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m53.xml
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0">
<teiHeader>
<fileDesc>
<titleStmt>
<title>M53. Anon. Typescript fragment, unsigned, dated Nov. 24, 1940. With the author's ms corrections. 26p.</title>
<author>Virginia Woolf</author>
<respStmt>
<resp>Encoded by</resp>
<name>Joshua Phillips</name>
</respStmt>
<funder>The Leverhulme Trust: Grant ECF-2022-602</funder>
</titleStmt>
<publicationStmt>
<authority>The Estate of Virginia Woolf, administered by the Society of Authors</authority>
<availability>
<p>© Estate of Virginia Woolf 2022</p>
</availability>
</publicationStmt>
<sourceDesc>
<msDesc>
<msIdentifier>
<institution>New York Public Library</institution>
<repository>Henry W. and Albert A. Berg Collection of English and American Literature</repository>
<idno>m53</idno>
</msIdentifier>
<physDesc>
<p>M53. Anon. Typescript fragment, unsigned, dated Nov. 24, 1940. With the author's ms corrections. 26p. Paginated 1-25. Two pages paginated 22.</p>
</physDesc>
</msDesc>
</sourceDesc>
</fileDesc>
<profileDesc>
<handNotes>
<handNote xml:id="ms" scribe="vwoo" script="handwritten">
<p>Holograph writing by the documents' main hand, Virginia Woolf</p>
</handNote>
</handNotes>
</profileDesc>
<encodingDesc>
<editorialDecl>
<correction method="markup">
<p>Apparent errors have been explicitly corrected in sic / corr tags, wrapped in a choice element.</p>
</correction>
<interpretation>
<p>Names and references to places and literary works have been wrapped in rs tags which link to annotations and secondary material.</p>
</interpretation>
</editorialDecl>
<projectDesc>
<p>Text encoded as part of 'The Digital "Anon": A Digital Genetic Edition of Virginia Woolf's Final Essays'. This project, funded by Leverhulme Grant ECF-2022-602, seeks to construct a TEI-XML based digital edition of the drafts of 'Anon' and 'The Reader', among the final documents Woolf wrote before her death.</p>
</projectDesc>
</encodingDesc>
</teiHeader>
<text>
<body>
<div xml:id="m53.1">
<p>
<l>1 25th Nov. 1940</l>
<l>Anon.</l>
<l>@@@@@@@@@@@@@@</l>
<l><quote source="#">For many centuries
<choice>
<sic>aft</sic>
<corr>after</corr>
</choice></quote> Britain became an island</l>
<l>the <rs type="person" xml:id="psn-gtre" key="Trevelyan, George">historian</rs> says, <quote source="#">the untamed forest was king.</quote></l>
<l>On the matted boughs of that forest innumerable birds sang;</l>
<l>but their song was only heard by a few skin clad hunters</l>
<l>in the clearings. Did the desire to sing come to one</l>
<l>of those savages because he heard the birds sing? <add hand="ms" place="above">& did</add><del hand="ms">Did he</del></l>
<l>rest his stone axe against a tree for a moment? <add hand="ms" place="above">[illeg.]</add> The tree</l>
<l>was felled; some sort of hut
<choice>
<sic>ws</sic>
<corr>was</corr>
</choice> made from its branches, and</l>
<l>then by degrees, the clearing became larger; the birds</l>
<l>fewer; and the human voice sung instead. <add hand="ms" place="inline">&</add> The first songs</l>
<l>are out of door songs; spring songs; summer songs; winter</l>
<l>songs. <add hand="ms" place="inline">&</add> for there was no comfort
<choice>
<sic>indoor</sic>
<corr>indoors</corr>
</choice>, little</l>
<l>light and no books.</l>
</p>
<p>
<l>The eye therefore was <del>much</del> more acti<add hand="ms" place="inline">v</add>e in the first <del>sin ers</del></l>
<l>singers than in ourselves. And some parts of
<choice>
<sic>Englab</sic>
<corr>England</corr>
</choice></l>
<l>can still be seen as they saw it. Now and then by choosing</l>
<l>a view carefully to shut out a chimney or a
<choice>
<sic>bungalwo</sic>
<corr>bungalow</corr>
</choice>,</l>
<l>we can still see a flat fen, reed whispering, waterlogged;</l>
<l>or a down, covered w still with turf only <del hand="ms">And over</del><add hand="ms" place="above">But on</add> the</l>
<l>down lies a green scar, along which the travellers came,</l>
<l>with the pack horses, dressed in wool, not in skins,</l>
<l>_____________________________________________________</l>
<l><rs type="literary-work" xml:id="lit-hist" key="History of England">History of England</rs> by <rs type="person" xml:id="psn-gtre" key="Trevelyan, George">G. M. Trevelyan</rs> p. 3</l>
</p>
</div>
<div xml:id="m53.2">
<p>
<l>2</l>
<l>the common voice, singing out of doors. He has no house.</l>
