diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index e34f177..8df2583 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -4,7 +4,69 @@ A framework for materials science NER using the HuggingFace Transformers NLP Too
 
 # Installation
 
+```git
+git clone https://github.com/walkernr/MatBERT_NER.git MatBERT_NER
+cd MatBERT_NER
+pip install -r requirements.txt .
+```
 
 # Example Usage
 
-# License
\ No newline at end of file
+The folowing command will train the MatBERT model on the solid state dataset using default parameters
+
+```
+python train.py -dv gpu:0 -ds solid_state -ml matbert
+```
+
+Additional parameters can be specified.
+
+```
+usage: train.py [-h] [-dv DEVICE] [-sd SEEDS] [-ts TAG_SCHEMES] [-st SPLITS] [-ds DATASETS] [-ml MODELS] [-sl] [-bs BATCH_SIZE] [-on OPTIMIZER_NAME] [-wd WEIGHT_DECAY] [-ne N_EPOCH]
+                [-eu EMBEDDING_UNFREEZE] [-tu TRANSFORMER_UNFREEZE] [-el EMBEDDING_LEARNING_RATE] [-tl TRANSFORMER_LEARNING_RATE] [-cl CLASSIFIER_LEARNING_RATE] [-sf SCHEDULING_FUNCTION]   
+                [-km]
+
+optional arguments:
+  -h, --help            show this help message and exit
+  -dv DEVICE, --device DEVICE
+                        computation device for model (e.g. cpu, gpu:0, gpu:1)
+  -sd SEEDS, --seeds SEEDS
+                        comma-separated seeds for data shuffling and model initialization (e.g. 1,2,3 or 2,4,8)
+  -ts TAG_SCHEMES, --tag_schemes TAG_SCHEMES
+                        comma-separated tagging schemes to be considered (e.g. iob1,iob2,iobes)
+  -st SPLITS, --splits SPLITS
+                        comma-separated training splits to be considered, in percent (e.g. 80). test split will always be 10% and the validation split will be 1/8 of the training split   
+                        unless the training split is 100%
+  -ds DATASETS, --datasets DATASETS
+                        comma-separated datasets to be considered (e.g. solid_state,doping)
+  -ml MODELS, --models MODELS
+                        comma-separated models to be considered (e.g. matbert,scibert,bert)
+  -sl, --sentence_level
+                        switch for sentence-level learning instead of paragraph-level
+  -bs BATCH_SIZE, --batch_size BATCH_SIZE
+                        number of samples in each batch
+  -on OPTIMIZER_NAME, --optimizer_name OPTIMIZER_NAME
+                        name of optimizer, add "_lookahead" to implement lookahead on top of optimizer (not recommended for ranger or rangerlars)
+  -wd WEIGHT_DECAY, --weight_decay WEIGHT_DECAY
+                        weight decay for optimizer (excluding bias, gamma, and beta)
+  -ne N_EPOCH, --n_epoch N_EPOCH
+                        number of training epochs
+  -eu EMBEDDING_UNFREEZE, --embedding_unfreeze EMBEDDING_UNFREEZE
+                        epoch (index) at which bert embeddings are unfrozen
+  -tu TRANSFORMER_UNFREEZE, --transformer_unfreeze TRANSFORMER_UNFREEZE
+                        comma-separated number of transformers (encoders) to unfreeze at each epoch
+  -el EMBEDDING_LEARNING_RATE, --embedding_learning_rate EMBEDDING_LEARNING_RATE
+                        embedding learning rate
+  -tl TRANSFORMER_LEARNING_RATE, --transformer_learning_rate TRANSFORMER_LEARNING_RATE
+                        transformer learning rate
+  -cl CLASSIFIER_LEARNING_RATE, --classifier_learning_rate CLASSIFIER_LEARNING_RATE
+                        pooler/classifier learning rate
+  -sf SCHEDULING_FUNCTION, --scheduling_function SCHEDULING_FUNCTION
+                        function for learning rate scheduler (linear, exponential, or cosine)
+  -km, --keep_model     switch for saving the best model parameters to disk
+```
+
+To train on custom annotated datasets, the `train.py` script has a dictionary `data_files` where additional datasets can be specified. Similarly, alternative pre-trained models can be used by modifying the `model_files` dictionary.
+
+For prediction, the `predict` function contained within `predict.py` can be used. An example that was used internally can be found in the `predict_script.py` file. Furthermore, an example utilizing MongoDB can be found in the `predict_mongo.py` script. Note that these two examples will need to be edited for your specific needs to be usable.
+
+# License
diff --git a/matbert_ner/data/doping.json b/matbert_ner/data/doping.json
index 1aa2fab..5216b4c 100644
--- a/matbert_ner/data/doping.json
+++ b/matbert_ner/data/doping.json
@@ -1,388 +1,388 @@
-{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "Nanocrystalline titanium dioxide (TiO2) thin films composed of densely packed nanometer-sized grains have been successfully deposited onto an indium-doped-tin oxide (ITO) substrate. Then cadmium sulphoselenide (CdSSe) thin film was deposited onto pre-deposited TiO2 to form a TiO2/CdSSe film, at low temperature using a simple and inexpensive chemical method. The X-ray diffraction, selected area electron diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and water contact angle techniques were used for film characterization. Purely rutile phase of TiO2 with super-hydrophilic and densely packed nanometer-sized spherical grains of approximate diameter 30\u201340 (\u00b12)nm was observed. The increase in optical absorption was observed after CdSSe film deposition. Nest like surface morphology of CdSSe on TiO2 surface results in air trapping in the crevices which prevents water from adhering to the film with increase in water contact angle. Photosensitization of TiO2 with CdSSe was confirmed with light illumination intensity of 80mW/cm2.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Nanocrystalline", "start": 0, "end": 15, "annotation": null}, {"text": "titanium", "start": 16, "end": 24, "annotation": null}, {"text": "dioxide", "start": 25, "end": 32, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 33, "end": 34, "annotation": null}, {"text": "TiO2", "start": 34, "end": 38, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 38, "end": 39, "annotation": null}, {"text": "thin", "start": 40, "end": 44, "annotation": null}, {"text": "films", "start": 45, "end": 50, "annotation": null}, {"text": "composed", "start": 51, "end": 59, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 60, "end": 62, "annotation": null}, {"text": "densely", "start": 63, "end": 70, "annotation": null}, {"text": "packed", "start": 71, "end": 77, "annotation": null}, {"text": "nanometer", "start": 78, "end": 87, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", 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"end": 181, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "Then", "start": 182, "end": 186, "annotation": null}, {"text": "cadmium", "start": 187, "end": 194, "annotation": null}, {"text": "sulphoselenide", "start": 195, "end": 209, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 210, "end": 211, "annotation": null}, {"text": "CdSSe", "start": 211, "end": 216, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 216, "end": 217, "annotation": null}, {"text": "thin", "start": 218, "end": 222, "annotation": null}, {"text": "film", "start": 223, "end": 227, "annotation": null}, {"text": "was", "start": 228, "end": 231, "annotation": null}, {"text": "deposited", "start": 232, "end": 241, "annotation": null}, {"text": "onto", "start": 242, "end": 246, "annotation": null}, {"text": "pre-deposited", "start": 247, "end": 260, "annotation": null}, {"text": "TiO2", "start": 261, "end": 265, "annotation": null}, {"text": "to", "start": 266, "end": 268, "annotation": null}, {"text": "form", "start": 269, "end": 273, 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-{"text": "The characteristic emission of Sm+3 in Zn phosphors, fired in inert atmosphere (N2 gas) at various temperatures, was not detected. However, fired in reductive atmosphere at 1050\u00b0C, the characteristic Sm+3 emission appears, which exhibits intra-4f transitions at 570, 606 and 653 nm, as predicted from the 4G5/2 level to the 6H5/2, 6H7/2 and 6H9/2 levels. Sm doping favors the formation of hexagonal phase in host lattice of ZnS:Sm. The increase in hexagonal phase content will boost the overall photoluminescence emission intensity. The self-activated luminescence intensity increases with the increase in the amount of Sm doping up to a maximum at 0.2 mol% of Sm dopant. 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-{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "We propose and demonstrate the generation of a supercontinuum (SC) spectrum from a 10 m long silica fiber co-doped with zirconia-yttria-alumino and erbium (Zr-EDF) as a non-linear medium. The proposed system utilizes a 2 m long Zr-EDF in a ring laser configuration to generate mode-locked pulses at 1560 nm based on the non-polarization rotation (NPR) technique. The fiber laser generates a mode-locking spectrum from 1526 to 1640 nm with a peak power of -10 dBm at approximately 1565 nm as well as a 6.1 nm bandwidth at the 3 dB level. The generated mode-locked pulses have average and peak powers of 15 mW and 1 kW respectively with a repetition rate of 23.2 MHz. These pulses are subsequently used to generate the SC spectrum from the 10 m Zr-EDF, with the SC spectrum obtained having a 200 nm bandwidth from 1500 nm as well as a large 3-dB bandwidth of 68.2 nm. The SC pulse width is 0.59 ps with a symmetrical shape at about 1600 nm and a 3-dB bandwidth of approximately 0.12 ps. This is the first report of a zirconia host employed as a non-linear medium for SC generation. \u00a9 2012 by Astro Ltd., published exclusively by WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. 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+{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "Nanocrystalline titanium dioxide (TiO2) thin films composed of densely packed nanometer-sized grains have been successfully deposited onto an indium-doped-tin oxide (ITO) substrate. Then cadmium sulphoselenide (CdSSe) thin film was deposited onto pre-deposited TiO2 to form a TiO2/CdSSe film, at low temperature using a simple and inexpensive chemical method. The X-ray diffraction, selected area electron diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and water contact angle techniques were used for film characterization. Purely rutile phase of TiO2 with super-hydrophilic and densely packed nanometer-sized spherical grains of approximate diameter 30\u201340 (\u00b12)nm was observed. The increase in optical absorption was observed after CdSSe film deposition. Nest like surface morphology of CdSSe on TiO2 surface results in air trapping in the crevices which prevents water from adhering to the film with increase in water contact angle. Photosensitization of TiO2 with CdSSe was confirmed with light illumination intensity of 80mW/cm2.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Nanocrystalline", "start": 0, "end": 15, "annotation": null}, {"text": "titanium", "start": 16, "end": 24, "annotation": null}, {"text": "dioxide", "start": 25, "end": 32, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 33, "end": 34, "annotation": null}, {"text": "TiO2", "start": 34, "end": 38, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 38, "end": 39, "annotation": null}, {"text": "thin", "start": 40, "end": 44, "annotation": null}, {"text": "films", "start": 45, "end": 50, "annotation": null}, {"text": "composed", "start": 51, "end": 59, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 60, "end": 62, "annotation": null}, {"text": "densely", "start": 63, "end": 70, "annotation": null}, {"text": "packed", "start": 71, "end": 77, "annotation": null}, {"text": "nanometer", "start": 78, "end": 87, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", 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{"text": ".", "start": 1073, "end": 1074, "annotation": null}]], "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.apsusc.2006.07.087"}}
+{"text": "The characteristic emission of Sm+3 in Zn phosphors, fired in inert atmosphere (N2 gas) at various temperatures, was not detected. However, fired in reductive atmosphere at 1050\u00b0C, the characteristic Sm+3 emission appears, which exhibits intra-4f transitions at 570, 606 and 653 nm, as predicted from the 4G5/2 level to the 6H5/2, 6H7/2 and 6H9/2 levels. Sm doping favors the formation of hexagonal phase in host lattice of ZnS:Sm. The increase in hexagonal phase content will boost the overall photoluminescence emission intensity. The self-activated luminescence intensity increases with the increase in the amount of Sm doping up to a maximum at 0.2 mol% of Sm dopant. According to the phase identification by X-ray diffraction, the Sm2O2S phase favors the Sm+3 characteristic luminescence but it deteriorates in Sm2O3.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/S0272-8842(99)00034-6"}, "_input_hash": -374670401, "_task_hash": 1982665601, "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "characteristic", "start": 4, "end": 18, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "emission", "start": 19, "end": 27, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 28, "end": 30, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Sm+3", "start": 31, "end": 35, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 36, "end": 38, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Zn", "start": 39, "end": 41, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "phosphors", "start": 42, "end": 51, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 52, "end": 53, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "fired", "start": 54, "end": 59, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", 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+{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "We propose and demonstrate the generation of a supercontinuum (SC) spectrum from a 10 m long silica fiber co-doped with zirconia-yttria-alumino and erbium (Zr-EDF) as a non-linear medium. The proposed system utilizes a 2 m long Zr-EDF in a ring laser configuration to generate mode-locked pulses at 1560 nm based on the non-polarization rotation (NPR) technique. The fiber laser generates a mode-locking spectrum from 1526 to 1640 nm with a peak power of -10 dBm at approximately 1565 nm as well as a 6.1 nm bandwidth at the 3 dB level. The generated mode-locked pulses have average and peak powers of 15 mW and 1 kW respectively with a repetition rate of 23.2 MHz. These pulses are subsequently used to generate the SC spectrum from the 10 m Zr-EDF, with the SC spectrum obtained having a 200 nm bandwidth from 1500 nm as well as a large 3-dB bandwidth of 68.2 nm. The SC pulse width is 0.59 ps with a symmetrical shape at about 1600 nm and a 3-dB bandwidth of approximately 0.12 ps. This is the first report of a zirconia host employed as a non-linear medium for SC generation. \u00a9 2012 by Astro Ltd., published exclusively by WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. 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 {"text": "SBA15\u2013TiO2 samples prepared by introducing titanium with a grafting method and having TiO2 loadings below 15wt.% have been characterized by XRF, XRD, IR, porosimetry, SEM, HRTEM, and UV\u2013Visible diffuse reflectance. Differently from the samples reported in the literature characterized by a high TiO2 loading, no evidences have been found for the presence of titania particles inside or outside the mesopores of SBA-15. Three different titanium species were instead evidenced to be present. The first two derive from the reaction of titanium with silanol groups in the corona area of inner SBA-15 walls leading to the formation of either TiO4 tetrahedral sites (by reaction by hydroxyl nests of surface defect sites) and/or pseudo-octahedral surface sites anchored by two (or more) Si or Ti ions through bridging oxygens. The third species derives from the reaction of titanium in the regions with high sylanol density, e.g. in the micropores located in the corona of SBA-15 channels, leading to the formation of TiO2-like nanoareas (probably Si-doped) with dimensions of around 1\u20132nm maximum. The potential interest of these materials as photocatalysts, for the presence of a TiO2-like nanoareas highly accessible by reactants, is discussed.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.micromeso.2005.10.024"}, "_input_hash": -449445937, "_task_hash": -1593947685, "tokens": [[{"text": "SBA15\u2013TiO2", "start": 0, "end": 10, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "samples", "start": 11, "end": 18, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "prepared", "start": 19, "end": 27, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "by", "start": 28, "end": 30, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "introducing", "start": 31, "end": 42, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "titanium", "start": 43, "end": 51, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 52, "end": 56, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 57, "end": 58, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "grafting", "start": 59, "end": 67, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "method", "start": 68, "end": 74, "id": 9, "annotation": 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-{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "Below gap optical losses in as-grown n-type CdTe crystals were analyzed in terms of free carrier absorption and Mie extinction due to Te precipitates. Experimental absorption spectra measured between 2 to 20 \u03bcm exhibited the well-known free carrier absorption behavior \u03b1FCA\u223c\u03bbx with x=3 due to scattering by polar optical phonons. In shorter wavelength regions below 6 \u03bcm, however, additional contributions to the light loss due to absorption and scattering by precipitates were also observed. Assuming a log-normal size distribution, the precipitate extinction spectra were calculated according to Mie theory within the electric and magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole approximation. A comparison with the experimental spectra identifies the precipitates and enables estimation of their sizes and total number density. In this investigation, both undoped and In-doped CdTe crystals grown from stoichiometric melts by vertical asymmetric Bridgman method were used. It was found that In doping, in general, suppresses Te precipitation. At high doping level (melt containing\u223c1019 In atoms cm\u22123), the formation of In2Te2 is also indicated. It is demonstrated that the Mie extinction analysis offers an, expedient method to rapidly analyze the precipitates in CdTe and in similar other wide gap materials in a nondestructive manner.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Below", "start": 0, "end": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "gap", "start": 6, "end": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "optical", "start": 10, "end": 17, "annotation": null}, {"text": "losses", "start": 18, "end": 24, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 25, "end": 27, "annotation": null}, {"text": "as-grown", "start": 28, "end": 36, "annotation": null}, {"text": "n", "start": 37, "end": 38, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 38, "end": 39, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "type", "start": 39, "end": 43, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "CdTe", "start": 44, "end": 48, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "crystals", "start": 49, "end": 57, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "were", "start": 58, "end": 62, 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-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "\u00a9 2015 IOP Publishing Ltd. The screening current density (J) and vortex pinning properties for are studied in optimally hole-doped Ba0.6K0.4Fe2As2 single crystals with a superconducting transition of Tc = 38.6 K. We utilize the irreversible magnetization and its relaxation to evaluate the screening current density and vortex dynamics before and after the introduction of point defects created by 3-MeV proton (H+) irradiation with a dose of /cm2. In the as-grown crystal, both J and vortex dynamics are strongly influenced by temperature and magnetic field, indicating that the predominant pinning is not the weak-collective pinning but the strong pinning. With an introduction of point defects, J in the -irradiated crystal at 2 K reaches A cm-2, which is one of the largest values in iron-based superconductors. In contrast to the as-grown sample, the sensitivity to the temperature and magnetic field becomes quite mild, and the vortex system is described by a simple weak-collective pinning scenario.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 27, "end": 30, "annotation": null}, {"text": "screening", "start": 31, "end": 40, "annotation": null}, {"text": "current", "start": 41, "end": 48, "annotation": null}, {"text": "density", "start": 49, "end": 56, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 57, "end": 58, "annotation": null}, {"text": "J", "start": 58, "end": 59, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 59, "end": 60, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 61, "end": 64, "annotation": null}, {"text": "vortex", "start": 65, "end": 71, "annotation": null}, {"text": "pinning", "start": 72, "end": 79, "annotation": null}, {"text": "properties", "start": 80, "end": 90, "annotation": null}, {"text": "for", "start": 91, "end": 94, "annotation": 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+{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "Below gap optical losses in as-grown n-type CdTe crystals were analyzed in terms of free carrier absorption and Mie extinction due to Te precipitates. Experimental absorption spectra measured between 2 to 20 \u03bcm exhibited the well-known free carrier absorption behavior \u03b1FCA\u223c\u03bbx with x=3 due to scattering by polar optical phonons. In shorter wavelength regions below 6 \u03bcm, however, additional contributions to the light loss due to absorption and scattering by precipitates were also observed. Assuming a log-normal size distribution, the precipitate extinction spectra were calculated according to Mie theory within the electric and magnetic dipole and electric quadrupole approximation. A comparison with the experimental spectra identifies the precipitates and enables estimation of their sizes and total number density. In this investigation, both undoped and In-doped CdTe crystals grown from stoichiometric melts by vertical asymmetric Bridgman method were used. It was found that In doping, in general, suppresses Te precipitation. At high doping level (melt containing\u223c1019 In atoms cm\u22123), the formation of In2Te2 is also indicated. It is demonstrated that the Mie extinction analysis offers an, expedient method to rapidly analyze the precipitates in CdTe and in similar other wide gap materials in a nondestructive manner.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Below", "start": 0, "end": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "gap", "start": 6, "end": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "optical", "start": 10, "end": 17, "annotation": null}, {"text": "losses", "start": 18, "end": 24, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 25, "end": 27, "annotation": null}, {"text": "as-grown", "start": 28, "end": 36, "annotation": null}, {"text": "n", "start": 37, "end": 38, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 38, "end": 39, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "type", "start": 39, "end": 43, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "CdTe", "start": 44, "end": 48, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "crystals", "start": 49, "end": 57, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "were", "start": 58, "end": 62, 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+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "\u00a9 2015 IOP Publishing Ltd. The screening current density (J) and vortex pinning properties for are studied in optimally hole-doped Ba0.6K0.4Fe2As2 single crystals with a superconducting transition of Tc = 38.6 K. We utilize the irreversible magnetization and its relaxation to evaluate the screening current density and vortex dynamics before and after the introduction of point defects created by 3-MeV proton (H+) irradiation with a dose of /cm2. In the as-grown crystal, both J and vortex dynamics are strongly influenced by temperature and magnetic field, indicating that the predominant pinning is not the weak-collective pinning but the strong pinning. With an introduction of point defects, J in the -irradiated crystal at 2 K reaches A cm-2, which is one of the largest values in iron-based superconductors. In contrast to the as-grown sample, the sensitivity to the temperature and magnetic field becomes quite mild, and the vortex system is described by a simple weak-collective pinning scenario.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 27, "end": 30, "annotation": null}, {"text": "screening", "start": 31, "end": 40, "annotation": null}, {"text": "current", "start": 41, "end": 48, "annotation": null}, {"text": "density", "start": 49, "end": 56, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 57, "end": 58, "annotation": null}, {"text": "J", "start": 58, "end": 59, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 59, "end": 60, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 61, "end": 64, "annotation": null}, {"text": "vortex", "start": 65, "end": 71, "annotation": null}, {"text": "pinning", "start": 72, "end": 79, "annotation": null}, {"text": "properties", "start": 80, "end": 90, "annotation": null}, {"text": "for", "start": 91, "end": 94, "annotation": 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 {"text": "Thin films of undoped and fluorine-doped tin oxide have been prepared on fused silica substrates by a spray pyrolysis technique. Structural, optical and electrical properties were studied. Fluorine doping increased the degree of crystallinity and preferred orientation as well as the figure of merit (23.9\u00d710\u22123 at 0.5 \u00b5m). The refractive index,n, showed a considerable decrease (2.2\u22121.85) on fluorine doping. The direct allowed transition for fluorine-doped tin oxide was 0.1 eV higher than that of undoped material.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1007/BF00695003"}, "_input_hash": 1739944162, "_task_hash": -1894375988, "tokens": [[{"text": "Thin", "start": 0, "end": 4, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "films", "start": 5, "end": 10, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 11, "end": 13, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "undoped", "start": 14, "end": 21, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 22, "end": 25, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "fluorine", "start": 26, "end": 34, "id": 5, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 35, "end": 36, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 37, "end": 42, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "tin", "start": 43, "end": 46, "id": 8, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "oxide", "start": 47, "end": 52, "id": 9, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "have", "start": 53, "end": 57, "id": 10, 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-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "Al-doped ZnO (AZO) films were deposited on a fused silica glass substrate by reactive dc unbalanced magnetron sputtering using a Zn\u2013Al (Al: 3.6at.%) alloy target with an impedance control system. A very thin slightly reduced AZO buffer layer was inserted between the glass substrate and AZO films. For the AZO films deposited at 200\u00b0C, the lowest resistivity in the absence of the buffer layer was 8.0\u00d710\u22124\u03a9cm, whereas this was reduced to 5.9\u00d710\u22124\u03a9cm after introducing a 5-nm-thick buffer layer. The transmittance for all the films was above 80% in the visible region. The effects of the buffer layer were analysed and discussed in detail. 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-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "In order to improve the luminescence properties of Y2O2S: Tb3+, Sr2+, Zr4+, the Eu3+ ions doped Y2O2S:Tb3+, Sr2+, Zr4+ white-light long-lasting phosphors were synthesized by the solid-state reaction method. The Y2O2S:Tb3+, Eu3+, Sr2+, Zr4+ phosphors were characterized by X-ray diffraction, photoluminescence, long-lasting phosphorescence and thermoluminescence spectra. The samples doped with different concentration of Eu3+ ions were composed of the pure Y2O2S phase at 1000\u00b0C for 30min. Under 263nm UV excitation, the emission peaks at 417nm and 544nm were assigned to the 5D3\u21927F5 and 5D4\u21927F5 transitions of Tb3+ respectively, and the emission peak at 626nm was assigned to the 5D0\u21927F2 transition of Eu3+. With 0.15% Eu3+ concentration, the CIE chromaticity diagram was (0.28, 0.31), the trap depth was 0.89eV and the decay time could last for over 220s (\u22651mcd/m2).", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "In", "start": 0, "end": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "order", "start": 3, "end": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "to", "start": 9, "end": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "improve", "start": 12, "end": 19, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 20, "end": 23, "annotation": null}, {"text": "luminescence", "start": 24, "end": 36, "annotation": null}, {"text": "properties", "start": 37, "end": 47, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 48, "end": 50, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Y2O2S", "start": 51, "end": 56, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": ":", "start": 56, "end": 57, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "Tb3+", "start": 58, "end": 62, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 62, "end": 63, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "Sr2+", 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-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "The possibility is shown of designing a functional hybrid galvanophotocapacitor active system that would be able to use, if necessary, its own chemical energy in darkness instead of only the energy stored during illumination. In experiments, the Bridgman-grown n-type indium monoselenide was used as the photosensitive anode. Electrochemical investigations were carried out in a three-electrode cell with an aprotic solution of electrolyte; 0.4 M lithium-iodide solution in \u03b3-butyrolactone acid and 1M lithium-tetrafluorborate in the same solvent were chosen as the latter.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "possibility", "start": 4, "end": 15, "annotation": null}, {"text": "is", "start": 16, "end": 18, "annotation": null}, {"text": "shown", "start": 19, "end": 24, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 25, "end": 27, "annotation": null}, {"text": "designing", "start": 28, "end": 37, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 38, "end": 39, "annotation": null}, {"text": "functional", "start": 40, "end": 50, "annotation": null}, {"text": "hybrid", "start": 51, "end": 57, "annotation": null}, {"text": "galvanophotocapacitor", "start": 58, "end": 79, "annotation": null}, {"text": "active", "start": 80, "end": 86, 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-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "This work focuses on the separation and quantification of fixed bulk oxide charge, fixed charge at the dielectric\u2013semiconductor interface and interface state charge components in the Pt/Al2O3/In0.53Ga0.47As metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) system. The availability of atomic layer deposited Al2O3 dielectrics over n- and p-type In0.53Ga0.47As with a range of well-controlled thickness values opens up an experimental route for the determination of the interface state density (Dit) independently of the total fixed oxide charge using capacitance\u2013voltage measurements taken at 1 MHz and \u221250\u00b0C. Low temperature forming gas annealing (350\u00b0C) significantly reduces the amount of fixed charge. The interface fixed charge is reduced from \u223c \u22128.5 \u00d7 1012 cm\u22122 preanneal to \u223c \u22127.4 \u00d7 1011 cm\u22122 postanneal and the bulk oxide charge is reduced from \u223c1.4 \u00d7 1019 cm\u22123 preanneal to \u223c5 \u00d7 1018 cm\u22123 postanneal. The forming gas anneal also has a significant effect on the interface state charge, reducing its density from 1.3 \u00d7 1013cm\u22122 preanneal to 4 \u00d7 1012 cm\u22122 postanneal.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "This", "start": 0, "end": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "work", "start": 5, "end": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "focuses", "start": 10, "end": 17, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 18, "end": 20, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 21, "end": 24, "annotation": null}, {"text": "separation", "start": 25, "end": 35, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 36, "end": 39, "annotation": null}, {"text": "quantification", "start": 40, "end": 54, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 55, "end": 57, "annotation": null}, {"text": "fixed", "start": 58, "end": 63, "annotation": null}, {"text": "bulk", "start": 64, "end": 68, "annotation": null}, {"text": "oxide", "start": 69, "end": 74, "annotation": null}, 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-{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "In this paper we present new results on doped \u03bcc-Si:H thin films deposited by hot-wire chemical vapour deposition (HWCVD) in the very low temperature range (125\u2013275\u00b0C). The doped layers were obtained by the addition of diborane or phosphine in the gas phase during deposition. The incorporation of boron and phosphorus in the films and their influence on the crystalline fraction are studied by secondary ion mass spectrometry and Raman spectroscopy, respectively. Good electrical transport properties were obtained in this deposition regime, with best dark conductivities of 2.6 and 9.8 S cm\u22121 for the p- and n-doped films, respectively. The effect of the hydrogen dilution and the layer thickness on the electrical properties are also studied. Some technological conclusions referred to cross contamination could be deduced from the nominally undoped samples obtained in the same chamber after p- and n-type heavily doped layers.