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docs/2-离开的人们 ZERO -prologue-/0-舍密部警保局搜查1课/0-深渊的仰望者/0-俄刻阿诺斯.md
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# 俄刻阿诺斯 | ||
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俄刻阿诺斯,希腊神话中的大洋河神,是希腊原始神中的一位。 | ||
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游戏中将该名字引申为大洋河,大洋河是古希腊人想象中环绕整个大地的巨大河流。 |
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# 罗夏测试 | ||
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罗夏测试,或墨迹测试,由瑞士心理学家赫尔曼·罗夏于 1921 年创造。罗夏一开始将其用于诊断精神分裂障碍,后常被用作人格的投射测试。 | ||
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 | ||
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> 罗夏测试中的其中一种墨迹,彩色 | ||
测验一共有 10 种墨迹卡片,其中 5 张是白底黑墨水,2 张是白底及黑色或红色的墨水,另外 3 张则是彩色的。[^1] | ||
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受试者会根据展示出的墨迹卡片进行自由联想,这些墨迹有着双边对称性。在完成了所有墨迹之后,受试者会要求再次阅读墨迹,并被要求注意为何会看到这些内容(自由联想),通常会被允许拿起卡片。 | ||
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[^1]: [墨迹测验 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E8%BF%B9%E6%B5%8B%E9%AA%8C) |
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docs/2-离开的人们 ZERO -prologue-/0-舍密部警保局搜查1课/1-毒虫/1-斑蝥与虎甲虫.md
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# 斑蝥与虎甲虫 | ||
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**斑蝥**,又可写作**斑蟊**。中文世界中,斑蝥所指称的生物一直有所混淆,有的人用于指称虎甲虫,有的用于芫菁科,由于芫菁含有药性成分——斑蝥素(芫菁素),故中药里头的斑蝥无疑是指芫菁。但在日本,斑蝥被拿来指称虎甲虫,该名词可见于 1936 年,三轮勇四郎所著的《日本动物分类‧斑蝥科》,以及 1938 年三轮勇四郎的《日本甲虫分类学》等书。[^1] | ||
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マメハンミョウ(豆斑猫) 科:Meloidae (芫菁科) | ||
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ハンミョウ(斑猫、斑蝥) 科:Carabidae 属:Cicindela (Cicindelinae 科昆虫的总称) (虎甲虫) | ||
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[^1]: [斑蝥 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%91%E8%9D%A5) |
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# 柏拉图式的正义 | ||
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柏拉图式的正义为理智、勇敢和节制三种德性所建构。 在柏拉图看来,无论是在国家统治者那里,还是在个人灵魂中,如果理智或理性占主导地位,其他两种德性赞助理智德性,则这个国家就是正义的,个人灵魂是正义的。[^1] | ||
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[^1]: [柏拉图《国家篇》中的正义与问题](http://www.shkxjk.com/CN/abstract/abstract5159.shtml) |
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# 费马大定理 | ||
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1637 年,费马在阅读丢番图《算术》拉丁文译本时,曾在第 11 卷第 8 命题旁写道: | ||
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> 将一个立方数分成两个立方数之和,或一个四次幂分成两个四次幂之和,或者一般地将一个高于二次的幂分成两个同次幂之和,这是不可能的。关于此,我确信我发现一种美妙的证法,可惜这里的空白处太小,写不下。 | ||
1995 年,安德鲁·怀尔斯和理查·泰勒在一特例范围内证明谷山志村猜想,弗赖的椭圆曲线刚好在这一特例范围内,从而证明费马大定理。[^1] | ||
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[^1]: [费马大定理 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%B9%E9%A9%AC%E5%A4%A7%E5%AE%9A%E7%90%86) |
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# Fabliau | ||
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Fabliau 是法国东北地区 1150 至 1400 年间,由匿名人士创作的漫画,通常充满淫秽和粗俗的内容。 | ||
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随后发展成为了一种虚构作品体裁,其特点是类似于短篇小说的简短叙述,通常仅有 300 到 400 行的长度。其影响较大,比如乔万尼·薄伽丘的《十日谈》中的故事也有取材自 Fabliau 的内容。[^1] | ||
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[^1]: [Fabliau - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabliau) |
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# 天生犯罪人 | ||
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「天生犯罪人」是切萨雷·龙勃罗梭(Cesare Lombroso)提出的一个理论。 | ||
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龙勃罗梭认为,犯罪人与正常人之间的区别就在于多种生理异常。他推测犯罪人的体态或会让人联想到猿类、低级灵长动物或早期人类,这些生物学上的「倒退」会不可避免地与这个现代文明社会产生冲突。 | ||
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他长期通过对犯罪人和正常人之间的测量和尸检,其确信「天生犯罪人」理论可以通过解剖学得到验证,并表明窃贼、强奸犯和杀人犯等特定的罪犯,可以通过特定的特征来加以区分。[^1] | ||
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该概念受到广泛质疑和反对,尤其在欧洲的医学院。查尔斯·巴克曼·戈林(Charles Buckman Goring)于 1913 年出版了 *The English Convict: a statistical study* (《英国罪犯:一项统计研究》),他对比了 3000 多名英国囚犯中的 96 个特征,并得出如下结论:[^2] | ||
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> the physical and mental constitution of both criminal and law-abiding persons, of the same age, stature, class, and intelligence, are identical. There is no such thing as an anthropological criminal type. | ||
> 无论是罪犯还是守法者,同样的年龄、身材、阶级或智力,其身体和心理素质是同样的。没有人类学上的犯罪类型。 | ||
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[^1]: [Cesare Lombroso - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Lombroso#Concept_of_criminal_atavism) | ||
[^2]: [Charles Buckman Goring - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Buckman_Goring#The_English_Convict) |
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