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<text>
<body>
<div type="entry">
<a when="1798-04-30"/><a href="#ebrad" class="placeName"/>
<p> Feeling an engagement of Mind to <br/> Join <a href="#jpier1" class="persName">John
Pierce</a> in a Visit to the Indian <br/> natives of this Land, after
some close exer-<br/> -cise of Mind on the Occasion, I gave up:<br/> and on the
<a when="1798-04-30">30th day of the 4th Mo 1798</a>, after <br/> a
comfortable Opportunity in my fami-<br/> -ly, several friends being present, I
took<br/> an Affectionate farewell of them, and a-<br/> -bout one O clock in the
afternoon set<br/> of in Company with <a href="#jpier1" class="persName">John
Pierce</a>, and<br/>
<a href="#hsimm1" class="persName">Henry Simmons</a>, in order to pursue a<br/>
Journey to the Northwest parts of this,<br/> and <a href="#newyo" class="placeName">New York
State</a>, to assist in form-<br/> -ing a Settlement among the
Indians, for<br/> their improvement in Agriculture, and<br/> more of a Civilized
Live, we stopped and<br/> took some refreshment at <a href="#jtrum1" class="persName">John
Truman</a>’s,<br/> and Lodged at <a href="#itayl1" class="persName">Isaac
Taylor</a>s. 22 miles</p>
<pb n="2"/>
</div>
<div type="entry">
<a when="1798-05-01">5mo 1</a>
<a href="#wrigh" class="placeName"/>
<p> A fine day for traveling, tho<br/> warm, went to <a href="#agibb1" class="persName">Abraham
Gibbons</a>’s<br/> 11 miles, here by appointment we met<br/> with
<a href="#jswai1" class="persName">Joel Swayne</a>, and <a href="#hjack1" class="persName">Halladay Jack-<br/> -son</a>, two young Men who with <a href="#hsimm1" class="persName">Henry<br/> Simmons</a> had given up to reside some<br/>
time among the Indians for their<br/> religious and temporal benefit, took<br/>
dinner here, then went 7 miles to <a href="#lanca" class="placeName">Lan-<br/>
-caster</a>, where stopping and doing some<br/> business, we went on
12 miles to <a href="#wrigh" class="placeName">Wrights<br/> ferry</a> on <a href="#susqu" class="geogName">Susquehanna</a>, where there is<br/> a pretty Town lately
laid out, it con-<br/> -tains 20 or more good buildings, beauti-<br/> -fully
situated on an elevation above<br/> the <a href="#susqu" class="geogName">River</a>,
the shore of which was lined<br/> with many thousand feet of White<br/> Pine
boards and other Lumber which had been down that <a href="#susqu" class="geogName">River</a> for<br/> near half a Mile. most of this days<br/> ride
<del>has been</del> was through a fruitful well<br/> improved Country, with
good Stone <br/>
<pb n="3"/> Houses and Barns, a large proportion<br/>
of the land was sown with Rye; some of<br/> the Wheat fields looked pretty well,
but<br/> in general Poor; Clover not so forward<br/> as in my neighborhood; some
beauti-<br/> -ful Meadows, between <a href="#lanca" class="placeName">Lancaster</a>
and<br/> this place, 30 miles</p>
</div>
<div type="entry">
<a when="1798-05-02">2nd</a>
<a href="#yorkt" class="placeName"/>
<p> a rainy Morning, stayed under shelter until<br/> 8 O Clock, <del>and</del> then
Crossed the <a href="#susqu" class="geogName">River</a> in the Rain <br/> it is one
Mile and 12 perches wide, which<br/> a Man and horse crosses for 6d; a cheap
ferry,<br/> thence to <a href="#yorkt" class="placeName">York Town</a> 12 miles
mostly through<br/> a Valley, perhaps 10 or more miles wide, some<br/> beautiful
Meadows made their appear-<br/> -ance, more particularly within a few miles<br/>
of the <a href="#susqu" class="geogName">River</a>, and this Town, the Winter<br/>
Grain mostly Poor, though the Land appeared<br/> to be of a good quality, and
well farmed,<br/> The town of <a href="#yorkt" class="placeName">York</a> has an
agreeable ap-<br/>- pearance, in which there are a number<br/> good Buildings;
it is beautified by a large<br/> stream of Water called <a href="#codor" class="geogName">Codoras</a> which runs<br/> through the <a href="#yorkt" class="placeName">Town</a>, we dined here at a Public <br/>
<pb n="4"/> House,— then set of for <a href="#iever1" class="persName">Isaac Everet</a>s.<br/> in 2 or 3 miles after we left
the Town<br/> we got out of the Limestone Valley, and<br/> passed through a
Country diversified<br/> with gentle Assents, and descents, pretty<br/> clear of
stones, the Land in places<br/> thin, though well watered by the Branches<br/>
of the <a href="#concr" class="geogName">Canowagoe</a>, the main stream of<br/> which
was nearly as large as <a href="#brand" class="geogName">Brandy-<br/> -wine</a>, the
Winter grain much affected<br/> with the fly, this has been a pleasant af-<br/>
-ternoon to ride, the Wind at Northwest<br/> and pretty Cool, Stopped at
<a href="#jgarr1" class="persName">John Garison</a>’s<br/> 17 miles where we fed
our horses and got<br/> some refreshment, then some of us went<br/> to <a href="#iever1" class="persName">Isaac Everett</a>’s 3 miles, where we lodged,<br/>
leaving the others at <a href="#jgarr1" class="persName">John Garrisons</a>. 32
miles.</p>
</div>
<div type="entry">
<a when="1798-05-03">3rd</a>
<a href="#shipp" class="placeName"/>
<p> Set of early this Morning, and in about<br/> three Miles came to a large hill
<del>several miles over</del> called the first, mountain which was<br/> 4 or
more Miles across, we then entred<br/> a body of Limestone Land, having
Crossed<br/> the <a href="#yello" class="geogName">Yellow Breeches</a> a large stream
<del>called Yellow Breeches</del>, the <br/>
<pb n="5"/> face of the Country pretty level, and
much<br/> of it under Culture, Rye the prevailing Win-<br/> -ter Crop, which was
mostly thin, Clover scarce-<br/> -ly made its appearance in any of the
fields,<br/> which for want of better farming were<br/> very bare of pasture.
fed at the Black horse<br/> 14 miles, thence to <a href="#shipp" class="placeName">Shippensburgh</a> 12 miles,<br/> part of which was through a flat
Pine bottom<br/> containing a large number of Ponds of stag-<br/> -nated Water,
but as we advanced nearer<br/> the Town, we passed through high Cham-<br/> -pion
Land, beautifully Timbered, then Cross-<br/> -ed a large, Stream
<del>which</del> that sprang up a<br/> few Perches to our left, <del>we were
informed</del><br/>
<del>it mostly</del> which often went dry in the fall, the town<br/> was more
than half a Mile long, containing,<br/> as we were informed 250 houses, a
number<br/> of which <del>was</del> were good Stone buildings, for 2 or<br/> 3
miles after we left the town we passed through<br/> a beautiful well improved
Limestone Coun-<br/> -try, thence through land not so desirable<br/> to
<a href="#stras" class="placeName">Strawsburgh</a>, a Village containing
per-<br/> -haps 40 houses, built of Squared Logs, <del>the</del> which<br/> Town
stands in a low place, hardly discover <br/>
<pb n="6"/> able till we arrived nearly on it,
Shortly<br/> after we passed through this Town, we began<br/> to Ascend the
<a href="#bluem" class="geogName">Blue Mountain</a>, an high<br/> Towering
eminence, steep and very Rocky,<br/> in about three Miles we arrived at the<br/>
bottom of the Opposite side, where we<br/> Crossed the main branch of <a href="#conod" class="geogName">Conedogwine</a><br/> and took up our Quarters at
<a href="#gskin1" class="persName">George Skinner</a>s,<br/> good accommodations,
he has made valuable<br/> improvements, though in a Wild romantic Coun-<br/>
-try. 29 miles</p>
</div>
<div type="entry">
<a when="1798-05-04">4th</a>
<a href="#fanne" class="placeName"/>
<p> Set of early, we immediately asscened<br/> another Mountain much like our
last,<br/> when we arrived at its Summit we had<br/> a delightful View of a well
improved<br/> Valley <del>three</del> two or more miles in weadth, with<br/> a
lofty Mountain beyond, Just as we ente-<br/> -red this Valley, we Crossed the
<a href="#conoc" class="geogName">Conacocheague<br/> Creek</a> a beautiful
stream, in about half<br/> a Mile we passed through <a href="#fanne" class="placeName">Phanetts-Burgh</a>
<br/> a Village of perhaps 30 Loghouses, shortly af-<br/> -ter we
<del>crossed</del> passed this Town we ascend-<br/> -ed a third Mountain