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "In", "start": 0, "end": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "this", "start": 3, "end": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "paper", "start": 8, "end": 13, "annotation": null}, {"text": "we", "start": 14, "end": 16, "annotation": null}, {"text": "present", "start": 17, "end": 24, "annotation": null}, {"text": "new", "start": 25, "end": 28, "annotation": null}, {"text": "results", "start": 29, "end": 36, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 37, "end": 39, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 40, "end": 45, "annotation": null}, {"text": "\u03bcc-Si", "start": 46, "end": 51, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": ":", "start": 51, "end": 52, "annotation": null}, {"text": "H", "start": 52, "end": 53, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, 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-{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "We report a room temperature all-fiber dual-wavelength Thulium-Bismuth codoped fiber laser operating in 1900 nm region using a single fiber Bragg grating (FBG) in a ring configuration. The addition of Bismuth ions as codopant in the gain medium enhances the inhomogeneous broadening effect in the fiber and thus allows a dual-wavelength oscillation with the assistance of the FBG that has a flat top reflection spectrum. By pumping the gain medium with 1552 nm laser, a dual-wavelength output lines are obtained at 1901.09 and 1901.98 nm with a spacing of 0.89 nm and an optical signal to noise ratio of more than 45 dB as the polarization controller (PC) orientation is adjusted to balance the loss between the two wavelengths. The dual-wavelength laser can also be switched to operate in single-wavelength at either 1901.07 or 1901.98 nm by altering the intracavity polarization using the PC. Copyright \u00a9 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "We", "start": 0, "end": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "report", "start": 3, "end": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 10, "end": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "room", "start": 12, "end": 16, "annotation": null}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 17, "end": 28, "annotation": null}, {"text": "all", "start": 29, "end": 32, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 32, "end": 33, "annotation": null}, {"text": "fiber", "start": 33, "end": 38, "annotation": null}, {"text": "dual", "start": 39, "end": 43, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 43, "end": 44, "annotation": null}, {"text": "wavelength", "start": 44, "end": 54, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Thulium", "start": 55, "end": 62, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 62, "end": 63, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "Bismuth", "start": 63, "end": 70, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "codoped", "start": 71, "end": 78, "annotation": null}, {"text": "fiber", "start": 79, "end": 84, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "laser", "start": 85, "end": 90, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "operating", "start": 91, "end": 100, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 101, "end": 103, "annotation": null}, {"text": "1900", "start": 104, "end": 108, "annotation": null}, {"text": "nm", "start": 109, "end": 111, "annotation": null}, {"text": "region", "start": 112, "end": 118, "annotation": null}, {"text": "using", "start": 119, "end": 124, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 125, "end": 126, "annotation": null}, {"text": "single", "start": 127, "end": 133, "annotation": null}, {"text": "fiber", "start": 134, "end": 139, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Bragg", "start": 140, "end": 145, "annotation": null}, {"text": "grating", "start": 146, "end": 153, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 154, "end": 155, "annotation": null}, {"text": "FBG", "start": 155, "end": 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325, "end": 326, "annotation": null}, {"text": "wavelength", "start": 326, "end": 336, "annotation": null}, {"text": "oscillation", "start": 337, "end": 348, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 349, "end": 353, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 354, "end": 357, "annotation": null}, {"text": "assistance", "start": 358, "end": 368, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 369, "end": 371, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 372, "end": 375, "annotation": null}, {"text": "FBG", "start": 376, "end": 379, "annotation": null}, {"text": "that", "start": 380, "end": 384, "annotation": null}, {"text": "has", "start": 385, "end": 388, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 389, "end": 390, "annotation": null}, {"text": "flat", "start": 391, "end": 395, "annotation": null}, {"text": "top", "start": 396, "end": 399, "annotation": null}, {"text": "reflection", "start": 400, "end": 410, "annotation": null}, {"text": "spectrum", "start": 411, "end": 419, 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651, "end": 652, "annotation": null}, {"text": "PC", "start": 652, "end": 654, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 654, "end": 655, "annotation": null}, {"text": "orientation", "start": 656, "end": 667, "annotation": null}, {"text": "is", "start": 668, "end": 670, "annotation": null}, {"text": "adjusted", "start": 671, "end": 679, "annotation": null}, {"text": "to", "start": 680, "end": 682, "annotation": null}, {"text": "balance", "start": 683, "end": 690, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 691, "end": 694, "annotation": null}, {"text": "loss", "start": 695, "end": 699, "annotation": null}, {"text": "between", "start": 700, "end": 707, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 708, "end": 711, "annotation": null}, {"text": "two", "start": 712, "end": 715, "annotation": null}, {"text": "wavelengths", "start": 716, "end": 727, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 727, "end": 728, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "The", "start": 729, "end": 732, "annotation": null}, {"text": "dual", "start": 733, "end": 737, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 737, "end": 738, "annotation": null}, {"text": "wavelength", "start": 738, "end": 748, "annotation": null}, {"text": "laser", "start": 749, "end": 754, "annotation": null}, {"text": "can", "start": 755, "end": 758, "annotation": null}, {"text": "also", "start": 759, "end": 763, "annotation": null}, {"text": "be", "start": 764, "end": 766, "annotation": null}, {"text": "switched", "start": 767, "end": 775, "annotation": null}, {"text": "to", "start": 776, "end": 778, "annotation": null}, {"text": "operate", "start": 779, "end": 786, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 787, "end": 789, "annotation": null}, {"text": "single", "start": 790, "end": 796, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 796, "end": 797, "annotation": null}, {"text": "wavelength", "start": 797, "end": 807, "annotation": null}, {"text": "at", "start": 808, "end": 810, "annotation": null}, {"text": "either", "start": 811, "end": 817, "annotation": null}, {"text": "1901.07", "start": 818, "end": 825, "annotation": null}, {"text": "or", "start": 826, "end": 828, "annotation": null}, {"text": "1901.98", "start": 829, "end": 836, "annotation": null}, {"text": "nm", "start": 837, "end": 839, "annotation": null}, {"text": "by", "start": 840, "end": 842, "annotation": null}, {"text": "altering", "start": 843, "end": 851, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 852, "end": 855, "annotation": null}, {"text": "intracavity", "start": 856, "end": 867, "annotation": null}, {"text": "polarization", "start": 868, "end": 880, "annotation": null}, {"text": "using", "start": 881, "end": 886, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 887, "end": 890, "annotation": null}, {"text": "PC", "start": 891, "end": 893, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 893, "end": 894, "annotation": null}]]}
+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "Al-doped ZnO (AZO) films were deposited on a fused silica glass substrate by reactive dc unbalanced magnetron sputtering using a Zn\u2013Al (Al: 3.6at.%) alloy target with an impedance control system. A very thin slightly reduced AZO buffer layer was inserted between the glass substrate and AZO films. For the AZO films deposited at 200\u00b0C, the lowest resistivity in the absence of the buffer layer was 8.0\u00d710\u22124\u03a9cm, whereas this was reduced to 5.9\u00d710\u22124\u03a9cm after introducing a 5-nm-thick buffer layer. The transmittance for all the films was above 80% in the visible region. The effects of the buffer layer were analysed and discussed in detail. It is found that the insertion of the buffer layer can improve the crystallinity of the AZO film.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Al", "start": 0, "end": 2, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 2, "end": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 3, "end": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ZnO", "start": 9, "end": 12, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "(", "start": 13, "end": 14, "annotation": null}, {"text": "AZO", "start": 14, "end": 17, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 17, "end": 18, "annotation": null}, {"text": "films", "start": 19, "end": 24, "annotation": null}, {"text": "were", "start": 25, "end": 29, "annotation": null}, {"text": "deposited", "start": 30, "end": 39, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 40, "end": 42, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 43, "end": 44, "annotation": null}, {"text": "fused", "start": 45, "end": 50, "annotation": null}, {"text": "silica", "start": 51, "end": 57, 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"annotation": null}, {"text": "can", "start": 691, "end": 694, "annotation": null}, {"text": "improve", "start": 695, "end": 702, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 703, "end": 706, "annotation": null}, {"text": "crystallinity", "start": 707, "end": 720, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 721, "end": 723, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 724, "end": 727, "annotation": null}, {"text": "AZO", "start": 728, "end": 731, "annotation": null}, {"text": "film", "start": 732, "end": 736, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 736, "end": 737, "annotation": null}]], "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.tsf.2013.10.153"}}
+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "In order to improve the luminescence properties of Y2O2S: Tb3+, Sr2+, Zr4+, the Eu3+ ions doped Y2O2S:Tb3+, Sr2+, Zr4+ white-light long-lasting phosphors were synthesized by the solid-state reaction method. The Y2O2S:Tb3+, Eu3+, Sr2+, Zr4+ phosphors were characterized by X-ray diffraction, photoluminescence, long-lasting phosphorescence and thermoluminescence spectra. The samples doped with different concentration of Eu3+ ions were composed of the pure Y2O2S phase at 1000\u00b0C for 30min. Under 263nm UV excitation, the emission peaks at 417nm and 544nm were assigned to the 5D3\u21927F5 and 5D4\u21927F5 transitions of Tb3+ respectively, and the emission peak at 626nm was assigned to the 5D0\u21927F2 transition of Eu3+. With 0.15% Eu3+ concentration, the CIE chromaticity diagram was (0.28, 0.31), the trap depth was 0.89eV and the decay time could last for over 220s (\u22651mcd/m2).", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "In", "start": 0, "end": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "order", "start": 3, "end": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "to", "start": 9, "end": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "improve", "start": 12, "end": 19, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 20, "end": 23, "annotation": null}, {"text": "luminescence", "start": 24, "end": 36, "annotation": null}, {"text": "properties", "start": 37, "end": 47, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 48, "end": 50, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Y2O2S", "start": 51, "end": 56, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": ":", "start": 56, "end": 57, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "Tb3+", "start": 58, "end": 62, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": ",", "start": 62, "end": 63, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": 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"annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 700, "end": 702, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Eu3+", "start": 703, "end": 707, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 707, "end": 708, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "With", "start": 709, "end": 713, "annotation": null}, {"text": "0.15", "start": 714, "end": 718, "annotation": "DOPMODQ"}, {"text": "%", "start": 718, "end": 719, "annotation": "DOPMODQ"}, {"text": "Eu3+", "start": 720, "end": 724, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "concentration", "start": 725, "end": 738, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 738, "end": 739, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 740, "end": 743, "annotation": null}, {"text": "CIE", "start": 744, "end": 747, "annotation": null}, {"text": "chromaticity", "start": 748, "end": 760, "annotation": null}, {"text": "diagram", "start": 761, "end": 768, "annotation": null}, {"text": "was", "start": 769, "end": 772, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 773, "end": 774, "annotation": null}, 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"annotation": null}, {"text": "for", "start": 843, "end": 846, "annotation": null}, {"text": "over", "start": 847, "end": 851, "annotation": null}, {"text": "220s", "start": 852, "end": 856, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 857, "end": 858, "annotation": null}, {"text": "\u2265", "start": 858, "end": 859, "annotation": null}, {"text": "1mcd", "start": 859, "end": 863, "annotation": null}, {"text": "/", "start": 863, "end": 864, "annotation": null}, {"text": "m2", "start": 864, "end": 866, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 866, "end": 867, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 867, "end": 868, "annotation": null}]], "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.ceramint.2012.12.077"}}
+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "The possibility is shown of designing a functional hybrid galvanophotocapacitor active system that would be able to use, if necessary, its own chemical energy in darkness instead of only the energy stored during illumination. In experiments, the Bridgman-grown n-type indium monoselenide was used as the photosensitive anode. Electrochemical investigations were carried out in a three-electrode cell with an aprotic solution of electrolyte; 0.4 M lithium-iodide solution in \u03b3-butyrolactone acid and 1M lithium-tetrafluorborate in the same solvent were chosen as the latter.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "possibility", "start": 4, "end": 15, "annotation": null}, {"text": "is", "start": 16, "end": 18, "annotation": null}, {"text": "shown", "start": 19, "end": 24, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 25, "end": 27, "annotation": null}, {"text": "designing", "start": 28, "end": 37, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 38, "end": 39, "annotation": null}, {"text": "functional", "start": 40, "end": 50, "annotation": null}, {"text": "hybrid", "start": 51, "end": 57, "annotation": null}, {"text": "galvanophotocapacitor", "start": 58, "end": 79, "annotation": null}, {"text": "active", "start": 80, "end": 86, 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+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "This work focuses on the separation and quantification of fixed bulk oxide charge, fixed charge at the dielectric\u2013semiconductor interface and interface state charge components in the Pt/Al2O3/In0.53Ga0.47As metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) system. The availability of atomic layer deposited Al2O3 dielectrics over n- and p-type In0.53Ga0.47As with a range of well-controlled thickness values opens up an experimental route for the determination of the interface state density (Dit) independently of the total fixed oxide charge using capacitance\u2013voltage measurements taken at 1 MHz and \u221250\u00b0C. Low temperature forming gas annealing (350\u00b0C) significantly reduces the amount of fixed charge. The interface fixed charge is reduced from \u223c \u22128.5 \u00d7 1012 cm\u22122 preanneal to \u223c \u22127.4 \u00d7 1011 cm\u22122 postanneal and the bulk oxide charge is reduced from \u223c1.4 \u00d7 1019 cm\u22123 preanneal to \u223c5 \u00d7 1018 cm\u22123 postanneal. The forming gas anneal also has a significant effect on the interface state charge, reducing its density from 1.3 \u00d7 1013cm\u22122 preanneal to 4 \u00d7 1012 cm\u22122 postanneal.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "This", "start": 0, "end": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "work", "start": 5, "end": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "focuses", "start": 10, "end": 17, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 18, "end": 20, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 21, "end": 24, "annotation": null}, {"text": "separation", "start": 25, "end": 35, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 36, "end": 39, "annotation": null}, {"text": "quantification", "start": 40, "end": 54, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 55, "end": 57, "annotation": null}, {"text": "fixed", "start": 58, "end": 63, "annotation": null}, {"text": "bulk", "start": 64, "end": 68, "annotation": null}, {"text": "oxide", "start": 69, "end": 74, "annotation": null}, 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+{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "In this paper we present new results on doped \u03bcc-Si:H thin films deposited by hot-wire chemical vapour deposition (HWCVD) in the very low temperature range (125\u2013275\u00b0C). The doped layers were obtained by the addition of diborane or phosphine in the gas phase during deposition. The incorporation of boron and phosphorus in the films and their influence on the crystalline fraction are studied by secondary ion mass spectrometry and Raman spectroscopy, respectively. Good electrical transport properties were obtained in this deposition regime, with best dark conductivities of 2.6 and 9.8 S cm\u22121 for the p- and n-doped films, respectively. The effect of the hydrogen dilution and the layer thickness on the electrical properties are also studied. Some technological conclusions referred to cross contamination could be deduced from the nominally undoped samples obtained in the same chamber after p- and n-type heavily doped layers.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "In", "start": 0, "end": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "this", "start": 3, "end": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "paper", "start": 8, "end": 13, "annotation": null}, {"text": "we", "start": 14, "end": 16, "annotation": null}, {"text": "present", "start": 17, "end": 24, "annotation": null}, {"text": "new", "start": 25, "end": 28, "annotation": null}, {"text": "results", "start": 29, "end": 36, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 37, "end": 39, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 40, "end": 45, "annotation": null}, {"text": "\u03bcc-Si", "start": 46, "end": 51, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": ":", "start": 51, "end": 52, "annotation": null}, {"text": "H", "start": 52, "end": 53, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, 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+{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "We report a room temperature all-fiber dual-wavelength Thulium-Bismuth codoped fiber laser operating in 1900 nm region using a single fiber Bragg grating (FBG) in a ring configuration. The addition of Bismuth ions as codopant in the gain medium enhances the inhomogeneous broadening effect in the fiber and thus allows a dual-wavelength oscillation with the assistance of the FBG that has a flat top reflection spectrum. By pumping the gain medium with 1552 nm laser, a dual-wavelength output lines are obtained at 1901.09 and 1901.98 nm with a spacing of 0.89 nm and an optical signal to noise ratio of more than 45 dB as the polarization controller (PC) orientation is adjusted to balance the loss between the two wavelengths. The dual-wavelength laser can also be switched to operate in single-wavelength at either 1901.07 or 1901.98 nm by altering the intracavity polarization using the PC. Copyright \u00a9 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "We", "start": 0, "end": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "report", "start": 3, "end": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 10, "end": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "room", "start": 12, "end": 16, "annotation": null}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 17, "end": 28, "annotation": null}, {"text": "all", "start": 29, "end": 32, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 32, "end": 33, "annotation": null}, {"text": "fiber", "start": 33, "end": 38, "annotation": null}, {"text": "dual", "start": 39, "end": 43, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 43, "end": 44, "annotation": null}, {"text": "wavelength", "start": 44, "end": 54, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Thulium", "start": 55, "end": 62, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 62, "end": 63, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "Bismuth", "start": 63, "end": 70, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": 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 {"text": "Ytterbium and iron-doped ytterbium films were prepared by vapor quenching on Kapton substrates at room temperature. Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The aim was to study the microstructure of pure and iron-doped films and thereby to understand the effects induced by iron incorporation. A coexistence of face centered cubic and hexagonal close packed-like structures was observed, the cubic-type structure being the dominant contribution. There is an apparent thickness dependence of the cubic/hexagonal relative ratios in the case of pure ytterbium. Iron-clusters induce a crystalline texture effect, but do not influence the cubic/hexagonal volume fraction. A schematic model is proposed for the microstructure of un-doped and iron-doped films including the cubic- and hexagonal-like structures, as well as the iron distribution in the ytterbium matrix.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.matchar.2014.07.022"}, "_input_hash": -1427131311, "_task_hash": 2070819022, "tokens": [[{"text": "Ytterbium", "start": 0, "end": 9, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 10, "end": 13, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "iron", "start": 14, "end": 18, "id": 2, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 19, "end": 20, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 21, "end": 26, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ytterbium", "start": 27, "end": 36, "id": 5, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "films", "start": 37, "end": 42, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "were", "start": 43, "end": 47, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "prepared", "start": 48, "end": 56, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "by", "start": 57, 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 {"text": "Nitrogen-doped porous carbon plates have been prepared by simple and cost-effective pyrolysis carbonization of an easily available biomass-fallen camellia flower and followed by alkali activation. As-prepared nitrogen-doped porous carbon (aNPCP3) possesses a high specific surface area of 2318\u00a0m2\u00a0g\u22121 and abundant micro/meso-pores. As a result, the aNPCP3 samples have been demonstrated to be electrodes for supercapacitors, displaying a high specific capacitance of 354\u00a0F\u00a0g\u22121 at a current density of 0.2\u00a0A\u00a0g\u22121 and excellent cycling stability. Further, the aNPCP3 samples used as sulfur host materials for lithium-sulfur batteries exhibit a high capacity of 1210\u00a0mAh\u00a0g\u22121 and good cycling stability with a small capacity decay of about 0.1\u00a0% per cycle. Interestingly, it is found that their electrochemical performances are dependent on their specific surface area, pore structure, and heteroatom-doping content and type of carbon materials to a large extent. Cheapness, convenient resource, and good performance make these electrode materials displaying huge potential in cost-effective high-performance energy storage devices.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1007/s10008-016-3474-2"}, "_input_hash": -893662896, "_task_hash": 1954509626, "tokens": [[{"text": "Nitrogen", "start": 0, "end": 8, "id": 0, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 9, "end": 10, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 11, "end": 16, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "porous", "start": 17, "end": 23, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "carbon", "start": 24, "end": 30, "id": 4, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "plates", "start": 31, "end": 37, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "have", "start": 38, "end": 42, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "been", "start": 43, "end": 47, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "prepared", "start": 48, "end": 56, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "by", "start": 57, "end": 59, "id": 9, "annotation": 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-{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "In microelectronic manufacturing, chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) of silicon is becoming a more and more important process. This work investigates the effect of dopants on CMP of silicon. A high boron concentration is found to reduce the removal rate. The boron induced reduction is clearly demonstrated by observing boron diffused areas on a wafer protrude during polishing. A high phosphorus concentration enhances the removal rate. It is also found that the removal rate is lower for the Si(111) compared to the Si(100) orientation.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "In", "start": 0, "end": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "microelectronic", "start": 3, "end": 18, "annotation": null}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 19, "end": 32, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 32, "end": 33, "annotation": null}, {"text": "chemical", "start": 34, "end": 42, "annotation": null}, {"text": "mechanical", "start": 43, "end": 53, "annotation": null}, {"text": "polishing", "start": 54, "end": 63, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 64, "end": 65, "annotation": null}, {"text": "CMP", "start": 65, "end": 68, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 68, "end": 69, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 70, "end": 72, "annotation": null}, {"text": "silicon", "start": 73, "end": 80, "annotation": null}, {"text": "is", "start": 81, "end": 83, "annotation": null}, {"text": 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-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "A systematic investigation of structure, electrical and magnetic properties of polycrystalline ceramics La0.67Ca0.33\u2212xKxMnO3 (x=0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25) samples, prepared by sol\u2013gel method had been undertaken. As K content increases the crystal structures were transformed from orthorhombic to rhombohedral structure identified by X-ray diffraction, and the effect of increasing K ion is to increment the Mn\u2013O\u2013Mn bond angle. The surface morphology was investigated by scanning electron microscope, which indicates that grain size decreasing with increasing of K+. Temperature dependence of resistivity (\u03c1 \u2212 T) was measured by standard four-probe method. The insulator\u2013metal transition temperature (TP) shifted to higher temperature and the temperature coefficient of resistivity decreased sharply with the substitution K+ for Ca2+ ion. The temperature dependence of magnetization (M\u2013T) shown that Curie temperature (TC) was increasing with the increase of K content, which can be explained by enhancement of double\u2013exchange interaction. The data of resistivity on low-temperature (T<TP) had been fitted with the relation \u03c1(T)=\u03c10+\u03c12T2+\u03c14.5T4.5; the high-temperature (T>TP) resistivity data were explained using small-polaron hopping and variable-range hopping models. Resistivity data in whole temperature range (100\u2013320K) could be fitted by percolation model. Polaron activation energy Ea was found to decrease with the content K+ increasing, which suggested that K doping increase bond angle Mn\u2013O\u2013Mn, thereby the effective band gap was decreased and the double exchange coupling was increased of, this is the reason for the decrease of resistivity.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "A", "start": 0, "end": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "systematic", "start": 2, "end": 12, "annotation": null}, {"text": "investigation", "start": 13, "end": 26, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 27, "end": 29, "annotation": null}, {"text": "structure", "start": 30, "end": 39, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 39, "end": 40, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electrical", "start": 41, "end": 51, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 52, "end": 55, "annotation": null}, {"text": "magnetic", "start": 56, "end": 64, "annotation": null}, {"text": "properties", "start": 65, "end": 75, "annotation": 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-{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "Low-temperature mobilities in InAs-AlSb quantum wells depend sensitively on the buffer layer structures. Reflection high energy electron diffraction and x-ray diffraction show that the highest crystalline quality and best InAs transport properties are obtained by a buffer layer sequence GaAs \u2192 AlAs \u2192 AlSb \u2192 GaSb, with a final GaSb layer thickness of at least 1 \u03bcm. Using the improved buffer scheme, mobilities exceeding 600,000 cm2/Vs at 10 K are routinely obtained. Modulation \u03b4-doping with tellurium has yielded electron sheet concentrations up to 8 \u00d7 1012 cm\u22122 while maintaining mobilities approaching 100,000 cm2/Vs at low temperatures.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Low", "start": 0, "end": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 3, "end": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 4, "end": 15, "annotation": null}, {"text": "mobilities", "start": 16, "end": 26, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 27, "end": 29, "annotation": null}, {"text": "InAs", "start": 30, "end": 34, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 34, "end": 35, "annotation": null}, {"text": "AlSb", "start": 35, "end": 39, "annotation": null}, {"text": "quantum", "start": 40, "end": 47, "annotation": null}, {"text": "wells", "start": 48, "end": 53, "annotation": null}, {"text": "depend", "start": 54, "end": 60, "annotation": null}, {"text": "sensitively", "start": 61, "end": 72, "annotation": 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-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "Electrical and physical properties of a metal-oxide-semiconductor [MOS] structure using atomic layer-deposited high-k dielectrics (TiO2/Al2O3) and epitaxial GaAs [epi-GaAs] grown on Ge(100) substrates have been investigated. The epi-GaAs, either undoped or Zn-doped, was grown using metal-organic chemical vapor deposition method at 620\u00b0C to 650\u00b0C. The diffusion of Ge atoms into epi-GaAs resulted in auto-doping, and therefore, an n-MOS behavior was observed for undoped and Zn-doped epi-GaAs with the doping concentration up to approximately 1017 cm-3. This is attributed to the diffusion of a significant amount of Ge atoms from the Ge substrate as confirmed by the simulation using SILVACO software and also from the secondary ion mass spectrometry analyses. The Zn-doped epi-GaAs with a doping concentration of approximately 1018 cm-3 converts the epi-GaAs layer into p-type since the Zn doping is relatively higher than the out-diffused Ge concentration. The capacitance-voltage characteristics show similar frequency dispersion and leakage current for n-type and p-type epi-GaAs layers with very low hysteresis voltage (approximately 10 mV).PACS: 81.15.Gh.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Electrical", "start": 0, "end": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 11, "end": 14, "annotation": null}, {"text": "physical", "start": 15, "end": 23, "annotation": null}, {"text": "properties", "start": 24, "end": 34, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 35, "end": 37, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 38, "end": 39, "annotation": null}, {"text": "metal", "start": 40, "end": 45, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 45, "end": 46, "annotation": null}, {"text": "oxide", "start": 46, "end": 51, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 51, "end": 52, "annotation": null}, {"text": "semiconductor", "start": 52, "end": 65, "annotation": null}, {"text": "[MOS]", "start": 66, "end": 71, 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-{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "Hydrothermal techniques have been used to synthesize samples of ZnxFe3\u2212xO4 (x=0.0\u20131.0) starting with ZnSO4\u00b77H2O/FeSO4\u00b77H2O aqueous solution. The sequence of phases, structural and magnetic properties were followed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), M\u00f6ssbauer spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Refinement of the XRD spectra yielded the dependence of the lattice parameters of zinc-doped magnetite and zinc ferrite phase as function of the Zn molar concentration x. As well, the particle diameter was derived and represented as a function of Zn content x. As a function of Zn concentration, the phase content of hydrothermally synthesized samples was found to consist of zinc-doped magnetite, goethite and zinc ferrite. Consistent with the XRD results, M\u00f6ssbauer spectroscopy data indicate the presence of magnetite and goethite at x\u22640.2, magnetite and zinc ferrite at x\u22640.9 and pure zinc ferrite only at high zinc concentrations. The presence of different magnetite phases was confirmed by TEM and particles with a size of 50nm were identified. Our results show that zinc ferrite is formed at high zinc concentration by the hydrothermal method and an acicular component of goethite\u2013magnetite is obtained at low zinc content.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Hydrothermal", "start": 0, "end": 12, "annotation": null}, {"text": "techniques", "start": 13, "end": 23, "annotation": null}, {"text": "have", "start": 24, "end": 28, "annotation": null}, {"text": "been", "start": 29, "end": 33, "annotation": null}, {"text": "used", "start": 34, "end": 38, "annotation": null}, {"text": "to", "start": 39, "end": 41, "annotation": null}, {"text": "synthesize", "start": 42, "end": 52, "annotation": null}, {"text": "samples", "start": 53, "end": 60, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 61, "end": 63, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ZnxFe3\u2212xO4", "start": 64, "end": 74, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "(", "start": 75, "end": 76, "annotation": null}, {"text": "x", "start": 76, "end": 77, 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+{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "In microelectronic manufacturing, chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) of silicon is becoming a more and more important process. This work investigates the effect of dopants on CMP of silicon. A high boron concentration is found to reduce the removal rate. The boron induced reduction is clearly demonstrated by observing boron diffused areas on a wafer protrude during polishing. A high phosphorus concentration enhances the removal rate. It is also found that the removal rate is lower for the Si(111) compared to the Si(100) orientation.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "In", "start": 0, "end": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "microelectronic", "start": 3, "end": 18, "annotation": null}, {"text": "manufacturing", "start": 19, "end": 32, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 32, "end": 33, "annotation": null}, {"text": "chemical", "start": 34, "end": 42, "annotation": null}, {"text": "mechanical", "start": 43, "end": 53, "annotation": null}, {"text": "polishing", "start": 54, "end": 63, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 64, "end": 65, "annotation": null}, {"text": "CMP", "start": 65, "end": 68, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 68, "end": 69, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 70, "end": 72, "annotation": null}, {"text": "silicon", "start": 73, "end": 80, "annotation": null}, {"text": "is", "start": 81, "end": 83, "annotation": null}, {"text": 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{"text": "wafer", "start": 347, "end": 352, "annotation": null}, {"text": "protrude", "start": 353, "end": 361, "annotation": null}, {"text": "during", "start": 362, "end": 368, "annotation": null}, {"text": "polishing", "start": 369, "end": 378, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 378, "end": 379, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "A", "start": 380, "end": 381, "annotation": null}, {"text": "high", "start": 382, "end": 386, "annotation": null}, {"text": "phosphorus", "start": 387, "end": 397, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "concentration", "start": 398, "end": 411, "annotation": null}, {"text": "enhances", "start": 412, "end": 420, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 421, "end": 424, "annotation": null}, {"text": "removal", "start": 425, "end": 432, "annotation": null}, {"text": "rate", "start": 433, "end": 437, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 437, "end": 438, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "It", "start": 439, "end": 441, "annotation": null}, {"text": 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"annotation": null}, {"text": "orientation", "start": 527, "end": 538, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 538, "end": 539, "annotation": null}]], "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/S0167-9317(01)00591-3"}}
