style_guide.md

Code Style Guide

To maintain a consistent coding style, contributors should follow the rules outlined on this page. This style guide is separated into three parts: code rules, other file rules, and guidelines for using git.

The style rules are intended to increase readability of the source code. The most important rule of all is: Use common sense and follow what the automatic formatting tools want. If you have to break some rules to make the code more readable (and not just for you, but for everyone who has to read your code), break it. Breaking stylecop enforced rules, with an ignore directive, should only be done in special cases. If some rule is especially troublesome it can be discussed whether it can be disabled entirely.

Code style rules

• Indentation is 4 spaces. Continued statements are indented one level higher.

• Names (that includes variables, functions and classes) should be descriptive. Avoid abbreviations. Do not shorten variable names just to save key strokes, it will be read far more often than it will be written. Single character variable names can be used in for loops. They should be avoided everywhere else. LINQ is an exception to this rule (see below for more info)

• Some common short names are accepted (and even preferred): i, k, a, b used in loops (x, y, z used in loops that deal with coordinates or math), e used in catch blocks as the exception name. Other variables in loops and elsewhere need to be named with actually descriptive variable names.

• Similarly, some very common abbreviations are used in the code, and can (and should) thus be used when naming variables. These are however rare exceptions, not the rule. The allowed abbreviations are listed below. No other abbreviation should be used without prior discussion (and good reasons).

  • min
  • max
  • pos
  • rot
  • str
  • rect (when related to class names and variables holding instances of those classes)
  • tech (short for technology)

• Variables and functions are camelCase or PascalCase depending on their visibility. Classes are PascalCase with leading upper case. StyleCop enforces these rules. Constants are all upper case with SNAKE_CASE (underscores). Enums may be PascalCase or ALL_UPPER_CASE (but PascalCase is very strongly preferred).

• Code filenames are the same case as the primary class in them, ie. PascalCase. Also Godot scenes and other resources should be named in PascalCase and saved in files that match their name. Thrive is a cross-platform project and some platforms use case-sensitive file systems (Unix). Other files and folders that don't need to be named the same as the class in them are named with all lowercase with underscores separating the words.

• Use British English, unless something like Godot requires you to use American spelling, for code comments, variables and in-game text. An exception to this is "meter" and other words that would end in "tre", spell those as "ter".

• C# file lines should have a maximum width of 120 columns.

• Comments should use the C++ style // or XML doc (when documenting language constructs like classes and properties) ///. C-style comments /* should only be used when commenting out multiple lines of code that is important to keep for future reference or similar code that is only a part of a line. This comment style can also be kept in copyright notice sections. Elsewhere C-style comments should not be used.

• C# code should by default not be in a namespace. When code is in a namespace all using statements should be within the namespace.

• Build your code with warnings enabled to see things StyleCop complains about. If you don't automatic checks on your code will fail.

• Due to StyleCop not having rules for everything, there are additional rules implemented by a custom script (dotnet run --project Scripts check) which you should run before committing to make sure there are no issues in your code. This script can be enabled to run automatically with pre-commit.

• All classes and their public and protected members should be documented by XML comments. If the function's purpose is clear from the name, then its documentation can be omitted. If there is a comment on a single construct (class, method etc.) it must be an XML comment. All XML comments must begin with a summary section to explain what something is, and after that what it is used for. If the usage explanation is long or there are extra information to include, put those into a paragraph inside a remarks section.

• In XML comments each nesting level is intended 2 spaces more than the previous level.

• In XML comments the following elements should be on a single line: param, returns, template param, exception. If the text is so long that it doesn't fit within a single line, then those previously mentioned elements should also be split on multiple lines. The following should always be on multiple lines: summary, remarks. Additionally remarks should contain individual para elements that have the actual text in them. For example:

  <remarks>
    <para>
      This is a remark.
    </para>
  </remarks>

• Inline comments inside functions can and should be used to describe why you wrote the function like this (and, sometimes more importantly, why you didn't go another way). They should not use XML style. You can use these types of comments to section of files or put labels in methods to mark what different parts are for.

• Don't place inline comments at the end of lines, place them on their own lines. Don't use comments after a piece of code on a single line. The exception to this rule is when using pragma warning suppressions then add the reason for the suppression at the end of the line. For JetBrains checks, place a separate comment before the suppression explaining the reason for the suppression.

