-
Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork 0
/
Copy pathbasisRData.html
1287 lines (959 loc) · 38.8 KB
/
basisRData.html
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
<!DOCTYPE html>
<!-- saved from url=(0014)about:internet -->
<html>
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/>
<meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="IE=9" >
<title>Basic Data Manipulation</title>
<style type="text/css">
body, td {
font-family: sans-serif;
background-color: white;
font-size: 12px;
margin: 8px;
}
tt, code, pre {
font-family: 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Droid Sans Mono', 'Lucida Console', Consolas, Monaco, monospace;
}
h1 {
font-size:2.2em;
}
h2 {
font-size:1.8em;
}
h3 {
font-size:1.4em;
}
h4 {
font-size:1.0em;
}
h5 {
font-size:0.9em;
}
h6 {
font-size:0.8em;
}
a:visited {
color: rgb(50%, 0%, 50%);
}
pre {
margin-top: 0;
max-width: 95%;
border: 1px solid #ccc;
white-space: pre-wrap;
}
pre code {
display: block; padding: 0.5em;
}
code.r, code.cpp {
background-color: #F8F8F8;
}
table, td, th {
border: none;
}
blockquote {
color:#666666;
margin:0;
padding-left: 1em;
border-left: 0.5em #EEE solid;
}
hr {
height: 0px;
border-bottom: none;
border-top-width: thin;
border-top-style: dotted;
border-top-color: #999999;
}
@media print {
* {
background: transparent !important;
color: black !important;
filter:none !important;
-ms-filter: none !important;
}
body {
font-size:12pt;
max-width:100%;
}
a, a:visited {
text-decoration: underline;
}
hr {
visibility: hidden;
page-break-before: always;
}
pre, blockquote {
padding-right: 1em;
page-break-inside: avoid;
}
tr, img {
page-break-inside: avoid;
}
img {
max-width: 100% !important;
}
@page :left {
margin: 15mm 20mm 15mm 10mm;
}
@page :right {
margin: 15mm 10mm 15mm 20mm;
}
p, h2, h3 {
orphans: 3; widows: 3;
}
h2, h3 {
page-break-after: avoid;
}
}
</style>
<!-- Styles for R syntax highlighter -->
<style type="text/css">
pre .operator,
pre .paren {
color: rgb(104, 118, 135)
}
pre .literal {
color: rgb(88, 72, 246)
}
pre .number {
color: rgb(0, 0, 205);
}
pre .comment {
color: rgb(76, 136, 107);
}
pre .keyword {
color: rgb(0, 0, 255);
}
pre .identifier {
color: rgb(0, 0, 0);
}
pre .string {
color: rgb(3, 106, 7);
}
</style>
<!-- R syntax highlighter -->
<script type="text/javascript">
var hljs=new function(){function m(p){return p.replace(/&/gm,"&").replace(/</gm,"<")}function f(r,q,p){return RegExp(q,"m"+(r.cI?"i":"")+(p?"g":""))}function b(r){for(var p=0;p<r.childNodes.length;p++){var q=r.childNodes[p];if(q.nodeName=="CODE"){return q}if(!(q.nodeType==3&&q.nodeValue.match(/\s+/))){break}}}function h(t,s){var p="";for(var r=0;r<t.childNodes.length;r++){if(t.childNodes[r].nodeType==3){var q=t.childNodes[r].nodeValue;if(s){q=q.replace(/\n/g,"")}p+=q}else{if(t.childNodes[r].nodeName=="BR"){p+="\n"}else{p+=h(t.childNodes[r])}}}if(/MSIE [678]/.test(navigator.userAgent)){p=p.replace(/\r/g,"\n")}return p}function a(s){var r=s.className.split(/\s+/);r=r.concat(s.parentNode.className.split(/\s+/));for(var q=0;q<r.length;q++){var p=r[q].replace(/^language-/,"");if(e[p]){return p}}}function c(q){var p=[];(function(s,t){for(var r=0;r<s.childNodes.length;r++){if(s.childNodes[r].nodeType==3){t+=s.childNodes[r].nodeValue.length}else{if(s.childNodes[r].nodeName=="BR"){t+=1}else{if(s.childNodes[r].nodeType==1){p.push({event:"start",offset:t,node:s.childNodes[r]});t=arguments.callee(s.childNodes[r],t);p.push({event:"stop",offset:t,node:s.childNodes[r]})}}}}return t})(q,0);return p}function k(y,w,x){var q=0;var z="";var s=[];function u(){if(y.length&&w.length){if(y[0].offset!=w[0].offset){return(y[0].offset<w[0].offset)?y:w}else{return w[0].event=="start"?y:w}}else{return y.length?y:w}}function t(D){var A="<"+D.nodeName.toLowerCase();for(var B=0;B<D.attributes.length;B++){var C=D.attributes[B];A+=" "+C.nodeName.toLowerCase();if(C.value!