much like the two<br/> last discribed, from thence to Birds at <a href="#flitt" class="placeName">fort<br/> Littleton</a> 5 miles, through a rough
Country, <br/>
<pb n="7"/> Surrounded with lofty Mountains, some<br/>
pretty good improvements in places made<br/> there appearance, and the Roads
consider<br/> -ing the Roughness of the Country not to be<br/> complained of,
here we got our Breakfast<br/> 12 miles. from thence to <a href="#gskin1" class="persName">Skinners</a> on the<br/> top of <a href="#sidel" class="geogName">Sidling
hill</a> 11 miles, through a rough,<br/> Broken, poor Country, very
little inhabited.<br/>
<a href="#sidel" class="geogName">Sidling hill</a> a lofty Mountain; 7 miles
carried<br/> us over, we made near four miles on its<br/> Summit, which was very
high, but our<br/> prospect not extensive by reason of some<br/> mountains which
was nearby on each<br/> hand, as we began to descend a noble<br/> view
presented, as far as the Eye could<br/> reach, having the <a href="#allmo" class="geogName">Allegeny Mountain</a> in<br/> full view at 20 or more miles distant,
the<br/> extensive prospect between, looked like<br/> a delightful plain,
Chequered with a few<br/> plantations, but when we came to tra-<br/> -verse it,
we found many lofty hills, or<br/> Mountains, particularly about the <a href="#junia" class="geogName">Juni-<br/> -atta River</a>, one Branch of which we<br/>
Crossed, which was some 50 or so yards wide<br/> and more than Belly deep;
directly upon <br/>
<pb n="8"/> Crossing this stream we ascended the<br/>
Steepest hill we have met with since we<br/> left home, it is admirable that so
many<br/> Wagons which pass this road, should be able to get<br/> up it, I
suppose we have passed by 20 this<br/> this day, mostly with families going to
new<br/> Countries, a number of which were Crowded<br/> with Children; 17 people
of different descrip-<br/> -tions belonged to one wagon. — when I view-<br/> -ed
the hills and mountains about this River,<br/> I was struck with admiration that
it ever found<br/> a way through them to the <a href="#susqu" class="geogName">Susquehanna</a>, but<br/> I will assure my readers <del>that</del>
its meanders<br/> are very various, and serpentine, some 5 or 6 miles after
we<br/> Crossed <del>it</del> this stream we had the River nearby on each<br/>
hand perhaps not more than half a mile a-<br/> -part. we took up our Quarters at one<br/>
Hartley’s near the <del>its</del> banks, of said river, he
has a valuable<br/> plantation, and pretily situated. most<br/> of this days
ride has been through a<br/> very broken, poor, and thinly settled Coun-<br/>
-try. — 38 miles</p>
</div>
<div type="entry">
<a when="1798-05-04">5th</a>
<a href="#bedfo" class="placeName"/>
<p> Went 6 miles up the <a href="#junia" class="geogName">Juniatta</a>, through<br/> a
rough, Mountainous Country to <a href="#bedfo" class="placeName">Bedford</a>,<br/>
having about one mile back crossed the <br/>
<pb n="9"/> River on a Bridge, the Town stands in<br/>
a Valley Surrounded by high Mountains, it is<br/> a pretty pleasant situation,
being seated on an<br/> elevated Spot near a branch of the River, the Town
<del>it</del><br/> contains a number of good Stone buildings<br/> among
which are a Courthouse, Jail, &c: here<br/> we got our breakfast, and then
passed over<br/> a very Mountainous, poor Country, and but<br/> thinly settled
to the <a href="#allmo" class="geogName">Allegenies</a>, which Moun-<br/> -tain tho
high, was not difficult ascending,<br/> being rather a succession of Mountains
than<br/> one huge pile, we had several very steep As-<br/> -scents and
descents, while on this Mountain,<br/> yet our road went much of the way on the
top<br/> of very high ridges, when we arrived at its<br/> greatest eminence, we
stoped at an Inn and<br/> refreshed ourselves, here we met with a fine<br/>
Spring of Water near the door. we here turned to the left taking the glade road,
the descent from<br/> this Mountain was gradual, the Land arable<br/> tho stony,
it is called 10 miles across, —We now<br/> entered what is called the Glades,
<del>we</del> having understood<br/> in places there were flats or openings
where<br/> much Grass was Cut, Yet where we went throug[h]<br/> was heavy
Timbered, some of which <del>was</del> were sugar<br/> Maple being the first we
had seen, the Land<br/> appeared good, was pretty thick settled, and <br/>
<pb n="10"/> productive, we arrived at a Dutch<br/>
Town called <a href="#berli" class="placeName">Berlin</a>, containing upwards<br/>
of 50 Houses, Mostly of Logs, and Frame, when<br/> at the sign of the Black
House we got good<br/> entertainment. 36 miles</p>
</div>
<div type="entry">
<a when="1798-05-06">6</a>
<a href="#conne" class="placeName"/>
<p> We started early this Morning with some hopes<br/> of reaching a friend’s House
this evening, which<br/> was very desirably, for 2 or more miles the<br/> Land
was good, and considerably Settled, tho<br/> Hilly. thence we entered a Chesnutt
Country,<br/> the Soil thin, and in a while we came among<br/> abundance of
Laurel, the road very Stony,<br/> Rocky, & Muddy, thence entered a Pine
forrest<br/> being the first White Pines of note <del>since</del> we<br/> have
met with; here they grew in abun-<br/> -dance, tho not very large, but few
settlement<br/> the greatest part of this stage, stoped and got<br/> our
Breakfast at <a href="#jthus1" class="persName">John Thusier</a>s 13 miles.<br/> from
thence to <a href="#gbach1" class="persName">Geo: Batchaler</a>’s 14 miles, the<br/>
whole of this stage remarkable rough, the first<br/> 3 or 4 miles the Land
appeared pretty good tho<br/> very hilly, one hill more steep and long than<br/>
any we have hitherto met with, was as we went<br/> down to <a href="#laucr" class="geogName">Laurell—hill—Creek</a>, a smart stream<br/> from thence to near this
place called <a href="#laure" class="geogName">Laurell<br/> Hill</a>, the whole of
this stage very heavy Timbered<br/> so that the Hill comparatively speaking
groan <br/>
<pb n="11"/> ed under their great Load, abundance
of<br/> which was beautiful Chesnut, the finest I <del>reme</del><br/> remember
to have seen, with a large Quan-<br/> -tity of Oak of various kinds, some
Sugar<br/> Maple &c: much of this stage the road was very<br/> Rocky and
Stony. From thence to <a href="#conne" class="placeName">Conalds—<br/> -Ville</a> a
small Town on the <a href="#yough" class="geogName">Yoxhiogeny</a> 14 miles<br/> the
most of this stage was poor, rough, and<br/> Mountainous, and but thinly
settled, except<br/> within 3 or 4 miles of the <a href="#yough" class="geogName">River</a> after we left<br/> the <a href="#cheri" class="geogName">Chesnut
Ridge</a>. — We all took notice<br/> when on the <a href="#allmo" class="geogName">Allegenies</a> and for many Miles<br/> on this side, how
very backward the Trees<br/> were, when we left home they were putting<br/> out
fast, and the Weather being very warm<br/> they made rapid progress; yet this
morning<br/> we remarked the buds of the Chesnut and<br/> White Oak were not
formed into leaves so<br/> as to make an appearance, yet the same<br/> day as we
descended from the <a href="#cheri" class="geogName">Chesnut Ridge</a><br/> the Trees
were all green, the sight was<br/> so Curious, and different from our late
pros-<br/> -pect, that I measured some Chesnutt leaves<br/> and found them to be
3 Inches wide, and<br/> Six long, and sprouts of 8 or 9 Inches growth.<br/> So
that I think there is at least, in three miles <br/>
<pb n=" 12"/> Riding two Weeks difference in the
Season.<br/> When on the Chesnut hill there is one of the most<br/> extensive
prospects that is to be met with<br/> in traveling, both to the North, to
the<br/> West, and to the South, I had no doubt but the View<br/> was of 50
miles extent, it was not so de-<br/> lightful as some I have seen, for want of
a<br/> lofty mountain rising 10 or more miles in<br/> front, but it was
Chequered with many Plan-<br/> -tations: in every direction, the View look<br/>
-ed like an extensive plain, but when<br/> we came to the traverse it, we found
many<br/> Steep Hills, <del>but</del> tho no Mountain; neither is<br/> there any
to the Westward in the United<br/> States equal to those we have Crossed.