• Start comments with a capital letter, unless it is a commented out code block or a keyword.

• Comments may end in a period. However it is only really recommended for comments that are multiple sentences long. For other comments it's suggested to not end them with a period.

• If there is any debate what a method / parameter means in pull request comments, it must be documented. The discussion is proof that it is not clear enough without a comment. Or a more descriptive name may also help in this situation.

• If you add a comment describing what an if checked (what the result is), put that comment inside the if. Comments describing what the if is checking should be put on a line before the if. For example: "Make sure the player is alive" should be placed before the if but a comment like "Player is alive" should be inside the braces of the if statement.

• Prefer to not specify the value for variables or constants explicitly in the comments as they can easily get outdated when somebody changes the actual values. If it has to be specified, care must be taken to always update that comment whenever the value is changed.

• The returns section of an XML can be omitted if it adds nothing valuable. For example a method like public List<Organelle> GetOrganelles() having documentation that it "returns a list of organelles" doesn't provide any useful information to the person reading the code that they couldn't see directly from the method signature.

• For the main Thrive.csproj nullable reference types feature is turned on. All nullable reference warnings need to be fixed. In registry types and Node derived types we consider the _Ready method and required JSON properties to be "constructor" initialized, meaning we suppress those nullability warnings (when the fields are never checked against null, see Godot usage section for an example). Here's an example of the null suppression:

  [Export]
  public NodePath ConflictDialogPath = null!;
  
  private CustomConfirmationDialog conflictDialog = null!;
  
  public override void _Ready()
  {
      conflictDialog = GetNode<CustomConfirmationDialog>(ConflictDialogPath);
  }  

• Private and other methods that are called in controlled manner may use nullability suppression for things that are checked always higher up the callstack or in a Node _Ready method. Other places are usually better to throw an InvalidOperationException when they are tried to be used on a non-initialized instance.

• For third party code, nullability should be disabled / enabled based on whether the code uses nullable reference types or not.

• Empty lines are encouraged between blocks of code to improve readability. Blank space is your friend, not your enemy. Separate out logically different parts of a method with blank lines. For example, if you have variable assignments or declarations before an if or a loop that don't very strongly belong together, add a blank line.

• Use preincrement (++i) in loops and other cases, unless you actually need post increment.

• There should not be a line change in method declarations before the name of the method. Prefer adding a line break after the opening (

• For method parameters, don't use the "chop" style for dividing them on multiple lines, use the wrap style instead (ie. fill as many parameters on each line as fits within the width limit, instead of just one per line).

• Switch statements should use braces when there is more than one line of code followed by a break/return or a variable is defined. Switch statements should have both of their braces on a new line. When using braces break should be inside the closing brace and not after it.

• Multiline ifs need to use braces or if there is an else or an else if clause then braces need to be used even if the actual bodies are just a single line. Just a single if (without else) with a single line body can be written without braces, and this style should be preferred.

• Ternary operators (a ? b : c) can be used instead of if ... else statements as long as they are kept readable. Nested ternaries are always banned and should be systematically replaced by if-blocks.

• Single line variables (and properties) can be next to each other without a blank line. Other variables and class elements should have a blank line separating them.

• Don't declare multiple local variables on the same line, instead place each declaration on its own line

• Variables should by default use var. Exception are primitive types where specific control on the data types is preferred, for example conversions between floats and ints to ensure the calculation performs in an expected way.

• Variables should be private by default and only be made public if that is required. Properties should be used when some action is needed when a variable is changed, instead of creating setter or getter methods. Overall public properties should be preferred in classes over fields.

• Properties should be very strongly preferred over getter or setter methods. Only when a parameter is needed, is a getter method a good idea. Before making a property public get or set, think if it is really needed. To reduce code complexity unnecessary properties should not be accessible to outside code.

• When setting things that might require validation going through a property should be preferred, even in the same class to avoid mistakes in skipping some logic by directly assigning a field.

• Targeted new and default should be used without specifying type when the type is evident from the context. When the type is not clear the type needs to be specified.

• Variables should be defined in the smallest possible scope. We aren't writing ancient C here.

• uint type should not be used without a very good reason.

• Unrelated uses should not share the same variable. Instead they should locally define their own variable instance.

• Avoid globals. Especially in object trees where you can easily enough pass the reference along.