+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "A systematic investigation of structure, electrical and magnetic properties of polycrystalline ceramics La0.67Ca0.33\u2212xKxMnO3 (x=0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25) samples, prepared by sol\u2013gel method had been undertaken. As K content increases the crystal structures were transformed from orthorhombic to rhombohedral structure identified by X-ray diffraction, and the effect of increasing K ion is to increment the Mn\u2013O\u2013Mn bond angle. The surface morphology was investigated by scanning electron microscope, which indicates that grain size decreasing with increasing of K+. Temperature dependence of resistivity (\u03c1 \u2212 T) was measured by standard four-probe method. The insulator\u2013metal transition temperature (TP) shifted to higher temperature and the temperature coefficient of resistivity decreased sharply with the substitution K+ for Ca2+ ion. The temperature dependence of magnetization (M\u2013T) shown that Curie temperature (TC) was increasing with the increase of K content, which can be explained by enhancement of double\u2013exchange interaction. The data of resistivity on low-temperature (T<TP) had been fitted with the relation \u03c1(T)=\u03c10+\u03c12T2+\u03c14.5T4.5; the high-temperature (T>TP) resistivity data were explained using small-polaron hopping and variable-range hopping models. Resistivity data in whole temperature range (100\u2013320K) could be fitted by percolation model. Polaron activation energy Ea was found to decrease with the content K+ increasing, which suggested that K doping increase bond angle Mn\u2013O\u2013Mn, thereby the effective band gap was decreased and the double exchange coupling was increased of, this is the reason for the decrease of resistivity.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "A", "start": 0, "end": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "systematic", "start": 2, "end": 12, "annotation": null}, {"text": "investigation", "start": 13, "end": 26, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 27, "end": 29, "annotation": null}, {"text": "structure", "start": 30, "end": 39, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 39, "end": 40, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electrical", "start": 41, "end": 51, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 52, "end": 55, "annotation": null}, {"text": "magnetic", "start": 56, "end": 64, "annotation": null}, {"text": "properties", "start": 65, "end": 75, "annotation": 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+{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "Low-temperature mobilities in InAs-AlSb quantum wells depend sensitively on the buffer layer structures. Reflection high energy electron diffraction and x-ray diffraction show that the highest crystalline quality and best InAs transport properties are obtained by a buffer layer sequence GaAs \u2192 AlAs \u2192 AlSb \u2192 GaSb, with a final GaSb layer thickness of at least 1 \u03bcm. Using the improved buffer scheme, mobilities exceeding 600,000 cm2/Vs at 10 K are routinely obtained. Modulation \u03b4-doping with tellurium has yielded electron sheet concentrations up to 8 \u00d7 1012 cm\u22122 while maintaining mobilities approaching 100,000 cm2/Vs at low temperatures.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Low", "start": 0, "end": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 3, "end": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 4, "end": 15, "annotation": null}, {"text": "mobilities", "start": 16, "end": 26, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 27, "end": 29, "annotation": null}, {"text": "InAs", "start": 30, "end": 34, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 34, "end": 35, "annotation": null}, {"text": "AlSb", "start": 35, "end": 39, "annotation": null}, {"text": "quantum", "start": 40, "end": 47, "annotation": null}, {"text": "wells", "start": 48, "end": 53, "annotation": null}, {"text": "depend", "start": 54, "end": 60, "annotation": null}, {"text": "sensitively", "start": 61, "end": 72, "annotation": 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+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "Electrical and physical properties of a metal-oxide-semiconductor [MOS] structure using atomic layer-deposited high-k dielectrics (TiO2/Al2O3) and epitaxial GaAs [epi-GaAs] grown on Ge(100) substrates have been investigated. The epi-GaAs, either undoped or Zn-doped, was grown using metal-organic chemical vapor deposition method at 620\u00b0C to 650\u00b0C. The diffusion of Ge atoms into epi-GaAs resulted in auto-doping, and therefore, an n-MOS behavior was observed for undoped and Zn-doped epi-GaAs with the doping concentration up to approximately 1017 cm-3. This is attributed to the diffusion of a significant amount of Ge atoms from the Ge substrate as confirmed by the simulation using SILVACO software and also from the secondary ion mass spectrometry analyses. The Zn-doped epi-GaAs with a doping concentration of approximately 1018 cm-3 converts the epi-GaAs layer into p-type since the Zn doping is relatively higher than the out-diffused Ge concentration. The capacitance-voltage characteristics show similar frequency dispersion and leakage current for n-type and p-type epi-GaAs layers with very low hysteresis voltage (approximately 10 mV).PACS: 81.15.Gh.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Electrical", "start": 0, "end": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 11, "end": 14, "annotation": null}, {"text": "physical", "start": 15, "end": 23, "annotation": null}, {"text": "properties", "start": 24, "end": 34, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 35, "end": 37, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 38, "end": 39, "annotation": null}, {"text": "metal", "start": 40, "end": 45, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 45, "end": 46, "annotation": null}, {"text": "oxide", "start": 46, "end": 51, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 51, "end": 52, "annotation": null}, {"text": "semiconductor", "start": 52, "end": 65, "annotation": null}, {"text": "[MOS]", "start": 66, "end": 71, 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"end": 1162, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 1162, "end": 1163, "annotation": null}]], "meta": {"doi": "10.1186/1556-276X-7-99"}}
+{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "Hydrothermal techniques have been used to synthesize samples of ZnxFe3\u2212xO4 (x=0.0\u20131.0) starting with ZnSO4\u00b77H2O/FeSO4\u00b77H2O aqueous solution. The sequence of phases, structural and magnetic properties were followed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), M\u00f6ssbauer spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Refinement of the XRD spectra yielded the dependence of the lattice parameters of zinc-doped magnetite and zinc ferrite phase as function of the Zn molar concentration x. As well, the particle diameter was derived and represented as a function of Zn content x. As a function of Zn concentration, the phase content of hydrothermally synthesized samples was found to consist of zinc-doped magnetite, goethite and zinc ferrite. Consistent with the XRD results, M\u00f6ssbauer spectroscopy data indicate the presence of magnetite and goethite at x\u22640.2, magnetite and zinc ferrite at x\u22640.9 and pure zinc ferrite only at high zinc concentrations. The presence of different magnetite phases was confirmed by TEM and particles with a size of 50nm were identified. Our results show that zinc ferrite is formed at high zinc concentration by the hydrothermal method and an acicular component of goethite\u2013magnetite is obtained at low zinc content.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Hydrothermal", "start": 0, "end": 12, "annotation": null}, {"text": "techniques", "start": 13, "end": 23, "annotation": null}, {"text": "have", "start": 24, "end": 28, "annotation": null}, {"text": "been", "start": 29, "end": 33, "annotation": null}, {"text": "used", "start": 34, "end": 38, "annotation": null}, {"text": "to", "start": 39, "end": 41, "annotation": null}, {"text": "synthesize", "start": 42, "end": 52, "annotation": null}, {"text": "samples", "start": 53, "end": 60, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 61, "end": 63, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ZnxFe3\u2212xO4", "start": 64, "end": 74, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "(", "start": 75, "end": 76, "annotation": null}, {"text": "x", "start": 76, "end": 77, 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 {"text": "In this work, a simple and reliable electrochemical method for the determination of cadmium using an antimony film modified sodium montmorillonite (NaMM) doped carbon paste electrode (Sb/NaMM-CPE) was described. Due to the strong cation exchange ability and adsorptive characteristics of NaMM and excellent electroanalytical performance of the antimony film, the new electrode significantly enhanced the sensitivity for detection of Cd(II) and exhibited superior performance in comparison with the bare carbon paste electrode, antimony film modified carbon paste electrode (Sb/CPE), and NaMM modified carbon paste electrode (NaMM-CPE). Some parameters such as the composition of the paste, pH of the measure solution, the Sb(III) concentration, deposition time, and deposition potential that influenced the response of cadmium were investigated and the procedure was optimized for cadmium determination. This electrode, combined with square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry, displayed excellent linear behavior in the examined concentration range of 4.0\u2013150.0\u03bcgL\u22121 Cd(II) (R 2 =0.998) with a detection limit of 0.25\u03bcgL\u22121. The Sb/NaMM-CPE was successfully applied to the determination of cadmium ion in tap water sample.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.snb.2016.06.128"}, "_input_hash": -2082502833, "_task_hash": 1583168118, "tokens": [[{"text": "In", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "this", "start": 3, "end": 7, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "work", "start": 8, "end": 12, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 13, "end": 14, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 15, "end": 16, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "simple", "start": 17, "end": 23, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 24, "end": 27, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "reliable", "start": 28, "end": 36, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electrochemical", "start": 37, "end": 52, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "method", "start": 53, "end": 59, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "for", "start": 60, "end": 63, "id": 10, "annotation": null}, 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 {"text": "Magnetotransport data of individual Sn doped In2O3 nanowires were investigated at low temperatures in order to study the characteristic dimensionality of the conduction process and the electron dephasing mechanisms. The magnetoconductance data obtained in these nanowires confirm the theoretical predictions of one-dimensional quantum interference with electron-electron interaction as the dominant scattering mechanism leading to the break of the observed quantum coherence effects.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1088/0022-3727/41/4/045106"}, "_input_hash": -729258161, "_task_hash": 280774288, "tokens": [[{"text": "Magnetotransport", "start": 0, "end": 16, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "data", "start": 17, "end": 21, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 22, "end": 24, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "individual", "start": 25, "end": 35, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Sn", "start": 36, "end": 38, "id": 4, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "doped", "start": 39, "end": 44, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "In2O3", "start": 45, "end": 50, "id": 6, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "nanowires", "start": 51, "end": 60, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "were", 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-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "In this work, phosphorous-doped single-walled carbon nanotubes have been synthesized by the thermal decomposition of trimethylphosphine using a high-vacuum chemical vapor deposition method. Furthermore, a modified density-gradient-ultracentrifugation process has been applied to carefully purify our doped material. The combined use of Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy allowed us to provide the first insight into the bonding environment of P incorporated into the carbon lattice, avoiding competing signals arising from synthesis byproducts. 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+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "In this work, phosphorous-doped single-walled carbon nanotubes have been synthesized by the thermal decomposition of trimethylphosphine using a high-vacuum chemical vapor deposition method. Furthermore, a modified density-gradient-ultracentrifugation process has been applied to carefully purify our doped material. The combined use of Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy allowed us to provide the first insight into the bonding environment of P incorporated into the carbon lattice, avoiding competing signals arising from synthesis byproducts. 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+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "\u00a9 2015, Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht. A series of Ag-doped BiOI photocatalysts with different Ag contents was successfully synthesized by a hydrothermal method at 120\u00b0C for 24h. The as-synthesized products were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The photocatalytic activities of the undoped BiOI and Ag-doped BiOI products under UV visible and visible daylight were evaluated through the decolorization of methyl orange (MO) and methylene blue in aqueous solutions. 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 {"text": "The lithium-rich layered oxides offer higher capacity, but suffer from severe capacity fade and voltage decay. Aluminum doping can improve the stability of the structure, but the fundamental mechanism has not been fully revealed. In this work, cathode materials with different Al-doping contents are investigated. To characterize the structural evolutions upon cycling, ex situ XRD and ex situ TEM are performed. It is demonstrated that the voltage decay is attributed to the decrease of Rhombohedral phase, while capacity fade is possibly associated with the increase of surface impedance. Therefore, continuous voltage decay and capacity fade are observed for undoped Li-rich cathode. In comparison, the Al-doped cathodes have stable LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 and surface impedance, leading to superior capacity retention and a stable output voltage.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1007/s11581-016-1831-x"}, "_input_hash": -819525861, "_task_hash": 1102109839, "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "lithium", "start": 4, "end": 11, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 12, "end": 13, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "rich", "start": 14, "end": 18, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "layered", "start": 19, "end": 26, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "oxides", "start": 27, "end": 33, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "offer", "start": 34, "end": 39, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "higher", "start": 40, "end": 46, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "capacity", "start": 47, "end": 55, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 56, "end": 57, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": 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-{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "The molecular beam method is a versatile experimental technique which may be used to grow high quality single crystal thin films in the range from 100\u00c5 to several microns with precise control of uniformity and thickness. Films may be doped by an additional molecular beam containing the doping material simultaneously impinging on the substrate surface with the film molecular beams. Epitaxial GaAs thin films doped with silicon were grown by the molecular beam method in an ultrahigh vacuum system in which high energy electron diffraction and mass spectrometric measurements could be made during growth or by stopping growth momentarily. The crystallinity and beam intensity parameters of these films were thus studied during growth. The doping profiles and the amount of compensation were evaluated by the Schottky barrier diode method and the photo luminescence spectra.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "molecular", "start": 4, "end": 13, "annotation": null}, {"text": "beam", "start": 14, "end": 18, "annotation": null}, {"text": "method", "start": 19, "end": 25, "annotation": null}, {"text": "is", "start": 26, "end": 28, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 29, "end": 30, "annotation": null}, {"text": "versatile", "start": 31, "end": 40, "annotation": null}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 41, "end": 53, "annotation": null}, {"text": "technique", "start": 54, "end": 63, "annotation": null}, {"text": "which", "start": 64, "end": 69, "annotation": null}, {"text": "may", "start": 70, "end": 73, "annotation": null}, {"text": "be", "start": 74, "end": 76, "annotation": null}, {"text": "used", "start": 77, "end": 81, 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+{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "The molecular beam method is a versatile experimental technique which may be used to grow high quality single crystal thin films in the range from 100\u00c5 to several microns with precise control of uniformity and thickness. Films may be doped by an additional molecular beam containing the doping material simultaneously impinging on the substrate surface with the film molecular beams. Epitaxial GaAs thin films doped with silicon were grown by the molecular beam method in an ultrahigh vacuum system in which high energy electron diffraction and mass spectrometric measurements could be made during growth or by stopping growth momentarily. The crystallinity and beam intensity parameters of these films were thus studied during growth. The doping profiles and the amount of compensation were evaluated by the Schottky barrier diode method and the photo luminescence spectra.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "molecular", "start": 4, "end": 13, "annotation": null}, {"text": "beam", "start": 14, "end": 18, "annotation": null}, {"text": "method", "start": 19, "end": 25, "annotation": null}, {"text": "is", "start": 26, "end": 28, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 29, "end": 30, "annotation": null}, {"text": "versatile", "start": 31, "end": 40, "annotation": null}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 41, "end": 53, "annotation": null}, {"text": "technique", "start": 54, "end": 63, "annotation": null}, {"text": "which", "start": 64, "end": 69, "annotation": null}, {"text": "may", "start": 70, "end": 73, "annotation": null}, {"text": "be", "start": 74, "end": 76, "annotation": null}, {"text": "used", "start": 77, "end": 81, 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 {"text": "Quantum confinement and coherence effects are considered the cause of many specific features for systems which are generally low dimensional, strongly disordered, and/or situated in the vicinity of the metal-insulator transition. Here, we report on the observation of anomalous resistance peak and specific heat peaks superimposed at the superconducting transition of heavily boron-doped polycrystalline bulk diamond, which is a three-dimensional system situated deep on the metallic side of the boron-doping-driven metal-insulator transition in diamond. The anomalous resistance peak and specific heat peaks are interpreted as a result of confinement and coherence effects in the presence of intrinsic and extrinsic granularity. Our data, obtained for superconducting diamond, provide a reference for understanding the superconductivity in other granular disordered systems. Furthermore, our study brings attention to the significant influence of granular disorder on the physical properties of boron-doped diamond, which is considered a promising candidate for electronics applications.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1103/PhysRevApplied.6.064011"}, "_input_hash": 2035540801, "_task_hash": -100896614, "tokens": [[{"text": "Quantum", "start": 35, "end": 42, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "confinement", "start": 43, "end": 54, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 55, "end": 58, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "coherence", "start": 59, "end": 68, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "effects", "start": 69, "end": 76, "id": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "are", "start": 77, "end": 80, "id": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "considered", "start": 81, "end": 91, "id": 12, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 92, "end": 95, "id": 13, "annotation": null}, {"text": "cause", "start": 96, "end": 101, "id": 14, "annotation": null}, 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 {"text": "A new metallic radical cation salt \u03ba\u2010(BETS)2Co0.13Mn0.87[N(CN)2]3, where BETS is bis(ethylenedithio)tetraselenafulvalene, C10S4Se4H8, has been synthesized. In this salt, a part of Mn2+ ions are replaced by Co2+ which acts as a magnetic dopant with a different effective magnetic moment. Crystal structure, band structure, conducting and magnetic properties of the salt have been studied. Below 30K the material undergoes a metal-insulator transition, which is suppressed by applying a pressure of \u223c0.5 kbar, leading to a superconducting ground state. While the structural and conducting properties are very similar to those of the parent salt \u03ba\u2010(BETS)2Mn[N(CN)2]3, magnetic properties associated with localized moments in the anion layer are found to be surprisingly different.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.synthmet.2017.03.008"}, "_input_hash": 1343703893, "_task_hash": 312320166, "tokens": [[{"text": "A", "start": 0, "end": 1, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "new", "start": 2, "end": 5, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "metallic", "start": 6, "end": 14, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "radical", "start": 15, "end": 22, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "cation", "start": 23, "end": 29, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "salt", "start": 30, "end": 34, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "\u03ba\u2010(BETS)2Co0.13Mn0.87[N(CN)2]3", "start": 35, "end": 65, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 66, "end": 67, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "where", "start": 68, "end": 73, 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 {"text": "The electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide in aqueous solutions using boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes was investigated at ambient pressure and temperature. We discuss the effects of the alkali-metal (AM) cations, K+, Na+, Rb+ and Cs+, on the faradaic efficiency (FE) for the formation of formic acid. An FE of 71% was achieved in the case of a 0.075 M Rb+ solution neutralized to pH 6.2 by the addition of HCl. In the case of a Cs+ solution neutralized to pH 6.2, the highest FE was obtained with the more dilute concentration of 0.02 M. Of the four different solutions examined, the lowest FE was observed for the Na+ solution. Moreover, we found that the productivity for the production of formic acid is higher at higher current densities.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1039/c7ra03370b"}, "_input_hash": 465221190, "_task_hash": -1015260662, "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 35, "end": 38, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electrochemical", "start": 39, "end": 54, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "reduction", "start": 55, "end": 64, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 65, "end": 67, "id": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "carbon", "start": 68, "end": 74, "id": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "dioxide", "start": 75, "end": 82, "id": 12, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 83, "end": 85, "id": 13, "annotation": null}, {"text": "aqueous", "start": 86, "end": 93, "id": 14, "annotation": null}, {"text": "solutions", "start": 94, "end": 103, "id": 15, "annotation": null}, {"text": "using", "start": 104, "end": 109, "id": 16, "annotation": null}, {"text": "boron", "start": 110, 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 {"text": "The bismuth (Bi) and nitrogen (N) co-doped TiO2 photocatalysts prepared by sol\u2013gel method were subjected to water splitting under natural solar light irradiation. Doping of nitrogen in TiO2 lattice was occurred only in the presence of Bi. X-ray photo electronic spectra (XPS) revealed the presence of Bi and N on the surface and the Fourier transformed infrared (FT-IR) spectra emphasized that doping of N occurred in the form of both NOx\u2212 and NH species. These species were also characterized by EPR and Raman spectroscopy in the TiO2 lattice. A high rate of H2O splitting activity over 2wt%Bi doped N-TiO2 photocatalyst was manifested by high ratio of NOx\u2212 species in the TiO2 lattice.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.apcata.2016.01.009"}, "_input_hash": -390386828, "_task_hash": -1606537135, "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "bismuth", "start": 4, "end": 11, "id": 1, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "(", "start": 12, "end": 13, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Bi", "start": 14, "end": 16, "id": 3, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": ")", "start": 17, "end": 18, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 19, "end": 22, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "nitrogen", "start": 23, "end": 31, "id": 6, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "(", "start": 32, "end": 33, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "N", "start": 34, "end": 35, "id": 8, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": ")", "start": 36, "end": 37, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "co", "start": 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-{"text": "We present the steady-state, velocity-field characteristics of wurtzite aluminum nitride, determined using an ensemble Monte Carlo approach. A three valley model for the conduction band is employed and ionized impurity, polar optical phonon, piezoelectric, deformation potential and intervalley scattering mechanisms are considered. We find that aluminum nitride exhibits peak and saturation drift velocities of 1.7 \u00d7 107 cm s\u22121 and 1.4 \u00d7 107 cm s\u22121, respectively, at a temperature of 300 K and a doping concentration of 1.0 \u00d7 1017 cm\u22123. The sensitivity of these steady-state results to variations in temperature and doping concentration is examined and is found to be much less than that of gallium arsenide. We also explore the sensitivity of our results to variations in the piezoelectric constant and demonstrate that piezoelectric scattering plays a significant role in determining the form of the wurtzite aluminum nitride velocity-field characteristic.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/S0038-1098(97)10207-1"}, "_input_hash": 952360092, "_task_hash": 1121955769, "tokens": [[{"text": "We", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "present", "start": 3, "end": 10, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 11, "end": 14, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "steady", "start": 15, "end": 21, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 22, "end": 23, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "state", "start": 24, "end": 29, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 30, "end": 31, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "velocity", "start": 32, "end": 40, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 41, "end": 42, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, 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+{"text": "We present the steady-state, velocity-field characteristics of wurtzite aluminum nitride, determined using an ensemble Monte Carlo approach. A three valley model for the conduction band is employed and ionized impurity, polar optical phonon, piezoelectric, deformation potential and intervalley scattering mechanisms are considered. We find that aluminum nitride exhibits peak and saturation drift velocities of 1.7 \u00d7 107 cm s\u22121 and 1.4 \u00d7 107 cm s\u22121, respectively, at a temperature of 300 K and a doping concentration of 1.0 \u00d7 1017 cm\u22123. The sensitivity of these steady-state results to variations in temperature and doping concentration is examined and is found to be much less than that of gallium arsenide. We also explore the sensitivity of our results to variations in the piezoelectric constant and demonstrate that piezoelectric scattering plays a significant role in determining the form of the wurtzite aluminum nitride velocity-field characteristic.