We<br/> lodged with our kind friend <a href="#tgibs1" class="persName">Thomas
Gibson</a><br/> on the Bank of the <a href="#yough" class="geogName">River</a>. 41 miles</p>
</div>
<div type="entry">
<a when="1798-05-07">7th</a>
<a href="#brown" class="placeName"/>
<p> a pleasant day, went to my Kinsman’s<br/>
<a href="#rcadw1" class="persName">Reese Cadwalader</a>s, near <a href="#brown" class="placeName">BrownsVille</a> on<br/> the <a href="#monon" class="geogName">Monongahala</a>, we Crossed the <del>Yoxge</del><br/>
<a href="#yough" class="geogName">Yoxhiogeny</a> in a boat it was about 6 feet<br/>
deep and perhaps 150 yards wide, in about<br/> half a mile after we crossed the
River, we<br/> passed by a Merchant Mill erected on a<br/> very Curious Seat,
the stream was small,<br/> but had a natural perpendicular fall over <br/>
<pb n=" 13"/> a broad Rock which lay Horizontal
of<br/> 28 feet, the Mill was erected close to this<br/> Rock which formed a
level Yard to the<br/> upper Road; under sd Rock was a Cavity<br/> or hollow
place 12 feet high, and nearly<br/> as far back, which ran all across the<br/>
Stream, over which the Water beautifully<br/> descended. From thence to the
<a href="#monon" class="geogName">Mononga-<br/> -haly</a> a continual succession
of high hills<br/> and low Vales, the Very little bottom land<br/> fit for
Meadow, the land is pretty clear of<br/> Stones, the soil in general good, and
thick<br/> settled, yet some of the fields which had been<br/> a good while
under Culture looked poor; I saw<br/> several fields of good Wheat, but more that<br/>
<del>looked</del> were light.</p>
</div>
<div type="entry">
<a when="1798-05-08">8th</a>: <a href="#bridg" class="placeName"/>
<p> Went 12 miles this Morning to see my Cousin<br/>
<a href="#bshar1" class="persName">Benjamin Sharples</a>, he lives on the West<br/>
Branch of 10 mile Creek near Green Furnace.<br/> I crossed the <a href="#monon" class="geogName">Monongahala</a> at <a href="#bridg" class="placeName">Bridge<del>Town</del>port</a> a<br/> Village containing near 50
houses, the place<br/> whereon the town stands was four years<br/> ago a fine
Meadow. the <a href="#monon" class="geogName">River</a> is a<br/> beautiful Stream,
flows along with a<br/> very gentle Current, is 340 Yards wide<br/> and 10 or 12
feet deep, it has very high <br/>
<pb n=" 14"/> Banks, yet last fall they were
overflown<br/> the River as I was informed rose 42 feet<br/> Perpendicular. The
people here were very<br/> busy building flat bottomed Boats, they are<br/> made
out of green timber, about 12 feet wide,<br/> and from 20 to 30 feet long,
boarded up, on<br/> each side, 5 or 6 feet high, and roofed over<br/> more than
half way, I was informed many<br/> boats of this kind was built on this
<a href="#monon" class="geogName">River</a><br/> and its neighboring Waters, they
are<br/> sold at the rate of 11/3 per foot, for every<br/> foot they are in
length, to people who come<br/> with families to these Waters, to take
their<br/> departure Westward, and <del>Sail</del> Southwest,<br/> to new
Countries, they put on board, horse<br/> Waggon, farming Utensels, Cowkind,
hosehold<br/> furniture &c: and so great if the Spirit of emi-<br/> -gration
down the Waters of the <a href="#ohior" class="geogName">Ohio</a> to dif-<br/>
-firent places, that we were informed when<br/> at <a href="#pitts" class="placeName">Pittsburgh</a> by a very reputable Character<br/>
<del>that</del> for 30 days past upon an average he<br/> thought there had been
from 10 to 12 of these<br/> boats, containing from 20 to 50 persons so<br/>
loaded, passing by that Town each day. they<br/> gently move down with the
Current, and when<br/> they come to the mouth of the <a href="#sciot" class="geogName">Scioto</a> and other <br/>
<pb n=" 15"/> rivers their Boats are of no further
use, for<br/> their Construction is such they cannot be taken<br/> up the
Stream, and are therefore often sold<br/> for a trifle, or turned adrift. — I
went<br/> up the West side of the <a href="#monon" class="geogName">River</a> and in
about<br/> 6 miles passed through a small Village called<br/>
<a href="#frede" class="placeName">Fredricks Town</a>, then up the <a href="#monon" class="geogName">River</a> to <a href="#tenmi" class="geogName">10<br/> mile
Creek</a> I passed over some very<br/> Rich bottoms on sd <a href="#monon" class="geogName">River</a> and <a href="#tenmi" class="geogName">Creek</a>;<br/> also hillsides very good, abounding with<br/> Black and
White Walnut, Locust, Sugar<br/> Maple &c: as far as I have seen, if it
was<br/> not for the Hills, <del>it</del> this would be a desirable<br/>
Country, but they will ever be in the Way<br/> of farming, and conveying
produce<br/> to Market, but its Vicinity with Water<br/> Cariage will very much
facilitate the lat<br/> -ter, their best meadows are often to be found<br/> on
the tops of high hills, which are often<br/> inclinable to be wet, and Springy,
the<br/> land is inclinable to grass, yet Clover<br/> is not much propagated.
the price of<br/> produce pretty good, Wheat 7/6 Rye 4/6<br/> Corn 3/9, Oates
3/9, Bacon 1/, Butter 1/61/3,<br/> Cheap <del>1/</del> 9 d home made sugar from
1/ to<br/> to one ¼ of which with Industry came the<br/> Country may always be
supplyed 24 miles </p>
</div>
<pb n=" 16"/>
<div type="entry">
<a when="1798-05-09">9</a>
<a href="#bridg" class="placeName"/>
<p> Attended <a href="#" class="orgName">Redstone Meeting</a>, dined at<br/>
<a href="#rcadw1" class="persName">Reese Cadwaladers</a>, where we have made<br/> our
home since our arrival here, it is a good<br/> place for man and beast, Our
horses have<br/> had very good Pasture, and been well<br/> fed with Grain, so
that they recruited.<br/> Set of this afternoon for <a href="#pitts" class="placeName">Pittsburgh</a>, crossed<br/> the <a href="#monon" class="geogName">Monongalela</a> at <a href="#bridg" class="placeName">Bridge<del>town</del>port</a>, went<br/> down the west side of
<del>it</del> said <a href="#monon" class="geogName">River</a> to <a href="#abogg1" class="persName">Alexander Bogg</a>s<br/> on <a href="#pigeo" class="geogName">Pigeon
Creek</a> where we lodged 11 m<br/> having a few miles back crossed
<a href="#trout" class="geogName">Trout Run</a></p>
</div>
<div type="entry">
<a when="1798-05-10">10th</a>
<a href="#pitts" class="placeName"/>
<p> Set of early this Morning, Stopped at Par-<br/> -kers, fed
our horses and got our Break-<br/> -fast, a number of curious falls pre-<br/>
-sented on small streams in this last stage,<br/> at a Certain depth much of
this Country<br/> appears to be covered with broad Rocks<br/> lying
Horizontally, which about the<br/> streams is washed bare, over the edges<br/>
of these Rocks the Water often falls, from<br/> 2 to 12, or 15 feet, in many
places the Rock<br/> is hollow, so that there are large Cavities<br/> under
where the water falls, quite dry.<br/> from hence to <a href="#pitts" class="placeName">Pittsburgh</a> 16 miles, from <br/>
<pb n=" 17"/>
<a href="#bridg" class="placeName">Bridgeport</a> to <del>that</del> said place, the
face of the Coun<br/> -try has no remarkable variation, <del>it</del> is<br/>
all the way a continual succession of hills<br/> tho not so high and steep as
about <a href="#bridg" class="placeName">Bridge-<br/> -port</a>, the Land gradually
decreased in<br/> its fertility, is all the way settled tho thinly, some<br/>
fields of Wheat and rye looked very well, yet <br/>many others were poor, was
generally heavy<br/> Loaded with timber; the greatest body of<br/> which was
White Oak, Some Sugar Maple<br/> along the low ground, yet the further to-<br/>
-wards <a href="#pitts" class="placeName">Pittsburgh</a> the scarcer, I have seen
next<br/> to no pine since I came over the Moun-<br/> -tains; some Chesnut in
places; but rails<br/> are mostly made of White Oak; as are<br/> there houses, —
We had every little prospect<br/> of <a href="#pitts" class="placeName">Pittsburgh</a>, until we arrived near by,<br/> the Town stands in a
beautiful plain<br/> surrounded by very high hills, just<br/> about the Junktion
of the <a href="#alleg" class="geogName">Allegeny</a> and<br/>
<a href="#monon" class="geogName">Monongahely Rivers</a>, Which Rivers when<br/>
united make the <a href="#ohior" class="geogName">Ohio</a>, we descended a very<br/>
steep hill or Mountain to the <a href="#monon" class="geogName">Mononga-<br/>
-hela</a>, not fit for any Wagon to go up, or down,<br/> though they