• Do not use string.Format with a translated format string, as translation mistakes can crash the game in that case. Instead either use LocalizedString, LocalizedStringBuilder, or StringUtils.FormatSafe. Those ways will automatically catch exceptions from broken translations and return the format string un-formatted. StringUtils will likely want to be invoked as an extension method on the string ("example".FormatSafe(...)). If the format string is not user supplied, normal string.Format is allowed, but should be passed CultureInfo.CurrentCulture as the first parameter as we want text shown to the user in the user's selected locale.

• Prefer List and other concrete containers over IList and similar interfaces. IList should be used only in very special cases that require it. In many cases IEnumerable is the preferred type to use to not place constraints on other code unnecessarily.

• Methods should not use => style bodies, properties when they are short should use that style bodies.

• Prefer early returns in methods to avoid unnecessary indentation. Check assumptions about the parameters of a method at the start and return early with an error if the inputs are not valid.

• Don't use LINQ unnecessarily, for example if there's a built in method. For list emptiness check .Count < 1

• Prefer to write out code rather than using very complex LINQ chains. Use complex LINQ sparingly. If LINQ would need many nested statements in lambdas, normal code should be used instead

• Prefer to use single letter variable names in LINQ statements, when they are clear enough. Don't always use x or another generic variable for these. Instead use the first letter that a more descriptive name would have. For example use "i" for "item", "c" for "cells" etc.

• If the word "percentage" is used in a variable name, the valid range of value must be 0-100. If instead the valid range is 0-1, then the variable name may contain the word "fraction". Variables that are not percentages may not under any circumstances have the word "percentage" in their name.

• Don't add a Dispose method to classes that don't need it.

• Use TryGetValue instead of first calling Dictionary.ContainsKey and then reading the value separate because TryGetValue is faster.

• When trying to save dynamic type objects, the base type that is used in the containing object (even if it is an interface) needs to specify the thrive serializer using [UseThriveSerializer] attribute. For more information see saving_system.md.

• Base method calls should be at the start of the method, unless something really has to happen before them. This is to make it easier see that the base method is called and not forgotten. Often it is better to call the base method even though it doesn't do anything to guard against future bugs (if a new sub class is added / the base class is changed).

• Prefer using declarations (C# 8 feature) over using statement blocks. If you need to reduce the scope of the using variables, start a new block with curly braces and use the using declaration inside it.

• Don't use async (C# feature). Instead use the TaskExecutor to run background tasks. Godot APIs don't use async either and none of the existing code does.

• Continuous Integration (CI) will check if the formatting scripts and tools find some problems in your code. You should fix these if your pull request (PR) fails the CI build.

• You should familiarize yourself with the codebase at least somewhat so that you can use similar approaches in new code as is used in existing code as new code should follow the conventions (even if not mentioned in this guide) that existing code has established.

• Defensive programming is recommended. The idea is to write code that expects other parts of the codebase to mess up somewhere. For example, when checking if a species is extinct, instead of checking population == 0, it is recommended to do population <= 0 to guard against negative population bugs.

• Finally you should attempt to reach the abstract goal of clean code. Here are some concepts that are indicative of good code (and breaking these can be bad code): Liskov substitution principle, single purpose principle, logically putting same kind of code in the same place, avoid repetition, avoid expensive operations in a loop, prefer simpler code to understand. Avoid anti-patterns, for example God class.

Godot usage

• GUIs need to be usable with the mouse and a controller. See making_guis.md.

• Do not use Control margins to try to position elements, that's not good Godot usage. Use proper parent container and min size instead.

• For spacing elements use either a spacer (that has a visual appearance) or for invisible space use an empty Control with rect minsize set to the amount of blank you want.

• Don't use text in the GUI with leading or trailing spaces to add padding, see previous bullet instead.

• Node names should not contain spaces, instead use PascalCase naming.

• For connecting signals, use nameof to refer to methods whenever possible to reduce the chance of mistakes when methods are renamed.

• If you need to keep track of child elements that are added through a single place, keep them in a List or Dictionary instead of asking Godot for the children and doing a bunch of extra casts.

• When destroying child Nodes or Controls take care to detach them first, in cases that having them hang around for one more frame causes issues, as that doesn't happen if you just call QueueFree. You can instead call DetachAndQueueFree instead to detach them from parents automatically.