<l>He has a quick eye. connected, for the eye is a youthful</l>
<l>sense, with the body, with colour, with substance, rather</l>
<l>than with the mind. He lives a
<choice>
<sic>romaning</sic>
<corr>roaming</corr>
</choice> life, going from</l>
<l>house to house, stopping oftener at the back door than at</l>
<l>the front. He crosses the fields, mounts the hills, and</l>
<l>lies down on the grassy
<choice>
<sic>roa </sic>
<corr>road</corr>
</choice> by the hawthorn to listen to</l>
<l>the nightingale.</l>
</p>
<p>
<l>By choosing a
<choice>
<sic>vuew</sic>
<corr>view</corr>
</choice> carefully to shut out a chimney or a</l>
<l>bungalow we can still see what <rs type="person" xml:id="psn-anon">Anon</rs> saw-- the bird haunted</l>
<l>reed whispering fen; the down covered with turf, and the</l>
<l>scar long healed over the moor, over the down, along which</l>
<l><rs type="person" xml:id="psn-anon">Anon</rs> came when he made his journeys. He was</l>
<l>for the most part a simple singer, lifting a song or story</l>
<l>from other peoples lips, and letting the <add hand="ms" place="above">audience</add> country people</l>
<l>join in the chorus. But now and again <add hand="ms" place="inline"></add><del>he was an artist</del></l>
<l>he made a few lines <add place="above" hand="ms">himself</add> that exactly corresponded to his emotion.</l>
<l>He was an artist.</l>
</p>
</div>
<div xml:id="m53.3">
<l>4 2</l>
<l>But for him of course we have to wait until winter was</l>
<l>past.</l>
</div>
<div xml:id="m53.4">
<p>
<l>3</l>
<l><rs type="person" xml:id="psn-anon">Anon</rs> died round about 1477. It was the printed book with</l>
<l>the authors name attached that killed him. <add hand="ms" place="inline">[</add> After that the</l>
<l>audience was separate from the singer. <add hand="ms" place="inline">]</add> And with <del hand="ms">him</del><add hand="ms" place="above">Anon</add> died</l>
<l>that part of the song that the audience sang, the voice that</l>
<l>supplied the story, filled in the pauses, andadded sometimes</l>
<l>a nonsensical chorus. After that the song was attached to</l>
<l>the singer<add hand="ms" place="above">the singer was separate from the audience</add><add hand="ms" place="inline">:</add>Anon is <rs type="person" xml:id="gcha" key="Chaucer, Geoffrey">Geoffrey</rs>, or <rs type="person" xml:id="psn-jgow" key="Gower, John">John</rs> or Peter. He live<add hand="ms" place="inline">d</add> in</l>
<l>a house <del>and has not only</del> had features of his own,</l>
<l>has <del>not only</del> features of his own <del hand="ms">and above all </del><add hand="ms" place="above">there is</add> a past.</l>
<l>and <add hand="ms" place="above">behind him</add> looks back at the past. Time has drawn its blue veil</l>
<l>over the horizon. <del>he stands in his parsonage [loojing?] back</del> <add hand="ms" place="above">He looks back to/over the forests & the roads.</add></l>
<l><add hand="ms" place="margin">One can [see?] <del hand="ms">is</del> clearly when the present where there is a past behind it.</add></l>
<l><rs type="person" xml:id="psn-anon">Anon</rs> is dead; and
<choice>
<sic>th</sic>
<corr>the</corr>
</choice> <rs type="literary-work" xml:id="lit-cant" key="Canterbury Tales, The">
<choice>
<sic>Cante bury</sic>
<corr>Canterbury</corr>
</choice> Pilgrims</rs> have gone their</l>
<l>way. He-- <del hand="ms">as it happens</del> <add place="above" hand="ms">to take the first of the individuals</add> he is
<choice>
<sic>aclled</sic>
<corr>called</corr>
</choice> <rs type="person" xml:id="psn-whar" key="Harrison, William">
<choice>
<sic>arrison</sic>
<corr>Harrison</corr>
</choice></rs>-- is the <add hand="ms" place="above">a parson</add></l>
<l>first in that long line of leisured and learned men who have</l>
<l>time to think about the past in the quiet of
<choice>
<sic>th</sic>
<corr>the</corr>
</choice></l>
<l>parsonage. He is a
<choice>
<sic>representa ive</sic>
<corr>representative</corr>
</choice> man, often repeated with</l>
<l>little variation in other
<choice>
<sic>centruies</sic>
<corr>centuries</corr>
</choice>. Like <rs type="person" xml:id="psn-cole" key="Cole">Cole</rs>, like</l>
<l><rs type="person" xml:id="psn-skin" key="Skinner">Skinner</rs> Harrison the parson of <rs type="place" xml:id="pla-radw" key="Radwinter">Radwinter</rs> had a library; and</l>
<l>dug up coins. <del hand="ms">
<choice>
<sic>Wint</sic>