often pass it, the river flows gently along <br/>
<pb n="18"/> at the foot of this Mountain, where we
Crossed<br/> it, being half a mile wide and 10 or 12 feet<br/> deep, this
<a href="#monon" class="geogName">River</a> is most in View from the<br/> Town,
and the greatest place of trading,<br/> the Street next to sd River is
beautifully<br/> Situated, being level; 50 or 60 feet wide,<br/> and elevated
perhaps 50 feet above<br/> the Water, there are places for Waggons<br/> to go
down, and a fine gravelly mar-<br/> -gin to drive on, the town when we<br/> were
there was a place of great Concourse<br/> abundance of People take their
depar-<br/> -ture from here to various parts of the<br/> Western, and
Southwestern Territories,<br/> And up the <a href="#beavr" class="geogName">big
Bever</a>, the <a href="#alleg" class="geogName">Allegeny<br/> River</a>,
<del>Friench</del>
<a href="#french" class="geogName">French Creek</a> to <a href="#cusse" class="placeName">Casa-<br/> -waga</a>, <a href="#presq" class="placeName">Presqueisle</a> &c. — It was the time of<br/> the supreme Court
when we arrived here,<br/> and we had some fears whether we should<br/> get
accommodations for ourselves and horses,<br/> but having before we Crossed the
<a href="#monon" class="geogName">River</a><br/> enquired for the best Tavern; we
were<br/> recommended to the Greentree near the<br/> River, where upon our
arrival after some <br/>
<pb n="19"/> hesitation we were taken in, where
we<br/> found good accommodations. Some discou-<br/> -ragements attended my mind
on my way<br/> thither, concerning the business we were<br/> going on, it being
in its self important,<br/> to be transacted among a people of<br/> a Strange
language, in an unknown<br/> and Wilderness Country, and a great un-<br/>
-certainty how we should be able to get<br/> the goods we have in care to our
desir-<br/> -ed port; but upon our arrival here,<br/> and being introduced to
some for whom<br/> we had letters of Credit; we met with a<br/> very kind
reception, and they appear-<br/> -ed hearty in assisting us, and <del>they</del>
in-<br/> -formed, that the goods sent from <a href="#phila" class="placeName">Phila-<br/>
-delphia</a> where safely arrived a few<br/> days ago, and were in
the Public Store.<br/> The <figure>
[drawing of a sun]
</figure>
<a href="#icrag1" class="persName">Deputy Quarter Master</a> informed us<br/> that he
would send them up to <a href="#cornp" class="placeName">Cornplan-<br/> -ter's
Village</a>, which was at least 140 miles<br/> by land, and
abundantly more by Water.<br/> that it was a very lucky time for them<br/> to
go, the River being neither to low nor <br/>
<pb n="20"/> too high, so that the prospect of
things<br/> looks a little more lightsome.</p>
</div>
<div type="entry">
<a when="1798-05-11">11th</a>
<a href="#presq" class="placeName"/>
<p> Had an interview with <a href="#gwilk2" class="persName">General Wilken-<br/>
-son</a> this Morning, he recieved us very<br/> respectfully,
appeared well satisfied with<br/> the business we were going on, and cheer-<br/>
-fully disposed to Assist us in our undertak-<br/> -ing, he gave us the
<a href="#icrag1" class="persName">Deputy Quarter Master</a>,<br/> who bore us
company, direction in our<br/> hearing to forward our goods to <a href="#cornp" class="placeName">Cornplan-<br/> -ter’s Settlement</a>, he kindly invited
us to<br/> come and take Dinner with him, which<br/> kindness we acknowledged,
but excused<br/> ourselves on account of our Business.</p>
<p> All hands were now employed in procuring<br/> the necessary articles to be sent
into the Indian<br/> Country, <a href="#icrag" class="persName">Isaac Crage</a> the
Deputy Quarter<br/> Master, was very assistant, he provided<br/> a Boat, Sent a
Wagon to take our goods<br/> from the Public Store, which was in the<br/> Fort,
and went with us there; he also sent<br/> the Wagon to convey those we had
pro-<br/> -cured in different parts of the Town; we<br/> got all our goods to
the <del>Warf</del> Wharf,<br/> Weighed, and put on board before evening, <br/>
<pb n="21"/> the whole of those sent from <a href="#phila" class="placeName">Philadelphia</a><br/> and procured in this Town Weighed about<br/>
<del>4</del>700, for which the Boatman was to have<br/> 20/ Per £ for taking
them up to <a href="#cornp" class="placeName">Cornplanter’s<br/> Village</a>, which
we afterwards understood<br/> from him was 270 miles by Water. He<br/> agreed to
set of with them in two or three<br/> days, & let us know it would take him
18 days<br/> to go up the River to the Settlement.</p>
<p>We expect to set off in the Morning, but<br/>have first to wait on <a href="#gwilk2" class="persName">General Wilkinson</a><br/> on a particular occation
before we Start.<br/> This Town consists of a number of Streets, cross-<br/>
-ing each other at right angles, and contains<br/> more than 200 Houses, many of
<del>whom</del> which are<br/> large Brick and Stone Buildings, —I have<br/>
observed since I came to this place, that Stone<br/> Coal is the common fuel for
Firing, our<br/> landlord informed us it was the Cheapest,<br/> though the
neighborhood abounds with Wood,<br/> it comes to the fire in large, hard
pieces,<br/> looks black and shining, and makes a<br/> strong hot fire. I have
frequently <del>saw</del> seen for 10 miles back at the
sides<br/> of Creeks &c where the Edges of the Rocks were<br/> washed bare,
stratums of Coal mixed with <br/>
<pb n="22"/> Stratas of Slate.</p>
</div>
<div type="entry">
<a when="1798-05-12">12th</a>
<a href="#checkPlace" class="placeName"/>
<p> A Cold Morning and Smart white fros[t]<br/> Several of our number waited on the
<a href="#gwilk2" class="persName">Ge-<br/> -neral</a> this Morning agreeable to
his re-<br/> -quest, which was a satisfactory interview,<br/> and to encourage
the business we were<br/> going upon and assist therein present-<br/> -ed us
with the following letters, accompa-<br/> -nied us through the guards, and
respectfully<br/> took his leave of us.<br/></p>
<body>
Head Quarters <a href="#pitts" class="placeName">PittsBurgh</a>
<a when="1798-05-12">may the 12 1798</a><br/>
Sir,
<p>This will be handed to you by Mr: <br/>
<a href="#jpier1" class="persName">Peirce</a> of the <a class="orgName">Society of
friends</a> in <a href="#phila" class="placeName">Philadel-<br/>
-phia</a>, who with Several Associates is on a <br/> Visit
to the <a href="#seneca" class="orgName">Seneca Nation</a>, with views <br/>
to make some establishments which may <br/> prove useful to those
people, and interest-<br/> -ing to the rights of humanity, You will
<br/> be pleased to furnish Mr <a href="#jpier1" class="persName">Peirce</a>,
a guide, <br/> Provisions and any accommodations he may <br/> need,
charging the accruing expenses, to <br/> their proper heads,</p>
with respect and <br/> esteem, I am Sir, Your Obed Servt <br/>
<a href="#cfowl1" class="persName">Captain Fowler</a> Agent<br/> of
the <a href="#gwilk2" class="persName">2r Ma General James
Wilkinson</a>
<a href="#ffran" class="placeName">Fort Franklin</a>
</body>
<body>
<pb n="23"/>
<a href="#pitts" class="placeName"/>
<a when="1798-05-12"/>To <a href="#cornp2" class="persName">Cornplanter</a> and the Village Chiefs <br/> of the <a href="#seneca" class="orgName">Seneca Nation</a>. <br/>Friends and
Brothers
<p> The Bearer one of our beloved Men a-<br/> -mong the People called
Quakers, visits <br/> you with several good Men from the <br/> Same
Society, who intend to sit down <br/> amongst you, in order to instruct
<br/> our red Brethren in works of usefulness <br/> and to point out to
them the path of <br/> Virtue, which leads to the blissful mansions
<br/> of the great Spirit, the father of Light, & Life. <br/> Brothers,<br/>
I charge you to take this our be-<br/> -loved Man and his
companions by the <br/> hand, and to treat them with kindness &
<br/> Sincerity. Open Your Ears and listen to <br/> What they say, Open
Your Eyes and follow <br/> “their footsteps, then will your Old Men,
<br/> Your Wives, Your Children, and Childrens <br/> Children live in
security, and enjoy the com<br/> -forts of Life, and the red people, and
the White <br/> People on this great Island will soon be-<br/> come as
one. — Brethren & Children, <br/> let this admonition sink deep into Your<br/>
<pb n="24"/> hearts, and may you be blessed
with a clear <br/> Sky, Smooth Roads, and plentifull harvest <br/> to
the end of your days. — I commend <br/> you to the care of the great
