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Effective and epistemic
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This is a list of predicates devided into the two stance categories we use according to Arrese 2011.
Effective stance compatible items:
Deonticity: Deontic modals and modals
of possibility and necessity, and adverbs,
predicative adjs. and nominals.
must, חייב/מוכרח
should, צריך
can/could/cannot, יכול
have to, צריך/חייב
need to, צריך
It is necessary to…, זה הכרחי ש...
It is (im)possible to …, זה (בלתי) אפשרי ש
Assessments: Personal and impersonal
predicates expressing desirability, requirement
or normativity
That requires …, זה דורש/זה מצריך
We are required to…, נדרש מאיתנו/אנחנו נדרשים ל...
It is essential to…, זה הכרחי/זה נחוץ
It is right to …, זה נכון ל...
It is time to…, זה הזמן ל...
It is fair to …, זה הוגן ל...
Attitudinals: Modals of volition and personal
predicates expressing inclination, intention, or
commitment.
I will/won’t/I would not …,
I wanted/intended to …, רציתי/התכוונתי
I hoped …, קיוויתי
I am/was determined to …, הייתי נחוש ל...
Directives: Personal predicates of
communication used with a directive
illocutionary force. Imperatives and hortatives.
We urging, אנו מפצירים
Let me make it clear, תן לי להסביר
Let us recall, בוא ניזכר/נזכיר, הבה ניזכר
Epistemic stance compatible items:
Epistemic modality: Epistemic modals;
Adverbs, predicative adjs. and nominals
must, חייב/מוכרח
will, would, may,
I was certain…, הייתי בטוח
It was likely…, היה סביר ש...
Certainly…, בוודאי/כמובן/ללא ספק
Perhaps…, אולי/ייתכן
Indeed…, אכן/למעשה
Truth-Factual validity: Personal and
Impersonal predicates expressing
factive or affective meanings; Adverbs,
predicative adjs. and nominals
I am confident that…, אני בטוח ש...
The truth is..., האמת היא...
The fact is…, עובדה היא ש...
In my judgement…, לדעתי
Frankly…, בכנות
Experiential evidentiality: Personal
predicates of perceptual or mental
observation; Adverbs, predicative adjs.
and nominals
We have seen…, ראינו
We have experienced…, מניסיוננו
What is perfectly clear…, מה שלגמרי ברור
It is evident…, זה ברור
It was obvious…, זה גלוי/מובן מאליו
Obviously…/Clearly…/Palpably…, בוודאי
Cognitive evidentiality: Personal
predicates of mental state; Adverbs,
predicative adjs. and nominals
I think…, אני חושב
I have come to the conclusion…, הגעתי למסקנה
We all know…, כידוע
That means.., זה אומר
Presumably…, כנראה
Comunicative evidentiality: Personal
predicates of communication and verbal
interaction
I say to you …/I said…, אמרתי
That suggests…/That implies…, זה מרמז