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/S0038-1098(97)10207-1"}, "_input_hash": 952360092, "_task_hash": 1121955769, "tokens": [[{"text": "We", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "present", "start": 3, "end": 10, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 11, "end": 14, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "steady", "start": 15, "end": 21, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 22, "end": 23, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "state", "start": 24, "end": 29, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 30, "end": 31, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "velocity", "start": 32, "end": 40, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 41, "end": 42, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, 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 {"text": "A facile hydrothermal route via high temperature mixing method was used to synthesize (K, Na) (Nb, Ta)O3 lead-free piezoelectric ceramic powders. The influence of Ta doping and K+/(K++Na+) molar ratios in the starting solution on the resultant powders were investigated by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscopy, and selected area electron diffraction. The Ta element was successfully doped into the alkaline niobate structure to form crystalline (K, Na) (Nb, Ta)O3 lead-free piezoelectric ceramics powder. The microstructure, piezoelectric, ferroelectric, and dielectric properties of the sintered (K, Na) (Nb, Ta)O3 ceramics from the obtained powders were investigated. The piezoelectric coefficient (d33), electromechanical coupling coefficient (kp), dielectric constant (\u025br), and remnant polarization (Pr) of the sample sintered at 1180\u00b0C show optimal values of 210pC/N, 34.0%, 2302, and 19.01\u03bcC/cm2, respectively.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.ceramint.2011.10.003"}, "_input_hash": 1524162548, "_task_hash": 1637200711, "tokens": [[{"text": "A", "start": 0, "end": 1, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "facile", "start": 2, "end": 8, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "hydrothermal", "start": 9, "end": 21, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "route", "start": 22, "end": 27, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "via", "start": 28, "end": 31, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "high", "start": 32, "end": 36, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 37, "end": 48, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "mixing", "start": 49, "end": 55, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "method", "start": 56, "end": 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 {"text": "The room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) of Mn-doped ZnS quantum dots (Mn-ZnS QDs) was quenched by the addition of selenite in the presence of glutathione. The quenching of the RTP emission of Mn-ZnS QDs was due to HSe- ions which was the reaction product of selenite and glutathione. Based on the above finding, a simple, rapid, sensitive probe for selective detection of selenite was successfully fabricated. Under the optimal experimental conditions, a linear relationship was obtained covering the linear range of 0.1-5.0 \u03bcmol L-1 and the detection limit (3\u03c3) was 0.085 \u03bcmol L-1. The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of selenite in sodium selenite tablets and sodium selenite and vitamin E injection with satisfactory results.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1039/c6ra09702b"}, "_input_hash": -639316004, "_task_hash": 652399305, "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 40, "end": 43, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "room", "start": 44, "end": 48, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 49, "end": 50, "id": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 51, "end": 62, "id": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "phosphorescence", "start": 63, "end": 78, "id": 12, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 79, "end": 80, "id": 13, "annotation": null}, {"text": "RTP", "start": 81, "end": 84, "id": 14, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 85, "end": 86, "id": 15, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 87, "end": 89, "id": 16, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Mn", "start": 90, "end": 92, "id": 17, "annotation": 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 {"text": "Well-aligned ZnO nanorod arrays were synthesized noncatalytically on a conducting aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) buffer layer. The synthesis uses no metal catalyst and is cost-effective. The buffer layer facilitates the growth of vertically aligned nanorods; furthermore, we demonstrate that the optical properties of the resulting nanorods are closely correlated to the crystallographic quality of the buffer layer. Spatially resolved cathodoluminescence microscopy measurements show that for nonideal buffer layers the optical quality of nanorods improves along the [0001] direction leading to a lower defect incorporation at the nanorod tip. We have minimized defect incorporation by proper adjustment of the buffer layer growth. In addition, the ZnO nanorods grown from our best AZO buffer layer show improved alignment perpendicular to the substrate and a narrower diameter distribution. Our results suggest that the quality of the buffer layer and the growth conditions are key parameters to optimize the nanorods' optical properties.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1021/jp076618d"}, "_input_hash": -925025120, "_task_hash": 1375476685, "tokens": [[{"text": "Well", "start": 0, "end": 4, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 5, "end": 6, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "aligned", "start": 7, "end": 14, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ZnO", "start": 15, "end": 18, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "nanorod", "start": 19, "end": 26, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "arrays", "start": 27, "end": 33, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "were", "start": 34, "end": 38, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "synthesized", "start": 39, "end": 50, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "noncatalytically", "start": 51, "end": 67, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 68, "end": 70, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", 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-{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "Carbon-doped KTaO3 was synthesized for the first time via a simple combination of hydrothermal and calcination processes with glucose as the carbon source. XRD and XPS characterizations proved the successful introduction of the carbon atoms into the KTaO3 lattice. Photocatalytic test showed that the carbon-doped KTaO3 presented excellent performance in photocatalytic H2 generation under simulated sunlight illumination, mainly due to the enhanced separation of electron-hole pairs. The optimal sample presents a H2 generation rate of 592\u03bcmolg\u22121h\u22121, which reaches 2.6 times that of pure KTaO3.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Carbon", "start": 0, "end": 6, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 6, "end": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 7, "end": 12, "annotation": null}, {"text": "KTaO3", "start": 13, "end": 18, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "was", "start": 19, "end": 22, "annotation": null}, {"text": "synthesized", "start": 23, "end": 34, "annotation": null}, {"text": "for", "start": 35, "end": 38, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 39, "end": 42, "annotation": null}, {"text": "first", "start": 43, "end": 48, "annotation": null}, {"text": "time", "start": 49, "end": 53, "annotation": null}, {"text": "via", "start": 54, "end": 57, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 58, "end": 59, "annotation": null}, {"text": "simple", "start": 60, "end": 66, "annotation": null}, 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-{"text": "The aim of this contribution is to present a review of the results related to vacancy complexes in SiGe obtained in the positron group at Helsinki University of Technology. We have studied proton irradiated undoped and P doped SiGe layers with Ge concentration from 4% to 30%. The dominating defect after irradiation in the n-type layers is found to be the E-center, i.e. the vacancy phosphorus complex, no preferred association with either Ge or Si is found for the vacancy after irradiation. The E-center is observed to be mobile in the temperature interval 150\u2013200\u00b0C and to migrate until it encounters a Ge atom and forms the V\u2013P\u2013Ge complex. This complex anneals out in temperatures above 200\u00b0C. We estimate that the binding energy increases by approximately 0.1\u20130.2eV when a Ge atom neighbours an E-center. For the undoped irradiated samples, we find no indication of vacancies surrounded by one or several Ge atoms, i.e. the presence of Ge around a vacancy is not enough to make the defect stable at room temperature. The dominating defect in undoped irradiated samples is most likely the divacancy.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.nimb.2006.10.018"}, "_input_hash": 2118298773, "_task_hash": -1845739943, "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "aim", "start": 4, "end": 7, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 8, "end": 10, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "this", "start": 11, "end": 15, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "contribution", "start": 16, "end": 28, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "is", "start": 29, "end": 31, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "to", "start": 32, "end": 34, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "present", "start": 35, "end": 42, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 43, "end": 44, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "review", "start": 45, "end": 51, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 52, "end": 54, "id": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 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-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "Metallic silicides have been used as contact materials on source/drain and gate in metal-oxide semiconductor (MOS) structure for 40 years. Since the 65 nm technology node, NiSi is the preferred material for contact in microelectronic due to low resistivity, low thermal budget, and low Si consumption. Ni(Pt)Si with 10 at.% Pt is currently employed in recent technologies since Pt allows to stabilize NiSi at high temperature. The presence of Pt and the very low thickness (<10 nm) needed for the device contacts bring new concerns for actual devices. In this work, in situ techniques [X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray reflectivity (XRR), sheet resistance, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)] were combined with atom probe tomography (APT) to study the formation mechanisms as well as the redistribution of dopants and alloy elements (Pt, Pd.) during the silicide formation. Phenomena like nucleation, lateral growth, interfacial reaction, diffusion, precipitation, and transient phase formation are investigated. The effect of alloy elements (Pt, Pd.) and dopants (As, B.) as well as stress and defects induced by the confinement in devices on the silicide formation mechanism and alloying element redistribution is examined. In particular APT has been performed for the three-dimensional (3D) analysis of MOSFET at the atomic scale. The advances in the understanding of the mechanisms of formation and redistribution are discussed. \u00a9 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Metallic", "start": 0, "end": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "silicides", "start": 9, "end": 18, "annotation": null}, {"text": "have", "start": 19, "end": 23, "annotation": null}, {"text": "been", "start": 24, "end": 28, "annotation": null}, {"text": "used", "start": 29, "end": 33, "annotation": null}, {"text": "as", "start": 34, "end": 36, "annotation": null}, {"text": "contact", "start": 37, "end": 44, "annotation": null}, {"text": "materials", "start": 45, "end": 54, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 55, "end": 57, "annotation": null}, {"text": "source", "start": 58, "end": 64, "annotation": null}, {"text": "/", "start": 64, "end": 65, "annotation": null}, {"text": "drain", "start": 65, "end": 70, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 71, "end": 74, "annotation": null}, {"text": "gate", "start": 75, "end": 79, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 80, "end": 82, 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-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "A single-wavelength Brillouin\u2013erbium fiber laser (BEFL) is demonstrated using high germanium dopant concentration fiber and bismuth\u2013gallium\u2013aluminum co-doped high concentration erbium doped fiber (EDF). A 20-m long high Ge-doped fiber is used to provide nonlinear gains to generate a stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS), and a 4.3-m long Bi\u2013Ga\u2013Al EDF provides linear gains to amplify the SBS. The relationship between the fiber parameters (dopant concentration, effective area, length and so on) of both linear and nonlinear medium and the output performance was discussed. The BEFL power increases as the effective area of the high Ge-doped fiber decreases. There is an optimum length in the high Ge-doped fiber which is 20-m long in this paper. The BEFL output power also increases as the output power of the Bi\u2013Ga\u2013Al EDF increases. The output performance increases as the erbium doping concentration increases. It is necessary to get the effective area of the Bi\u2013Ga\u2013Al EDF large enough to decrease the fiber loss. The optimum length in the Bi\u2013Ga\u2013Al EDF is 4.3m. The BEFL operates at 1563.61nm, which is upshifted by 0.09nm from the Brillouin pump (BP). It has a peak power of \u22123dBm and a side-mode suppression ratio of 26dB. The BP wavelength is tunable within a wavelength range from 1562.5 to 1564nm. The BEFL has a narrow linewidth. It is suitable for many potential applications, such as optical communication and sensors.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "A", "start": 0, "end": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "single", "start": 2, "end": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 8, "end": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "wavelength", "start": 9, "end": 19, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Brillouin", "start": 20, "end": 29, "annotation": null}, {"text": "\u2013", "start": 29, "end": 30, "annotation": null}, {"text": "erbium", "start": 30, "end": 36, "annotation": null}, {"text": "fiber", "start": 37, "end": 42, "annotation": null}, {"text": "laser", "start": 43, "end": 48, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 49, "end": 50, "annotation": null}, {"text": "BEFL", "start": 50, "end": 54, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 54, "end": 55, "annotation": null}, {"text": "is", "start": 56, "end": 58, "annotation": null}, {"text": "demonstrated", "start": 59, "end": 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-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "We have achieved over 1000% colossal magnetoresistance (CMR) at room temperature by introducing well-controlled disorder to the A-site ordered manganites, Sm 1 - x La x + y Ba 1 - y Mn 2 O 6 . The La-doping to the A-sites (Sm and Ba) of mother compound, SmBaMn 2 O 6 , has mainly three different effects: (1) ionic-size randomness (IR) by Sm(La), (2) charge randomness (CR) by Ba(La) and (3) carrier doping by La/Ba. Any CMR associated with the melting of charge/orbital order (CO) phase by magnetic field is not caused by only IR, because the CO state is very stable in the homogeneous electrostatic potential at the A-site. However, a slight CR destabilizes the CO state and realizes phase separation state between CO and ferromagnetic domains, resulting in an insulator\u2013metal transition under magnetic field, CMR effect. Therefore, the electrostatic potential disorder (CR) at the A-site is an essential role for CMR effect.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "We", "start": 0, "end": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "have", "start": 3, "end": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "achieved", "start": 8, "end": 16, "annotation": null}, {"text": "over", "start": 17, "end": 21, "annotation": null}, {"text": "1000", "start": 22, "end": 26, "annotation": null}, {"text": "%", "start": 26, "end": 27, "annotation": null}, {"text": "colossal", "start": 28, "end": 36, "annotation": null}, {"text": "magnetoresistance", "start": 37, "end": 54, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 55, "end": 56, "annotation": null}, {"text": "CMR", "start": 56, "end": 59, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 59, "end": 60, "annotation": null}, {"text": "at", "start": 61, "end": 63, "annotation": null}, {"text": "room", "start": 64, "end": 68, "annotation": null}, {"text": "temperature", 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+{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "Carbon-doped KTaO3 was synthesized for the first time via a simple combination of hydrothermal and calcination processes with glucose as the carbon source. XRD and XPS characterizations proved the successful introduction of the carbon atoms into the KTaO3 lattice. Photocatalytic test showed that the carbon-doped KTaO3 presented excellent performance in photocatalytic H2 generation under simulated sunlight illumination, mainly due to the enhanced separation of electron-hole pairs. The optimal sample presents a H2 generation rate of 592\u03bcmolg\u22121h\u22121, which reaches 2.6 times that of pure KTaO3.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Carbon", "start": 0, "end": 6, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 6, "end": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 7, "end": 12, "annotation": null}, {"text": "KTaO3", "start": 13, "end": 18, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "was", "start": 19, "end": 22, "annotation": null}, {"text": "synthesized", "start": 23, "end": 34, "annotation": null}, {"text": "for", "start": 35, "end": 38, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 39, "end": 42, "annotation": null}, {"text": "first", "start": 43, "end": 48, "annotation": null}, {"text": "time", "start": 49, "end": 53, "annotation": null}, {"text": "via", "start": 54, "end": 57, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 58, "end": 59, "annotation": null}, {"text": "simple", "start": 60, "end": 66, "annotation": null}, 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+{"text": "The aim of this contribution is to present a review of the results related to vacancy complexes in SiGe obtained in the positron group at Helsinki University of Technology. We have studied proton irradiated undoped and P doped SiGe layers with Ge concentration from 4% to 30%. The dominating defect after irradiation in the n-type layers is found to be the E-center, i.e. the vacancy phosphorus complex, no preferred association with either Ge or Si is found for the vacancy after irradiation. The E-center is observed to be mobile in the temperature interval 150\u2013200\u00b0C and to migrate until it encounters a Ge atom and forms the V\u2013P\u2013Ge complex. This complex anneals out in temperatures above 200\u00b0C. We estimate that the binding energy increases by approximately 0.1\u20130.2eV when a Ge atom neighbours an E-center. For the undoped irradiated samples, we find no indication of vacancies surrounded by one or several Ge atoms, i.e. the presence of Ge around a vacancy is not enough to make the defect stable at room temperature. 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"annotation": null}, {"text": "divacancy", "start": 1123, "end": 1132, "id": 210, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 1133, "end": 1134, "id": 211, "annotation": null}]], "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"]}
+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "Metallic silicides have been used as contact materials on source/drain and gate in metal-oxide semiconductor (MOS) structure for 40 years. Since the 65 nm technology node, NiSi is the preferred material for contact in microelectronic due to low resistivity, low thermal budget, and low Si consumption. Ni(Pt)Si with 10 at.% Pt is currently employed in recent technologies since Pt allows to stabilize NiSi at high temperature. The presence of Pt and the very low thickness (<10 nm) needed for the device contacts bring new concerns for actual devices. In this work, in situ techniques [X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray reflectivity (XRR), sheet resistance, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)] were combined with atom probe tomography (APT) to study the formation mechanisms as well as the redistribution of dopants and alloy elements (Pt, Pd.) during the silicide formation. Phenomena like nucleation, lateral growth, interfacial reaction, diffusion, precipitation, and transient phase formation are investigated. The effect of alloy elements (Pt, Pd.) and dopants (As, B.) as well as stress and defects induced by the confinement in devices on the silicide formation mechanism and alloying element redistribution is examined. In particular APT has been performed for the three-dimensional (3D) analysis of MOSFET at the atomic scale. The advances in the understanding of the mechanisms of formation and redistribution are discussed. \u00a9 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. 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+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "A single-wavelength Brillouin\u2013erbium fiber laser (BEFL) is demonstrated using high germanium dopant concentration fiber and bismuth\u2013gallium\u2013aluminum co-doped high concentration erbium doped fiber (EDF). A 20-m long high Ge-doped fiber is used to provide nonlinear gains to generate a stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS), and a 4.3-m long Bi\u2013Ga\u2013Al EDF provides linear gains to amplify the SBS. The relationship between the fiber parameters (dopant concentration, effective area, length and so on) of both linear and nonlinear medium and the output performance was discussed. The BEFL power increases as the effective area of the high Ge-doped fiber decreases. There is an optimum length in the high Ge-doped fiber which is 20-m long in this paper. The BEFL output power also increases as the output power of the Bi\u2013Ga\u2013Al EDF increases. The output performance increases as the erbium doping concentration increases. It is necessary to get the effective area of the Bi\u2013Ga\u2013Al EDF large enough to decrease the fiber loss. The optimum length in the Bi\u2013Ga\u2013Al EDF is 4.3m. The BEFL operates at 1563.61nm, which is upshifted by 0.09nm from the Brillouin pump (BP). It has a peak power of \u22123dBm and a side-mode suppression ratio of 26dB. The BP wavelength is tunable within a wavelength range from 1562.5 to 1564nm. The BEFL has a narrow linewidth. 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+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "We have achieved over 1000% colossal magnetoresistance (CMR) at room temperature by introducing well-controlled disorder to the A-site ordered manganites, Sm 1 - x La x + y Ba 1 - y Mn 2 O 6 . The La-doping to the A-sites (Sm and Ba) of mother compound, SmBaMn 2 O 6 , has mainly three different effects: (1) ionic-size randomness (IR) by Sm(La), (2) charge randomness (CR) by Ba(La) and (3) carrier doping by La/Ba. Any CMR associated with the melting of charge/orbital order (CO) phase by magnetic field is not caused by only IR, because the CO state is very stable in the homogeneous electrostatic potential at the A-site. However, a slight CR destabilizes the CO state and realizes phase separation state between CO and ferromagnetic domains, resulting in an insulator\u2013metal transition under magnetic field, CMR effect. 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 {"text": "zirconium oxycarbide (ZrCxOy) ceramics were hot pressed using ZrC-5ZrO2 and ZrC-5ZrO2-5Zr (number in mol%) mixtures as starting powders, and the solid solution and densification processes were investigated. When 5 mol% ZrO2 were added to ZrC matrix, ZrCxOy and CO were formed during the reaction between ZrC and ZrO2 occurred above 1600 \u00b0C. And the sintered ZrCxOy ceramic had numerous pores. However, the co-doping of ZrO2 and Zr could reduce the reaction temperatures and CO amounts in ZrC-5ZrO2-5Zr system, resulting in a near fully dense ZrCxOy ceramic. The chemical composition of obtained ZrCxOy ceramics were also calculated according to oxygen content and reaction processes.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.09.183"}, "_input_hash": 772230437, "_task_hash": -1091170133, "tokens": [[{"text": "zirconium", "start": 0, "end": 9, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "oxycarbide", "start": 10, "end": 20, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 21, "end": 22, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ZrCxOy", "start": 23, "end": 29, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 30, "end": 31, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ceramics", "start": 32, "end": 40, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "were", "start": 41, "end": 45, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "hot", "start": 46, "end": 49, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "pressed", "start": 50, "end": 57, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "using", "start": 58, "end": 63, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ZrC-5ZrO2", "start": 64, 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 {"text": "We have synthesized pure and Mg-alloyed hematite thin films on F-doped, SnO2-coated glass substrates by radiofrequency magnetron cosputtering of iron oxide with and without MgO sources in mixed Ar/O2 and mixed N2/O2 ambient. We found that hematite films deposited in N2/O2 ambient exhibited much poorer crystallinity than those deposited in Ar/O2 ambient. We determined that Mg alloying led to increased crystallinity and bandgap. Furthermore, we found that Mg alloying inverted the type of conductivity of the thin films: pure hematite thin films exhibited n-type conductivity, whereas Mg-alloyed hematite thin films exhibited p-type conductivity.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1007/s11664-012-2205-4"}, "_input_hash": 1166037039, "_task_hash": -1370470197, "tokens": [[{"text": "We", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "have", "start": 3, "end": 7, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "synthesized", "start": 8, "end": 19, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "pure", "start": 20, "end": 24, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 25, "end": 28, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Mg", "start": 29, "end": 31, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 32, "end": 33, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "alloyed", "start": 34, "end": 41, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "hematite", "start": 42, "end": 50, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "thin", "start": 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-{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "Newly developed high-light-yield inorganic scintillators coupled to waveshifting optical fibers provide the capability of efficient X-ray detection and millimeter scale position resolution suitable for high-energy cosmic ray instruments, hard X-ray/gamma ray astronomy telescopes and applications to national security. The CASTER design for NASA's proposed Black Hole Finder Probe mission, in particular, calls for a 6\u20138m2 hard X-ray coded aperture imaging telescope operating in the 20\u2013600keV energy band, putting significant constraints on cost and readout complexity. The development of new inorganic scintillator materials (e.g., cerium-doped LaBr3 and LaCl3) provides improved energy resolution and timing performance that is well suited to the requirements for national security and astrophysics applications. LaBr3 or LaCl3 detector arrays coupled with waveshifting fiber optic readout represent a significant advance in the performance capabilities of scintillator-based gamma cameras and provide the potential for a feasible approach to affordable, large area, extremely sensitive detectors. We describe some of the applications and present laboratory test results demonstrating the expected scintillator performance.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Newly", "start": 0, "end": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "developed", "start": 6, "end": 15, "annotation": null}, {"text": "high", "start": 16, "end": 20, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 20, "end": 21, "annotation": null}, {"text": "light", "start": 21, "end": 26, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 26, "end": 27, "annotation": null}, {"text": "yield", "start": 27, "end": 32, "annotation": null}, {"text": "inorganic", "start": 33, "end": 42, "annotation": null}, {"text": "scintillators", "start": 43, "end": 56, "annotation": null}, {"text": "coupled", "start": 57, "end": 64, "annotation": null}, {"text": "to", "start": 65, "end": 67, "annotation": null}, {"text": "waveshifting", "start": 68, "end": 80, "annotation": null}, {"text": "optical", "start": 81, "end": 88, 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+{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "Newly developed high-light-yield inorganic scintillators coupled to waveshifting optical fibers provide the capability of efficient X-ray detection and millimeter scale position resolution suitable for high-energy cosmic ray instruments, hard X-ray/gamma ray astronomy telescopes and applications to national security. The CASTER design for NASA's proposed Black Hole Finder Probe mission, in particular, calls for a 6\u20138m2 hard X-ray coded aperture imaging telescope operating in the 20\u2013600keV energy band, putting significant constraints on cost and readout complexity. The development of new inorganic scintillator materials (e.g., cerium-doped LaBr3 and LaCl3) provides improved energy resolution and timing performance that is well suited to the requirements for national security and astrophysics applications. LaBr3 or LaCl3 detector arrays coupled with waveshifting fiber optic readout represent a significant advance in the performance capabilities of scintillator-based gamma cameras and provide the potential for a feasible approach to affordable, large area, extremely sensitive detectors. 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 {"text": "Composite electrolytes composed of Sm3+ and Nd3+ co-doped ceria (SNDC) and binary carbonates (Li2CO3\u2013Na2CO3) were investigated with respect to their microstructure, morphology and electrical conductivity. As a function of temperature, the electrical conductivity of the composite electrolytes was measured in air. The addition of (Li/Na)2CO3 to SNDC enhanced the high temperature conductivity. The conductivity also rose sharply around the intenerating and melting point of carbonates. The best performance of 0.01S/cm at 481\u00b0C was achieved for the composite electrolyte containing 20wt.% carbonates. It is also estimated that the reason for the conductivity enhancement of SNDC is that the number of oxygen transfer routes increases at the interface between SNDC and (Li/Na)2CO3.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.compscitech.2009.10.006"}, "_input_hash": -1280239818, "_task_hash": 621755562, "tokens": [[{"text": "Composite", "start": 0, "end": 9, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electrolytes", "start": 10, "end": 22, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "composed", "start": 23, "end": 31, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 32, "end": 34, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Sm3", "start": 35, "end": 38, "id": 4, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "+", "start": 39, "end": 40, "id": 5, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "and", "start": 41, "end": 44, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Nd3", "start": 45, "end": 48, "id": 7, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "+", "start": 49, "end": 50, "id": 8, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "co", "start": 51, "end": 53, 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-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "According to the intrinsic kinetics of electro-oxidation, a novel three-stage reaction theory (3SRT) involved charge transfer controlled (CTC), mixed-phase controlled (MPC) and mass transport controlled (MTC) regimes is presented to describe the oxidation of organic pollutants by using a packed-bed electrode reactor (PBER). The proposed 3SRT could be universally used for overall oxidation due to the introduction of a parameter, current utilization ratio of \u03b3 (\u223c1.0) related to anode materials. The existence of MPC regime is due to the difference of the applied current density between metallic anode and bipolar activated carbon (AC) particulate anode caused by the difference of the electrode area of the two kinds of anodes. The proposed theory was employed for prediction of chemical oxygen demand (COD) during treatment of synthetic phenolic wastewater, thiophene-2,5-dicarboxylic acid manufacturing wastewater and pyridine wastewater by using IrO2 doped tantalum oxide (IrO2-Ta2O5/Ti) anode. The regression analysis and F-test results illustrate the 3SRT satisfactorily matches the experimental data obtained at different operation conditions such as current density, initial COD values and flow rate. These results confirm the proposed 3SRT could effectively predict the change of concentration of organic pollutants during electro-oxidation by using a PBER.