Spirit, and<br/> am in heart your friend. </p>
<a href="#gwilk2" class="persName">Ja: Wilkinson</a><br/>
Commander in chief of the<br/> Troops of the United
States
</body>
<p> Being now ready to depart, we took<br/> leave of several of the first Characters
of<br/> this place, who wished us success, and<br/> affectionately bid us
farewell. —we then<br/> crossed the <a href="#alleg" class="geogName">Allegeny
River</a> at the Town, and<br/> a little below the Fort, it was a
clear, beau<br/> -tiful stream, about 50 perches wide and<br/> 6 feet deep, has
much more of a Current than<br/> the <a href="#monon" class="geogName">Monongahela</a>, and contains more water.<br/> we now entered a
Wilderness Country but<br/> little inhabited the settlements not more<br/> than
2 or 3 years old, and scarce of provision<br/> for Man or horse, — for a few
miles after we<br/> Crossed the <a href="#alleg" class="geogName">River</a> the land
was very good, but in<br/> the general it fell short of the Idea I en-<br/>
-tertained of it. in this days ride the <br/>
<pb n="25"/> Land was generally hilly though not with
such Sharp<br/> pitches as about Red Stone, <del>tho</del> as we advanc-<br/>
-ed northward the Hills decreased, in<br/> places thinly timber'd, yet little or
no pos-<br/> -ture to be seen, White Oak the most general<br/> timber, in the
latter part of this stage, and<br/> through the neat, stoped and fed at
Dun-<br/> -kins 18 miles, and got in the evening
to<br/> a place called the double Cabbin 15 miles<br/> here we could get
neither, pasture, hay, corn,<br/> or Oates for our horses, but having a
little<br/> Oates with us, after feeding them, we tyed<br/> them to stakes
&c till Morning, after par-<br/> -taking of some of our own Victuals,
we<br/> wrapped ourselves in our Blankets and<br/> tried to get some Sleep on
the earthen floor<br/> being all the bed we could meet with, 33 miles</p>
</div>
<div type="entry">
<a when="1798-05-13">13</a>
<a href="#ffran" class="placeName"/>
<p> We were stiring betimes this morning, as our<br/> bed was not inviting to
indulge nature, and in<br/> 7 ½ Miles we came to a poor Cabbin, here we<br/> got
some Oates for our horses, and let them<br/> pick a little in the Woods, but we
found<br/> a great Change since we left Redstone, the<br/> Season is abundantly
backwards; the<br/> leaves are but Just putting out, and there<br/> is next to
no picking of any kind in the<br/> Woods, that it looks likely our horses will
even <br/>
<pb n="26"/> much Suffer when we get among the
In-<br/> -dians, if not before, We took breakfast of our own<br/> provision, and
proceeded on 12 miles fur-<br/> -ther, where after feeding our horses, we took
din-<br/> -ner in like Manner, and got to <a href="#ffran" class="placeName">Fort
<del>Fr</del><br/> Franklin</a> before <del>sunset</del> four O
Clock, 14 ½ miles<br/> pretty much fatigued, part of our road being<br/> tedious
and rough, and we sensibly felt the effect<br/> of our poor nights rest. we met
with but<br/> few houses in this days ride, the Country<br/> has been pretty
level except about <a href="#sandy" class="geogName">Sandy Creek</a><br/> and since,
which Creek we Crossed 3 miles<br/> back, most of the Land in this days ride
that<br/> presented in view was of a thin Quality, and<br/> in places very
Stony, White Oak has been the<br/> Principal Timber, with a large Quanty of<br/>
Chesnut as we drew on this way, the greatest<br/> part of which was bloom down
for miles to-<br/> -gether. — The town of <a href="#frank" class="placeName">Franklin</a> is situated<br/> close on the South Side of <a href="#french" class="geogName">French Creek</a>,<br/> it contains perhaps 10 or 12 log
houses, they<br/> were built under the Cover of an Old fort,<br/> which is now
demolished, and a new one<br/> erected ½ a mile lower down the Creek Just<br/>
above its Junction with the <a href="#alleg" class="geogName">Allegeny
River</a>.<br/> after feeding our horses, and getting our dinner <br/>
<pb n="27"/> two of us waited on <a href="#cfowl1" class="persName">Captain Fowler</a>, and<br/> presented <a href="#gwilk2" class="persName">General Wilkinson’s</a> letter, which<br/> upon his
reading, he manifested great respect<br/> and a full disposition to comply with
its<br/> contents, he kindly invited us to come<br/> and take breakfast with him
tomorrow<br/> morning 35 miles</p>
</div>
<div type="entry">
<a when="1798-05-14">14</a>
<a href="#frank" class="placeName"/>
<p> This morning we breakfasted with the <a href="#cfowl1" class="persName">Cap-<br/>
-tain</a> agreeably to his request, and got of<br/> him 4 Bushels of
Corn ½ a £ of flour and 2<br/> Quarts of Salt, the Corn to feed our horses
with,<br/> through the Wildnerness, and the flour &c:<br/> to take to the
<a href="#cornp" class="placeName">Indian Village</a>, and <a href="#jjohn1" class="persName">Joseph<br/> Johnson</a> a Surveyor to the
<a class="orgName">Holland Company</a><br/> who was going to the mouth of
<a href="#conew" class="geogName">Conowanga</a>, within<br/> 15 miles of
<a href="#cornp" class="placeName">Cornplanter’s Village</a>, <del>he</del>
agreed<br/> to pilot us thither, and procure us a guide <del>we</del><br/> from
that place to the Village. after getting<br/> our dinner at the Tavern where we
put up<br/> last evening, we took our departure, being<br/> willing to leave
this dear place, having had<br/> to pay 3/ a meal for Victuals, 4/ a night<br/>
for each of our horses <del>for</del> at very Coarse hay<br/> 15/ a bushel for
Corn, and Yesterday we had<br/> to pay as high as 15/ a bushel for Oates.</p>
<pb n="28"/>
<p> We Crossed <a href="#french" class="geogName">French Creek</a> close <del>creek</del>
by the town I thoug[ht]<br/> it was as large as three of <a href="#brand" class="geogName">Brandywine</a>,<br/> in 2 or more miles we turned to our right<br/>
leaving the main road that leads to<br/>
<a href="#cusse" class="placeName">Casawaga</a>, <a href="#flebo" class="placeName">La
Boeuf</a>, and <a href="#presq" class="placeName">Preaque isle</a> to
our left,<br/> we had stones with a rough country for<br/> a while, in places
very poor, in about<br/> 12 miles we crossed a rich bottom on a<br/> small
stream, here was plenty of pasture, being<br/> the first we had seen in the
Woods since<br/> we left home, from thence to <a href="#oilcr" class="geogName">Oyl
Creek</a>
<br/> through level Rich land, 6 miles, here<br/> we met with an house, being
the second<br/> we have seen since we left <a href="#frank" class="placeName">franklin</a>,<br/>
<del>here we</del> and took up our <del>horses</del> quarters, and<br/> after
feeding our horses with some Corn<br/> turned them for the first time into
the<br/> Open Woods, there being plenty of Grass<br/> and other luxuriant
growths. This is the<br/> most desirable place <del>that</del> I have seen
for<br/> many miles back, a fine fertile bottom on the <a href="#oilcr" class="geogName">Creek</a><br/> with plenty of level plough land adjoining,
which<br/> appeared good, a large stream of Water<br/> not far of, and a noble
Spring Just by the<br/> door large enough to turn a Mill, yet it is not<br/>
known that there is any limestone in this neigh <br/>
<pb n="29"/> -bourhood, neither have I seen any since
we<br/> left <a href="#pitts" class="placeName">Pittsburgh</a>. <a href="#oilcr" class="geogName">Oyl Creek</a> is so named from<br/> an Oyly substance
that is gathered of its water<br/> either from Springs that rises near its
mar<br/> -gin, or from off the stream in different pla-<br/> -ces, we were
informed that one man gather<br/> -ed three Barrels last year, <del>and</del>
which he sold <del>it</del> at<br/>
<a href="#pitts" class="placeName">Pitts-Burgh</a> for four dollars Per Gallon, it
is<br/> called Seneca Oyl, and is in great demand<br/> as medicine.</p>
</div>
<div type="entry">
<a when="1798-05-15">15</a>
<a href="#oilcr" class="geogName"/>
<p> A large White frost which has been the si-<br/> -tuation of the last 5 or 6
mornings, set of for<br/> Broken Straw a large water. about two miles<br/> of
very good land down the waters of <a href="#oilcr" class="geogName">Oyl
Creek</a><br/> we then entered a White Pine Forrest, being<br/> the first
worth noting since we Crossed the<br/> Mountains. here the <del>the</del>
<a class="orgName">Holland Company</a><br/> is erecting a Grist Mill, a Sawmill
being<br/> already put up, though there are but few houses<br/> within 20 miles.