==undefined&&C.value!==false&&C.value!==null){A+='="'+m(C.value)+'"'}}return A+">"}while(y.length||w.length){var v=u().splice(0,1)[0];z+=m(x.substr(q,v.offset-q));q=v.offset;if(v.event=="start"){z+=t(v.node);s.push(v.node)}else{if(v.event=="stop"){var p,r=s.length;do{r--;p=s[r];z+=("</"+p.nodeName.toLowerCase()+">")}while(p!=v.node);s.splice(r,1);while(r<s.length){z+=t(s[r]);r++}}}}return z+m(x.substr(q))}function j(){function q(x,y,v){if(x.compiled){return}var u;var s=[];if(x.k){x.lR=f(y,x.l||hljs.IR,true);for(var w in x.k){if(!x.k.hasOwnProperty(w)){continue}if(x.k[w] instanceof Object){u=x.k[w]}else{u=x.k;w="keyword"}for(var r in u){if(!u.hasOwnProperty(r)){continue}x.k[r]=[w,u[r]];s.push(r)}}}if(!v){if(x.bWK){x.b="\\b("+s.join("|")+")\\s"}x.bR=f(y,x.b?x.b:"\\B|\\b");if(!x.e&&!x.eW){x.e="\\B|\\b"}if(x.e){x.eR=f(y,x.e)}}if(x.i){x.iR=f(y,x.i)}if(x.r===undefined){x.r=1}if(!x.c){x.c=[]}x.compiled=true;for(var t=0;t<x.c.length;t++){if(x.c[t]=="self"){x.c[t]=x}q(x.c[t],y,false)}if(x.starts){q(x.starts,y,false)}}for(var p in e){if(!e.hasOwnProperty(p)){continue}q(e[p].dM,e[p],true)}}function d(B,C){if(!j.called){j();j.called=true}function q(r,M){for(var L=0;L<M.c.length;L++){if((M.c[L].bR.exec(r)||[null])[0]==r){return M.c[L]}}}function v(L,r){if(D[L].e&&D[L].eR.test(r)){return 1}if(D[L].eW){var M=v(L-1,r);return M?M+1:0}return 0}function w(r,L){return L.i&&L.iR.test(r)}function K(N,O){var M=[];for(var L=0;L<N.c.length;L++){M.push(N.c[L].b)}var r=D.length-1;do{if(D[r].e){M.push(D[r].e)}r--}while(D[r+1].eW);if(N.i){M.push(N.i)}return f(O,M.join("|"),true)}function p(M,L){var N=D[D.length-1];if(!N.t){N.t=K(N,E)}N.t.lastIndex=L;var r=N.t.exec(M);return r?[M.substr(L,r.index-L),r[0],false]:[M.substr(L),"",true]}function z(N,r){var L=E.cI?r[0].toLowerCase():r[0];var M=N.k[L];if(M&&M instanceof Array){return M}return false}function F(L,P){L=m(L);if(!P.k){return L}var r="";var O=0;P.lR.lastIndex=0;var M=P.lR.exec(L);while(M){r+=L.substr(O,M.index-O);var N=z(P,M);if(N){x+=N[1];r+='<span class="'+N[0]+'">'+M[0]+"</span>"}else{r+=M[0]}O=P.lR.lastIndex;M=P.lR.exec(L)}return r+L.substr(O,L.length-O)}function J(L,M){if(M.sL&&e[M.sL]){var r=d(M.sL,L);x+=r.keyword_count;return r.value}else{return F(L,M)}}function I(M,r){var L=M.cN?'<span class="'+M.cN+'">':"";if(M.rB){y+=L;M.buffer=""}else{if(M.eB){y+=m(r)+L;M.buffer=""}else{y+=L;M.buffer=r}}D.push(M);A+=M.r}function G(N,M,Q){var R=D[D.length-1];if(Q){y+=J(R.buffer+N,R);return false}var P=q(M,R);if(P){y+=J(R.buffer+N,R);I(P,M);return P.rB}var L=v(D.length-1,M);if(L){var O=R.cN?"</span>":"";if(R.rE){y+=J(R.buffer+N,R)+O}else{if(R.eE){y+=J(R.buffer+N,R)+O+m(M)}else{y+=J(R.buffer+N+M,R)+O}}while(L>1){O=D[D.length-2].cN?"</span>":"";y+=O;L--;D.length--}var r=D[D.length-1];D.length--;D[D.length-1].buffer="";if(r.starts){I(r.starts,"")}return R.rE}if(w(M,R)){throw"Illegal"}}var E=e[B];var D=[E.dM];var A=0;var x=0;var y="";try{var s,u=0;E.dM.buffer="";do{s=p(C,u);var t=G(s[0],s[1],s[2]);u+=s[0].length;if(!t){u+=s[1].length}}while(!s[2]);if(D.length>1){throw"Illegal"}return{r:A,keyword_count:x,value:y}}catch(H){if(H=="Illegal"){return{r:0,keyword_count:0,value:m(C)}}else{throw H}}}function g(t){var p={keyword_count:0,r:0,value:m(t)};var r=p;for(var q in e){if(!e.hasOwnProperty(q)){continue}var s=d(q,t);s.language=q;if(s.keyword_count+s.r>r.keyword_count+r.r){r=s}if(s.keyword_count+s.r>p.keyword_count+p.r){r=p;p=s}}if(r.language){p.second_best=r}return p}function i(r,q,p){if(q){r=r.replace(/^((<[^>]+>|\t)+)/gm,function(t,w,v,u){return w.replace(/\t/g,q)})}if(p){r=r.replace(/\n/g,"<br>")}return r}function n(t,w,r){var x=h(t,r);var v=a(t);var y,s;if(v){y=d(v,x)}else{return}var q=c(t);if(q.length){s=document.createElement("pre");s.innerHTML=y.value;y.value=k(q,c(s),x)}y.value=i(y.value,w,r);var u=t.className;if(!u.match("(\\s|^)(language-)?"