<corr>Winter</corr>
</choice> is past and</del> <add hand="ms" place="inline">H</add>e <del hand="ms">already</del>sees <add hand="ms" place="above">already</add> sees the present</l>
<l>against a background.<add hand="ms" place="margin"><del>He is able to see</del> Now that he has a past he can see the present</add> T<add hand="ms" place="inline">he</add> past has become so settled, so</l>
<l>ordered that the present looks ungainly and degenerate</l>
<l><del>behind it</del> against it. There is too much comfort; too many</l>
<l>pillows too many chimneys. The
<choice>
<sic>y ung</sic>
<corr>young</corr>
</choice> <rs type="person" xml:id="psn-wsha" key="Shakespeare, William">
<choice>
<sic>Shakesperaes</sic>
<corr>Shakespeares</corr>
</choice>
</rs> and <rs type="person" xml:id="psn-cmar" key="Marlowe, Christopher">
<choice>
<sic>arlow</sic>
<corr>Marlowes</corr>
</choice>
</rs></l>
<l>are not the men their fathers were. The smoke drawn up by</l>
<l>chimneys no longer salts and
<choice>
<sic>hard ns</sic>
<corr>hardens</corr>
</choice> them. They are tender</l>
<l>and subject to rheumatism. Also, they dress most</l>
<l>fantastically compared with their ancestors.</l>
</p>
<p>
<l>But the
<choice>
<sic>Eng ish</sic>
<corr>English</corr>
</choice> past as seen by <rs type="person" xml:id="psn-whar" key="Harrison, William">Harrison</rs> only</l>
</p>
</div>
<div xml:id="m53.5">
<p>4</p>
<p>
<l>served to show up the material change--the change that had</l>
<l>
<choice>
<sic>coke</sic>
<corr>come</corr>
</choice> over houses, furniture, clothing. There was no English</l>
<l>literature to
<choice>
<sic>s ow</sic>
<corr>show</corr>
</choice> up the change in the mind. There was <add hand="ms" place="above">were</add> no</l>
<l>
<choice>
<sic>Ebglish</sic>
<corr>English</corr>
</choice> <del>
<choice>
<sic>literture</sic>
<corr>literature</corr>
</choice>
</del> <add hand="ms" place="above">books</add> to prove the decline of English literature</l>
<l>The English
<choice>
<sic>lnaguage</sic>
<corr>language</corr>
</choice> as <rs type="person" key="Trevelyan, George">the historian</rs> tells us had gone</l>
<l>underground <add hand="ms" place="above">after the conquest</add> for two centuries. Up stairs they talked French.</l>
<l>English <del hand="ms">language</del> had gone
<choice>
<sic>dow stairs</sic>
<corr>downstairs</corr>
</choice> into the kitchen, into</l>
<l>the farmyard. Anon had sung his song at the back door in a</l>
<l>jargon that was as uncouth to Harrison as to ourselves.</l>
</p>
<p>
<quote source="#" rend="block">
<l>Icham for woing al forwake</l>
<l>Wery no water in wore</l>
</quote>
<quote source="#" rend="block">
<l>An hendy hap ichabbe yghent</l>
<l>Ichot from hevene it is me sent</l>
</quote>
</p>
<p>
<l>--- the words were as difficult for him to spell out as for</l>
<l>
<choice>
<sic>ourslves</sic>
<corr>ourselves</corr>
</choice>. But they were more painful, for they reminded him</l>
<l>of his lack of intellectual ancestry. His intellectual pedi</l>
<l>gree reaches back only to <rs type="person" xml:id="psn-gcha" key="Chaucer, Geoffrey">
<choice>
<sic>Cahucer</sic>
<corr>Chaucer</corr>
</choice>
</rs>, <rs type="person" xml:id="psn-jlyd" key="Lydgate, John">Lydgate</rs>,
<rs type="person" xml:id="psn-jwyc" key="Wycliffe, John"><choice>
<sic>Wychillfe</sic>
<corr>Wycliffe</corr>
</choice></rs>.</l>
<l>In order to have ancestors he must
<choice>
<sic>ross</sic>
<corr>cross</corr>
</choice> the <rs type="place" xml:id="pla-cha" key="Channel, The">channel</rs>;</l>
<l>his
<choice>
<sic>anc stors</sic>
<corr>ancestors</corr>
</choice> by way of the mind are the Greeks and the</l>
<l>Romans. His page is
<choice>
<sic>burdneed</sic>
<corr>burdened</corr>
</choice>, <del>pai</del> with <del hand="ms">proofs</del> <add hand="ms" place="above">[protestations?]</add> of good
<choice>
<sic>breedg</sic>
<corr>breeding</corr>
</choice></l>
<l><rs type="person" xml:id="psn-agrip" key="Agrippa">Henricus Cornleius Agrippa</rs>; <rs type="person" xml:id="psn-suet" key="Suetonius">Suetonius</rs>; <rs type="person" xml:id="psn-plin" key="Pliny">Pliny</rs>; <rs type="person" xml:id="psn-cice" key="Cicero">Cicero</rs>---</l>
<l>he quotes them to prove his good
<choice>
<sic>bredding</sic>
<corr>breeding</corr>
</choice> <add hand="ms" place="above">nobility of mind</add>, as we, to prove</l>
<l>ours,
<choice>
<sic>quite</sic>