• To support keeping references to game objects, we have IEntity interface that all game objects need to implement. To keep references to these entities, use the EntityReference<T> class. That class will automatically clear the reference when the entity is destroyed. To make this work all entity types need to properly implement the OnDestroyed method and all code destroying entities must call that method before freeing the Godot Node. Normal references can be used for a single frame, and in fact if a single EntityReference needs to be used multiple times, it is preferred to read out the value from it to a local variable first.

• IEntity derived classes must call the OnDestroyed callback when they are freed or queue freed otherwise things will break. If they don't EntityReference won't function correctly and we'll have disposed objects problems again.

• The order of Godot overridden methods in a class should be in the following order: (class constructor), _Ready, _ExitTree, _Process, _Input, _UnhandledInput, (other callbacks)

• If you need to access parent objects, don't make a static public instance variables, instead pass callbacks etc. around to allow the child objects to notify the parent objects, this is to reduce coupling and global variables.

• To remove all children of a Node use FreeChildren or QueueFreeChildren extension methods.

• DO NOT DISPOSE Godot Node derived objects, call QueueFree or Free instead. Also don't override Dispose in Node derived types to detect when the Node is removed, instead use the tree enter and exit callbacks to handle resources that need releasing when removed (unless it is a game entity for which there's a special mechanism, IEntity destroyed callbacks)

• DO NOT DISPOSE GD.Load<T> loaded resources. Any calls with the same resource path will result in the same object instance being returned. So it is not safe to dispose as other users may still be using it.

• For scene attached Nodes, they do not need to be manually freed or disposed. Godot will automatically free them along with the parent.

• NodePath variables should be disposed as they aren't part of the scene tree or Godot properties it likely knows about. So disposing those variables will speed up their clearing.

• Automatic code checks will complain about CA2213 due to the above. For the above cases use #pragma warning disable CA2213 and #pragma warning restore CA2213 around the block of variables to suppress the warning. The warning is not globally suppressed as non-Godot objects should still be disposed according to good style so the warning helps in catching these cases. For example many standard C# classes need to be disposed and for those objects, even when they are held by Godot objects, custom dispose methods should be implemented.

• For most Godot-derived types a Dispose method just needs to be added to dispose any NodePath variables. Note that Godot sometimes creates partly initialized objects (for example autoloads, when loading saves, and objects that Godot editor creates internally). For that reason the Dispose method needs to work even with those partly initialized objects. To take this into account the Dispose method should check that the Export variables are set (the first NodePath variable needs to be set nullable) like this:

    protected override void Dispose(bool disposing)
    {
        if (disposing)
        {
            if (FirstControlPath != null)
            {
                FirstControlPath.Dispose();
                SecondControlPath.Dispose();
                ThirdControlPathAndSoOn.Dispose();
            }
        }

        base.Dispose(disposing);
    }

• Avoid using a constructor to setup Godot resources, usually Node derived types should mostly do Godot Node related, constructor-like operations entirely in _Ready. Many resources are not ready yet when a class is constructed or static variables are being initialized. If this is not followed script variables may not show up correctly in the Godot editor as that relies on creating an instance of the class, and that can fail for example because SimulationParameters are not initialized in the Godot editor. This needs especial care when a class type is directly attached to a Godot scene.

• Regarding nullability and Node references that are null before a Node enters the scene. They can be used if you want to support setting a property that affects a child Node before the Node is added to the scene. For example the following shows how that can be structured:

  [Export]
  public NodePath SpinnerPath = null!;
  
  private TextureRect? spinner;
  
  private bool showSpinner;
  
  public bool ShowSpinner
  {
      get => showSpinner;
      set
      {
          showSpinner = value;
          UpdateSpinner();
      }
  }
  
  public override void _Ready()
  {
      spinner = GetNode<TextureRect>(SpinnerPath);
      UpdateSpinner();
  }
  
  private void UpdateSpinner()
  {
      if (spinner != null)
          spinner.Visible = ShowSpinner;
  }
  
  private void SomeOperationValidAfterReady()
  {
      // Use nullability suppression here once a method is only valid after
      // _Ready has been called
      spinner!.Something();
  }

• Related to the above point, throw SceneTreeAttachRequired if you write an operation that may not be called before _Ready has ran, and it's a public method or can be triggered that way and someone might call it too early.