+v+"(\\s|$)")){u=u?(u+" "+v):v}if(/MSIE [678]/.test(navigator.userAgent)&&t.tagName=="CODE"&&t.parentNode.tagName=="PRE"){s=t.parentNode;var p=document.createElement("div");p.innerHTML="<pre><code>"+y.value+"</code></pre>";t=p.firstChild.firstChild;p.firstChild.cN=s.cN;s.parentNode.replaceChild(p.firstChild,s)}else{t.innerHTML=y.value}t.className=u;t.result={language:v,kw:y.keyword_count,re:y.r};if(y.second_best){t.second_best={language:y.second_best.language,kw:y.second_best.keyword_count,re:y.second_best.r}}}function o(){if(o.called){return}o.called=true;var r=document.getElementsByTagName("pre");for(var p=0;p<r.length;p++){var q=b(r[p]);if(q){n(q,hljs.tabReplace)}}}function l(){if(window.addEventListener){window.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",o,false);window.addEventListener("load",o,false)}else{if(window.attachEvent){window.attachEvent("onload",o)}else{window.onload=o}}}var e={};this.LANGUAGES=e;this.highlight=d;this.highlightAuto=g;this.fixMarkup=i;this.highlightBlock=n;this.initHighlighting=o;this.initHighlightingOnLoad=l;this.IR="[a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9_]*";this.UIR="[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*";this.NR="\\b\\d+(\\.\\d+)?";this.CNR="\\b(0[xX][a-fA-F0-9]+|(\\d+(\\.\\d*)?|\\.\\d+)([eE][-+]?\\d+)?)";this.BNR="\\b(0b[01]+)";this.RSR="!|!=|!==|%|%=|&|&&|&=|\\*|\\*=|\\+|\\+=|,|\\.|-|-=|/|/=|:|;|<|<<|<<=|<=|=|==|===|>|>=|>>|>>=|>>>|>>>=|\\?|\\[|\\{|\\(|\\^|\\^=|\\||\\|=|\\|\\||~";this.ER="(?![\\s\\S])";this.BE={b:"\\\\.",r:0};this.ASM={cN:"string",b:"'",e:"'",i:"\\n",c:[this.BE],r:0};this.QSM={cN:"string",b:'"',e:'"',i:"\\n",c:[this.BE],r:0};this.CLCM={cN:"comment",b:"//",e:"$"};this.CBLCLM={cN:"comment",b:"/\\*",e:"\\*/"};this.HCM={cN:"comment",b:"#",e:"$"};this.NM={cN:"number",b:this.NR,r:0};this.CNM={cN:"number",b:this.CNR,r:0};this.BNM={cN:"number",b:this.BNR,r:0};this.inherit=function(r,s){var p={};for(var q in r){p[q]=r[q]}if(s){for(var q in s){p[q]=s[q]}}return p}}();hljs.LANGUAGES.cpp=function(){var a={keyword:{"false":1,"int":1,"float":1,"while":1,"private":1,"char":1,"catch":1,"export":1,virtual:1,operator:2,sizeof:2,dynamic_cast:2,typedef:2,const_cast:2,"const":1,struct:1,"for":1,static_cast:2,union:1,namespace:1,unsigned:1,"long":1,"throw":1,"volatile":2,"static":1,"protected":1,bool:1,template:1,mutable:1,"if":1,"public":1,friend:2,"do":1,"return":1,"goto":1,auto:1,"void":2,"enum":1,"else":1,"break":1,"new":1,extern:1,using:1,"true":1,"class":1,asm:1,"case":1,typeid:1,"short":1,reinterpret_cast:2,"default":1,"double":1,register:1,explicit:1,signed:1,typename:1,"try":1,"this":1,"switch":1,"continue":1,wchar_t:1,inline:1,"delete":1,alignof:1,char16_t:1,char32_t:1,constexpr:1,decltype:1,noexcept:1,nullptr:1,static_assert:1,thread_local:1,restrict:1,_Bool:1,complex:1},built_in:{std:1,string:1,cin:1,cout:1,cerr:1,clog:1,stringstream:1,istringstream:1,ostringstream:1,auto_ptr:1,deque:1,list:1,queue:1,stack:1,vector:1,map:1,set:1,bitset:1,multiset:1,multimap:1,unordered_set:1,unordered_map:1,unordered_multiset:1,unordered_multimap:1,array:1,shared_ptr:1}};return{dM:{k:a,i:"</",c:[hljs.CLCM,hljs.CBLCLM,hljs.QSM,{cN:"string",b:"'\\\\?.",e:"'",i:"."},{cN:"number",b:"\\b(\\d+(\\.\\d*)?|\\.\\d+)(u|U|l|L|ul|UL|f|F)"},hljs.CNM,{cN:"preprocessor",b:"#",e:"$"},{cN:"stl_container",b:"\\b(deque|list|queue|stack|vector|map|set|bitset|multiset|multimap|unordered_map|unordered_set|unordered_multiset|unordered_multimap|array)\\s*<",e:">",k:a,r:10,c:["self"]}]}}}();hljs.LANGUAGES.r={dM:{c:[hljs.HCM,{cN:"number",b:"\\b0[xX][0-9a-fA-F]+[Li]?\\b",e:hljs.IMMEDIATE_RE,r:0},{cN:"number",b:"\\b\\d+(?:[eE][+\\-]?\\d*)?L\\b",e:hljs.IMMEDIATE_RE,r:0},{cN:"number",b:"\\b\\d+\\.(?!\\d)(?:i\\b)?",e:hljs.IMMEDIATE_RE,r:1},{cN:"number",b:"\\b\\d+(?:\\.\\d*)?