b[0m \u001b[0my1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m{\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m  \u001b[0mstruct\u001b[0m \u001b[0mpoint\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m*\u001b[0m\u001b[0mptr\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m;\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m  \u001b[0mptr\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mstruct\u001b[0m \u001b[0mpoint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m*\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m \u001b[0mmalloc\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0msizeof\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mstruct\u001b[0m \u001b[0mpoint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m;\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m  \u001b[0mptr\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m->\u001b[0m\u001b[0mx\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mx1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m;\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m  \u001b[0mptr\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m->\u001b[0m\u001b[0my\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0my1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m;\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m  \u001b[0mptr\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m->\u001b[0m\u001b[0mz\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m0.0\u001b[0m\u001b[0mf\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m;\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m  \u001b[0;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0mptr\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m;\u001b[0m  \u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m}\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m//\u001b[0m\u001b[0mDistancia\u001b[0m \u001b[0mentre\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m2\u001b[0m \u001b[0mpontos\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m->\u001b[0m \u001b[0mestrutural\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0mfloat\u001b[0m \u001b[0mdist_point\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mstruct\u001b[0m \u001b[0mpoint\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m*\u001b[0m\u001b[0mP1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mstruct\u001b[0m \u001b[0mpoint\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m*\u001b[0m\u001b[0mP2\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m{\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m  \u001b[0mfloat\u001b[0m \u001b[0ma\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m\u001b[0mb\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m\u001b[0mc\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m;\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m  \u001b[0ma\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mP2\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m->\u001b[0m\u001b[0mx\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m-\u001b[0m \u001b[0mP1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m->\u001b[0m\u001b[0mx\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m;\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m  \u001b[0mb\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mP2\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m->\u001b[0m\u001b[0my\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m-\u001b[0m \u001b[0mP1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m->\u001b[0m\u001b[0my\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m;\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m  \u001b[0mc\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mP2\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m->\u001b[0m\u001b[0mz\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m-\u001b[0m \u001b[0mP1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m->\u001b[0m\u001b[0mz\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m;\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m  \u001b[0;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0msqrt\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0ma\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m*\u001b[0m\u001b[0ma\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m+\u001b[0m \u001b[0mb\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m*\u001b[0m\u001b[0mb\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m+\u001b[0m \u001b[0mc\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m*\u001b[0m\u001b[0mc\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m;\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m}\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0mvoid\u001b[0m \u001b[0mprint_point\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mstruct\u001b[0m \u001b[0mpoint\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m*\u001b[0m\u001b[0mP1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m{\u001b[0m\u001b[0mprintf\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\"Struct (%.3f, %.3f)\\n\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mP1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m->\u001b[0m\u001b[0mx\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mP1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m->\u001b[0m\u001b[0my\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m;\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m}\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0mvoid\u001b[0m \u001b[0mmove_point\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mstruct\u001b[0m \u001b[0mpoint\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m*\u001b[0m\u001b[0mP1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m\u001b[0mfloat\u001b[0m \u001b[0mx\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mfloat\u001b[0m \u001b[0my\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m{\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m  \u001b[0mP1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m->\u001b[0m\u001b[0mx\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mx\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m;\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m  \u001b[0mP1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m->\u001b[0m\u001b[0my\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0my\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m;\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m}\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "%pycat include/ex1_struct.h"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;31m#include <iostream>\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;31m#include \"ex1_obj.hpp\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;31m#include \"ex1_struct.h\"\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0mint\u001b[0m \u001b[0mmain\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m{\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m    \u001b[0mPoint\u001b[0m  \u001b[0mp1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m3.0\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m4.0\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m9.0\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m;\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m    \u001b[0mPoint\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m*\u001b[0m\u001b[0mp2\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mnew\u001b[0m \u001b[0mPoint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m0\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m0\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m;\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m    \u001b[0mpoint\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m*\u001b[0m\u001b[0mP1\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mnew_point3D\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m3.0\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m4.0\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m9.0\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m;\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m    \u001b[0mpoint\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m*\u001b[0m\u001b[0mP2\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mnew_point2D\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;36m3.0\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m4.0\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m;\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m    \u001b[0mfloat\u001b[0m \u001b[0mdist_st\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mdist_point\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mP1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m,\u001b[0m \u001b[0mP2\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m;\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m    \u001b[0mfloat\u001b[0m \u001b[0mdist_oo\u001b[0m \u001b[0;34m=\u001b[0m \u001b[0mp1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mdist_point\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mp2\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m;\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m    \u001b[0mp1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m.\u001b[0m\u001b[0mprint\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m;\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m    \u001b[0mprint_point\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m(\u001b[0m\u001b[0mP1\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m)\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m;\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m    \u001b[0;32mreturn\u001b[0m \u001b[0;36m0\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m;\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\n",
      "\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m}\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0;34m\u001b[0m\u001b[0m\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "%pycat include/ex1_main.cpp"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      " Object: (3.000, 4.000)\n",
      "Struct (3.000, 4.000)\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "!g++ -o main include/ex1_main.cpp && ./main"
   ]
  },
  {
   "attachments": {},
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Dentre as maiores diferenças, a criação do objeto em C++ é a principal. Com o uso de __polimorfismo__, podemos usar o mesmo nome de função para duas operações distintas, vistos em: \n",
    "```cpp\n",
    "//Construtor 3D\n",
    "point(float, float, float);\n",
    "//Construtor 2D\n",
    "point(float, float); \n",
    "```\n",
    "Esse é um dos exemplos do construtor na prática. Vale lembrar que isso não é permitido em linguagem C, justamente por conta disso que temos duas funções: `new_point3D` e `new_point2D`.\n",
    "\n",
    "__IMPORTANTE:__ Polimorfismo é a capacidade de termos comportamentos diferentes de acordo com o objeto que estamos tomando como base. Ou seja, na prática podemos criar um método que, de acordo com o objeto analisado, tenha um comportamento totalmente diferente mesmo usando a mesma instrução.\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "attachments": {},
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Construtores e Destrutores - Oque são ? \n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "attachments": {},
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Análogo ao que temos ao usarmos o `free` e `malloc` de C. Estes exemplos têm como objetivo lidar com o preparo e organização da classe. Daremos uma atenção maior ao destrutor, que têm funções importantes a serem abordadas."
   ]
  },
  {
   "attachments": {},
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Como usar Construtor e Destrutor\n",
    "Seu uso é simples, mas vale a pena abordar uma propriedade especial de C++, o polimorfismo. Polimorfismo é uma habilidade que temos de representar a mesma coisa de formas diferentes. Observemos abaixo:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Overwriting include/polimorph.cpp\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# TODO: incluir arquivo com construtores multiplos e "
   ]
  }
 ],
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