• When using GD.PrintErr don't use string concatenation, use the multi argument form instead, for example: GD.PrintErr("My value is: ", variable); Or use string interpolation.

• You should follow general GUI standards in designing UI. Use widgets that are meant for whatever kind of interaction you are designing.

• We have rewritten several controls to workaround Godot bugs or limitations, and add custom features. All these rewritten/customized controls are placed in "res://src/gui_common/". Currently there are CustomCheckBox, TopLevelContainer, CustomWindow, CustomConfirmationDialog, ErrorDialog, TutorialDialog, CustomDropDown, CustomRichTextLabel, and TweakedColourPicker. Consider using these custom types rather than the built-in types to ensure consistency across the GUI.

• When you are instantiating a custom Control in Godot, use Instance Child Scene if it has a corresponding scene (.tscn) file; If it doesn't, add a corresponding built-in Control and use Attach Script. An alternative is to locate the scene or script file in FileSystem panel (by default on the bottom-left corner) and drag it to the proper position.

• When you are instantiating a custom Control in code, use the following if it has a corresponding scene (.tscn) file; use new T if it doesn't.

  var scene = GD.Load<PackedScene>("res://src/gui_common/T.tscn");
  var instance = scene.Instance<T>();

• Question popups should have a short title ending in a question mark (?). The content of the popup should give more details and also end with a question.

• Popups (which derives from TopLevelContainer) should be shown with PopupCenteredShrink(). However, if you don't wish to center the popup, simply use TopLevelContainer.OpenModal().

• Using built-in Popup is not recommended since a custom one tailored for the game already exist but for posterity similar rules in the above point still stands. In addition, don't use Popup.Popup_, instead prefer to use Popup.Show or Popup.ShowModal, only if those don't work then you can consider using Popup.Popup_.

• Don't use Godot.Color(string) constructor, unless explicitly needed. An explicit need is for example loading from JSON or from user input. String literal colours should not be used in C# source code.

• When using fonts, don't directly load the .ttf file with an embedded font in a scene file. Instead create a font definition in src/gui_common/fonts folder and use that. This is needed because all fonts must have fallback fonts defined for translations that use character sets that aren't in the main fonts, for example Chinese. All fonts should be TrueType (.ttf) and stored in assets/fonts.

• All images used in the GUI should have mipmaps on in the import options.

Other recommended approaches

• When changing the meaning of a game setting in a major way that is incompatible with previous values, the updated setting should use a different name when saved in JSON to avoid problems. For example: [JsonProperty(PropertyName = "MaxSpawnedEntitiesV2")]. This way the options menu doesn't need complicated adapting logic as otherwise it would show misleading values to the player.

• When using new words that would be detected as typos by Rider, the words should be added to the project dictionary. The dictionary is in Thrive.sln.DotSettings file. For example if "florbing" was a valid new concept that needed to be used in the code, it could be added by adding the following line next to the other dictionary entries: <s:Boolean x:Key="/Default/UserDictionary/Words/=florbing/@EntryIndexedValue">True</s:Boolean>

Other files

• At this time GDScript is not allowed. No .gd files should exist in the Thrive repository.

• Simulation configuration JSON files should be named using snake_case.

• JSON files need to be formatted with jsonlint. There is a CI check that will complain if they aren't. This is a part of the formatting check script.

• New JSON files should prefer PascalCase keys. Existing JSON files should stick to what other parts of that file use.

• Registry items (for example organelles) should use camelCase for their internal names (IRegistryType.InternalName), and not snake_case. Otherwise other names that follow the internal names will violate other naming conventions.

• Do not use <br> in markdown unless it is a table where line breaks need to be tightly controlled. Use blank lines instead of <br>. Also don't use <hr> use --- instead.

• For translations see the specific instructions in working_with_translations.md

• For PRs don't run / include locale .po file changes if there are only changes to the reference line numbers. This is done to reduce the amount of changes PRs contain, but also means that the reference line numbers are sometimes slightly out of date.

Gameplay changes

When doing changes that impact existing gameplay or add new gameplay additional considerations regarding playability and understandability need to be taken into account.

• When changing an existing mechanic that has tutorials, tooltips, help menu entries or other explanations, you must also update those texts so that how we explain the game to the player doesn't get out of sync. This is because if a gameplay changing PR is accepted it may take multiple months for anyone to bother to update the help text meanwhile players don't know about the new mechanics.