<corr>quote</corr>
</choice><rs type="person" xml:id="psn-gcha" key="Chaucer, Geoffrey">Chaucer</rs>, or <rs type="person" xml:id="psn-espe" key="Spenser, Edmund">Spenser</rs>, or <rs type="person" xml:id="psn-tbro" key="Browne, Sir Thomas">Sir Thomas
<choice>
<sic>Brwone</sic>
<corr>Browne</corr>
</choice></rs></l>
<l>The Greeks and the Romans occupied <add hand="ms" place="inline">[</add> the same place<add hand="ms" place="inline">]</add> in his</l>
<l>mind <add hand="ms" place="above">the place</add> that the
<choice>
<sic>Elizabtehans</sic>
<corr>Elizabethans</corr>
</choice> occupy in our own. The
<choice>
<sic>geeat</sic>
<corr>great</corr>
</choice> book</l>
<l>that were chained to the shelves of college libraries were</l>
<l>written in the learned
<choice>
<sic>tong es</sic>
<corr>tongues</corr>
</choice>. Only the
<choice>
<sic>leraned</sic>
<corr>learned</corr>
</choice> and the</l>
<l><add hand="ms" place="margin">leisured</add> noble read them. <quote source="#" rend="inline">...our ancient ladies of the court</quote> as</l>
<l><rs type="person" xml:id="psn-whar">Harrison</rs> tells us, were to be found reading the
<choice>
<sic>G </sic>
<corr>[Greeks?]</corr>
</choice> [and?]</l>
</p>
</div>
<div xml:id="m53.6">
<p>
<l>5</l>
<l>LaTins as they sat at their needlework.</l>
</p>
<p>
<l>In the back ground then stood the marble busts of</l>
<l>
<choice>
<sic>Greekd</sic>
<corr>Greeks</corr>
</choice> and Romans, <choice>
<sic>overpwering</sic>
<corr>overpowering</corr>
</choice><rs type="person" xml:id="psn-gcha" key="Chaucer, Geoffrey">Chaucer</rs>, and <rs type="person" xml:id="psn-tlyd">Lydgate</rs> and</l>
<l><rs type="person" xml:id="psn-jwyc" key="Wycliffe, John">Wycliffe</rs>. And in the foreground there is the house,</l>
<l>no longer a hut made with branches, no longer thi<add hand="ms" place="inline">ck</add> with</l>
<l>wood smoke. There is a pillow now, instead of the old log</l>
<l>with a dip for the head to rest in; glass fills the windows,</l>
<l><add hand="typewriter" place="above">the ceilings are curiously worked;</add> and the spoons and plates are of silver and pewter.
<choice>
<sic>Beyo m</sic>
<corr>Beyond</corr>
</choice> the</l>
<l>
<choice>
<sic>h use</sic>
<corr>house</corr>
</choice> there are <add hand="ms" place="above">a few</add> roads <del>with great Inns</del> with great many
<choice>
<sic>roome</sic>
<corr>roomed</corr>
</choice></l>
<l>Inns at intervals. The roads lead to <rs type="place" xml:id="psn-lond" key="London">London</rs>; a fine city;</l>
<l>and sometimes harrison <del hand="ms">The roads</del> lead <add hand="ms" place="above">say here & there</add> all across England</l>
<l><del hand="ms">they lead</del> to the <del hand="ms">channel</del> <add hand="ms" place="above"><rs type="place" xml:id="pla-rlea" key="River Lea">Lea</rs></add>; Great
<choice>
<sic>tarvellers</sic>
<corr>travellers</corr>
</choice> there are who have</l>
<l>
<choice>
<sic>crosses</sic>
<corr>crossed</corr>
</choice> the
<rs type="person" xml:id="pla-chan" key="Channel, The"><choice>
<sic>c annel</sic>
<corr>channel</corr>
</choice></rs> and been to <rs type="place" xml:id="pla-rome" key="Rome">Rome</rs> to <rs type="place" xml:id="pla-pale" key="Palestine">
<choice>
<sic> alestine</sic>
<corr>Palestine</corr>
</choice></rs>. But</l>
<l><rs type="person" xml:id="psn-whar" key="Harrison, William">Harrison</rs> himself <del hand="ms">is no
<choice>
<sic>travller</sic>
<corr>traveller</corr>
</choice>. Harrison</del> has never been</l>
<l>more than forty miles from <rs type="place" xml:id="pla-radw" key="Radwinter">Radwinter</rs><add hand="ms" place="inline">,</add> he tells us. He tells
<choice>
<sic>s</sic>
<corr>us</corr>
</choice></l>
<l>that he has a garden; <add hand="ms" place="above">that he</add> digs for coins; and <add hand="ms" place="above">that he</add> owns a mastiff.</l>
<l>The age of
<choice>
<sic>anoynmity</sic>
<corr>anonymity</corr>
</choice> is over <del hand="ms">when <del>we see</del> the writer</del></l>
<l><del hand="ms">tells us that.</del></l>
<l>"Winter is past".</l>
</p>
<p>
<l><rs type="person" xml:id="psn-anon" key="Anon">Anon</rs> then has
<choice>
<sic>em ged</sic>
<corr>emerged</corr>
</choice> from the forests and the floods.</l>
<l>He has a dog and a garden; He has books; and he digs in the</l>
<l>
<choice>
<sic>aearth</sic>
<corr>earth</corr>