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "According", "start": 0, "end": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "to", "start": 10, "end": 12, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 13, "end": 16, "annotation": null}, {"text": "intrinsic", "start": 17, "end": 26, "annotation": null}, {"text": "kinetics", "start": 27, "end": 35, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 36, "end": 38, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electro-oxidation", "start": 39, "end": 56, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 56, "end": 57, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 58, "end": 59, "annotation": null}, {"text": "novel", "start": 60, "end": 65, "annotation": null}, {"text": "three", "start": 66, "end": 71, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 71, "end": 72, "annotation": null}, {"text": "stage", "start": 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The observed strain whorls, the stress exponent and the activation energy are indicative of a solution-diffusion-precipitation accommodated grain-boundary sliding where the diffusion through the glass is rate controlling.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "compression", "start": 4, "end": 15, "annotation": null}, {"text": "creep", "start": 16, "end": 21, "annotation": null}, {"text": "behaviour", "start": 22, "end": 31, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 32, "end": 34, "annotation": null}, {"text": "pressureless", "start": 35, "end": 47, "annotation": null}, {"text": "sintered", "start": 48, "end": 56, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Y2O3", "start": 57, "end": 61, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "/", "start": 61, "end": 62, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "Al2O3", "start": 62, "end": 67, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "/", "start": 67, "end": 68, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": 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-{"text": "The phonon Raman spectra of Bi2Sr2Ca1xYxCu2O8 + d (x = 0\u20131) have been investigated in a number of well-defined single crystal and polycrystalline samples. From the polarization and Y doping dependence, and from a comparison with previous reports on Bi-based cuprates, we identify the (6A1g + 1B1g) symmetry modes that are Raman allowed within the ideal body-centered tetragonal unit-cell. The vibrational modes that involve atoms in the CuO5 pyramid exhibit drastic changes with increasing Y doping: the bridging-oxygen phonon softens strongly, whereas the CuO2-plane phonons both harden and increase in intensity with increasing Y content. Although the intensity increases can be attributed to the reduced metallic screening in the hole-depleted Y doped samples, the phonon frequency variations are mainly due to the structural changes induced by the decrease in the average Ca/Y ion radius.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/S0921-5107(96)01634-0"}, "_input_hash": 369295952, "_task_hash": -1690616109, "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "phonon", "start": 4, "end": 10, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Raman", "start": 11, "end": 16, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "spectra", "start": 17, "end": 24, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 25, "end": 27, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Bi2Sr2Ca1xYxCu2O8", "start": 28, "end": 45, "id": 5, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "+", "start": 46, "end": 47, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "d", "start": 48, "end": 49, "id": 7, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "(", "start": 50, "end": 51, "id": 8, 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+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "According to the intrinsic kinetics of electro-oxidation, a novel three-stage reaction theory (3SRT) involved charge transfer controlled (CTC), mixed-phase controlled (MPC) and mass transport controlled (MTC) regimes is presented to describe the oxidation of organic pollutants by using a packed-bed electrode reactor (PBER). The proposed 3SRT could be universally used for overall oxidation due to the introduction of a parameter, current utilization ratio of \u03b3 (\u223c1.0) related to anode materials. The existence of MPC regime is due to the difference of the applied current density between metallic anode and bipolar activated carbon (AC) particulate anode caused by the difference of the electrode area of the two kinds of anodes. The proposed theory was employed for prediction of chemical oxygen demand (COD) during treatment of synthetic phenolic wastewater, thiophene-2,5-dicarboxylic acid manufacturing wastewater and pyridine wastewater by using IrO2 doped tantalum oxide (IrO2-Ta2O5/Ti) anode. The regression analysis and F-test results illustrate the 3SRT satisfactorily matches the experimental data obtained at different operation conditions such as current density, initial COD values and flow rate. These results confirm the proposed 3SRT could effectively predict the change of concentration of organic pollutants during electro-oxidation by using a PBER.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "According", "start": 0, "end": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "to", "start": 10, "end": 12, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 13, "end": 16, "annotation": null}, {"text": "intrinsic", "start": 17, "end": 26, "annotation": null}, {"text": "kinetics", "start": 27, "end": 35, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 36, "end": 38, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electro-oxidation", "start": 39, "end": 56, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 56, "end": 57, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 58, "end": 59, "annotation": null}, {"text": "novel", "start": 60, "end": 65, "annotation": null}, {"text": "three", "start": 66, "end": 71, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 71, "end": 72, "annotation": null}, {"text": "stage", "start": 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+{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "The compression creep behaviour of pressureless sintered Y2O3/Al2O3/AIN-doped Si3N4 was studied between 1473 and 1673 K, under stresses ranging from 100\u2013300 MPa. Strain rate versus stress and temperature analysis give a stress exponent n\u22431 and an activation energy Q=860 kJ mol\u22121. Microstructural change was investigated by transmission electron microscopy. The observed strain whorls, the stress exponent and the activation energy are indicative of a solution-diffusion-precipitation accommodated grain-boundary sliding where the diffusion through the glass is rate controlling.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "compression", "start": 4, "end": 15, "annotation": null}, {"text": "creep", "start": 16, "end": 21, "annotation": null}, {"text": "behaviour", "start": 22, "end": 31, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 32, "end": 34, "annotation": null}, {"text": "pressureless", "start": 35, "end": 47, "annotation": null}, {"text": "sintered", "start": 48, "end": 56, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Y2O3", "start": 57, "end": 61, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "/", "start": 61, "end": 62, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "Al2O3", "start": 62, "end": 67, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "/", "start": 67, "end": 68, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": 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+{"text": "The phonon Raman spectra of Bi2Sr2Ca1xYxCu2O8 + d (x = 0\u20131) have been investigated in a number of well-defined single crystal and polycrystalline samples. From the polarization and Y doping dependence, and from a comparison with previous reports on Bi-based cuprates, we identify the (6A1g + 1B1g) symmetry modes that are Raman allowed within the ideal body-centered tetragonal unit-cell. The vibrational modes that involve atoms in the CuO5 pyramid exhibit drastic changes with increasing Y doping: the bridging-oxygen phonon softens strongly, whereas the CuO2-plane phonons both harden and increase in intensity with increasing Y content. Although the intensity increases can be attributed to the reduced metallic screening in the hole-depleted Y doped samples, the phonon frequency variations are mainly due to the structural changes induced by the decrease in the average Ca/Y ion radius.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/S0921-5107(96)01634-0"}, "_input_hash": 369295952, "_task_hash": -1690616109, "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "phonon", "start": 4, "end": 10, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Raman", "start": 11, "end": 16, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "spectra", "start": 17, "end": 24, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 25, "end": 27, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Bi2Sr2Ca1xYxCu2O8", "start": 28, "end": 45, "id": 5, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "+", "start": 46, "end": 47, "id": 6, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "d", "start": 48, "end": 49, "id": 7, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "(", "start": 50, "end": 51, 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 {"text": "The interest in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) is growing exponentially due to their remarkable properties (high porosity, large surface area, thermal, and mechanical stability). They are usually synthesized as bulk crystalline solid materials. However, the sustainable development of MOFs as technological systems, material design and tuning their shape are of prime importance in order to use them as efficient devices. The development of deposition or the growing approaches of these materials on various supports provide useful techniques to reach this goal. Moreover, to study some particular properties, such as optical, catalysis, or even photocatalysis, MOFs need to be attached onto transparent conductive oxide (TCO) supports, such as indium tin oxide (ITO) or fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO). This review is focused on the early advances in the growth and deposition of MOFs on TCO supports via various conventional methods.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1039/c7nj03171h"}, "_input_hash": -572655493, "_task_hash": -1654555571, "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 93, "end": 96, "id": 16, "annotation": null}, {"text": "interest", "start": 97, "end": 105, "id": 17, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 106, "end": 108, "id": 18, "annotation": null}, {"text": "metal", "start": 109, "end": 114, "id": 19, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 115, "end": 116, "id": 20, "annotation": null}, {"text": "organic", "start": 117, "end": 124, "id": 21, "annotation": null}, {"text": "frameworks", "start": 125, "end": 135, "id": 22, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 136, "end": 137, "id": 23, "annotation": null}, {"text": "MOFs", "start": 138, "end": 142, "id": 24, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 143, "end": 144, "id": 25, "annotation": null}, {"text": "is", 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-{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "Continuous-wave lasing of Bi-doped fiber lasers in a wavelength range of 1150-1215 nm with a power of up to 15 W has been obtained for the first time. The unsaturable optical losses in Bi-doped fibers have been revealed and their influence on the Bi-laser operation is investigated. Frequency doubling of the Bi-fiber laser radiation is demonstrated that can be used as a yellow light source (wavelength of 580 nm). \u00a9 2007 Optical Society of America.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Continuous", "start": 0, "end": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 10, "end": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "wave", "start": 11, "end": 15, "annotation": null}, {"text": "lasing", "start": 16, "end": 22, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 23, "end": 25, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Bi-doped", "start": 26, "end": 34, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "fiber", "start": 35, "end": 40, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "lasers", "start": 41, "end": 47, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 48, "end": 50, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 51, "end": 52, "annotation": null}, {"text": "wavelength", "start": 53, "end": 63, "annotation": null}, {"text": "range", "start": 64, "end": 69, "annotation": null}, 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-{"text": "Polycrystalline samples of Ca3\u2212xAgxCo3.95Fe0.05O9+\u03b4 (x\u00a0=\u00a00.0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3) have been prepared by conventional solid-state synthesis. The x-ray diffraction patterns reveal that all the samples are single phase. The thermopower of all the samples is positive, indicating that the predominant carriers are holes over the entire temperature range. The electrical resistivity and thermopower simultaneously decrease with increasing Ag content. The highest power factor (2.66\u00a0\u03bcW\u00a0cm\u22121\u00a0K\u22122 at 150\u00a0K) is reached for the Ca2.8Ag0.2Co3.95Fe0.05O9+\u03b4, representing an improvement of about 16\u00a0% compared to the undoped sample. These results suggest that the Ag is an effective doping element for enhancing the thermoelectric properties of Ca3Co3.95Fe0.05O9+\u03b4.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1007/s11664-013-2922-3"}, "_input_hash": 1171520742, "_task_hash": -250267072, "tokens": [[{"text": "Polycrystalline", "start": 0, "end": 15, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "samples", "start": 16, "end": 23, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 24, "end": 26, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Ca3\u2212xAgxCo3.95Fe0.05O9+\u03b4", "start": 27, "end": 51, "id": 3, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "(", "start": 52, "end": 53, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "x", "start": 54, "end": 55, "id": 5, "annotation": "DOPMODQ"}, {"text": "=", "start": 56, "end": 57, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "0.0", "start": 58, "end": 61, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 62, "end": 63, "id": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "0.1", "start": 64, "end": 67, "id": 11, "annotation": null}, 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-{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "When the metal contact of a silicon solar cell is restricted to a fraction of the rear surface, the flow of electrons and holes towards that contact is constricted, which is beneficial for minority charge carriers but detrimental for majority carriers. It is possible to describe their 2D/3D transport and determine their concentration in the vertical and transversal dimensions of the solar cell by separately studying the central region near the contact and the peripheral region surrounding it. A virtue of such geometric approach is that it establishes a link between analytical models and computer simulations, providing both physical insight and sufficient accuracy to optimise partial rear contact devices. In this paper, we extend a previous version of the geometric model to solar cells having a full-area, locally contacted dopant diffusion on the rear surface. The case for n-type versus p-type wafers is considered, point contacts are compared with line contacts, including the impact of the metal/semiconductor resistance and bulk recombination is evaluated. Copyright \u00a9 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "When", "start": 0, "end": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 5, "end": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "metal", "start": 9, "end": 14, "annotation": null}, {"text": "contact", "start": 15, "end": 22, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 23, "end": 25, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 26, "end": 27, "annotation": null}, {"text": "silicon", "start": 28, "end": 35, "annotation": null}, {"text": "solar", "start": 36, "end": 41, "annotation": null}, {"text": "cell", "start": 42, "end": 46, "annotation": null}, {"text": "is", "start": 47, "end": 49, "annotation": null}, {"text": "restricted", "start": 50, "end": 60, "annotation": null}, {"text": "to", "start": 61, "end": 63, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 64, "end": 65, "annotation": null}, {"text": "fraction", "start": 66, "end": 74, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 75, 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-{"text": "Fabrication of a ZnO p-n homojunction within a single structure by a simple process is a challenging task. In this work, an intrinsic p-type surface conductive layer of ZnO with a controlled concentration of holes over n-type conductive bulk was obtained by a one-step room-temperature process via hydrogen plasma treatment. Non-contact surface sensitive techniques, such as Kelvin probe force microscopy and conductive force atomic microscopy, confirmed the existence of surface p-type conductivity through analyzing the distribution and concentration of charge carriers on the topmost surface of hydrogenated ZnO. A theoretical framework was constructed to provide a rationale of the p-type surface conductivity and justify its relation to the treatment time. It is believed that this finding will open a new possibility for the fabrication of ZnO based p-n junction devices.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1088/1361-6463/aa6e91"}, "_input_hash": 685532856, "_task_hash": 1997069167, "tokens": [[{"text": "Fabrication", "start": 27, "end": 38, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 39, "end": 41, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 42, "end": 43, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ZnO", "start": 44, "end": 47, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "p", "start": 48, "end": 49, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 50, "end": 51, "id": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "n", "start": 52, "end": 53, "id": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "homojunction", "start": 54, "end": 66, "id": 12, "annotation": null}, {"text": "within", "start": 67, "end": 73, "id": 13, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 74, "end": 75, "id": 14, "annotation": null}, {"text": "single", "start": 76, "end": 82, "id": 15, 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-{"text": "Cu-related green luminescence (GL) band in n-type ZnO layers grown by molecular beam epitaxy on sapphire and a bulk ZnO sample grown by hydrothermal method have been studied with above-bandgap excitation. Annealing of the samples in air at temperatures above 600 \u00b0C resulted in an increase in the concentration of Cu Zn acceptors, followed by a dramatic enhancement of the Cu-related GL band peaking at 2.45 eV, and a characteristic fine structure. The GL band quenched at temperatures between 250 and 500 K due to escape of holes from the excited state of the Cu Zn acceptor to the valence band. Energy position of this state in the bandgap of ZnO and its capture cross section for holes were estimated as 0.38 eV and 2\u00d7 10 -13 cm 2 , respectively.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1116/1.3110023"}, "_input_hash": -447431310, "_task_hash": 554478503, "tokens": [[{"text": "Cu", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 3, "end": 4, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "related", "start": 5, "end": 12, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "green", "start": 13, "end": 18, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "luminescence", "start": 19, "end": 31, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 32, "end": 33, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "GL", "start": 34, "end": 36, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 37, "end": 38, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "band", "start": 39, "end": 43, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 44, "end": 46, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "n", "start": 47, "end": 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-{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "Tin dioxide thin films have been deposited on alumina substrates by different methods in order to test their reliability as a breath analyser. Despite the obvious simplicity of spray pyrolysis, both the structural and electrical properties of the films thus prepared were strongly dependent to the deposition conditions. The samples exhibited poor crystallinity and porous microstructure. They were sensitive to ethanol vapour but since the resistance of the samples reached several M\u03a9, antimony doping was performed to fit a more convenient detection range. An alternative method was then used to prepare tin dioxyde thin films by evaporation of metallic tin followed by thermal oxidation. In this case, grain size was enhanced up to 100 nm but films remained highly porous. The ethanol sensitivity of evaporated samples was determined. In order to study more accurately the influence of microstructure on sensing ability, dense thin films were prepared using a CVD method with tetrabutyl tin as precursor. Preliminary results indicated that films with different crystallite sizes could be grown by varying the deposition temperature.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Tin", "start": 0, "end": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "dioxide", "start": 4, "end": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "thin", "start": 12, "end": 16, "annotation": null}, {"text": "films", "start": 17, "end": 22, "annotation": null}, {"text": "have", "start": 23, "end": 27, "annotation": null}, {"text": "been", "start": 28, "end": 32, "annotation": null}, {"text": "deposited", "start": 33, "end": 42, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 43, "end": 45, "annotation": null}, {"text": "alumina", "start": 46, "end": 53, "annotation": null}, {"text": "substrates", "start": 54, "end": 64, "annotation": null}, {"text": "by", "start": 65, "end": 67, "annotation": null}, {"text": "different", "start": 68, "end": 77, "annotation": null}, {"text": "methods", "start": 78, "end": 85, 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+{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "Continuous-wave lasing of Bi-doped fiber lasers in a wavelength range of 1150-1215 nm with a power of up to 15 W has been obtained for the first time. The unsaturable optical losses in Bi-doped fibers have been revealed and their influence on the Bi-laser operation is investigated. Frequency doubling of the Bi-fiber laser radiation is demonstrated that can be used as a yellow light source (wavelength of 580 nm). \u00a9 2007 Optical Society of America.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Continuous", "start": 0, "end": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 10, "end": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "wave", "start": 11, "end": 15, "annotation": null}, {"text": "lasing", "start": 16, "end": 22, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 23, "end": 25, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Bi-doped", "start": 26, "end": 34, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "fiber", "start": 35, "end": 40, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "lasers", "start": 41, "end": 47, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 48, "end": 50, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 51, "end": 52, "annotation": null}, {"text": "wavelength", "start": 53, "end": 63, "annotation": null}, {"text": "range", "start": 64, "end": 69, "annotation": null}, 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+{"text": "Polycrystalline samples of Ca3\u2212xAgxCo3.95Fe0.05O9+\u03b4 (x\u00a0=\u00a00.0, 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3) have been prepared by conventional solid-state synthesis. The x-ray diffraction patterns reveal that all the samples are single phase. The thermopower of all the samples is positive, indicating that the predominant carriers are holes over the entire temperature range. The electrical resistivity and thermopower simultaneously decrease with increasing Ag content. The highest power factor (2.66\u00a0\u03bcW\u00a0cm\u22121\u00a0K\u22122 at 150\u00a0K) is reached for the Ca2.8Ag0.2Co3.95Fe0.05O9+\u03b4, representing an improvement of about 16\u00a0% compared to the undoped sample. 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+{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "When the metal contact of a silicon solar cell is restricted to a fraction of the rear surface, the flow of electrons and holes towards that contact is constricted, which is beneficial for minority charge carriers but detrimental for majority carriers. It is possible to describe their 2D/3D transport and determine their concentration in the vertical and transversal dimensions of the solar cell by separately studying the central region near the contact and the peripheral region surrounding it. A virtue of such geometric approach is that it establishes a link between analytical models and computer simulations, providing both physical insight and sufficient accuracy to optimise partial rear contact devices. In this paper, we extend a previous version of the geometric model to solar cells having a full-area, locally contacted dopant diffusion on the rear surface. The case for n-type versus p-type wafers is considered, point contacts are compared with line contacts, including the impact of the metal/semiconductor resistance and bulk recombination is evaluated. Copyright \u00a9 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "When", "start": 0, "end": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 5, "end": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "metal", "start": 9, "end": 14, "annotation": null}, {"text": "contact", "start": 15, "end": 22, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 23, "end": 25, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 26, "end": 27, "annotation": null}, {"text": "silicon", "start": 28, "end": 35, "annotation": null}, {"text": "solar", "start": 36, "end": 41, "annotation": null}, {"text": "cell", "start": 42, "end": 46, "annotation": null}, {"text": "is", "start": 47, "end": 49, "annotation": null}, {"text": "restricted", "start": 50, "end": 60, "annotation": null}, {"text": "to", "start": 61, "end": 63, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 64, "end": 65, "annotation": null}, {"text": "fraction", "start": 66, "end": 74, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 75, 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+{"text": "Fabrication of a ZnO p-n homojunction within a single structure by a simple process is a challenging task. In this work, an intrinsic p-type surface conductive layer of ZnO with a controlled concentration of holes over n-type conductive bulk was obtained by a one-step room-temperature process via hydrogen plasma treatment. Non-contact surface sensitive techniques, such as Kelvin probe force microscopy and conductive force atomic microscopy, confirmed the existence of surface p-type conductivity through analyzing the distribution and concentration of charge carriers on the topmost surface of hydrogenated ZnO. A theoretical framework was constructed to provide a rationale of the p-type surface conductivity and justify its relation to the treatment time. It is believed that this finding will open a new possibility for the fabrication of ZnO based p-n junction devices.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1088/1361-6463/aa6e91"}, "_input_hash": 685532856, "_task_hash": 1997069167, "tokens": [[{"text": "Fabrication", "start": 27, "end": 38, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 39, "end": 41, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 42, "end": 43, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ZnO", "start": 44, "end": 47, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "p", "start": 48, "end": 49, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 50, "end": 51, "id": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "n", "start": 52, "end": 53, "id": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "homojunction", "start": 54, "end": 66, "id": 12, "annotation": null}, {"text": "within", "start": 67, "end": 73, "id": 13, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 74, "end": 75, "id": 14, "annotation": null}, {"text": "single", "start": 76, "end": 82, "id": 15, 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+{"text": "Cu-related green luminescence (GL) band in n-type ZnO layers grown by molecular beam epitaxy on sapphire and a bulk ZnO sample grown by hydrothermal method have been studied with above-bandgap excitation. Annealing of the samples in air at temperatures above 600 \u00b0C resulted in an increase in the concentration of Cu Zn acceptors, followed by a dramatic enhancement of the Cu-related GL band peaking at 2.45 eV, and a characteristic fine structure. The GL band quenched at temperatures between 250 and 500 K due to escape of holes from the excited state of the Cu Zn acceptor to the valence band. Energy position of this state in the bandgap of ZnO and its capture cross section for holes were estimated as 0.38 eV and 2\u00d7 10 -13 cm 2 , respectively.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1116/1.3110023"}, "_input_hash": -447431310, "_task_hash": 554478503, "tokens": [[{"text": "Cu", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 3, "end": 4, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "related", "start": 5, "end": 12, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "green", "start": 13, "end": 18, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "luminescence", "start": 19, "end": 31, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 32, "end": 33, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "GL", "start": 34, "end": 36, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 37, "end": 38, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "band", "start": 39, "end": 43, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 44, "end": 46, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "n", "start": 47, "end": 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+{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "Tin dioxide thin films have been deposited on alumina substrates by different methods in order to test their reliability as a breath analyser. Despite the obvious simplicity of spray pyrolysis, both the structural and electrical properties of the films thus prepared were strongly dependent to the deposition conditions. The samples exhibited poor crystallinity and porous microstructure. They were sensitive to ethanol vapour but since the resistance of the samples reached several M\u03a9, antimony doping was performed to fit a more convenient detection range. An alternative method was then used to prepare tin dioxyde thin films by evaporation of metallic tin followed by thermal oxidation. In this case, grain size was enhanced up to 100 nm but films remained highly porous. The ethanol sensitivity of evaporated samples was determined. In order to study more accurately the influence of microstructure on sensing ability, dense thin films were prepared using a CVD method with tetrabutyl tin as precursor. Preliminary results indicated that films with different crystallite sizes could be grown by varying the deposition temperature.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Tin", "start": 0, "end": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "dioxide", "start": 4, "end": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "thin", "start": 12, "end": 16, "annotation": null}, {"text": "films", "start": 17, "end": 22, "annotation": null}, {"text": "have", "start": 23, "end": 27, "annotation": null}, {"text": "been", "start": 28, "end": 32, "annotation": null}, {"text": "deposited", "start": 33, "end": 42, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 43, "end": 45, "annotation": null}, {"text": "alumina", "start": 46, "end": 53, "annotation": null}, {"text": "substrates", "start": 54, "end": 64, "annotation": null}, {"text": "by", "start": 65, "end": 67, "annotation": null}, {"text": "different", "start": 68, "end": 77, "annotation": null}, {"text": "methods", "start": 78, "end": 85, 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 {"text": "Creep deformation in ultrafine-grained (0.1 to 1\u03bcm) Fe-doped magnesia polycrystals is studied in compression, at temperatures of 700 to 1050\u00b0 C, and constant loads of 50 to 140 MPa. The stress exponent observed to be nearly unity and the strong grain size sensitivity (\u0117\u223cd\u22122.85) suggest that diffusional creep mechanisms dominate the deformation. In the grain size range of the present study the grain boundary diffusion contribution is significantly more important than lattice diffusion. Magnesium is tentatively identified as the rate-controlling species along grain boundaries from an analysis of the diffusivities inferred from the present work and from other authors for Fe-doped magnesia.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1007/BF02402748"}, "_input_hash": -1329125647, "_task_hash": 751486580, "tokens": [[{"text": "Creep", "start": 0, "end": 5, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "deformation", "start": 6, "end": 17, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 18, "end": 20, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ultrafine", "start": 21, "end": 30, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 31, "end": 32, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "grained", "start": 33, "end": 40, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 41, "end": 42, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "0.1", "start": 43, "end": 46, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "to", "start": 47, "end": 49, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "1\u03bcm", "start": 50, "end": 53, 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-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "Thermally stimulated luminescence (TSL) of aluminoborosilicate glass doped with CdSe nanoparticles (28 and 47\u00c5) has been studied after exposure to ionizing radiation; the intense TSL peaks were observed at temperatures 150 and 85\u00b0C, respectively. The optical absorption spectra, as well as TSL of the irradiated samples containing CuBr nanoparticles (44\u00c5) were also measured. In the case of CuBr, TSL was observed neither before nor after irradiation. The dependence of TSL intensity on irradiation time indicates that glass activated by CdSe nanoparticles shows promise as a dosimetric material.