we have had a cut road ever<br/> since we left <a href="#pitts" class="placeName">Pittsburgh</a> to this place, which<br/> now ending, we entered the
Wilderness with<br/> -out any path, a number of trees being <del>mar</del><br/>
marked last fall, they were now to be our<br/> guide; it was a thick wood we had
to pass<br/> through, with a great quantity of brush, and<br/> young stuff in
the way, our Journey this day<br/> was truly wild and romantic, having a <br/>
<pb n="30"/> continual succession of Logs to Cross,
sometime<br/> three in a pearch, divers of which we had to<br/> Jump our horses
over, and with difficulty got<br/> round others; in places such a <del>a
large</del> Jumble<br/> of large stone or Rocks, that we were in con<br/>
-tinual danger of getting over Horses legs<br/> fast, or broke in the Cavities
between the Stones<br/> presently we would have to descend banks<br/> almost
Perpendicular in Swamps, and<br/> then out again as difficult, and there
gutts<br/> were very frequent, the roots of the Pine<br/>
and Hemlock trees were also very trou-<br/> -blesome, the ground in many places
being <del>was</del><br/> laced over with them in a Rough Condi-<br/> -tion, the
underbrush and limbs of the<br/> Trees were another very great difficulty,<br/>
as were some very steep hills in the latter par[t]<br/> of this stage, it was
called 24 miles which<br/> we thought were very long ones, for it<br/> took us
12 hours industrious traveling<br/> including about an hour we turned our<br/>
horses out to try to pick a little grass tho <del>but</del><br/> next to none
was to be seen in this days<br/> ride, nor one house for 20 miles, the land<br/>
was heavy timbered but not a kindly<br/> soil, and I think will not be settled
for many<br/> years to come. many natural curiosities<br/> presented in this
days ride, one of which <br/>
<pb n="31"/> was the large quantities of green
moss<br/> which covered all the Rocks, the Stones<br/> the Old Logs and the
whole surface of<br/> the ground, under the thick forest of<br/>
<del>the</del> Pine trees, I thought the Coat of<br/> moss for thickness and
length resembled<br/> a fleece of Wool, some large rocks 12 or<br/> more feet
high, thus shielded over, and<br/> receiving seed from the neighboring<br/>
trees, which <del>the</del> seed haveing sprouted, took
root,<br/> and grew to be large trees, of 2 or 3<br/> feet over, 3 or 4 such
trees I have seen on one<br/> Rock, and their Roots have spread down its<br/>
sides 10 or more feet until they <del>underfeed</del><br/> have joined the
ground and grown firm there-<br/> -in, so that the sides of the Rocks
<del>has</del>
<del>was</del> were bound<br/> with them like so many large Ropes. We<br/>
arrived on Broken Straw in the evening<br/> where we found plenty of pasture for
our<br/> Horses, and a Cabbin, that was erected last<br/> summer, the Owners of
which kindly let<br/> us have Quarters, and directed where the<br/> best pasture
on the Creek was, to turn<br/> our horses too, we had provision with us
which<br/> after partaking of, we Spread ourselves<br/> on the floor, to take
some rest, which we<br/> found Small enough for us and the family <br/>
<pb n="32"/>
<del>and</del> the night being cold, and the Cabin<br/> very open, we often had
to rise to mend<br/> our fire. 24 miles</p>
</div>
<div type="entry">
<a when="1798-05-16">16</a>
<a href="#cornp" class="placeName"/>
<p> Set of for the Mouth of <a href="#conew" class="geogName">Conowango</a>, went<br/> 7
miles down the Eastside of <a href="#broke" class="geogName">Brokenstraw</a><br/> to
the <a href="#alleg" class="geogName">Allegeny River</a>, the bottoms on the<br/>
<a href="#broke" class="geogName">Creek</a> was rich, and beautifully coated<br/>
over with a luxuriant vegetation, and<br/> loaded with lofty Pines, Sugar trees,
White<br/> Walnut, Buttonwood &c, here we saw several<br/> Sugar Camps
erected by the Indians, where<br/> they come in the Season to make Sugar,
tho<br/> more than 20 miles from their Village, but<br/> we found when amongst
them that they have<br/> plenty of good Canoes, so that the could with<br/>
great facility convey their Kettles &c for<br/> making Sugar, down the
<a href="#alleg" class="geogName">River</a> and up this<br/>
<a href="#broke" class="geogName">Creek</a>, we passed by two or more Cabins
<del>Settlements</del><br/>
<del>as</del> of white people as as we went down this <a href="#broke" class="geogName">Creek</a>
<del>to the River</del>,<br/> but saw none after we turned up the <a href="#alleg" class="geogName">River</a><br/> to the mouth of <a href="#conew" class="geogName">Conowanga</a>, where we arrived<br/> about noon, it is called 18
miles from this plac[e]<br/> to <a href="#cornp" class="placeName">Cornplanter’s
Village</a>, and a very rough<br/> road, so that we agreed to stay
here until<br/> morning, there being pretty plenty of<br/> pasture for our
horses, and a good house<br/> for ourselves to Quarter in, though we had to find
our own provision and sleep on the floor near the mouth <br/>
<pb n="33"/> of this Creek on a beautiful dry plain
there<br/> is a Town laid out by the State of Pennsyl-<br/> -vania, it is called
<a href="#warre" class="placeName">Warrentown</a>, the <a class="orgName">Hol-<br/> -land
Company</a> owns a large body of land<br/> adjoining this place which
they are Surveying<br/> into Townships &c. and settling, they have<br/>
built a good house on a lot in sd Town, where<br/> they keep a store to supply
their Survey-<br/> -ers and Settlers with Provision &c. <a href="#jjohn1" class="persName">Joseph<br/> Johnson</a> our Pilot <del>have</del> had
the charge of this<br/> Store, and this was as far as he designed<br/> going
with us. When we arrived here we<br/> met with perhaps 20 or more Indians,
many<br/> of whom were drunk, having obtained<br/> liquor of some settlers that
were at this<br/> House intending in a few days to go up<br/> the Creek to their
destined spot, <a href="#jjohn1" class="persName">Joseph John-<br/> -son</a>
immediately put a stop to the selling<br/> of Liquor, and informed us, that he
and his<br/> men had obtained from the use of <del>it</del> distilled spirits in
there<br/> surveying business last summer, as was the<br/> practice of other
surveyors in the <a class="orgName">Holland</a><br/> employ, and found they were
better without<br/> it. he agreed with a Young Indian who<br/> was sober, and we
were informed would not<br/> get drunk, to Pilot us tomorrow to <a href="#cornp" class="placeName">Cornplan-<br/> -ter’s Village</a>, he was a good
Countenanced lad, <br/>
<pb n="34"/> and appeared pleased with the charge<br/>
assigned him 15 miles</p>
</div>
<div type="entry">
<a when="1798-05-17">17</a><a href="#cornp" class="placeName"/>
<p> A pleasant day, set off with our Indian guide<br/> he could not talk English,
nor understand<br/> any that we knew of, in less than 2 miles<br/> we Crossed
the <a href="#conew" class="geogName">Conowanga</a> a beautiful<br/> Stream, which
flowed along with a gentle<br/> Current, we thought it was nearly as<br/> large
as <a href="#french" class="geogName">French Creek</a>, for about two miles<br/>
after we crossed this Water, <del>our</del> the land was<br/> good, but from
thence to the <a href="#alleg" class="geogName">Allegeny Rive[r]</a><br/> perhaps 8
miles, we had a rough Mountainous<br/> Country, and I think much of it a
poor<br/> thin Soil, <del>we had</del> with a number of very steep<br/> hills to
Ascend and descend, our road<br/> was better Calculated for an Indian
pat[h]<br/> than traveling on horseback. <del>we had</del> there was a<br/>
great abundance of Windfall timber to<br/> cross, we thought on an averidge, one
or<br/> more for every two perch, some we could<br/> get round, and others we
jumped our horses over. When<br/> we arrived on the <a href="#alleg" class="geogName">River</a> we stopped a while<br/> to let our horses eat grass, there
being a great<br/> plenty on some of its bottoms, which was<br/> a pleasing
sight, and had a tendency to re-<br/> -move some fears, which attended when in
the naked Woods<br/> where no grass was to be seen, that our <br/>
<pb n="35"/> Horses after their hard Journey, when we
got a-<br/> -mong the Indians must suffer for want of<br/> provisions. while
here a number of Indi-<br/> -ans came by in Canoes, who stopped to see<br/> us,
Shook hands with us, and looked pleasant.<br/> one man came down the Mountain to
us with<br/> a large turkey on his back, which he had<br/> Just Shot, we thought
it would have weigh-<br/> -ed more than 20 <del>Lb</del>. the sight of this
convey-<br/> -ed an Idea that small game was plenty a-<br/> -mongst them, and it
was likely we should<br/> come in for Shares, one of the Canoes also<br/> had a
quantity of fine fish in it. but we<br/> found when amongst them that a
Turkey<br/> was very seldom taken, or any other small<br/> game, & it is
rare to see a Squirel in the<br/> Wilderness, we saw some pheasants, but no<br/>
partridges, <del>neither did we see fish</del><br/>
<del>while amongst them but once</del>. After<br/> a short conference on the
weighty business<br/> we were embarked in, we proceeded up<br/> the <a href="#alleg" class="geogName">River</a>, not without some exercise of<br/> Mind, and
would have been glad <del>to</del> we could have<br/> sent a messenger forward
to have inform-<br/> -ed the Chiefs of our coming, but this was out<br/> of our
power, for none of the Indians we<br/> had met with could talk English, we
there- <br/>
<pb n="36"/> -fore moved forward with or minds