</choice>. e <del>he has a past. "Winter is past"</del>. He has a name too,</l>
<l>but his name is of no great moment. It may be Harrison; it</l>
<l>may be <rs type="person" xml:id="lit-past" key="Pastons">Paston</rs>; <add hand="ms" place="above">it may be [illeg.] or <rs type="person" xml:id="psn-wlan" key="Langland, William">Langland</rs></add> it may be
<choice>
<sic> m th</sic>
<corr>Smith</corr>
</choice> or Jennings. There is very</l>
<l>little to him, save his name. He has no expression</l>
<l>on his face. He conveys to us chiefly <add>the emptiness of England</add> what he sees--England,</l>
<l><del>its emptiness the scarcity of roads; the;</del> its emptiness;</l>
<l>its scarcity
<choice>
<sic>o</sic>
<corr>of</corr>
</choice> people; <add hand="ms" place="above">its few roads</add>; the
<choice>
<sic>predominence</sic>
<corr>predominance</corr>
</choice> of individuals.</l>
<l>The <rs type="person" xml:id="psn-eliz" key="Elizabeth I">Queen</rs> is the predominant figure. He counts her
<choice>
<sic>possession</sic>
<corr>possessions</corr>
</choice></l>
<l>her ships; her palaces He watches her progresses from</l>
</p>
</div>
<div xml:id="m53.7">
<p>
<l>6</l>
<l>along those few rutted and pitted roads to this great</l>
<l>house or that. She is parliament, press, society, law, order.</l>
<l>But the man who sees this is hard <add hand="ms">p</add>ut <del hand="ms">to it write</del></l>
<l>describe what he sees. Writing is still an art that requires</l>
<l>great ceremony. <del hand="ms">It is</del> a painful an
<choice>
<sic>elborate</sic>
<corr>elaborate</corr>
</choice> art.</l>
<l>What you make with the pen is separate from what you say</l>
<l>with the
<choice>
<sic>t nue</sic>
<corr>tongue</corr>
</choice>. Words are stiff and cumbersome and resist</l>
<l>the efforts of the pen to shape them. Only a few years back</l>
<l>words were written beautifully in lustrous ink upon valuable</l>
<l>parchment, and the leaves bound together were chained to the</l>
<l>shelf and read in great discomfort on
<choice>
<sic>ard nechces</sic>
<corr>hard benches</corr>
</choice> in the
<choice>
<sic>cod</sic>
<corr>cold</corr>
</choice></l>
<l>Even now when words are
<choice>
<sic>pr nted</sic>
<corr>printed</corr>
</choice> the great
<choice>
<sic>ublic</sic>
<corr>public</corr>
</choice> is not the</l>
<l>reader, or the paymaster. Written words must please a single</l>
<l>
<choice>
<sic>an</sic>
<corr>man</corr>
</choice> in the first place, <add hand="ms" place="above">& win his patronage.</add>, <del>and the</del> <rs type="literary-work" xml:id="lit-desc" key="Description of England, The">Harrisons volume</rs> is</l>
<l>ceremoniously <del hand="ms">tended</del> tendered to <del hand="ms">a</del> <rs type="person" xml:id="psn-wcob" key="Cobham, Lord William">Lord
<choice>
<sic>Conham</sic>
<corr>Cobham</corr>
</choice></rs> in words as</l>
<l>ornate as the carvings and decorations that shocked him</l>
<l>in the fashionable
<choice>
<sic>Elizavethan</sic>
<corr>Elizabethan</corr>
</choice> house. For the book</l>
<l>must find its way into the hall, into the great room where the</l>
<l>nobles and the gentry have leisure to read <del hand="ms">it when</del> they have</l>
<l><del hand="ms">
<choice>
<sic>hjnuted</sic>
<corr>hunted</corr>
</choice> when they have ordered their estates <add hand="ms" place="above">after the business & pleasure of the day is over</add></del>, when the</l>
<l>night has come and the ladies are busied with their
<choice>
<sic>embroidey</sic>
<corr>embroidery</corr>
</choice></l>
<l>It is written for the great who <del hand="ms">wish</del><add hand="ms" place="above">like</add> to <del hand="ms">learn how their</del></l>
<l><del>
<choice>
<sic>anecstors</sic>
<corr>ancestors</corr>
</choice> lived; and who</del> <add hand="ms" place="above">to</add> read aloud the exploits of their</l>
<l>ancestors; or <del hand="ms">who want</del><add hand="ms" place="above">want</add> a song to sing to their lutes and</l>
<l>citherns.</l>
</p>
</div>
<div xml:id="m53.8">
<p>
<l>7</l>
<l>The great
<choice>
<sic>Elizabetha</sic>
<corr>Elizabethan</corr>
</choice> house is still in existence,</l>
<l>standing in its green island of park, separated often from</l>
<l>the high road only by a dip in the ground and a low red</l>
<l>wall. I<add hand="ms" place="inline">t</add> is out of proportion now; either it is too</l>
<l>large, or the village with its eighteenth nineteenth