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Thermally", "start": 0, "end": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "stimulated", "start": 10, "end": 20, "annotation": null}, {"text": "luminescence", "start": 21, "end": 33, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 34, "end": 35, "annotation": null}, {"text": "TSL", "start": 35, "end": 38, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 38, "end": 39, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 40, "end": 42, "annotation": null}, {"text": "aluminoborosilicate", "start": 43, "end": 62, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "glass", "start": 63, "end": 68, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "doped", "start": 69, "end": 74, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 75, "end": 79, "annotation": null}, {"text": "CdSe", "start": 80, "end": 84, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "nanoparticles", "start": 85, "end": 98, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 99, "end": 100, "annotation": null}, {"text": "28", "start": 100, "end": 102, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 103, "end": 106, "annotation": null}, {"text": "47\u00c5", "start": 107, "end": 110, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 110, "end": 111, "annotation": null}, {"text": "has", "start": 112, "end": 115, "annotation": null}, {"text": "been", "start": 116, "end": 120, "annotation": null}, {"text": "studied", "start": 121, "end": 128, "annotation": null}, {"text": "after", "start": 129, "end": 134, "annotation": null}, {"text": "exposure", "start": 135, "end": 143, "annotation": null}, {"text": "to", "start": 144, "end": 146, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ionizing", "start": 147, "end": 155, "annotation": null}, {"text": "radiation", "start": 156, "end": 165, "annotation": null}, {"text": ";", "start": 165, "end": 166, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 167, "end": 170, "annotation": null}, {"text": "intense", "start": 171, "end": 178, "annotation": null}, {"text": "TSL", "start": 179, "end": 182, "annotation": null}, {"text": "peaks", "start": 183, "end": 188, "annotation": null}, {"text": "were", "start": 189, "end": 193, "annotation": null}, {"text": "observed", "start": 194, "end": 202, "annotation": null}, {"text": "at", "start": 203, "end": 205, "annotation": null}, {"text": "temperatures", "start": 206, "end": 218, "annotation": null}, {"text": "150", "start": 219, "end": 222, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 223, "end": 226, "annotation": null}, {"text": "85", "start": 227, "end": 229, "annotation": null}, {"text": "\u00b0", "start": 229, "end": 230, "annotation": null}, {"text": "C", "start": 230, "end": 231, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 231, "end": 232, "annotation": null}, {"text": "respectively", "start": 233, "end": 245, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 245, "end": 246, "annotation": null}], 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"annotation": null}, {"text": "observed", "start": 405, "end": 413, "annotation": null}, {"text": "neither", "start": 414, "end": 421, "annotation": null}, {"text": "before", "start": 422, "end": 428, "annotation": null}, {"text": "nor", "start": 429, "end": 432, "annotation": null}, {"text": "after", "start": 433, "end": 438, "annotation": null}, {"text": "irradiation", "start": 439, "end": 450, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 450, "end": 451, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "The", "start": 452, "end": 455, "annotation": null}, {"text": "dependence", "start": 456, "end": 466, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 467, "end": 469, "annotation": null}, {"text": "TSL", "start": 470, "end": 473, "annotation": null}, {"text": "intensity", "start": 474, "end": 483, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 484, "end": 486, "annotation": null}, {"text": "irradiation", "start": 487, "end": 498, "annotation": null}, {"text": "time", "start": 499, "end": 503, "annotation": 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-{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "Al doped zinc oxide (AZO) thin films were deposited on AZO buffered glass substrates by DC magnetron sputtering. The effect of buffer thickness on the electrical, structural, morphological, and optical properties of the AZO thin films was studied experimentally. As the buffer thickness increased, the resistivity of AZO thin film decreased from 6.4\u00d710\u22124 \u03a9 cm (no buffer) to 3.8\u00d710\u22124 \u03a9 cm (160-nm-thick buffer) and the corresponding mobility increased from 33.4 to 51.2cm2/Vs,resulting from an improvement of crystallinity. The haze factor of the AZO thin films increased with increasing buffer thickness up to 160nm, and then slightly decreased. A high average haze factor of 56.7% in the range from 400 to 1100nm was obtained in the thin film that incorporated a 160-nm-thick buffer, which was attributed to the large feature size of the craters on the surface and the high RMS surface roughness.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Al", "start": 0, "end": 2, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "doped", "start": 3, "end": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "zinc", "start": 9, "end": 13, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "oxide", "start": 14, "end": 19, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "(", "start": 20, "end": 21, "annotation": null}, {"text": "AZO", "start": 21, "end": 24, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 24, "end": 25, "annotation": null}, {"text": "thin", "start": 26, "end": 30, "annotation": null}, {"text": "films", "start": 31, "end": 36, "annotation": null}, {"text": "were", "start": 37, "end": 41, "annotation": null}, {"text": "deposited", "start": 42, "end": 51, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 52, "end": 54, "annotation": null}, {"text": "AZO", "start": 55, "end": 58, "annotation": null}, {"text": "buffered", "start": 59, "end": 67, "annotation": null}, {"text": "glass", "start": 68, "end": 73, "annotation": null}, {"text": "substrates", "start": 74, "end": 84, "annotation": null}, {"text": "by", "start": 85, "end": 87, "annotation": null}, {"text": "DC", "start": 88, "end": 90, "annotation": null}, {"text": "magnetron", "start": 91, "end": 100, "annotation": null}, {"text": "sputtering", "start": 101, "end": 111, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 111, "end": 112, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "The", "start": 113, "end": 116, "annotation": null}, {"text": "effect", "start": 117, "end": 123, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 124, "end": 126, "annotation": null}, {"text": "buffer", "start": 127, "end": 133, "annotation": null}, {"text": "thickness", "start": 134, "end": 143, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 144, "end": 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"annotation": null}, {"text": "\u00d7", "start": 378, "end": 379, "annotation": null}, {"text": "10", "start": 379, "end": 381, "annotation": null}, {"text": "\u2212", "start": 381, "end": 382, "annotation": null}, {"text": "4", "start": 382, "end": 383, "annotation": null}, {"text": "\u03a9", "start": 384, "end": 385, "annotation": null}, {"text": "cm", "start": 386, "end": 388, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 389, "end": 390, "annotation": null}, {"text": "160-nm-thick", "start": 390, "end": 402, "annotation": null}, {"text": "buffer", "start": 403, "end": 409, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 409, "end": 410, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 411, "end": 414, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 415, "end": 418, "annotation": null}, {"text": "corresponding", "start": 419, "end": 432, "annotation": null}, {"text": "mobility", "start": 433, "end": 441, "annotation": null}, {"text": "increased", "start": 442, "end": 451, "annotation": null}, 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{"text": "buffer", "start": 778, "end": 784, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 784, "end": 785, "annotation": null}, {"text": "which", "start": 786, "end": 791, "annotation": null}, {"text": "was", "start": 792, "end": 795, "annotation": null}, {"text": "attributed", "start": 796, "end": 806, "annotation": null}, {"text": "to", "start": 807, "end": 809, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 810, "end": 813, "annotation": null}, {"text": "large", "start": 814, "end": 819, "annotation": null}, {"text": "feature", "start": 820, "end": 827, "annotation": null}, {"text": "size", "start": 828, "end": 832, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 833, "end": 835, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 836, "end": 839, "annotation": null}, {"text": "craters", "start": 840, "end": 847, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 848, "end": 850, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 851, "end": 854, "annotation": null}, {"text": "surface", "start": 855, "end": 862, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 863, "end": 866, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 867, "end": 870, "annotation": null}, {"text": "high", "start": 871, "end": 875, "annotation": null}, {"text": "RMS", "start": 876, "end": 879, "annotation": null}, {"text": "surface", "start": 880, "end": 887, "annotation": null}, {"text": "roughness", "start": 888, "end": 897, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 897, "end": 898, "annotation": null}]]}
-{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "A new self\u2010consistent thermal\u2010electrical model of etched\u2010well GaAs/ AlGaAs vertical\u2010cavity surface\u2010emitting lasers is developed. The model features a realistic distribution of heat sources and two\u2010dimensional current\u2010 and heat\u2010flux spreading. It is shown that the P\u2010AlGaAs layer represents a major source of Joule heating that may easily exceed the active\u2010region heating. A moderate increase of the P\u2010AlGaAs layer doping is shown to be very effective in reducing the excessive heating. Copyright \u00a9 1991 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., A Wiley Company", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "A", "start": 0, "end": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "new", "start": 2, "end": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "self\u2010consistent", "start": 6, "end": 21, "annotation": null}, {"text": "thermal\u2010electrical", "start": 22, "end": 40, "annotation": null}, {"text": "model", "start": 41, "end": 46, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 47, "end": 49, "annotation": null}, {"text": "etched\u2010well", "start": 50, "end": 61, "annotation": null}, {"text": "GaAs", "start": 62, "end": 66, "annotation": null}, {"text": "/", "start": 66, "end": 67, "annotation": null}, {"text": "AlGaAs", "start": 68, "end": 74, "annotation": null}, {"text": "vertical\u2010cavity", "start": 75, "end": 90, "annotation": null}, {"text": "surface\u2010emitting", "start": 91, "end": 107, "annotation": null}, {"text": "lasers", "start": 108, "end": 114, "annotation": null}, {"text": "is", "start": 115, "end": 117, "annotation": null}, {"text": "developed", "start": 118, "end": 127, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 127, "end": 128, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "The", "start": 129, "end": 132, "annotation": null}, {"text": "model", "start": 133, "end": 138, "annotation": null}, {"text": "features", "start": 139, "end": 147, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 148, "end": 149, "annotation": null}, {"text": "realistic", "start": 150, "end": 159, "annotation": null}, {"text": "distribution", "start": 160, "end": 172, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 173, "end": 175, "annotation": null}, {"text": "heat", "start": 176, "end": 180, "annotation": null}, {"text": "sources", "start": 181, "end": 188, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 189, "end": 192, "annotation": null}, {"text": "two\u2010dimensional", "start": 193, "end": 208, "annotation": null}, {"text": "current\u2010", "start": 209, "end": 217, "annotation": null}, 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-{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "A systematic study of the variation in resistivity and lifetime on cell performance, before and after light-induced degradation (LID), was performed along \u223c900-mmlong commercially grown B- and Ga-doped Czochralski (Cz) ingots. Manufacturable screen-printed solar cells were fabricated and analyzed from different locations on the ingots. Despite the large variation in resistivity (0-57-2-5 \u03c9cm) and lifetime (100-1000 \u03bcs) in the Ga-doped Cz ingot, the efficiency variation was found to be \u2264 0-5% with an average efficiency of \u223c17-1%. No LID was observed in these cells. In contrast to the Ga-doped ingot, the B-doped ingot showed a relatively tight resistivity range (0-87-1 -22 \u03c9 cm), resulting in smaller spread in lifetime (60-400 \u03bc s) and efficiency (16-5-16-7%) along the ingot. However, the LID reduced the efficiency of these B-doped cells by about 1-1% absolute. Additionally, the use of thinner substrate and higher resistivity (4-3 \u03c9 cm) B-doped C z was found to reduce the LID significantly, resulting in an efficiency reduction of 0-5-0-6%, as opposed to >1-0% in \u223c1 \u03c9cm \u223c17% efficient screen-printed cells. As a result, Ga-doped Cz cells gave 1.5 and 0.7% higher stabilized efficiency relative to 1 and 4-3 \u03c9cm B-doped Cz Si cells, respectively. Copyright \u00a9 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "A", "start": 0, "end": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "systematic", "start": 2, "end": 12, "annotation": null}, {"text": "study", "start": 13, "end": 18, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 19, "end": 21, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 22, "end": 25, "annotation": null}, {"text": "variation", "start": 26, "end": 35, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 36, "end": 38, "annotation": null}, {"text": "resistivity", "start": 39, "end": 50, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 51, "end": 54, "annotation": null}, {"text": "lifetime", "start": 55, "end": 63, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 64, "end": 66, "annotation": null}, {"text": "cell", "start": 67, "end": 71, "annotation": null}, {"text": "performance", "start": 72, "end": 83, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 83, "end": 84, "annotation": null}, {"text": 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"end": 1232, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Cz", "start": 1233, "end": 1235, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "Si", "start": 1236, "end": 1238, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "cells", "start": 1239, "end": 1244, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": ",", "start": 1244, "end": 1245, "annotation": null}, {"text": "respectively", "start": 1246, "end": 1258, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 1258, "end": 1259, "annotation": null}]]}
+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "Thermally stimulated luminescence (TSL) of aluminoborosilicate glass doped with CdSe nanoparticles (28 and 47\u00c5) has been studied after exposure to ionizing radiation; the intense TSL peaks were observed at temperatures 150 and 85\u00b0C, respectively. The optical absorption spectra, as well as TSL of the irradiated samples containing CuBr nanoparticles (44\u00c5) were also measured. In the case of CuBr, TSL was observed neither before nor after irradiation. The dependence of TSL intensity on irradiation time indicates that glass activated by CdSe nanoparticles shows promise as a dosimetric material.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Thermally", "start": 0, "end": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "stimulated", "start": 10, "end": 20, "annotation": null}, {"text": "luminescence", "start": 21, "end": 33, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 34, "end": 35, "annotation": null}, {"text": "TSL", "start": 35, "end": 38, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 38, "end": 39, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 40, "end": 42, "annotation": null}, {"text": "aluminoborosilicate", "start": 43, "end": 62, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "glass", "start": 63, "end": 68, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "doped", "start": 69, "end": 74, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 75, "end": 79, "annotation": null}, {"text": "CdSe", "start": 80, "end": 84, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "nanoparticles", "start": 85, "end": 98, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 99, "end": 100, "annotation": null}, {"text": "28", "start": 100, "end": 102, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 103, "end": 106, "annotation": null}, {"text": "47\u00c5", "start": 107, "end": 110, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 110, "end": 111, "annotation": null}, {"text": "has", "start": 112, "end": 115, "annotation": null}, {"text": "been", "start": 116, "end": 120, "annotation": null}, {"text": "studied", "start": 121, "end": 128, "annotation": null}, {"text": "after", "start": 129, "end": 134, "annotation": null}, {"text": "exposure", "start": 135, "end": 143, "annotation": null}, {"text": "to", "start": 144, "end": 146, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ionizing", "start": 147, "end": 155, "annotation": null}, {"text": "radiation", "start": 156, "end": 165, "annotation": null}, {"text": ";", "start": 165, "end": 166, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 167, "end": 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"nanoparticles", "start": 336, "end": 349, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 350, "end": 351, "annotation": null}, {"text": "44\u00c5", "start": 351, "end": 354, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 354, "end": 355, "annotation": null}, {"text": "were", "start": 356, "end": 360, "annotation": null}, {"text": "also", "start": 361, "end": 365, "annotation": null}, {"text": "measured", "start": 366, "end": 374, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 374, "end": 375, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "In", "start": 376, "end": 378, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 379, "end": 382, "annotation": null}, {"text": "case", "start": 383, "end": 387, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 388, "end": 390, "annotation": null}, {"text": "CuBr", "start": 391, "end": 395, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 395, "end": 396, "annotation": null}, {"text": "TSL", "start": 397, "end": 400, "annotation": null}, {"text": "was", "start": 401, "end": 404, "annotation": null}, {"text": "observed", "start": 405, "end": 413, "annotation": null}, {"text": "neither", "start": 414, "end": 421, "annotation": null}, {"text": "before", "start": 422, "end": 428, "annotation": null}, {"text": "nor", "start": 429, "end": 432, "annotation": null}, {"text": "after", "start": 433, "end": 438, "annotation": null}, {"text": "irradiation", "start": 439, "end": 450, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 450, "end": 451, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "The", "start": 452, "end": 455, "annotation": null}, {"text": "dependence", "start": 456, "end": 466, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 467, "end": 469, "annotation": null}, {"text": "TSL", "start": 470, "end": 473, "annotation": null}, {"text": "intensity", "start": 474, "end": 483, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 484, "end": 486, "annotation": null}, {"text": "irradiation", "start": 487, "end": 498, "annotation": null}, {"text": "time", "start": 499, "end": 503, "annotation": null}, {"text": "indicates", "start": 504, "end": 513, "annotation": null}, {"text": "that", "start": 514, "end": 518, "annotation": null}, {"text": "glass", "start": 519, "end": 524, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "activated", "start": 525, "end": 534, "annotation": null}, {"text": "by", "start": 535, "end": 537, "annotation": null}, {"text": "CdSe", "start": 538, "end": 542, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "nanoparticles", "start": 543, "end": 556, "annotation": null}, {"text": "shows", "start": 557, "end": 562, "annotation": null}, {"text": "promise", "start": 563, "end": 570, "annotation": null}, {"text": "as", "start": 571, "end": 573, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 574, "end": 575, "annotation": null}, {"text": "dosimetric", "start": 576, "end": 586, "annotation": null}, {"text": "material", "start": 587, "end": 595, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 595, "end": 596, "annotation": null}]], "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.jlumin.2009.05.013"}}
+{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "Al doped zinc oxide (AZO) thin films were deposited on AZO buffered glass substrates by DC magnetron sputtering. The effect of buffer thickness on the electrical, structural, morphological, and optical properties of the AZO thin films was studied experimentally. As the buffer thickness increased, the resistivity of AZO thin film decreased from 6.4\u00d710\u22124 \u03a9 cm (no buffer) to 3.8\u00d710\u22124 \u03a9 cm (160-nm-thick buffer) and the corresponding mobility increased from 33.4 to 51.2cm2/Vs,resulting from an improvement of crystallinity. The haze factor of the AZO thin films increased with increasing buffer thickness up to 160nm, and then slightly decreased. A high average haze factor of 56.7% in the range from 400 to 1100nm was obtained in the thin film that incorporated a 160-nm-thick buffer, which was attributed to the large feature size of the craters on the surface and the high RMS surface roughness.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Al", "start": 0, "end": 2, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "doped", "start": 3, "end": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "zinc", "start": 9, "end": 13, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "oxide", "start": 14, "end": 19, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "(", "start": 20, "end": 21, "annotation": null}, {"text": "AZO", "start": 21, "end": 24, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 24, "end": 25, "annotation": null}, {"text": "thin", "start": 26, "end": 30, "annotation": null}, {"text": "films", "start": 31, "end": 36, "annotation": null}, {"text": "were", "start": 37, "end": 41, "annotation": null}, {"text": "deposited", "start": 42, "end": 51, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 52, "end": 54, "annotation": null}, {"text": "AZO", "start": 55, "end": 58, "annotation": null}, {"text": "buffered", "start": 59, "end": 67, "annotation": null}, {"text": "glass", "start": 68, "end": 73, "annotation": null}, {"text": "substrates", "start": 74, "end": 84, "annotation": null}, {"text": "by", "start": 85, "end": 87, "annotation": null}, {"text": "DC", "start": 88, "end": 90, "annotation": null}, {"text": "magnetron", "start": 91, "end": 100, "annotation": null}, {"text": "sputtering", "start": 101, "end": 111, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 111, "end": 112, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "The", "start": 113, "end": 116, "annotation": null}, {"text": "effect", "start": 117, "end": 123, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 124, "end": 126, "annotation": null}, {"text": "buffer", "start": 127, "end": 133, "annotation": null}, {"text": "thickness", "start": 134, "end": 143, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 144, "end": 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null}, {"text": "was", "start": 235, "end": 238, "annotation": null}, {"text": "studied", "start": 239, "end": 246, "annotation": null}, {"text": "experimentally", "start": 247, "end": 261, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 261, "end": 262, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "As", "start": 263, "end": 265, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 266, "end": 269, "annotation": null}, {"text": "buffer", "start": 270, "end": 276, "annotation": null}, {"text": "thickness", "start": 277, "end": 286, "annotation": null}, {"text": "increased", "start": 287, "end": 296, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 296, "end": 297, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 298, "end": 301, "annotation": null}, {"text": "resistivity", "start": 302, "end": 313, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 314, "end": 316, "annotation": null}, {"text": "AZO", "start": 317, "end": 320, "annotation": null}, {"text": "thin", "start": 321, "end": 325, "annotation": null}, {"text": "film", "start": 326, "end": 330, "annotation": null}, {"text": "decreased", "start": 331, "end": 340, "annotation": null}, {"text": "from", "start": 341, "end": 345, "annotation": null}, {"text": "6.4", "start": 346, "end": 349, "annotation": null}, {"text": "\u00d7", "start": 349, "end": 350, "annotation": null}, {"text": "10", "start": 350, "end": 352, "annotation": null}, {"text": "\u2212", "start": 352, "end": 353, "annotation": null}, {"text": "4", "start": 353, "end": 354, "annotation": null}, {"text": "\u03a9", "start": 355, "end": 356, "annotation": null}, {"text": "cm", "start": 357, "end": 359, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 360, "end": 361, "annotation": null}, {"text": "no", "start": 361, "end": 363, "annotation": null}, {"text": "buffer", "start": 364, "end": 370, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 370, "end": 371, "annotation": null}, {"text": "to", "start": 372, "end": 374, "annotation": null}, {"text": "3.8", "start": 375, "end": 378, 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{"text": "buffer", "start": 778, "end": 784, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 784, "end": 785, "annotation": null}, {"text": "which", "start": 786, "end": 791, "annotation": null}, {"text": "was", "start": 792, "end": 795, "annotation": null}, {"text": "attributed", "start": 796, "end": 806, "annotation": null}, {"text": "to", "start": 807, "end": 809, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 810, "end": 813, "annotation": null}, {"text": "large", "start": 814, "end": 819, "annotation": null}, {"text": "feature", "start": 820, "end": 827, "annotation": null}, {"text": "size", "start": 828, "end": 832, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 833, "end": 835, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 836, "end": 839, "annotation": null}, {"text": "craters", "start": 840, "end": 847, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 848, "end": 850, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 851, "end": 854, "annotation": null}, {"text": "surface", "start": 855, "end": 862, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 863, "end": 866, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 867, "end": 870, "annotation": null}, {"text": "high", "start": 871, "end": 875, "annotation": null}, {"text": "RMS", "start": 876, "end": 879, "annotation": null}, {"text": "surface", "start": 880, "end": 887, "annotation": null}, {"text": "roughness", "start": 888, "end": 897, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 897, "end": 898, "annotation": null}]], "meta": {"doi": "10.1007/s10854-017-6415-7"}}
+{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "A new self\u2010consistent thermal\u2010electrical model of etched\u2010well GaAs/ AlGaAs vertical\u2010cavity surface\u2010emitting lasers is developed. The model features a realistic distribution of heat sources and two\u2010dimensional current\u2010 and heat\u2010flux spreading. It is shown that the P\u2010AlGaAs layer represents a major source of Joule heating that may easily exceed the active\u2010region heating. A moderate increase of the P\u2010AlGaAs layer doping is shown to be very effective in reducing the excessive heating. Copyright \u00a9 1991 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., A Wiley Company", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "A", "start": 0, "end": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "new", "start": 2, "end": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "self\u2010consistent", "start": 6, "end": 21, "annotation": null}, {"text": "thermal\u2010electrical", "start": 22, "end": 40, "annotation": null}, {"text": "model", "start": 41, "end": 46, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 47, "end": 49, "annotation": null}, {"text": "etched\u2010well", "start": 50, "end": 61, "annotation": null}, {"text": "GaAs", "start": 62, "end": 66, "annotation": null}, {"text": "/", "start": 66, "end": 67, "annotation": null}, {"text": "AlGaAs", "start": 68, "end": 74, "annotation": null}, {"text": "vertical\u2010cavity", "start": 75, "end": 90, "annotation": null}, {"text": "surface\u2010emitting", "start": 91, "end": 107, "annotation": null}, {"text": "lasers", "start": 108, "end": 114, "annotation": null}, 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+{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "A systematic study of the variation in resistivity and lifetime on cell performance, before and after light-induced degradation (LID), was performed along \u223c900-mmlong commercially grown B- and Ga-doped Czochralski (Cz) ingots. Manufacturable screen-printed solar cells were fabricated and analyzed from different locations on the ingots. Despite the large variation in resistivity (0-57-2-5 \u03c9cm) and lifetime (100-1000 \u03bcs) in the Ga-doped Cz ingot, the efficiency variation was found to be \u2264 0-5% with an average efficiency of \u223c17-1%. No LID was observed in these cells. In contrast to the Ga-doped ingot, the B-doped ingot showed a relatively tight resistivity range (0-87-1 -22 \u03c9 cm), resulting in smaller spread in lifetime (60-400 \u03bc s) and efficiency (16-5-16-7%) along the ingot. However, the LID reduced the efficiency of these B-doped cells by about 1-1% absolute. Additionally, the use of thinner substrate and higher resistivity (4-3 \u03c9 cm) B-doped C z was found to reduce the LID significantly, resulting in an efficiency reduction of 0-5-0-6%, as opposed to >1-0% in \u223c1 \u03c9cm \u223c17% efficient screen-printed cells. As a result, Ga-doped Cz cells gave 1.5 and 0.7% higher stabilized efficiency relative to 1 and 4-3 \u03c9cm B-doped Cz Si cells, respectively. 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"end": 1232, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Cz", "start": 1233, "end": 1235, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "Si", "start": 1236, "end": 1238, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "cells", "start": 1239, "end": 1244, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": ",", "start": 1244, "end": 1245, "annotation": null}, {"text": "respectively", "start": 1246, "end": 1258, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 1258, "end": 1259, "annotation": null}]], "meta": {"doi": "10.1002/pip.659"}}