(?:[eE][+\\-]?\\d*)?i?\\b",e:hljs.IMMEDIATE_RE,r:0},{cN:"number",b:"\\.\\d+(?:[eE][+\\-]?\\d*)?i?\\b",e:hljs.IMMEDIATE_RE,r:1},{cN:"keyword",b:"(?:tryCatch|library|setGeneric|setGroupGeneric)\\b",e:hljs.IMMEDIATE_RE,r:10},{cN:"keyword",b:"\\.\\.\\.",e:hljs.IMMEDIATE_RE,r:10},{cN:"keyword",b:"\\.\\.\\d+(?![\\w.])",e:hljs.IMMEDIATE_RE,r:10},{cN:"keyword",b:"\\b(?:function)",e:hljs.IMMEDIATE_RE,r:2},{cN:"keyword",b:"(?:if|in|break|next|repeat|else|for|return|switch|while|try|stop|warning|require|attach|detach|source|setMethod|setClass)\\b",e:hljs.IMMEDIATE_RE,r:1},{cN:"literal",b:"(?:NA|NA_integer_|NA_real_|NA_character_|NA_complex_)\\b",e:hljs.IMMEDIATE_RE,r:10},{cN:"literal",b:"(?:NULL|TRUE|FALSE|T|F|Inf|NaN)\\b",e:hljs.IMMEDIATE_RE,r:1},{cN:"identifier",b:"[a-zA-Z.][a-zA-Z0-9._]*\\b",e:hljs.IMMEDIATE_RE,r:0},{cN:"operator",b:"<\\-(?!\\s*\\d)",e:hljs.IMMEDIATE_RE,r:2},{cN:"operator",b:"\\->|<\\-",e:hljs.IMMEDIATE_RE,r:1},{cN:"operator",b:"%%|~",e:hljs.IMMEDIATE_RE},{cN:"operator",b:">=|<=|==|!=|\\|\\||&&|=|\\+|\\-|\\*|/|\\^|>|<|!|&|\\||\\$|:",e:hljs.IMMEDIATE_RE,r:0},{cN:"operator",b:"%",e:"%",i:"\\n",r:1},{cN:"identifier",b:"`",e:"`",r:0},{cN:"string",b:'"',e:'"',c:[hljs.BE],r:0},{cN:"string",b:"'",e:"'",c:[hljs.BE],r:0},{cN:"paren",b:"[[({\\])}]",e:hljs.IMMEDIATE_RE,r:0}]}};
hljs.initHighlightingOnLoad();
</script>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Basic Data Manipulation</h1>
<h2>Reading and Saving data</h2>
<p>Let's say we want to:</p>
<ul>
<li>read this <a href="http://data.princeton.edu/wws509/datasets/effort.dat">http://data.princeton.edu/wws509/datasets/effort.dat</a> file</li>
<li>make some summaries</li>
<li>save it to a cvs file in our computer</li>
</ul>
<pre><code class="r">fpe <- read.table("http://data.princeton.edu/wws509/datasets/effort.dat")
head(fpe)
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## setting effort change
## Bolivia 46 0 1
## Brazil 74 0 10
## Chile 89 16 29
## Colombia 77 16 25
## CostaRica 84 21 29
## Cuba 89 15 40
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">names(fpe)
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [1] "setting" "effort" "change"
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">nrow(fpe)
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [1] 20
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">ncol(fpe)
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [1] 3
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">summary(fpe)
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## setting effort change
## Min. :35.0 Min. : 0.00 Min. : 0.0
## 1st Qu.:66.0 1st Qu.: 3.00 1st Qu.: 5.5
## Median :74.0 Median : 8.00 Median :10.5
## Mean :72.1 Mean : 9.55 Mean :14.3
## 3rd Qu.:84.0 3rd Qu.:15.25 3rd Qu.:22.8
## Max. :91.0 Max. :23.00 Max. :40.0
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">write.table(fpe, file = "./effort.dat", sep = ";")
write.csv(fpe, file = "./effort.csv") # we can also save as a csv
</code></pre>
<p>Other functions are</p>
<ul>
<li>dput(x, file): opens file and deparses the object x into that file</li>
<li>dget(file): parses the file and returns an object (eg: df <- dget(“file.txt”))</li>
<li>dump(vector of objects, file): takes a vector of names of R objects and produces text representations of the objects on a file</li>
<li>source(file): recovers the objects saved by dump</li>
<li>save: writes an external representation of R objects to the specified file</li>
<li>load: reload datasets written with the function save</li>
<li>serialize(x, file): turns object x into a binary file</li>
<li>unserialize(file): recovers binary object kept on file</li>
</ul>
<h2>Vectors</h2>
<p>Vectors contain only data from one class.</p>
<pre><code class="r">1:6
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [1] 1 2 3 4 5 6
