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System.md

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System

Symbol Meaning
- Regular file
d Directory
l Link
c Special file
s Socket
p Named pipe
b Block device
Directory Content
/bin Common programs, shared by the system, the system administrator and the users.
/boot The startup files and the kernel, vmlinuz. In some recent distributions also grub data. Grub is the GRand Unified Boot loader and is an attempt to get rid of the many different boot-loaders we know today.
/dev Contains references to all the CPU peripheral hardware, which are represented as files with special properties.
/etc Most important system configuration files are in /etc, this directory contains data similar to those in the Control Panel in Windows
/home Home directories of the common users.
/initrd (on some distributions) Information for booting. Do not remove!
/lib Library files, includes files for all kinds of programs needed by the system and the users.
/lost+found Every partition has a lost+found in its upper directory. Files that were saved during failures are here.
/misc For miscellaneous purposes.
/mnt Standard mount point for external file systems, e.g. a CD-ROM or a digital camera.
/net Standard mount point for entire remote file systems
/opt Typically contains extra and third party software.
/proc A virtual file system containing information about system resources. More information about the meaning of the files in proc is obtained by entering the command man proc in a terminal window. The file proc.txt discusses the virtual file system in detail.
/root The administrative user's home directory. Mind the difference between /, the root directory and /root, the home directory of the root user.
/sbin Programs for use by the system and the system administrator.
/tmp Temporary space for use by the system, cleaned upon reboot, so don't use this for saving any work!
/usr Programs, libraries, documentation etc. for all user-related programs.
/var Storage for all variable files and temporary files created by users, such as log files, the mail queue, the print spooler area, space for temporary storage of files downloaded from the Internet, or to keep an image of a CD before burning it.
Where to put? Here
aliases In ~/.bash_aliases
env vars In ~/.profile or ~/.bash_profile if this env vars are specific to bash (careful if ~/.bash_profile exists ~/.profile is not loaded).

Relevant files

Filename Comments
/etc/hosts Local DNS configuration
/etc/sysctl.conf Kernel configuration file (requires to be reloaded by system with sudo sysctl -p)
/etc/sudoers File that describe users rights restrictions and permissions (also should be set into /etc/sudoers.d/ folder)
/etc/apt/sources.list Describe where to fetch packages lists.

Crypted partitions

Mount a Luks crypted partition (tried on mint installation volume) :

$ sudo cryptsetup -v luksOpen /dev/sdc3 external # Change `/dev/sdc3` by your actual partition entry (e.g. for SSD volumes: `/dev/nvme0n1p3`).
$ ls /dev/mapper/ # Confirm that you see `external` here.
$ sudo mkdir -p /media/tmp/
$ sudo mount /dev/mapper/mint--vg-root /media/tmp/ # Do not replace `mint--vg-root` by `external`.
$ # ... Do what you need to do in there...
$ sudo umount /media/tmp/
$ sudo rmdir /media/tmp/ # Not mandatory.

References