<choice>
<sic>twentieh</sic>
<corr>twentieth</corr>
</choice></l>
<l>century shops and villas is too small. With its
<choice>
<sic>congoler</sic>
<corr>conglomeration</corr>
</choice></l>
<l>
<choice>
<sic>artion</sic>
<corr>conglomeration</corr>
</choice>
<choice>
<sic>o</sic>
<corr>of</corr>
</choice> roofs chapels
<choice>
<sic>chimenys</sic>
<corr>chimneys</corr>
</choice> it dwarfs its neighbours.</l>
<l>Inside all is kept as if <rs type="person" xml:id="psn-eliz" key="Elizabeth I">the Queen, Elizabeth</rs>, were</l>
<l>expected. The <del>rooms</del> upright
<choice>
<sic>Elizabthan</sic>
<corr>Elizabethan</corr>
</choice> chairs stand round</l>
<l>
<choice>
<sic>th</sic>
<corr>the</corr>
</choice> walls. Their
<choice>
<sic>frimges</sic>
<corr>fringes</corr>
</choice> and their tapestry are not much</l>
<l>faded. The great oak tables are polished and heavy.</l>
<l>The carved chests and
<choice>
<sic>cupbaords</sic>
<corr>cupboards</corr>
</choice> look brand new.</l>
<l>The floor is
<choice>
<sic>ste wn</sic>
<corr>strewn</corr>
</choice> with rugs; the windows curtained</l>
<l>with red and green brocades; and cut glass chandeliers</l>
<l>hang down from
<choice>
<sic>th</sic>
<corr>the</corr>
</choice> <del>ceiling</del> the decorated plaster work of
<choice>
<sic>th</sic>
<corr>the</corr>
</choice></l>
<l>ceiling. Even the
<choice>
<sic>t ys</sic>
<corr>toys</corr>
</choice> and <choice>
<sic>kicknacks</sic>
<corr>knicknacks</corr>
</choice> have survived <del hand="ms">inate</del></l>
<l>intact; and there is the varnished pear shaped lute</l>
<l>upon which the Queen once played.</l>
</p>
<p>
<l>But where are the
<choice>
<sic>Elizabthans</sic>
<corr>Elizabethans</corr>
</choice> themselves? Human</l>
<l>lif<add hand="ms" place="inline">e</add> has receded from this convoluted iridescent shell.</l>
<l><del hand="ms">upon which the sun of 1940 shines so brightly. The
<choice>
<sic>histprians</sic>
<corr>historians</corr>
</choice></del></l>
<l>have ransacked their archives; their old chests; their</l>
<l>writing table drawers, their muniment rooms. They have</l>
<l>
<choice>
<sic>disnterred</sic>
<corr>disinterred</corr>
</choice> from the <add hand="ms" place="above">their faded pages</add> fifteenth century the <rs type="person" xml:id="lit-past" key="Pastons">Pastons</rs> of <rs type="place" xml:id="pla-norf" key="Norfolk">Norfolk</rs></l>
<l>and the <rs xml:id="psn-tbet">Betsons</rs> and <rs type="person" xml:id="psn-payc" key="Paycockes">Paycockes</rs> of <rs type="place" xml:id="pla-esse" key="Essex">Essex</rs>. They have <add hand="ms" place="inline">[illeg.]</add></l>
<l>proved that they fought; and
<choice>
<sic>baretred</sic>
<corr>betrayed</corr>
</choice>; and loved; for they</l>
<l>begot
<choice>
<sic>chi ldren</sic>
<corr>children</corr>
</choice>. But it is a rudimentary life immured in</l>
<l>silence. <del hand="ms">The shell is polished</del>; something moves and st</l>
<l>stirs inside the polished shell. But it the story of the</l>
</p>
</div>
<div xml:id="m53.9">
<p>
<l>8</l>
<l>the Elizabethans. He
<choice>
<sic>tunrs</sic>
<corr>turns</corr>
</choice> away from the present. He does</l>
<l>not hear <rs xml:id="psn-anon">Anon</rs> singing at the back door; he ignores the</l>
<l>actors who were acting their crude dramas in the market</l>
<l>place. Upstairs he says in the great room</l>
<l><quote source="#" rend="inline">our ancient ladies of
<choice>
<sic>th</sic>
<corr>the</corr>
</choice> court</quote> are to be found reading</l>
<l>
<choice>
<sic>histoires</sic>
<corr>histories</corr>
</choice> and <choice>
<sic>chornicles</sic>
<corr>chronicles</corr>
</choice>, the
<choice>
<sic>Geeks and the atins</sic>
<corr>Greeks and the Latins</corr>
</choice> as they</l>
<l>sat at their
<choice>
<sic>needlwork</sic>
<corr>needlework</corr>
</choice>. <add hand="ms" place="margin">not <rs type="person" xml:id="psn-gcha" key="Chaucer, Geoffrey">Chaucer</rs> not <rs type="person" xml:id="psn-wlan" key="Langland, William">Langland</rs></add> And the scholars were
<choice>
<sic>readong</sic>
<corr>reading</corr>
</choice> the</l>
<l>
<choice>
<sic>clasics</sic>
<corr>classics</corr>
</choice> that were chained to the shelves in
<choice>
<sic>th</sic>
<corr>the</corr>
</choice> <choice>
<sic>co ege</sic>
<corr>college</corr>
</choice></l>
<l>libraries. Yet in spite of the printed book,</l>