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">rep(1, 6)
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [1] 1 1 1 1 1 1
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">seq(0, 1, 0.1)
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [1] 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">v <- -5:5
v[1] # use operator [] to access vector elements, indexes start at 1
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [1] -5
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">v <- c(0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.8, 0.9, 1, 1.5) # function c() is used to join vectors
v
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [1] 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.5
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">v[2:4] # subvector
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [1] 0.2 0.3 0.4
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">v[-1] # vector except the first element
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [1] 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.5
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">v[-3:-1] # vector except the first three elements
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [1] 0.4 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.5
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">length(v) # size of the vector
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [1] 8
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">v[length(v)] # last element
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [1] 1.5
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">v[-length(v)] # all except last element
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [1] 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.8 0.9 1.0
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">sum(v) # sum all vector elements
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [1] 5.2
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">vector() # empty vector
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## logical(0)
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">vector("numeric", 10)
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [1] 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">c(1.7, "a") # implicit coercion for vectors
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [1] "1.7" "a"
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">c(T, 2)
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [1] 1 2
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">c("a", T)
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [1] "a" "TRUE"
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">as.numeric(1:6) # explicit coercion
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [1] 1 2 3 4 5 6
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">as.logical(0:6)
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [1] FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">as.character(1:6)
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [1] "1" "2" "3" "4" "5" "6"
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">as.complex(1:6)
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [1] 1+0i 2+0i 3+0i 4+0i 5+0i 6+0i
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">as.numeric(c("a", "b", "c")) #but...
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## Warning: NAs introduced by coercion
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [1] NA NA NA
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">v1 <- 1:3
names(v1) <- c("data1", "data2", "data3") # add names to elems
v1
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## data1 data2 data3
## 1 2 3
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">v1["data1"] # accessing elements using names