atten-<br/> -tive to best direction, when we came in<br/> sight of the town,
many Indians appear<br/> -ed in view, looking toward <del>at</del> us, our
guide<br/> turned into the first Cabin he came to,<br/> and would go no further,
but point-<br/> -ed to <a href="#cornp2" class="persName">Cornplanter</a>’s house, we
paid him<br/> one dollar <del>for what he had done</del>, and<br/> moved
forward; we presently saw the<br/> Chief with a number of other Indians<br/>
coming toward us, upon our riding up<br/> to them and alighting, they appeared
to<br/> welcome us with open Countenances.<br/> we did not know <a href="#cornp2" class="persName">Cornplanter</a>, nor could we distin-<br/> -guish him by
his dress, but upon shaking<br/> hands with one that stood foremast we
<del>as</del><br/> Asked if <del>it</del> he was <a href="#cornp2" class="persName">Cornplanter</a>, he in-<br/> -formed us, in his, way that he was
<del>the</del><br/>
<del>man</del>, after shaking hands with them<br/> all round, we were conducted
to his house<br/> which was not distinguished from the rest, only
<del>but</del>by being<br/> larger, <del>and</del> after unsaddling our
horses,<br/> and carrying in our Baggage, and be-<br/> -ing seated, <a href="#cornp2" class="persName">Cornplanter</a>, his Son <a href="#habee1" class="persName">Henry</a><br/> and Several others came in & sat down, <br/>
<pb n="37"/> The Chief presently asked us, if we
would<br/> like to see his people in general Council,<br/> we let him know
<del>that</del> we would, as soon<br/> as it was Convenient, <del>and</del>
tomorrow at<br/> 10 OClock was therefore fixed on <del>for the time</del>;
and<br/> runners dispatched immediately <del>for</del><br/>
<del>that purpose</del>. to give notice. It was two O’clock when<br/> we arrived
here, and sometime after the<br/> above Conference, <a href="#cornp2" class="persName">Cornplanter</a> came into<br/> our apartment, and asked us if we
could<br/> eat in the Indian way, we informed him we ex-<br/> -pected we could,
<del>and</del> he presently <del>we had some</del><br/>
<del>Dinner</del> brought in some dinner in a bark bowl, and<br/> a Tin kettle,
the bowl was placed on the<br/> seat beside us, and the kettle on the
ground<br/> before us, and we were invited to eat, we<br/> saw the bowl, and the
kettle, but what<br/> was in either of them we knew not, or<br/> whether they
were to be eaten together, or<br/> separate, the bowl contained a number of<br/>
round lumps of something tied in Corn<del>hu</del><br/> -husks, two dumplings
were tyed in one<br/> set of husks, with a string at each end<br/> and in the
middle, we let them know that our<br/> Ignorance was such, we did not know
how<br/> to begin, which set some of the younger sort <br/>
<pb n="38"/> a laughing, but the Chief took<br/> out
his knife, for they had set neither knives,<br/> forks, or spoons, and taking up
the<br/> Dumplins he cut one of them in too,<br/> then striping up the
Cornhusks, <del>with</del><br/>
<del>his knife</del> he cut off a piece of the dump<br/> -lin, and
<del>and</del>
<del>which</del> diped it <del>it</del> in the Kettle, which<br/> we found
<del>after</del> contained Bears Oyl, and<br/> eat it, we followed the
example, and made<br/> a light meal, the Bears Oyl was Cold and<br/> not
grateful to our Pallates, but we have<br/>
<del>seen</del> since, seen this way of eating is often prac-<br/> -ticed among
them; the Cold Indian Bread<br/> dipped in the Oyl is more frequently used.</p>
</div>
<div type="entry">
<a when="1798-05-18">18</a><a href="#cornp" class="placeName"/>
<p> Last evening after we had lain down to<br/> rest, <a href="#cornp2" class="persName">Cornplanter</a> and his son <a href="#habee1" class="persName">Henry</a><br/> came into our apartment , and informed
<del>let</del><br/> us <del>know</del> he would like to know what we intended to
say to his<br/> people in Council, we <del>informed</del> told him we would<br/>
<del>give him an Opportunity of</del> inform<del>ation</del><br/> >him in the
Morning, which this morning we<br/> complied with, <del>we</del> and let him
know we could<br/> not tell all <del>what</del> that we should say, for we
be-<br/> -lieved on such occasions it was right to<br/> wait on the good spirit
to be directed.<br/> We read to him the Certificate sent by<br/>
<del>us from</del> the Indian Committee which <br/>
<pb n="39"/> particularly pointed out our
business,<br/> also <a href="#gwilk2" class="persName">General Wilkinson</a>’s
Letter, with which<br/> he appeared satisfied, his son <a href="#habee1" class="persName">Henry</a><br/> who has had an English Education in<br/> and about
Philadelphia, enterpretted<br/> for us, for his Father can neither speak<br/>
nor understand English, <a href="#habee1" class="persName">Henry</a> was our<br/>
enterpretter on all occations whilst a-<br/> -mongst them, he was not ready, and
we<br/> believe the business we went on suffer-<br/> -ed <del>some</del> for
<del/> want of one better qualifyed<br/> about 12 O’clock between
30 and 40 of their principal<br/> men met in council, which Council <a href="#cornp2" class="persName">Cornplanter</a> open<br/> -ed by a short speech,
expressing his satisfaction<br/> on seeing us coming riding through the
bushes,<br/> and that it was the good spirit which preserv-<br/> -ed us in our
long journey, for which they were<br/> very glad. He then informed us of their
Poverty, the<br/> poorness of their houses which were covered with<br/> bark,
and their inability to make good ones, we<br/> thought the latter part of this
speech was calculat-<br/> -ed to draw our Charity. he then let us know<br/>
<del>that</del> they were all met <del>that</del> who were <del>were</del>
likely to attend,<br/> that their Women could not come, but the Men<br/> would
let them know what we said to them: we<br/>
<del>had</del> having particularly requested their Women might at-<br/> -tend.
We then opened our business by letting <br/>
<pb n="40"/> them know the love of their Old Friends
the<br/> Quakers have for them, and our willingness<br/> to take a long Journey
to see them, some of us<br/> having left Loving Wives, and tender Child-<br/>
-ren, with Comfortable dwellings, and ex-<br/> -posed ourselves to the hardships
and difficulties of a<br/> perilous Journey, with no other view than<br/> for
their improvement. We then read the E-<br/> -pistle or instrumental of writing
the Committee sent,<br/> which particularly opened the design, and cause<br/> of
our coming amongst them, it was read by para-<br/> -graphs and interpreted with
some difficulty.<br/> We next read <a href="#gwilk2" class="persName">General
Wilkinson</a>’s letter, then<br/> droped some advice, wishing them,
when the took<br/> our proposals into consideration, they would<br/> guard
against discouragements, that might<br/> present, in their looking forward,
towards<br/> a change in their manner, of living for we did not<br/> doubt but
there might be many difficultie<br/> in their way, and their progress might be
slow<br/> yet there are accounts in the Writings<br/> amongst the White people,
of a people who<br/> lived beyond the great waters, in an-<br/> -other Island,
who a many years ago lived<br/> much like they do now, yet were <del>no</del> by
in-<br/> -dustry and care become very good<br/> Farmers, and Mechanicks
of all kinds <br/>
<pb n="41"/> and from that people, many of those
fine<br/> Leggons, with the other striped and nice Cloath-<br/> -ing they had
on, came.* upon our letting them<br/> know we had nothing more to say
amongst<br/> them at this time, they informed us they would<br/> take our
proposals into consideration and<br/> give us an answer tomorrow.</p>
</div>
<div type="entry">
<a when="1798-05-19">19</a><a href="#cornp" class="placeName"/>
<p>
<del>The Indians were this day in Council on<br/> the business we had laid
before them, they<br/> divers times sent their deputies for us to<br/>
explain some part of the business we had<br/> opened to them, one of their
questions was<br/> how they should draw their Plough if the</del></p>
<p> *We then let them know <del>that</del> we had a boat com-<br/> -ing up the
<a href="#alleg" class="geogName">Allegeny River</a>, with various<br/> kinds of
goods, among which were a num-<br/> -ber of Ploughirons, Hoes, axes, Shovels
and<br/> Spades, with Carpenters, Masons, and Coopers<br/> tools, which we
intended never to take a-<br/> -way but leave amongst them, but while<br/> our
Young staid, they should be placed<br/> under their care, to lend out to them
as<br/> the wanted, and, when done with them, to be return-<br/>
<del>them</del> -ed. </p>
</div>
<div type="entry">
<a when="1798-05-19">19</a><a href="#cornp" class="placeName"/>
<p> The Indians were this day in Council<br/> on the business we laid before them,
<del>they</del><br/> they divers times sent their Deputies for<br/> us to
explain some part of the business <br/>
<pb n="42"/> we had opened to them, one of their
ques-<br/> -tions was, how they should draw their<br/> Ploughs, seeing they had
no Oxen, we<br/> let them know we had seen two Horses run-<br/> -ing about their
Town, and that was <del>e</del><br/> enough to draw one Plough, and
<del>that</del> if<br/> they would save some of the Money they<br/> were to
get of the White People they might<br/> buy a pair of Oxen, and they would
draw<br/> another Plough; and that our young men<br/> would lend them there
Horses sometimes,<br/> that we did not expect any great matters from<br/> them
at first, and that these would do to make<br/> a beginning, with this answer
they appear-<br/> -ed pretty well satisfyed, tho we thought it<br/> was very