<l>the common people were still at
<choice>
<sic>tgeir</sic>
<corr>their</corr>
</choice> lewd
<choice>
<sic>pracises</sic>
<corr>practices</corr>
</choice>.</l>
</p>
<p>
<l>The preacher, going on his round on horseback, from</l>
<l>village to village found them at it and raised his voice</l>
<l>in anger. <rs type="person" xml:id="psn-hlat" key="Latimer, Hugh">Latimer</rs> <quote source="#" rend="inline">"riding on a journey
<choice>
<sic>homewar</sic>
<corr>homeward</corr>
</choice> from London"</quote> <add hand="ms" place="margin">[London? Latimer?]</add></l>
<l><del>in</del> about 1549 went to the Church to preach and found the</l>
<l>door locked fast against him. <add hand="ms" place="above">For more than half an hour</add> he waited; and t at last</l>
<quote source="#" rend="inline">
<l>one of the parish came to me and said: Sir this is a</l>
<l>busy day with us, we cannot hear you, it is <rs type="person" xml:id="psn-rhoo" key="Robin Hood">Robin hoods</rs></l>
<l>day. The parish are gone abroad to gather for
<choice>
<sic>Robin Hodd</sic>
<corr>Robin Hood</corr>
</choice>.</l>
<l>I was fain there to give place to Robin Hood. I thought my</l>
<l>
<choice>
<sic>Rocjet</sic>
<corr>[Pocket?]</corr>
</choice> would have been regarded, though I were not: but it</l>
<l>would not serve, it was fain to give place to
<choice>
<sic>Rbin hoods</sic>
<corr>Robin Hood's</corr>
</choice> men.</l>
<l>It is no laughing matter, my
<choice>
<sic>freinds</sic>
<corr>friends</corr>
</choice>, it is a weeping matter,</l>
<l>a heavy matter, a heavy matter, under the pretence for</l>
<l>gathering for Robin Hood, a
<choice>
<sic>Traoter</sic>
<corr>Traitor</corr>
</choice>, and a
<choice>
<sic>Theif</sic>
<corr>Thief</corr>
</choice>, to put out</l>
<l>a preacher...."</l>
</quote>
</p>
<p>
<l>Latimer made war against the minstrels and the</l>
<l>mummers. It was his voice that riddled the old
<choice>
<sic>superstitons</sic>
<corr>superstitions</corr>
</choice></l>
<l>with scorn. For he was no antiquary. He did not dig in his</l>
</p>
</div>
<div xml:id="m53.10">
<p>
<l>9</l>
<l><del hand="ms">To <rs type="person" xml:id="psn-hlat" key="Latimer, Hugh">Latimer</rs></del> <rs type="person" xml:id="psn-rhoo" key="Robin Hood">Robin Hood</rs> was a <del>theif and</del> <add hand="ms" place="above">nothing but a</add> thief, <add hand="ms" place="margin"></add>to Latimer</l>
<l>the peasants doing him honour were still blind with</l>
<l>
<choice>
<sic>supersttion</sic>
<corr>superstition</corr>
</choice>. He himself had walked <quote source="#" rend="inline">"in the
<choice>
<sic>shdow</sic>
<corr>shadow</corr>
</choice>of death"</quote></l>
<l><del>had believed in the mummers and</del> till he was thirty.</l>
<l>Then gentle Mr master <rs type="person" xml:id="psn-tbil" key="Bilney, Thomas">Bilney</rs> at <rs type="place" xml:id="pla-camb" key="Cambridge">
<choice>
<sic>Cambridhe</sic>
<corr>Cambridge</corr>
</choice></rs> had opened his</l>
<l>eyes. Now they saw through the old
<choice>
<sic>pop sh</sic>
<corr>popish</corr>
</choice>, <choice>
<sic>paracices</sic>
<corr>practices</corr>
</choice> the </l>
<l>old Pagan customs. He saw <add hand="ms" place="above">they saw</add> England itself at this moment</l>
<l>in its reality. <quote source="#" rend="inline">The cry of the
<choice>
<sic>wormen</sic>
<corr>women</corr>
</choice> is come up into my</quote></l>
<l><quote source="#" rend="inline">eares</quote> he said. When he walked trying to read his book in</l>
<l>the <rs type="person" xml:id="psn-arch" key="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterburys</rs> garden there
<choice>
<sic>awas</sic>
<corr>was</corr>
</choice> a
<choice>
<sic>kocking</sic>
<corr>knocking</corr>
</choice></l>
<l>at the gate. And his
<choice>
<sic>ma</sic>
<corr>man</corr>
</choice> came and said "Sir, there is one</l>
<l>that would speak with
<choice>
<sic>ou</sic>
<corr>you</corr>
</choice>." So he shut his book and went</l>
<l>out among the poor; into the prisons, into the fields.</l>
<l><add hand="ms" place="above">The cry of the workmen "came up into my eares" he said</add> He heard the <quote source="#" rend="inline">poor Labourrers, gun makers,</quote></l>
<quote>
<l>Powdermen, Bow makers, arrowmakers, smiths, carpenters</l>
</quote>
<l><quote source="#" rend="inline">soldiers and other crafts "</quote> crying that
<choice>
<sic>yhey</sic>
<corr>they</corr>