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## data1
## 1
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">letters # pre-defined vector
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [1] "a" "b" "c" "d" "e" "f" "g" "h" "i" "j" "k" "l" "m" "n" "o" "p" "q"
## [18] "r" "s" "t" "u" "v" "w" "x" "y" "z"
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r"># more complex operations
vector <- seq(1, 100, 3)
vector
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [1] 1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49
## [18] 52 55 58 61 64 67 70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94 97 100
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">u <- vector%%2 == 0 # only T for pairs
u
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [1] FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE
## [12] TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE
## [23] FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE TRUE FALSE
## [34] TRUE
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">v <- vector[u] # subset only with pairs
v
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [1] 4 10 16 22 28 34 40 46 52 58 64 70 76 82 88 94 100
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r"># str gives the structure of a data structure
str(v)
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## num [1:17] 4 10 16 22 28 34 40 46 52 58 ...
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r"># typeof gives the type
typeof(v)
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [1] "double"
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r"># vectors are homogenuous structures, but R coerces to the most flexibe
# type
c("a", 1)
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [1] "a" "1"
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">c(TRUE, 2)
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [1] 1 2
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r"># subsetting
v <- 1:5
v[c(1, 2)] <- 10:11
v
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [1] 10 11 3 4 5
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">v[-1] <- 20:23 # The length of the LHS needs to match the RHS
v
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [1] 10 20 21 22 23
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">v[c(T, F)] <- 0 # the subsetting cycles if it reaches the end
v
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [1] 0 20 0 22 0
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r"># subsetting can be used for lookup tables:
x <- c("m", "f", "u", "f", "f", "m", "m")
lookup <- c(m = "Male", f = "Female", u = NA)
lookup[x]
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## m f u f f m m
## "Male" "Female" NA "Female" "Female" "Male" "Male"
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">unname(lookup[x])
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [1] "Male" "Female" NA "Female" "Female" "Male" "Male"
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r"># Matching and merging by hand
grades <- c(1, 2, 2, 3, 1)
info <- data.frame(grade = 3:1, desc = c("Excellent", "Good", "Poor"), fail = c(F,
F, T))
id <- match(grades, info$grade) # returns a vector of the positions of (1st) matches of its 1st argument in its 2nd
id
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [1] 3 2 2 1 3
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">info
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## grade desc fail
## 1 3 Excellent FALSE
## 2 2 Good FALSE
## 3 1 Poor TRUE
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">info[id, ]
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## grade desc fail
## 3 1 Poor TRUE
## 2 2 Good FALSE
## 2.1 2 Good FALSE
## 1 3 Excellent FALSE
## 3.1 1 Poor TRUE
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r"># NA is a logical vector!
