mindmap.md

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Economic impacts of open science

Efficiency

Access cost savings

Save cost of journal subscriptions

SMEs spend a smaller budget on subscriptions than larger companies

University collaborations help with journal access

Typically no cost of access to data

Willingness to pay

Willingness to accept

Transaction costs savings

Avoid material transfer agreements

Avoid negotiating intellectual property

Reduce uncertainty

Save negotiation costs

E.g. text and data mining

Labour cost savings

Time spent accessing research outputs

Time spent exchanging data

Productivity improvements

Text and data mining allows generation of new information through analysis of large bodies of text or data Time taken to extract useful information from sources can be reduced

Access to more complete information diminishes ignorance

Avoid duplication of efforts

Enablement

Development of new products, services, companies

Collaborations

e.g. pre-competitive multi-stakeholder collaborative research

Permitting work

i.e. research that would not otherwise have been possible

Democratization of scientific knowledge

Research questions are better informed by societal needs Diversity and plurality in scientific participation could facilitate the identification of problems

Marginal groups are empowered to solving their problems

Nurtures cheaper, open (rather than for profit) solutions

Quality

Validation of research outputs

Open peer review

Post-publication peer review

Less biased, more honest reporting

Pre-registration of study design and protocol

More reproducible research

Open data

Open source research software

Creative research from diverse contributors

Crowdsourcing

Unconventional thinking

Costs and challenges

The social benefits of open science are greater than the individual benefits

The individual (administrative) costs may be high

Less rewards than commercialization

Backfire effect

Mandatory data disclosure requirements leads to strategic delays in publication