</choice> were unpaid.</l>
<l>
<choice>
<sic>The</sic>
<corr>They</corr>
</choice> found the poor without a goose or a pig for the</l>
<l>great were enclosing the fields. He went to the great man</l>
<l>and found him still in bed, after his
<choice>
<sic>hakwing</sic>
<corr>hawking</corr>
</choice> and</l>
<l>his
<choice>
<sic>hutning</sic>
<corr>hunting</corr>
</choice>, and the hall full of poor suitors waiting to</l>
<l>make their plaints. <add hand="ms" place="inline">[</add>As
<choice>
<sic>fot</sic>
<corr>for</corr>
</choice> the Bishops, <quote source="#" rend="inline">"they hawke, they</quote></l>
<quote>
<l>
<choice>
<sic>huntm</sic>
<corr>hunt</corr>
</choice> they carde, they dice, they pastime in their</l>
<l>prelacies with gallant gentlemen, with their dancing</l>
<l>minions and with their fresh companions..."<add hand="ms" place="inline">]</add></l>
</quote>
<l>He saw the curates in their
<choice>
<sic>velevet</sic>
<corr>velvet</corr>
</choice> shoes and slippers</l>
<l><quote source="#" rend="inline">"meet to dance
<choice>
<sic>themorris</sic>
<corr>the morris</corr>
</choice> dance"</quote>. He saw the fine ladies</l>
<l>dressed in fa vardigalls with their hair
<choice>
<sic>puffedout</sic>
<corr>puffed out</corr>
</choice></l>
<l>in
<choice>
<sic>tuccosks</sic>
<corr>tussocks</corr>
</choice> and French hoods. He saw the
<choice>
<sic>yo ng</sic>
<corr>young</corr>
</choice> men,</l>
</p>
</div>
<div xml:id="m53.11">
<p>
<l>10</l>
<l>no longer
<choice>
<sic>shot ing</sic>
<corr>shooting</corr>
</choice> with the long bow, as his father had</l>
<l>taught him to shoot, but bowling,
<choice>
<sic>drinkingl</sic>
<corr>drinking,</corr>
</choice> whoring. And
<choice>
<sic>inh</sic>
<corr>in</corr>
</choice></l>
<l>the streets of London he saw the harlot going to ec</l>
<l>execution, making merry as she went and crying, <quote source="#">"that if</quote></l>
<l><quote source="#" rend="inline">
<choice>
<sic>goof</sic>
<corr>good</corr>
</choice> fellows had kept touch with her, she had not been at</quote></l>
<l><quote source="#" rend="inline">this time in that case."</quote> He noted the smell of</l>
<l>rotting bodies
<choice>
<sic>un</sic>
<corr>in</corr>
</choice> the churchyard at <rs type="place" xml:id="pla-stpa" key="St Paul's Cathedral">St Pauls</rs> and</l>
<l>foretold plague to come. And in every village he found the</l>
<l>peasants going on pilgrimages, setting up candles,
<choice>
<sic>worshippig</sic>
<corr>worshipping</corr>
</choice></l>
<l>
<choice>
<sic>p gs</sic>
<corr>pigs'</corr>
</choice> bones, and
<choice>
<sic>follwing</sic>
<corr>following</corr>
</choice> Robin Hood. How should they know</l>
<l>
<choice>
<sic>bet er</sic>
<corr>better</corr>
</choice> when
<choice>
<sic>the re</sic>
<corr>there</corr>
</choice> was no preaching in the pulpits, when</l>
<l>the words they heard were in a tongue they could not</l>
<l>understand?</l>
</p>
<p>
<l>So he went about England preaching in English,</l>
<l>no matter if he preached on horseback or stood under a tree.</l>
<l>It did not matter either if he spoke to the <rs type="person" xml:id="psn-hen8" key="Henry VIII">King</rs> in person.</l>
<l>or preaching to the King in person. He did not moderate</l>
<l>his words. He spoke to the King himself in a voice that</l>
<l>stumbles, that repeats, that loses the thread of its argument</l>
<l><add hand="ms" place="margin">- one [illeg.] about them the first [sticky?] he [illeg.] -</add>no matter, he will bring before the King the real state of</l>
<l><del>Eoal</del>
<choice>
<sic>Englandas</sic>
<corr>England as</corr>
</choice> it <del>appeared to his him</del> He will
<choice>
<sic>unbeil</sic>
<corr>unveil</corr>
</choice></l>
<l>show up, speak the truth, even if it brings him to the</l>
<l>faggot as it brought his master, the gentle Mr Bilney.</l>
<l><quote source="#">"who was for ever
<choice>
<sic>visitng</sic>
<corr>visiting</corr>
</choice> <choice>
<sic>risoners</sic>
<corr>prisoners</corr>
</choice> and sick folk."</quote></l>
<l>There is only a short pace left him before he too will</l>
<l>stand outside the <rs type="place" xml:id="pla-boca" key="Bocardo">Bocardo</rs> at <rs type="place" xml:id="pla-oxfo" key="Oxford">Oxford</rs> and feel the flames</l>
<l>on his own flesh. So he pours out his anger;</l>
<l>So he lights up the state of England with his</l>
</p>
</div>
<div xml:id="m53.12">
<p>