typeof(NA)
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [1] "logical"
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">NA & TRUE
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [1] NA
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">NA & FALSE
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [1] FALSE
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r"># There are also constants NA_integer_, NA_real_, NA_complex_ and
# NA_character_ (all are reserved words)
</code></pre>
<h2>Matrixes</h2>
<p>Matrixes are vectors with dimensions</p>
<pre><code class="r">m <- 1:16 # just a vector for now
m
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">class(m) # function to determine the object's type
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [1] "integer"
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">dim(m) <- c(4, 4) # make a matrix out of it (rows, columns)
m
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
## [1,] 1 5 9 13
## [2,] 2 6 10 14
## [3,] 3 7 11 15
## [4,] 4 8 12 16
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">class(m)
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [1] "matrix"
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">dim(m) <- c(2, 8) # make a diff matrix
m
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6] [,7] [,8]
## [1,] 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
## [2,] 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">dim(m) <- c(4, 2, 2) # make a 3D matrix
m
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## , , 1
##
## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] 1 5
## [2,] 2 6
## [3,] 3 7
## [4,] 4 8
##
## , , 2
##
## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] 9 13
## [2,] 10 14
## [3,] 11 15
## [4,] 12 16
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">m <- matrix(1:16, nrow = 2, ncol = 8, byrow = T)
m
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5] [,6] [,7] [,8]
## [1,] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
## [2,] 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">m <- matrix(1:16, nrow = 2, ncol = 8, dimnames = list(c("row.1", "row.2"), letters[1:8]))
m
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## a b c d e f g h
## row.1 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15
## row.2 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">m <- matrix(1:6, 3, 2)
dim(m)
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [1] 3 2
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">m
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] 1 4
## [2,] 2 5
## [3,] 3 6
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">dim(m) <- c(2, 3)
m
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [,1] [,2] [,3]
## [1,] 1 3 5
## [2,] 2 4 6
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">m[1, ] # first row
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [1] 1 3 5
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">m[, 2] # second column
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [1] 3 4
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">m[1, 2] # element in first row, 2nd col
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [1] 3
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">m[, c(1, 3)] # the first and third column
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] 1 5
## [2,] 2 6
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">m1 <- 1:3
m2 <- 10:12
cbind(m1, m2) # matrix formation with binding cols or rows
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## m1 m2
## [1,] 1 10
## [2,] 2 11
## [3,] 3 12
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">rbind(m1, m2)
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [,1] [,2] [,3]
## m1 1 2 3
## m2 10 11 12
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">m1 <- matrix(1:9, nrow = 3, ncol = 3)
m2 <- matrix(seq(18, 2, -2), nrow = 3, ncol = 3)
m1
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [,1] [,2] [,3]
## [1,] 1 4 7
## [2,] 2 5 8
## [3,] 3 6 9
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">m2
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [,1] [,2] [,3]
## [1,] 18 12 6
## [2,] 16 10 4
## [3,] 14 8 2
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">m1 + m2
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [,1] [,2] [,3]
## [1,] 19 16 13
## [2,] 18 15 12
## [3,] 17 14 11
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">m1 * m2 # product item by item
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [,1] [,2] [,3]
## [1,] 18 48 42
## [2,] 32 50 32
## [3,] 42 48 18
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">m1 %*% m2 # real matrix multiplication
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [,1] [,2] [,3]
## [1,] 180 108 36
## [2,] 228 138 48
## [3,] 276 168 60
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">t(matrix(1:6, nrow = 2, ncol = 3)) # transpose