• For new gameplay features it is recommended but not mandatory to write new help text or tutorials to explain them.

Git

• Do not work in the master branch, always create a private feature branch if you want to edit something. Even when working with a fork this is recommended to reduce problems with subsequent pull requests (PR).

• If you don't have access to the main repository yet (you will be granted access after your first accepted pull request and you have joined the team) fork the Thrive repository and work in your fork and once done open a pull request.

• Once you get invited to the main repository, you should make your feature branches exclusively in that (and not use a fork). This is so that it is easier for other team members to checkout your code and help with it by committing to your branch.

• If you haven't made many pull requests in the past, it is highly recommended to keep anything not directly needed in your PR away from it to make reviewing easier. Adding refactoring (other than refactoring that is asked for by an open issue) or style changes in your first PR will make it more of a hassle to get it accepted.

• If you are working on a GitHub issue, your feature branch's name should begin with the issue number, followed by an underscore, followed by a short, descriptive name in lower_case_with_underscores. The name should be short, but descriptive enough that you know what the feature branch is about without looking up the GitHub ticket. The second best is to have a descriptive name for a branch that uses underscores to separate words.

• Commit early and frequently, even if the code doesn't run or even compile. It is recommended to use an interactive program for staging parts of files. So even if you have unrelated changes within the same file, you can still separate them. And you don't accidentally commit something you didn't intent to.

• When the master branch is updated, you should usually keep your feature branch as-is. If you really need the new features from master, do a merge. Or if there is a merge conflict preventing your pull request from being merged. Quite often the master branch needs to be merged in before merging a pull request, this can be done directly on Github if there aren't any conflicts. If you want, you can alternatively rebase the feature branch onto master, but this is not required normally. In a case where a direct merge (not squash) is wanted to master then a rebase needs to be performed to clean up the commits in the feature branch.

• When a feature branch is done, open a pull request on GitHub so that others can review it. Chances are that during this review, there will still be issues to be resolved before the branch can be merged into master. You can make a draft pull request if you want feedback but want to clearly state that your changes are not ready yet.

• Pull requests should try to be focused on a single thing so that reviewing them is easier. General refactoring should not be combined in the same PR as a new feature as overall refactoring causes a ton of changes that needs to be reviewed careful and combining that with a new feature causes even more work.

• To keep master's commit history somewhat clean, your commits in the feature branch will be "squashed" into a single commit. This can be done (take note people accepting pull requests) from the Github accept pull request button, hit the arrow to the right side and select "merge and squash". Bigger feature branches that are dozens of commits or from multiple people need to be manually squashed into a few commits while keeping commits from different authors separate in order to attribute all of the authors on Github feeds. These kind of pull requests can be merged normally if all the commits in them are "clean" to not dirty up master. In cases where co-authored by attribution is enough, these pull requests can be squashed normally from Github. This doesn't give as much attribution to everyone who contributed to the pull request, but can be suitable in some cases where someone does a small fix to get things ready for a merge.

• An exception to the above rule are the automatic PRs from Weblate, those must be merged normally, otherwise weblate won't detect that correctly and fixing that requires a lot of manual merging. So merge weblate PRs as separate commits, not squashed. If there is a merge conflict with a Weblate PR or Weblate can't rebase on latest master due to a conflict, a manual merge is needed. For this checkout latest master locally, then fetch the Weblate remote to get the latest code, and finally just merge weblate/master to master and push the result to origin/master.

• You should not leave the co-authored-by line in a squashed commit if all that person did was merge master into the branch to make the merge show up as green on Github or if it is a really tiny suggestion like a simple typo fix.

• For maintainers: When manually merging (which is something you should avoid) GitHub requires a merge commit to recognize the merging of a pull request. A "git merge --squash" does not create a merge commit and will leave the pull request's branch "dangling". To make GitHub properly reflect the merge, follow the procedure outlined in the previous bullet point, then click the "Merge Pull Request" button on GitHub (or do a normal "git merge").

• All team members are encouraged to review pull requests. However, you shouldn't go and merge PRs if you haven't discussed it with the programming team lead yet / it isn't approved by them yet. Another person with access can perform PR merges if the programming team lead is not available, but in this case another team member should also review the code beforehand.