evident it was not such an one<br/> as the Question was artfully calculated<br/>
for. at another time the told us we must<br/> wait with Patience for an answer,
for<br/> it was a great thing, and they were all<br/> consulting about it in
their Houses. About<br/> five OClock they informed us they were nearly<br/>
ready to give us an answer, and wished to know<br/> if it would suit us this
evening, we let them<br/> know <del>tha</del> we were waiting their time, but
as<br/> the day was far spent, left it with them to<br/> Judge whether this
evening would be suitable.<br/> about Six 30 of them met us, the opportunity <br/>
<pb n="43"/> I thought was owned, a degree of
solemnity at-<br/> -tending, and after a short pause <a href="#cornp2" class="persName">Cornplanter</a><br/> opened the Council, the following being
the<br/> substance of his speech.</p>
<body>
<p> Brothers the Quakers, <br/> Listen <del>no</del> now to what I<br/> am
going to say to you. – You know<br/> brothers the Red people are poor,
the great<br/> Spirit has made them of another language,<br/> so that it
is very hard for us to understand<br/> one another plainly, as there is
no person<br/> here that can interpret very well. <br/> Brothers, <br/>
we take great pains to settle<br/> the proposals you made to us, but we
differ<br/> in Opinions, and we must take great<br/> pains to have every
thing compleat <br/> Brothers,<br/> we suppose the reason you came
here<br/> was to help Poor Indians some way or other,<br/> and you wish
the Chiefs to tell their Warriors<br/> not to go on so bad as the have
done, and<br/> you wish us to take up work like the white<br/> People,
now Brothers some of our sober men<br/> will take take up work, and do
as you say,<br/> and if the do well, then will your young<br/> Men stay
longer, but some others will not<br/> mind what you say <br/>
<pb n="44"/> Brothers,<br/> we cant say a word
against you<br/> it is the best way to call Quakers Brothers.<br/> You
never wished our lands, you never<br/> wished any part of our Lands,
therefore we are<br/> determined to try to learn your ways, and<br/>
those young men may stay here two years<br/> to try, by that time we
shall know whether<br/> Morris will leave us any land, for last
summer<br/> we sold our Land, and we dont know yet<br/> whether we shall
get what we reserved, or<br/> wether we shall get our Money, but by
that<br/> time we shall know, and then if they like<br/> it, and we like
it, your young men may<br/> stay longer.<br/> Brothers,<br/> if your
young Men stay here we<br/> want them to lern our Children to read<br/>
and Write. <br/> Brothers,<br/> Two of you are going home<br/> again, if
the hear any thing about our land,<br/> or our Money, they must write to
these young<br/> men here, and the must tell us if we are<br/> like to
be Cheated.<br/> Brothers,<br/> this is all I have yet to say.</p>
</body>
<p> We exchanged our satisfaction with their an-<br/> -swer and let them know our
young <br/>
<pb n="45"/> Men would want a house to live in, and
a<br/> piece of good Land to work, that so they<br/> may be able to raise their
bread. For<br/> which purpose we <del>wanted</del> desired some of their<br/>
Chiefs would <del>to</del> go with us, to look about their Coun-<br/> -try, and
conclude where would be most ad-<br/> -vantageous to the nation for our
young<br/> men to settle <del>down on</del>, and that we <del>would</del><br/>
wished to see their nation in general<br/> Council once more before we left
them.<br/> Upon our letting them know we had no<br/> more to say, <a href="#cornp2" class="persName">Cornplanter</a> desired his<br/> People would all come
and shake hand<br/> with us, he himself first setting the ex-<br/> -ample, </p>
</div>
<div type="entry">
<a when="1798-05-20">20 and 1st of the week</a>,<a href="#cprnp" class="placeName"/>
<p> we had some conversati-<br/> -on this morning about sitting together<br/> in "
religious retirement, and thought<br/> it would be right to inform <a href="#cornp2" class="persName">Cornplanter</a>,<br/> that if he or any of his sober
people<br/> enclined to set with us it would be ac-<br/> -ceptable, tho the
prospect of such an<br/> undertaking felt weighty, before we were<br/> fully
concluded, the Chief with his son<br/> Henry came in to our appartment, and<br/>
said he hoped we would not think hard <br/>
<pb n="46"/> at their not keeping the first day
as<br/> the white do, for they could not read<br/> and Write, that they were
poor and had<br/> to work on that day, and that they were<br/> often out a
hunting and had to attend to<br/> their Game, we let him know, that we<br/>
intended about 10 OClock to sit down<br/> together in stillness to wait on
the<br/> great spirit, and if he or any of his<br/> sober people would come and
set with<br/> us it would be acceptable. near the<br/> time appointed <a href="#cornp2" class="persName">Cornplanter</a> with seve-<br/> -ral other came into our
appartment, he<br/> sat very still until the opportunity closed,<br/> they
others sat quiet a while and then<br/> withdrew, our door <del>was</del> being
open during<br/> the Opportunity, they Indians as the passed<br/> by looked at
us, but shewed no lightness </p>
</div>
<div type="entry">
<a when="1798-05-21">21</a><a href="#cornp" class="placeName"/>
<p> got up soon this morning to bake some<br/> bread, that we might be in readiness
by 7<br/> OClock, to go up the <a href="#alleg" class="geogName">River</a> about 10
miles<br/> with some of the Chiefs, to see were it would<br/> be most suitable
to make a settlement, we<br/> found it a trying Circumstance rightly<br/> to
Judge what was best to do on the Occa-<br/> -tion. <a href="#cornp" class="placeName">Jeneocatego</a> the Town where we now<br/> are, being the place of
<a href="#cornp2" class="persName">Cornplanters</a> re- <br/>
<pb n="47"/> -sidence, is in the middle of a good
spot<br/> of Land, in <a href="#penns" class="placeName">Pennsylvania</a> on the
West<br/> side of the <a href="#alleg" class="geogName">Allegeny River</a>, about
five<br/> miles South of the <a href="#newyo" class="placeName">New York</a> line,
the said<br/>
<a href="#cornp" class="placeName">Tract</a> is <a href="#cornp2" class="persName">Cornplanters</a> own privet pro-<br/> -perty containing, including
two Islands,<br/> near 800 acres Acres, on this Tract <del>most</del> and
near<br/> it, most of the Indians under his superin-<br/> -tendency lives,
which, with the goodness<br/> of this Land, being a fine fertile soil,<br/> was
a weighty consideration of making<br/> this the place of settlement, there
are<br/> also a large number of Children here<br/> fit for schooling, so that
with much con-<br/> -veniency a large school might be<br/> made up, but to
ballance these advan-<br/> -tages, we considered the Land was pri-<br/> -vet
property, and if we made improv-<br/> -ments , such as building a house and<br/>
Barn, and Cleared land, when we left<br/> it they would all belong to <a href="#cornp2" class="persName">Cornplan-<br/> -ter</a>, and not to the nation; also if
the<br/> Indians where to clear land and fence<br/> lots, they would not belong
to the Nati-<br/> -on. this consideration made us believe<br/> it would be best
to look elsewhere. – <br/> The Nation owns 42 Square miles on this <br/>
<pb n="48"/>
<a href="#alleg" class="geogName">River</a>, beginning at the <a href="#penns" class="placeName">Pennsylvania</a><br/> Line, the lines of the reservation is<br/>
not yet Run, but we found the Indians<br/> have a choice that it should ly on the<br/>
<a href="#alleg" class="geogName">River</a>, half a mile wide on each side.<br/>
about 9 miles from hence up the <a href="#alleg" class="geogName">River</a> lat-<br/>
-terly stood a Town called <a href="#genes1" class="placeName">Genesinguh-<br/>
-ta</a>, the Inhabitants of which Village a<br/> few years since
mostly removed here,<br/> about 10 miles further up the <a href="#alleg" class="geogName">River</a> we<br/> understood a settlement had latterly<br/> been
made, from the best information<br/> we could get, thought somewhere a-<br/>
-bout the <a href="#genes1" class="placeName">Old Town</a> would be the most<br/>
suitable place to fix on, it being about<br/> half way between the upper
settlement and<br/> lower Town, according with consider-<br/> -able exertion
about 9 OClock we got <a href="#cornp2" class="persName">Cornplan-<br/> -ter</a>, his
son <a href="#habee1" class="persName">Henry</a>, and three other<br/> Indians to
embark with us five in<br/> a Canoe, they put us up the <a href="#alleg" class="geogName">River</a> with<br/> setting Poles at the Rate of 3 miles an
hour.<br/> in places the <a href="#alleg" class="geogName">River</a> was Shallow
and<br/> ran rapid, in other places from two<br/> to six feet deep, we pased by
a num-<br/> -ber of Islands, some pretty large, which<br/> appeared rich, were
grown over with grass<br/> and other herbage very luxuriant, the <br/>
<pb n="49"/> flats on each side of the <a href="#alleg" class="geogName">River</a> appeared<br/> much of the same quality, tho
none of them<br/>
<del>appeared</del> were wide; in about 6 miles we<br/> came to <a href="#cornp2" class="persName">Cornplanters</a> sawmill, we stop-<br/> -ed at his
request and viewed it, the<br/> Mill is almost new, built on a Small<br/>
Stream, which when we were there<br/> was so low that the Mill could do
very<br/> little work, and at the time of Year <del>that</del><br/> the Stream
is pretty full, the <a href="#alleg" class="geogName">River</a> is<br/> often so high