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [,1] [,2]
## [1,] 1 2
## [2,] 3 4
## [3,] 5 6
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">
sum(1:5 * 5:1) # inner vector product
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [1] 35
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">outer(1:5, 5:1) # outer vector product
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] [,5]
## [1,] 5 4 3 2 1
## [2,] 10 8 6 4 2
## [3,] 15 12 9 6 3
## [4,] 20 16 12 8 4
## [5,] 25 20 15 10 5
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">
diag(x = 1, nrow = 5, ncol = 3)
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [,1] [,2] [,3]
## [1,] 1 0 0
## [2,] 0 1 0
## [3,] 0 0 1
## [4,] 0 0 0
## [5,] 0 0 0
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">m3 <- diag(1:4) # makes a diagonal matrix using the vector to initialize diagonal
m3
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
## [1,] 1 0 0 0
## [2,] 0 2 0 0
## [3,] 0 0 3 0
## [4,] 0 0 0 4
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">m3[upper.tri(m3, diag = T)] <- NA
m3
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
## [1,] NA NA NA NA
## [2,] 0 NA NA NA
## [3,] 0 0 NA NA
## [4,] 0 0 0 NA
</code></pre>
<h2>Lists</h2>
<p>Lists can contain values of different types (including lists)</p>
<pre><code class="r">l1 <- list(atr1 = 1:4, atr2 = 0.6)
l1
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## $atr1
## [1] 1 2 3 4
##
## $atr2
## [1] 0.6
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">l1[1]
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## $atr1
## [1] 1 2 3 4
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">l1["atr1"] # same thing
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## $atr1
## [1] 1 2 3 4
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">l1[[1]] # operator [[]] extracts a single element
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [1] 1 2 3 4
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">class(l1[[1]])
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [1] "integer"
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">class(l1[1])
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [1] "list"
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">l1$atr1 # operator $ extracts part of the object
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [1] 1 2 3 4
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">l1[["atr1"]] # same thing, except $ does partial matching
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [1] 1 2 3 4
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">l2 <- list(atr1 = 1:4, atr2 = 0.6, atr3 = "hello")
l2
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## $atr1
## [1] 1 2 3 4
##
## $atr2
## [1] 0.6
##
## $atr3
## [1] "hello"
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">l2[c(1, 3)]
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## $atr1
## [1] 1 2 3 4
##
## $atr3
## [1] "hello"
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">l3 <- list(a = list(10, 12, 14), b = c(3.14, 2.81))
l3
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## $a
## $a[[1]]
## [1] 10
##
## $a[[2]]
## [1] 12
##
## $a[[3]]
## [1] 14
##
##
## $b
## [1] 3.14 2.81
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">l3[[c(1, 3)]]
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [1] 14
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">l3[[1]][[3]]
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [1] 14
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">l3a <- list(a = list(b = list(c = list(d = 1))))
l3a
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## $a
## $a$b
## $a$b$c
## $a$b$c$d
## [1] 1
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">l3a[[c("a", "b", "c", "d")]]
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [1] 1
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">l4 <- list(aarvark = 1.5, ox = 3.4)
l4$a # partial matching is possible with $ (proceed with caution!)
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [1] 1.5
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">l5 <- list(list(list(list())))
str(l5)
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## List of 1
## $ :List of 1
## ..$ :List of 1
## .. ..$ : list()
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">is.recursive(l5) # returns TRUE if arg has a recursive (list-like) structure
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## [1] TRUE
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r"># c() will combine several lists into one. If given a combination of
# atomic vectors and lists, c() will coerce the vectors to list before
# combining them.
l6 <- list(list(1, 2), c(3, 4))
l7 <- c(list(1, 2), c(3, 4))
str(l6)
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## List of 2
## $ :List of 2
## ..$ : num 1
## ..$ : num 2
## $ : num [1:2] 3 4
</code></pre>
<pre><code class="r">str(l7)
</code></pre>
<pre><code>## List of 4