 {"text": "Ultra-fine Gd-doped ceria (GDC) powders were synthesized via co-precipitation using ammonium carbonate as the precipitant. The crystallite size of the resultant GDC powders was measured as \u223c33 nm. The dilatometry test of the powder compacts and the relative density measurement of sintered pellets with various sintering temperatures revealed the synthesized nano-GDC powders had superior sinterability compared to commercial GDC powders (e.g., 96% vs 78% in relative density at 1300 \u00b0C, respectively). Based on the total conductivity measurement of the co-precipitated GDC via electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, we found there was an optimum sintering temperature range (1300\u20131400 \u00b0C) to achieve both high density and high conductivity due to significant increase in grain boundary resistance at higher temperature (1500 \u00b0C). Moreover, the nano-sized and highly sinterable co-precipitated GDC effectively enhanced oxygen reduction reaction at the La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3\u2212\u03b4/GDC composite cathode due to increase in active reaction sites as well as enhanced phase connectivity in 3D-bulk at lower sintering temperatures.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.04.270"}, "_input_hash": 1271461077, "_task_hash": -1559932189, "tokens": [[{"text": "Ultra", "start": 0, "end": 5, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 6, "end": 7, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "fine", "start": 8, "end": 12, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Gd", "start": 13, "end": 15, "id": 3, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 16, "end": 17, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 18, "end": 23, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ceria", "start": 24, "end": 29, "id": 6, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "(", "start": 30, "end": 31, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "GDC", 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 {"text": "The structural, magnetic, electronic and optical properties of the Zn0.5Cr0.5SZB, Zn0.5Cr0.5SW and Zn0.5Cr0.5SRS are studied by spin-polarized first-principles calculation. After optimization Zn0.5Cr0.5SZB system changes its original cubic structure of ZnSZB to a tetragonal structure, while Zn0.5Cr0.5SW and Zn0.5Cr0.5SRS still remain their original hexagonal structure of ZnSW and tetragonal structure of ZnSRS, respectively. The total moments of these Cr doped ZnS systems are mainly contributed by local magnetic moments of Cr2+ ion. Zn0.5Cr0.5SZB, Zn0.5Cr0.5SW and Zn0.5Cr0.5SRS are all half-metal with 100% spin polarization. The Zn0.5Cr0.5SW has the biggest static dielectric constant \u025b1(0) and refractive index n(0). The Zn0.5Cr0.5SZB, Zn0.5Cr0.5SW and Zn0.5Cr0.5SRS have tow absorption regions in the ranges of 0\u201327eV and 41\u201355eV, but the absorption width decreases for Zn0.5Cr0.5SW, Zn0.5Cr0.5SZB and Zn0.5Cr0.5SRS successively. The results will give a guide for design and application of the Zn0.5Cr0.5SZB, Zn0.5Cr0.5SW and Zn0.5Cr0.5SRS in spintronic devices and optical detectors.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.commatsci.2015.10.013"}, "_input_hash": 1959311412, "_task_hash": -1293654517, "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "structural", "start": 4, "end": 14, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 15, "end": 16, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "magnetic", "start": 17, "end": 25, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 26, "end": 27, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electronic", "start": 28, "end": 38, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 39, "end": 42, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "optical", "start": 43, "end": 50, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "properties", "start": 51, "end": 61, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 62, "end": 64, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, 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-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "With an instrument consisting of four mercury probes, simple, rapid, and nondestructive four-point probe measurements can be done on freshly etched n-type silicon samples. Measurements on bulk material and on thin layers with a conventional and with a mercury four-point probe are compared. The ratio of two current-voltage configurations is used as a figure of merit of the instruments. The precision is found to be about 2% and the systematic deviation from theory, which is supposed to be satisfied by a conventional four-point probe, amounts to about 8% for thin layers and much less on bulk material. A number of aspects which may affect the performance are discussed. Because the instrument has no penetrating probes it is particularly useful for very thin heterotype epitaxial layers and for shallow, ion implanted samples. Experiments have also been done on polycrystalline silicon, metallic glass, and conductive plastic layers. \u00a9 1975, The Electrochemical Society, Inc. 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+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "With an instrument consisting of four mercury probes, simple, rapid, and nondestructive four-point probe measurements can be done on freshly etched n-type silicon samples. Measurements on bulk material and on thin layers with a conventional and with a mercury four-point probe are compared. The ratio of two current-voltage configurations is used as a figure of merit of the instruments. The precision is found to be about 2% and the systematic deviation from theory, which is supposed to be satisfied by a conventional four-point probe, amounts to about 8% for thin layers and much less on bulk material. A number of aspects which may affect the performance are discussed. Because the instrument has no penetrating probes it is particularly useful for very thin heterotype epitaxial layers and for shallow, ion implanted samples. Experiments have also been done on polycrystalline silicon, metallic glass, and conductive plastic layers. \u00a9 1975, The Electrochemical Society, Inc. All rights reserved.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "With", "start": 0, "end": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "an", "start": 5, "end": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "instrument", "start": 8, "end": 18, "annotation": null}, {"text": "consisting", "start": 19, "end": 29, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 30, "end": 32, "annotation": null}, {"text": "four", "start": 33, "end": 37, "annotation": null}, {"text": "mercury", "start": 38, "end": 45, "annotation": null}, {"text": "probes", "start": 46, "end": 52, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 52, "end": 53, "annotation": null}, {"text": "simple", "start": 54, "end": 60, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 60, "end": 61, "annotation": null}, {"text": "rapid", "start": 62, "end": 67, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 67, "end": 68, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 69, "end": 72, "annotation": null}, {"text": "nondestructive", "start": 73, "end": 87, 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 {"text": "Pt counter electrodes (CEs) with different platinum loading have been prepared using chemical reduced method on flexible indium-doped tin oxide coated polyethylene naphthalate (ITO-PEN) for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). H2PtCl6\u00b76H2O terpineol solutions were screen printed on the transparent ITO-PEN substrates. After drying, H2PtCl6 was reduced by treating it in NaBH4 solution followed by the hydrothermal treatment at 100\u00b0C. The obtained Pt CEs with different Pt-loading (2.4\u20137.7\u03bcg/cm2) were characterized by SEM, XPS, electrochemical impedance and transmission spectrum measurement. The Pt CEs show high catalytic activity, low charge transfer resistance (0.26\u20131.38\u03a9cm2) and good light transmittance (about 70% at 400\u2013800nm). The light-to-electricity conversion efficiency of the flexible DSSC fabricated with the prepared Pt CE and the TiO2 photoanode prepared on Ti substrate by screen printing technique attains 5.41% under the simulated AM 1.5 sunlight, which is almost same as that based on the thermal decomposited Pt CE on FTO-glass. Compared with other methods to prepare Pt CEs, chemical reduced method is simple and suitable for flexible polymer substrates and the large scale preparation of DSSCs.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.electacta.2010.01.108"}, "_input_hash": 1798947276, "_task_hash": 230311494, "tokens": [[{"text": "Pt", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "counter", "start": 3, "end": 10, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electrodes", "start": 11, "end": 21, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 22, "end": 23, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "CEs", "start": 24, "end": 27, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 28, "end": 29, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 30, "end": 34, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "different", "start": 35, "end": 44, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "platinum", "start": 45, "end": 53, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "loading", "start": 54, "end": 61, "id": 9, "annotation": 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-{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "\u00a9 2015 N. Manjula et al., published by De Gruyter Open 2015. Thin films of manganese-doped cadmium oxide (CdO:Mn) with different Mn-doping levels (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 at.%) were deposited on glass substrates by employing an inexpensive, simplified spray technique using a perfume atomizer at 375 \u00b0C. The influence of Mn incorporation on the structural, morphological, optical and electrical properties of CdO films has been studied. All the films exhibit cubic crystal structure with a (1 1 1) preferential orientation. Mn-doping causes a slight shift of the (1 1 1) diffraction peak towards higher angle. The crystallite size of the films is found to decrease from 34.63 nm to 17.68 nm with an increase in Mn doping concentration. The CdO:Mn film coated with 1 at.% Mn exhibit a high transparency of nearly 90 % which decreases for higher doping concentration. The optical band gap decreases with an increase in Mn doping concentration. 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"end": 728, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "The", "start": 729, "end": 732, "annotation": null}, {"text": "CdO", "start": 733, "end": 736, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": ":", "start": 736, "end": 737, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Mn", "start": 737, "end": 739, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "film", "start": 740, "end": 744, "annotation": null}, {"text": "coated", "start": 745, "end": 751, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 752, "end": 756, "annotation": null}, {"text": "1", "start": 757, "end": 758, "annotation": "DOPMODQ"}, {"text": "at.", "start": 759, "end": 762, "annotation": "DOPMODQ"}, {"text": "%", "start": 762, "end": 763, "annotation": "DOPMODQ"}, {"text": "Mn", "start": 764, "end": 766, "annotation": null}, {"text": "exhibit", "start": 767, "end": 774, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 775, "end": 776, "annotation": null}, {"text": "high", "start": 777, "end": 781, "annotation": null}, {"text": "transparency", "start": 782, "end": 794, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 795, "end": 797, "annotation": null}, {"text": "nearly", "start": 798, "end": 804, "annotation": null}, {"text": "90", "start": 805, "end": 807, "annotation": null}, {"text": "%", "start": 808, "end": 809, "annotation": null}, {"text": "which", "start": 810, "end": 815, "annotation": null}, {"text": "decreases", "start": 816, "end": 825, "annotation": null}, {"text": "for", "start": 826, "end": 829, "annotation": null}, {"text": "higher", "start": 830, "end": 836, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doping", "start": 837, "end": 843, "annotation": null}, {"text": "concentration", "start": 844, "end": 857, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 857, "end": 858, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "The", "start": 859, "end": 862, "annotation": null}, {"text": "optical", "start": 863, "end": 870, "annotation": null}, {"text": "band", "start": 871, "end": 875, "annotation": null}, {"text": "gap", "start": 876, "end": 879, "annotation": null}, 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"of", "start": 977, "end": 979, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 980, "end": 983, "annotation": null}, {"text": "order", "start": 984, "end": 989, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 990, "end": 992, "annotation": null}, {"text": "10-4", "start": 993, "end": 997, "annotation": null}, {"text": "\u03a9\u00b7cm", "start": 998, "end": 1002, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 1002, "end": 1003, "annotation": null}]]}
-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "Yb-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Yb:YAG) ceramics were prepared via solid state reaction of oxide powders. The Yb concentration ranged from 0 to 10at.%. Silicon in the form of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) was added as a sintering aid in amounts of 0.3 and 0.5wt.% with respect to the weight of solid. Thermal analyses (high temperature XRD, TG-DSC, dilatometric analyses) were performed on various compositions. Sintering was conducted under high vacuum and clean atmosphere. The influence of TEOS addition and Yb content was observed both in connection with phase transformations in function of temperature, and with microstructure and properties of sintered materials.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Yb", "start": 0, "end": 2, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 2, "end": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 3, "end": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "yttrium", "start": 9, "end": 16, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "aluminum", "start": 17, "end": 25, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "garnet", "start": 26, "end": 32, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "(", "start": 33, "end": 34, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Yb", "start": 34, "end": 36, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": ":", "start": 36, "end": 37, "annotation": null}, {"text": "YAG", "start": 37, "end": 40, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": ")", "start": 40, "end": 41, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ceramics", "start": 42, "end": 50, 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"start": 141, "end": 142, "annotation": "DOPMODQ"}, {"text": "to", "start": 143, "end": 145, "annotation": "DOPMODQ"}, {"text": "10at.", "start": 146, "end": 151, "annotation": "DOPMODQ"}, {"text": "%", "start": 151, "end": 152, "annotation": "DOPMODQ"}, {"text": ".", "start": 152, "end": 153, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "Silicon", "start": 154, "end": 161, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 162, "end": 164, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 165, "end": 168, "annotation": null}, {"text": "form", "start": 169, "end": 173, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 174, "end": 176, "annotation": null}, {"text": "tetraethyl", "start": 177, "end": 187, "annotation": null}, {"text": "orthosilicate", "start": 188, "end": 201, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 202, "end": 203, "annotation": null}, {"text": "TEOS", "start": 203, "end": 207, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 207, "end": 208, "annotation": null}, {"text": "was", "start": 209, 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"the", "start": 284, "end": 287, "annotation": null}, {"text": "weight", "start": 288, "end": 294, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 295, "end": 297, "annotation": null}, {"text": "solid", "start": 298, "end": 303, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 303, "end": 304, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "Thermal", "start": 305, "end": 312, "annotation": null}, {"text": "analyses", "start": 313, "end": 321, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 322, "end": 323, "annotation": null}, {"text": "high", "start": 323, "end": 327, "annotation": null}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 328, "end": 339, "annotation": null}, {"text": "XRD", "start": 340, "end": 343, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 343, "end": 344, "annotation": null}, {"text": "TG", "start": 345, "end": 347, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 347, "end": 348, "annotation": null}, {"text": "DSC", "start": 348, "end": 351, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 351, "end": 352, "annotation": null}, {"text": "dilatometric", "start": 353, "end": 365, "annotation": null}, {"text": "analyses", "start": 366, "end": 374, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 374, "end": 375, "annotation": null}, {"text": "were", "start": 376, "end": 380, "annotation": null}, {"text": "performed", "start": 381, "end": 390, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 391, "end": 393, "annotation": null}, {"text": "various", "start": 394, "end": 401, "annotation": null}, {"text": "compositions", "start": 402, "end": 414, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 414, "end": 415, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "Sintering", "start": 416, "end": 425, "annotation": null}, {"text": "was", "start": 426, "end": 429, "annotation": null}, {"text": "conducted", "start": 430, "end": 439, "annotation": null}, {"text": "under", "start": 440, "end": 445, "annotation": null}, {"text": "high", "start": 446, "end": 450, "annotation": null}, {"text": "vacuum", "start": 451, "end": 457, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 458, "end": 461, "annotation": null}, {"text": "clean", "start": 462, "end": 467, "annotation": null}, {"text": "atmosphere", "start": 468, "end": 478, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 478, "end": 479, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "The", "start": 480, "end": 483, "annotation": null}, {"text": "influence", "start": 484, "end": 493, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 494, "end": 496, "annotation": null}, {"text": "TEOS", "start": 497, "end": 501, "annotation": null}, {"text": "addition", "start": 502, "end": 510, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 511, "end": 514, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Yb", "start": 515, "end": 517, "annotation": null}, {"text": "content", "start": 518, "end": 525, "annotation": null}, {"text": "was", "start": 526, "end": 529, "annotation": null}, {"text": "observed", "start": 530, "end": 538, "annotation": null}, {"text": "both", "start": 539, "end": 543, "annotation": null}, 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{"text": "of", "start": 652, "end": 654, "annotation": null}, {"text": "sintered", "start": 655, "end": 663, "annotation": null}, {"text": "materials", "start": 664, "end": 673, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 673, "end": 674, "annotation": null}]]}
+{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "\u00a9 2015 N. Manjula et al., published by De Gruyter Open 2015. Thin films of manganese-doped cadmium oxide (CdO:Mn) with different Mn-doping levels (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 at.%) were deposited on glass substrates by employing an inexpensive, simplified spray technique using a perfume atomizer at 375 \u00b0C. The influence of Mn incorporation on the structural, morphological, optical and electrical properties of CdO films has been studied. All the films exhibit cubic crystal structure with a (1 1 1) preferential orientation. Mn-doping causes a slight shift of the (1 1 1) diffraction peak towards higher angle. The crystallite size of the films is found to decrease from 34.63 nm to 17.68 nm with an increase in Mn doping concentration. The CdO:Mn film coated with 1 at.% Mn exhibit a high transparency of nearly 90 % which decreases for higher doping concentration. The optical band gap decreases with an increase in Mn doping concentration. All the films have electrical resistivity of the order of 10-4 \u03a9\u00b7cm.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Thin", "start": 61, "end": 65, "annotation": null}, {"text": "films", "start": 66, "end": 71, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 72, "end": 74, "annotation": null}, {"text": "manganese", "start": 75, "end": 84, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 84, "end": 85, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 85, "end": 90, "annotation": null}, {"text": "cadmium", "start": 91, "end": 98, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "oxide", "start": 99, "end": 104, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "(", "start": 105, "end": 106, "annotation": null}, {"text": "CdO", "start": 106, "end": 109, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": ":", "start": 109, "end": 110, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Mn", "start": 110, "end": 112, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": ")", "start": 112, "end": 113, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 114, "end": 118, "annotation": null}, {"text": "different", "start": 119, "end": 128, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Mn", "start": 129, "end": 131, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 131, "end": 132, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doping", "start": 132, "end": 138, "annotation": null}, {"text": "levels", "start": 139, "end": 145, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 146, "end": 147, "annotation": null}, {"text": "0", "start": 147, "end": 148, "annotation": "DOPMODQ"}, {"text": ",", "start": 148, "end": 149, "annotation": "DOPMODQ"}, {"text": "1", "start": 150, "end": 151, "annotation": "DOPMODQ"}, {"text": ",", "start": 151, "end": 152, "annotation": "DOPMODQ"}, {"text": "2", "start": 153, "end": 154, "annotation": "DOPMODQ"}, {"text": ",", "start": 154, "end": 155, "annotation": "DOPMODQ"}, {"text": "3", "start": 156, "end": 157, "annotation": "DOPMODQ"}, {"text": "and", "start": 158, "end": 161, "annotation": "DOPMODQ"}, {"text": "4", "start": 162, "end": 163, "annotation": "DOPMODQ"}, {"text": "at.", "start": 164, "end": 167, "annotation": "DOPMODQ"}, {"text": "%", "start": 167, "end": 168, "annotation": "DOPMODQ"}, {"text": ")", "start": 168, "end": 169, "annotation": null}, {"text": "were", "start": 170, "end": 174, "annotation": null}, {"text": "deposited", "start": 175, "end": 184, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 185, "end": 187, "annotation": null}, {"text": "glass", "start": 188, "end": 193, "annotation": null}, {"text": "substrates", "start": 194, "end": 204, "annotation": null}, {"text": "by", "start": 205, "end": 207, "annotation": null}, {"text": "employing", "start": 208, "end": 217, "annotation": null}, {"text": "an", "start": 218, "end": 220, "annotation": null}, {"text": "inexpensive", "start": 221, "end": 232, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 232, "end": 233, "annotation": null}, {"text": "simplified", "start": 234, "end": 244, "annotation": null}, {"text": "spray", "start": 245, "end": 250, "annotation": null}, {"text": "technique", "start": 251, "end": 260, "annotation": null}, {"text": "using", "start": 261, "end": 266, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 267, "end": 268, "annotation": null}, {"text": "perfume", "start": 269, "end": 276, "annotation": null}, {"text": "atomizer", "start": 277, "end": 285, "annotation": null}, {"text": "at", "start": 286, "end": 288, "annotation": null}, {"text": "375", "start": 289, "end": 292, "annotation": null}, {"text": "\u00b0", "start": 293, "end": 294, "annotation": null}, {"text": "C", "start": 294, "end": 295, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 295, "end": 296, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "The", "start": 297, "end": 300, "annotation": null}, {"text": "influence", "start": 301, "end": 310, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 311, "end": 313, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Mn", "start": 314, "end": 316, "annotation": null}, {"text": "incorporation", "start": 317, "end": 330, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 331, "end": 333, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 334, "end": 337, "annotation": null}, {"text": "structural", "start": 338, "end": 348, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 348, "end": 349, "annotation": null}, {"text": "morphological", "start": 350, "end": 363, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 363, "end": 364, "annotation": null}, {"text": "optical", "start": 365, "end": 372, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 373, "end": 376, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electrical", "start": 377, "end": 387, "annotation": null}, {"text": "properties", "start": 388, "end": 398, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 399, "end": 401, "annotation": null}, {"text": "CdO", "start": 402, "end": 405, "annotation": null}, {"text": "films", "start": 406, "end": 411, "annotation": null}, {"text": "has", "start": 412, "end": 415, "annotation": null}, {"text": "been", "start": 416, "end": 420, "annotation": null}, {"text": "studied", 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+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "Yb-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Yb:YAG) ceramics were prepared via solid state reaction of oxide powders. The Yb concentration ranged from 0 to 10at.%. Silicon in the form of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) was added as a sintering aid in amounts of 0.3 and 0.5wt.% with respect to the weight of solid. Thermal analyses (high temperature XRD, TG-DSC, dilatometric analyses) were performed on various compositions. Sintering was conducted under high vacuum and clean atmosphere. The influence of TEOS addition and Yb content was observed both in connection with phase transformations in function of temperature, and with microstructure and properties of sintered materials.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Yb", "start": 0, "end": 2, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 2, "end": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 3, "end": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "yttrium", "start": 9, "end": 16, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "aluminum", "start": 17, "end": 25, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "garnet", "start": 26, "end": 32, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "(", "start": 33, "end": 34, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Yb", "start": 34, "end": 36, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": ":", "start": 36, "end": 37, "annotation": null}, {"text": "YAG", "start": 37, "end": 40, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": ")", "start": 40, "end": 41, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ceramics", "start": 42, "end": 50, 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 {"text": "A superconductive sign found in electric resistivity behavior of mixed ceramic Pr124/Pr123 is searched and discussed, to advance preceding discussion about the superconductive region induced by intergrain charge transfer effect in ceramic Pr247 containing the related impurity phases. Observed reduction effects for largely impure ceramic of Pr247 with Pr124 and Pr123 and for simply dual-phase sample of Pr124/Pr123 inform us that the oxygen-reduction brings not only superconductive electron doping but also normal resistivity enhancement. Milder heat treatment condition is expected to assist possible attainment of zero-resistivity for Pr124/Pr123.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.physc.2009.11.158"}, "_input_hash": 1352436687, "_task_hash": -842144769, "tokens": [[{"text": "A", "start": 0, "end": 1, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "superconductive", "start": 2, "end": 17, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "sign", "start": 18, "end": 22, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "found", "start": 23, "end": 28, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 29, "end": 31, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electric", "start": 32, "end": 40, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "resistivity", "start": 41, "end": 52, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "behavior", "start": 53, "end": 61, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 62, "end": 64, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "mixed", "start": 65, "end": 70, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ceramic", "start": 71, "end": 78, "id": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Pr124", "start": 79, "end": 84, "id": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "/", "start": 85, "end": 86, "id": 12, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Pr123", "start": 87, "end": 92, "id": 13, "annotation": null}, {"text": "is", "start": 93, "end": 95, "id": 14, "annotation": null}, {"text": "searched", "start": 96, "end": 104, "id": 15, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 105, "end": 108, "id": 16, "annotation": null}, {"text": "discussed", "start": 109, "end": 118, "id": 17, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 119, "end": 120, "id": 18, "annotation": null}, {"text": "to", "start": 121, "end": 123, "id": 19, "annotation": null}, {"text": "advance", "start": 124, "end": 131, "id": 20, "annotation": null}, {"text": "preceding", "start": 132, "end": 141, "id": 21, "annotation": null}, {"text": "discussion", "start": 142, "end": 152, "id": 22, "annotation": null}, {"text": "about", "start": 153, "end": 158, "id": 23, "annotation": null}, 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{"text": ".", "start": 667, "end": 668, "id": 103, "annotation": null}]], "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"]}
-{"text": "For the understanding of Ce-doped high-Tc cuprates with the so-called TA-structure, we have performed 63,65Cu and 139La NMR measurements in T\u2032-Pr1.3-xLa0.7CexCuO4+\u03b4 single crystals with x = 0.10 and 0.15. The N\u00e9el temperature (TN) was evaluated from the temperature (T) dependence of the 139La NMR line width. For x = 0.10, TN decreased from 190 K in the as-grown crystal to 60 K in the oxygen-reduced crystal annealed at 800\u00b0C. For x = 0.15, TN of 170 K in the as-grown crystal decreased to zero through the same heat treatment. The oxygen reduction strongly suppressed the antiferromagnetic (AF) order. 63,65Cu NMR spectra had a narrow center line and broad satellites with a small electric field gradient in the paramagnetic state. In the AF state, in contrast, 63,65Cu NMR spectra had a large electric field gradient. The T dependence of the 63Cu nuclear spin-lattice relaxation rate (1/T1) showed the existence of large spin fluctuations in the paramagnetic state. The spin fluctuations seem to play a key role in the appearance of superconductivity in the TA-cuprates.", "meta": {"doi": "10.7566/JPSJ.85.024708"}, "_input_hash": -967235348, "_task_hash": 1497644537, "tokens": [[{"text": "For", "start": 39, "end": 42, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 43, "end": 46, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "understanding", "start": 47, "end": 60, "id": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 61, "end": 63, "id": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Ce", "start": 64, "end": 66, "id": 12, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 67, "end": 68, "id": 13, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 69, "end": 74, "id": 14, "annotation": null}, {"text": "high", "start": 75, "end": 79, "id": 15, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 80, "end": 81, "id": 16, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Tc", "start": 82, "end": 84, "id": 17, "annotation": null}, {"text": "cuprates", "start": 85, "end": 93, "id": 18, 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-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "\u00a9 2017 IOP Publishing Ltd. Excitation parameters shown by a plasmonic structure are different in the near infrared (NIR) region as compared with that of the visible region. Fluoride-based glass materials show high transparency in the infrared (IR) region, which plays an important role from an experimental point of view. In order to explore optical sensors based on a heavy metal doped fluoride substrate, performance of a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) based sensor having HBL glass as the substrate material to couple direct light in the NIR region is discussed. The proposed sensor's structure is based on Kretschmann configuration with gold (Au) deposited on an HBL glass substrate. Experimental refractive index values of water samples containing different NaCl concentrations are taken as the sensing medium for design and modelling of the sensor. The analysis was carried out for some different samples also. An HBL-based SPR sensor is able to provide significantly enhanced sensing performance compared with other conventional glass substrates operated in different spectral regions (SF10 in visible and SiO2in NIR). The study paves the way for designing SPR sensor probes based on fluoride optical fibers in the IR region for different biological and chemical applications.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Fluoride", "start": 173, "end": 181, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 181, "end": 182, "annotation": null}, {"text": "based", "start": 182, "end": 187, "annotation": null}, {"text": "glass", "start": 188, "end": 193, "annotation": null}, {"text": "materials", "start": 194, "end": 203, "annotation": null}, {"text": "show", "start": 204, "end": 208, "annotation": null}, {"text": "high", "start": 209, "end": 213, "annotation": null}, {"text": "transparency", "start": 214, "end": 226, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 227, "end": 229, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 230, "end": 233, "annotation": null}, {"text": "infrared", "start": 234, "end": 242, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 243, "end": 244, "annotation": null}, 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+{"text": "For the understanding of Ce-doped high-Tc cuprates with the so-called TA-structure, we have performed 63,65Cu and 139La NMR measurements in T\u2032-Pr1.3-xLa0.7CexCuO4+\u03b4 single crystals with x = 0.10 and 0.15. The N\u00e9el temperature (TN) was evaluated from the temperature (T) dependence of the 139La NMR line width. For x = 0.10, TN decreased from 190 K in the as-grown crystal to 60 K in the oxygen-reduced crystal annealed at 800\u00b0C. For x = 0.15, TN of 170 K in the as-grown crystal decreased to zero through the same heat treatment. The oxygen reduction strongly suppressed the antiferromagnetic (AF) order. 63,65Cu NMR spectra had a narrow center line and broad satellites with a small electric field gradient in the paramagnetic state. In the AF state, in contrast, 63,65Cu NMR spectra had a large electric field gradient. The T dependence of the 63Cu nuclear spin-lattice relaxation rate (1/T1) showed the existence of large spin fluctuations in the paramagnetic state. The spin fluctuations seem to play a key role in the appearance of superconductivity in the TA-cuprates.", "meta": {"doi": "10.7566/JPSJ.85.024708"}, "_input_hash": -967235348, "_task_hash": 1497644537, "tokens": [[{"text": "For", "start": 39, "end": 42, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 43, "end": 46, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "understanding", "start": 47, "end": 60, "id": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 61, "end": 63, "id": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Ce", "start": 64, "end": 66, "id": 12, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 67, "end": 68, "id": 13, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 69, "end": 74, "id": 14, "annotation": null}, {"text": "high", "start": 75, "end": 79, "id": 15, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 80, "end": 81, "id": 16, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Tc", "start": 82, "end": 84, "id": 17, "annotation": null}, {"text": "cuprates", "start": 85, "end": 93, "id": 18, 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+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "\u00a9 2017 IOP Publishing Ltd. Excitation parameters shown by a plasmonic structure are different in the near infrared (NIR) region as compared with that of the visible region. Fluoride-based glass materials show high transparency in the infrared (IR) region, which plays an important role from an experimental point of view. In order to explore optical sensors based on a heavy metal doped fluoride substrate, performance of a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) based sensor having HBL glass as the substrate material to couple direct light in the NIR region is discussed. The proposed sensor's structure is based on Kretschmann configuration with gold (Au) deposited on an HBL glass substrate. Experimental refractive index values of water samples containing different NaCl concentrations are taken as the sensing medium for design and modelling of the sensor. The analysis was carried out for some different samples also. An HBL-based SPR sensor is able to provide significantly enhanced sensing performance compared with other conventional glass substrates operated in different spectral regions (SF10 in visible and SiO2in NIR). The study paves the way for designing SPR sensor probes based on fluoride optical fibers in the IR region for different biological and chemical applications.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Fluoride", "start": 173, "end": 181, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 181, "end": 182, "annotation": null}, {"text": "based", "start": 182, "end": 187, "annotation": null}, {"text": "glass", "start": 188, "end": 193, "annotation": null}, {"text": "materials", "start": 194, "end": 203, "annotation": null}, {"text": "show", "start": 204, "end": 208, "annotation": null}, {"text": "high", "start": 209, "end": 213, "annotation": null}, {"text": "transparency", "start": 214, "end": 226, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 227, "end": 229, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 230, "end": 233, "annotation": null}, {"text": "infrared", "start": 234, "end": 242, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 243, "end": 244, "annotation": null}, 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 {"text": "Photodeposition of Pt on the Sc-doped La5Ti2CuS5O7 (Sc-LTC) photocathode, a visible-light-responsive semiconducting oxysulfide, is accomplished in a solution containing H2PtCl6 and K2C2O4. Pt particles are selectively deposited on the top surface of rod-like Sc-LTC particles as a result of one-dimensional transfer of photogenerated electrons.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1039/C4CC10297E"}, "_input_hash": 1416170631, "_task_hash": 1955932384, "tokens": [[{"text": "Photodeposition", "start": 0, "end": 15, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 16, "end": 18, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Pt", "start": 19, "end": 21, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 22, "end": 24, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 25, "end": 28, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Sc", "start": 29, "end": 31, "id": 5, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 32, "end": 33, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 34, "end": 39, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "La5Ti2CuS5O7", "start": 40, "end": 52, "id": 8, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "(", "start": 53, "end": 54, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Sc", 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-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "\u00a9 2018 Elsevier B.V. Cerium (IV) oxide (CeO 2 ) is the most accessible noble rare earth metal oxide for the excitation of the excitons by light-harvesting performance. The present work is focused on Erbium doped ceria nanoparticles that were beneficially obtained by hydrothermal method from cerium nitrate and Erbium nitrate as precursors for decomposition of Rhodamine-B (RhB) dye in the polluted waste water removed from the industries. Dye removal efficiency of the catalyst was found to be nearly ~94%. The structural phases, functional groups and the transitions are identified with the help of various techniques. XRD pattern determines the development of cubic phase with the particle size is 20 nm. Highly crystalline nature of as-synthesized nanomaterials with an average diameter of 35 nm was investigated by HRSEM. The crystalline size, shape and textural morphology, of the Erbium doped ceria nanostructures were analysed by HRTEM. Our results suggest, that the concentration of OH\u2013 ion determines the lattice constants and oxygen vacancy in the nanostructures which stimulate the probability of photocatalytic decomposition effect of organic pollutants, due to synergistic approach. In this context, both unhydrolyzed things and their swiftly drip from deceased or scratched cells with conceded membranes, even when the cells embrace some are outstanding attention. Although, the loss of viable cells also depends on epithelial cell dynamically conceal of numerous molar matrix.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 168, "end": 171, "annotation": null}, {"text": "present", "start": 172, "end": 179, "annotation": null}, {"text": "work", "start": 180, "end": 184, "annotation": null}, {"text": "is", "start": 185, "end": 187, "annotation": null}, {"text": "focused", "start": 188, "end": 195, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 196, "end": 198, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Erbium", "start": 199, "end": 205, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "doped", "start": 206, "end": 211, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ceria", "start": 212, "end": 217, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "nanoparticles", "start": 218, "end": 231, "annotation": null}, {"text": "that", "start": 232, "end": 236, "annotation": null}, {"text": "were", "start": 237, "end": 241, "annotation": null}, {"text": "beneficially", "start": 242, 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-{"text": "Using a simple LCAO model by Harrison, we have qualitatively studied the edge state of bilayer phosphorene, which is a unit structure of the layered crystal of black phosphorus. This model successfully reproduces the isolated edge state in the bulk gap in monolayer phosphorene. In bilayer phosphorene, however, it shows that edge states are almost buried in the valence band and there is no isolated midgap edge state at the zigzag edge. Since the buried edge state works as acceptor, holes are doped from the edge state into the bulk. This gives a possible explanation for p-type conduction in undoped black phosphorus. Under the vertical electric field, the intrinsic hole doping is reduced because a part of edge states move into the gap. These features of bilayer phosphorene might be better suited for device application.", "meta": {"doi": "10.7566/JPSJ.84.013703"}, "_input_hash": -818847482, "_task_hash": 2145829864, "tokens": [[{"text": "Using", "start": 39, "end": 44, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 45, "end": 46, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "simple", "start": 47, "end": 53, "id": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "LCAO", "start": 54, "end": 58, "id": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "model", "start": 59, "end": 64, "id": 12, "annotation": null}, {"text": "by", "start": 65, "end": 67, "id": 13, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Harrison", "start": 68, "end": 76, "id": 14, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 77, "end": 78, "id": 15, "annotation": null}, {"text": "we", "start": 79, "end": 81, "id": 16, "annotation": null}, {"text": "have", "start": 82, "end": 86, "id": 17, "annotation": null}, {"text": "qualitatively", "start": 87, "end": 100, "id": 18, "annotation": null}, 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-{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "Centimeter-sized single crystals of pure and Er-doped KPb2Cl5 were successfully grown by the Bridgman\u2013Stockbarger method using silica ampoules sealed under HCl gas. The phase transition that occurs at 255\u00b0C (528.15K) was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry and found not to entail mechanical breakdown of the crystals. The KPb2Cl5 volumic mass and specific heat functions were measured from \u223c700 to 760K and \u223c120 to 760K, respectively. An updated Ellingham diagram for chlorides aimed at choosing the crucible material, synthesis and crystal growth atmosphere, and starting products is proposed.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Centimeter", "start": 0, "end": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 10, "end": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "sized", "start": 11, "end": 16, "annotation": null}, {"text": "single", "start": 17, "end": 23, "annotation": null}, {"text": "crystals", "start": 24, "end": 32, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 33, "end": 35, "annotation": null}, {"text": "pure", "start": 36, "end": 40, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 41, "end": 44, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Er", "start": 45, "end": 47, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 47, "end": 48, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 48, "end": 53, "annotation": null}, {"text": "KPb2Cl5", "start": 54, "end": 61, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "were", 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-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "Robust visible-light Gd\u2013La codoped TiO2 nanotubes were successfully synthesized via an ultrasonic hydrothermal method and the photocatalytic activities were evaluated by photodegrading Rhodamine B (RB). The calcined Gd\u2013La codoped TiO2 nanotubes have significantly enhanced photocatalytic activities than the uncalcined ones. The La3+ and Gd3+ in the lattices of rare earth oxides may be substituted by Ti4+, creating abundant oxygen vacancies and surface defects for electron trapping and dye adsorption, accelerating the separation of photogenerated electron\u2013hole pairs and RB photodegradation. The formation of an excitation energy level below the conduction band of TiO2 from the binding of electrons and oxygen vacancies decreases the excitation energy of Gd\u2013La codoped TiO2 nanotubes, resulting in robust photocatalysts. The results suggest that Gd\u2013La codoped TiO2 nanotubes calcined at 500\u00b0C are very promising for enhancing the photocatalytic activity of photocatalysts in visible-light region.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Robust", "start": 0, "end": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "visible", "start": 7, "end": 14, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 14, "end": 15, "annotation": null}, {"text": "light", "start": 15, "end": 20, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Gd", "start": 21, "end": 23, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "\u2013", "start": 23, "end": 24, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "La", "start": 24, "end": 26, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "codoped", "start": 27, "end": 34, "annotation": null}, {"text": "TiO2", "start": 35, "end": 39, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "nanotubes", "start": 40, "end": 49, "annotation": null}, {"text": "were", "start": 50, "end": 54, "annotation": null}, {"text": "successfully", "start": 55, "end": 67, 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+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "\u00a9 2018 Elsevier B.V. Cerium (IV) oxide (CeO 2 ) is the most accessible noble rare earth metal oxide for the excitation of the excitons by light-harvesting performance. The present work is focused on Erbium doped ceria nanoparticles that were beneficially obtained by hydrothermal method from cerium nitrate and Erbium nitrate as precursors for decomposition of Rhodamine-B (RhB) dye in the polluted waste water removed from the industries. Dye removal efficiency of the catalyst was found to be nearly ~94%. The structural phases, functional groups and the transitions are identified with the help of various techniques. XRD pattern determines the development of cubic phase with the particle size is 20 nm. Highly crystalline nature of as-synthesized nanomaterials with an average diameter of 35 nm was investigated by HRSEM. The crystalline size, shape and textural morphology, of the Erbium doped ceria nanostructures were analysed by HRTEM. Our results suggest, that the concentration of OH\u2013 ion determines the lattice constants and oxygen vacancy in the nanostructures which stimulate the probability of photocatalytic decomposition effect of organic pollutants, due to synergistic approach. In this context, both unhydrolyzed things and their swiftly drip from deceased or scratched cells with conceded membranes, even when the cells embrace some are outstanding attention. Although, the loss of viable cells also depends on epithelial cell dynamically conceal of numerous molar matrix.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 168, "end": 171, "annotation": null}, {"text": "present", "start": 172, "end": 179, "annotation": null}, {"text": "work", "start": 180, "end": 184, "annotation": null}, {"text": "is", "start": 185, "end": 187, "annotation": null}, {"text": "focused", "start": 188, "end": 195, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 196, "end": 198, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Erbium", "start": 199, "end": 205, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "doped", "start": 206, "end": 211, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ceria", "start": 212, "end": 217, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "nanoparticles", "start": 218, "end": 231, "annotation": null}, {"text": "that", "start": 232, "end": 236, "annotation": null}, {"text": "were", "start": 237, "end": 241, "annotation": null}, {"text": "beneficially", "start": 242, 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+{"text": "Using a simple LCAO model by Harrison, we have qualitatively studied the edge state of bilayer phosphorene, which is a unit structure of the layered crystal of black phosphorus. This model successfully reproduces the isolated edge state in the bulk gap in monolayer phosphorene. In bilayer phosphorene, however, it shows that edge states are almost buried in the valence band and there is no isolated midgap edge state at the zigzag edge. Since the buried edge state works as acceptor, holes are doped from the edge state into the bulk. This gives a possible explanation for p-type conduction in undoped black phosphorus. Under the vertical electric field, the intrinsic hole doping is reduced because a part of edge states move into the gap. 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+{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "Centimeter-sized single crystals of pure and Er-doped KPb2Cl5 were successfully grown by the Bridgman\u2013Stockbarger method using silica ampoules sealed under HCl gas. The phase transition that occurs at 255\u00b0C (528.15K) was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry and found not to entail mechanical breakdown of the crystals. The KPb2Cl5 volumic mass and specific heat functions were measured from \u223c700 to 760K and \u223c120 to 760K, respectively. An updated Ellingham diagram for chlorides aimed at choosing the crucible material, synthesis and crystal growth atmosphere, and starting products is proposed.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Centimeter", "start": 0, "end": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 10, "end": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "sized", "start": 11, "end": 16, "annotation": null}, {"text": "single", "start": 17, "end": 23, "annotation": null}, {"text": "crystals", "start": 24, "end": 32, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 33, "end": 35, "annotation": null}, {"text": "pure", "start": 36, "end": 40, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 41, "end": 44, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Er", "start": 45, "end": 47, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 47, "end": 48, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 48, "end": 53, "annotation": null}, {"text": "KPb2Cl5", "start": 54, "end": 61, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "were", 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+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "Robust visible-light Gd\u2013La codoped TiO2 nanotubes were successfully synthesized via an ultrasonic hydrothermal method and the photocatalytic activities were evaluated by photodegrading Rhodamine B (RB). The calcined Gd\u2013La codoped TiO2 nanotubes have significantly enhanced photocatalytic activities than the uncalcined ones. The La3+ and Gd3+ in the lattices of rare earth oxides may be substituted by Ti4+, creating abundant oxygen vacancies and surface defects for electron trapping and dye adsorption, accelerating the separation of photogenerated electron\u2013hole pairs and RB photodegradation. The formation of an excitation energy level below the conduction band of TiO2 from the binding of electrons and oxygen vacancies decreases the excitation energy of Gd\u2013La codoped TiO2 nanotubes, resulting in robust photocatalysts. The results suggest that Gd\u2013La codoped TiO2 nanotubes calcined at 500\u00b0C are very promising for enhancing the photocatalytic activity of photocatalysts in visible-light region.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Robust", "start": 0, "end": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "visible", "start": 7, "end": 14, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 14, "end": 15, "annotation": null}, {"text": "light", "start": 15, "end": 20, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Gd", "start": 21, "end": 23, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "\u2013", "start": 23, "end": 24, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "La", "start": 24, "end": 26, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "codoped", "start": 27, "end": 34, "annotation": null}, {"text": "TiO2", "start": 35, "end": 39, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "nanotubes", "start": 40, "end": 49, "annotation": null}, {"text": "were", "start": 50, "end": 54, "annotation": null}, {"text": "successfully", "start": 55, "end": 67, 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 {"text": "We investigate the growth of Cr\u2013N codoped anatase TiO2(001) thin films, prepared with a pulsed-laser-deposition (PLD) method using a mixed Cr2O3 and TiN ceramic target (6at.% Cr), and characterized using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), X-ray and ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (XPS/UPS), and ultraviolet\u2013visible (UV\u2013Vis) absorption spectroscopy. We find that the doping concentration of N in the films can be finely tuned by the O2 pressure and the growth temperature. By optimizing the growth conditions, we obtain the anatase TiO2(001) films with relatively smooth (1\u00d74) reconstructed surface at equally codoped contents of 6at.% Cr and 6at.% N. The roughness of the surface is about 0.9nm in root mean square, and the typical size of the (1\u00d74) terraces is about 20nm. The XPS results indicate that Cr and N should be both substitutionally doped in the film. From the UPS spectrum for the codoped film, the valence band maximum is significantly lifted by about 1.3eV, indicating a narrowing band gap of 1.9eV. The optical absorption spectrum shows that the codoped film noticeably absorbs the light at less than 710nm. Derived from the optical absorption spectrum, an estimated band gap value of 1.78eV is obtained, which is consistent with the UPS result.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.susc.2013.05.008"}, "_input_hash": 1574624331, "_task_hash": 591158318, "tokens": [[{"text": "We", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "investigate", "start": 3, "end": 14, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 15, "end": 18, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "growth", "start": 19, "end": 25, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 26, "end": 28, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Cr", "start": 29, "end": 31, "id": 5, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "\u2013", "start": 32, "end": 33, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "N", "start": 34, "end": 35, "id": 7, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "codoped", "start": 36, "end": 43, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "anatase", "start": 44, "end": 51, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "TiO2(001", 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The effect of these crystal precipitates on the final properties of this type of soft ferrite was also analysed, revealing a deterioration in its electromagnetic performance.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2016.07.033"}, "_input_hash": 36630085, "_task_hash": 2138042474, "tokens": [[{"text": "This", "start": 0, "end": 4, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "paper", "start": 5, "end": 10, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "presents", "start": 11, "end": 19, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 20, "end": 21, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "study", "start": 22, "end": 27, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 28, "end": 30, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 31, "end": 34, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "precipitation", "start": 35, "end": 48, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 49, "end": 51, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ZnO", "start": 52, "end": 55, "id": 9, "annotation": 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 {"text": "Relationships between microstructure and transport properties of bicrystal grain boundary (BGB) junctions were studied in cobalt-doped BaFe2As2 (BaFe2As2:Co) epitaxial films grown on [001]-tilt bicrystal substrates of MgO and (La, Sr)(Al, Ta)O3 with misorientation angles \u03b8 GB =3\u201345\u00b0. The \u03b8 GB of BaFe2As2:Co BGBs were exactly transferred from those of the bicrystal substrates. No segregation of impurities was detected at the BGB junction interfaces, and the chemical compositions of the BGBs were uniform and the same as those in the bulk film regions. A transition from a strongly-coupled GB behavior to a weak-link behavior was observed in current density\u2013voltage characteristics under self-field around \u03b8 GB \u223c9\u00b0. The critical current density decreased from (1.2\u20131.6)\u00d7106 A/cm2 of the intragrain transport to (0.7\u20131.1)\u00d7105 A/cm2 of \u03b8 GB =45\u00b0 because supercurrent becomes more governed by Josephson current with increasing \u03b8 GB.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.mseb.2011.12.009"}, "_input_hash": -393923486, "_task_hash": -797276832, "tokens": [[{"text": "Relationships", "start": 0, "end": 13, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "between", "start": 14, "end": 21, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 22, "end": 36, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 37, "end": 40, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "transport", "start": 41, "end": 50, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "properties", "start": 51, "end": 61, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 62, "end": 64, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "bicrystal", "start": 65, "end": 74, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "grain", "start": 75, 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 {"text": "InP/InGaAs/InP double heterojunction bipolar transistors (DHBTs) were designed for wide band digital and analog circuits, and fabricated using a conventional mesa structure with benzocyclobutene (BCB) passivation and planarization process techniques. Our devices exhibit a maximum f t of 203 GHz, which is the highest f t for DHBTs in mainland China. The emitter size is 1.0 \u00d7 20 \u03bcm 2 . The DC current gain \u03b2 is 166, and BV CEO 4.34 V. The devices reported here employ a 40 nm highly doped InGaAs base region and a 203 nm InGaAsP composite structure. They are suitable for high speed and intermediate power applications.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1088/1674-4926/30/1/014002"}, "_input_hash": -926089731, "_task_hash": -741761535, "tokens": [[{"text": "InP", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "/", "start": 4, "end": 5, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "InGaAs", "start": 6, "end": 12, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "/", "start": 13, "end": 14, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "InP", "start": 15, "end": 18, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "double", "start": 19, "end": 25, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "heterojunction", "start": 26, "end": 40, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "bipolar", "start": 41, "end": 48, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "transistors", "start": 49, "end": 60, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 61, "end": 62, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "DHBTs", "start": 63, "end": 68, "id": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 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 {"text": "Yttrium-doped ZnO (YZO) thin film transistors (TFTs) are fabricated on sol-gel derived yttrium oxide (Y2O3) dielectric layers by solution process. The sol-gel derived Y2O3 layer annealed at 300\u00b0C showed a leakage current density of less than 10-6 A cm-2 at 10 V. Increasing the annealing temperature led to a decrease in the leakage current density by more than two orders of magnitude. The Y2O3 dielectrics annealed at 300\u00b0C exhibited crystalline phase, smooth surface and a high dielectric constant. The YZO TFTs built on a sol-gel derived Y2O3 layer showed charge carrier mobility of 6.19 to 27.10 cm2 V-1 s-1 upon annealing of YZO at 350 to 500\u00b0C. The chemical composition was determined by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to confirm the doping of Y in the ZnO at all annealing temperatures. The results reveal the potential of Y2O3 dielectric for developing low-temperature and high-performance electronic devices.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1088/1361-6641/aad998"}, "_input_hash": -80674173, "_task_hash": -689034511, "tokens": [[{"text": "Yttrium", "start": 27, "end": 34, "id": 5, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 35, "end": 36, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 37, "end": 42, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ZnO", "start": 43, "end": 46, "id": 8, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "(", "start": 47, "end": 48, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "YZO", "start": 49, "end": 52, "id": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 53, "end": 54, "id": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "thin", "start": 55, "end": 59, "id": 12, "annotation": null}, {"text": "film", "start": 60, "end": 64, "id": 13, "annotation": null}, {"text": "transistors", "start": 65, "end": 76, "id": 14, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 77, "end": 78, 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 {"text": "In this study, Sr1.94MgSi2O7: 0.02Eu2+, 0.04Dy3+ and Sr1.928MgSi2O7: 0.02Eu2+, 0.04Dy3+, 0.012Nd3+ long afterglow luminescent materials were successfully synthesized via the sol\u2013gel method under reducing atmosphere at 1100\u00b0C for 3h. No phase structure effect of Sr2MgSi2O7, or significant lattice distortion occurred while a small amount of rare earth ions were doped. Moreover, co-doping Sr2MgSi2O7: Eu2+, Dy3+ with Nd3+ has virtually no effect on the morphology of Sr2MgSi2O7: Eu2+, Dy3+. Co-doping Sr2MgSi2O7: Eu2+, Dy3+ with Nd3+ has also no evident effect on the position of the fluorescence emission peak. However, the applied concentration of Nd3+ co-doping created deeper traps and enhanced the afterglow properties of Sr2MgSi2O7: Eu2+, Dy3+.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.ceramint.2016.09.051"}, "_input_hash": 1694064468, "_task_hash": 2038862717, "tokens": [[{"text": "In", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "this", "start": 3, "end": 7, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "study", "start": 8, "end": 13, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 14, "end": 15, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Sr1.94MgSi2O7", "start": 16, "end": 29, "id": 4, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": ":", "start": 30, "end": 31, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "0.02Eu2", "start": 32, "end": 39, "id": 6, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "+", "start": 40, "end": 41, "id": 7, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": ",", "start": 42, "end": 43, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "0.04Dy3", "start": 44, "end": 51, "id": 9, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "+", 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 {"text": "The fabrication of electrocatalysts that are active for more than one of the water splitting reactions has gained significant momentum. Here we demonstrate such a material produced via an electrochemical process that is based on amorphous cobalt sulfide films doped with oxygen which are active for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) under alkaline conditions. The optimum electrochemical protocol was found to be a repetitive potential cycling approach rather than a constant potential to create an amorphous CoSx film containing oxygen. Samples with a Co : S ratio of 1.56 : 1 were found to be active for the HER in 0.5 M H2SO4, phosphate buffer and 0.1 M NaOH. Significantly this activity is comparable to highly crystalline nanomaterials of cobalt sulfide. Density functional theory calculations indicated that a reduced S-Co coordination number, as encountered in amorphous materials, leads to an optimum binding energy for hydrogen adsorption on the material which facilitates good electron transfer kinetics. In addition, this material was also active for the OER in alkaline conditions with evidence of conversion to cobalt oxide which gave a low overpotential of 370 mV for an applied current density of 10 mA cm-2 with a Tafel slope of 67 mV dec-1. This simple approach shows promise for the fabrication of a dual action electrocatalyst for electrochemical water splitting under alkaline conditions.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1039/c7ra10394h"}, "_input_hash": 550920985, "_task_hash": 1679710118, "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 40, "end": 43, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "fabrication", "start": 44, "end": 55, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 56, "end": 58, "id": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electrocatalysts", "start": 59, "end": 75, "id": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "that", "start": 76, "end": 80, "id": 12, "annotation": null}, {"text": "are", "start": 81, "end": 84, "id": 13, "annotation": null}, {"text": "active", "start": 85, "end": 91, "id": 14, "annotation": null}, {"text": "for", "start": 92, "end": 95, "id": 15, "annotation": null}, {"text": "more", "start": 96, "end": 100, "id": 16, "annotation": null}, {"text": "than", "start": 101, "end": 105, "id": 17, "annotation": null}, 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 {"text": "The alkali-doped electrosodalites form a unique class of magnetic materials where the magnetism comes from nonatom centered unpaired F-center electrons found inside body-centered cubic arrangements of alkali ion clusters supported by sodalite host lattices. In the present work the crystal structure of potassium-electrosodalite (PES) has been determined at 20 K using synchrotron powder diffraction. Using the linearized augmented plane wave method the electronic structure of sodium-electrosodalite (SES) and PES is calculated. While nonmagnetic and ferromagnetic phases of SES and PES are found to be metallic, DFT in both the LSDA and the GGA version correctly predicts the nonmetallic AFM phase to be the electronic ground state. Despite PES having a larger unit cell than SES the temperature of magnetic ordering is higher. This is found to be due to both a broadening of the bands belonging to the F-center states and to lower on-site correlations. Calculated optical properties are reported and the formation of F centers inside sodalite cages causes the materials to absorb light with energies around 1 eV and above, depending on structure. Non-nuclear maxima are found in the total electron density of both SES and PES and the spin density is found mainly in the center of the sodalite cage.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1103/PhysRevB.64.195102"}, "_input_hash": 796408058, "_task_hash": 1092793059, "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "alkali", "start": 4, "end": 10, "id": 1, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 11, "end": 12, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 13, "end": 18, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electrosodalites", "start": 19, "end": 35, "id": 4, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "form", "start": 36, "end": 40, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 41, "end": 42, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "unique", "start": 43, "end": 49, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "class", "start": 50, "end": 55, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 56, "end": 58, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": 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-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "The Eu2+-doped glasses and glass ceramics containing SrF 2 nanocrystals were prepared and their luminescence properties were investigated. The formation of SrF2 nanocrystals in glass ceramics was confirmed by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The melting in a reducing atmosphere and then the crystallization of glass resulted in the reduction of almost all Eu3+ ions to Eu2+ ions in the glass ceramics. The Eu2+-doped glass ceramics containing SrF 2 nanocrystals exhibited a much stronger broad blue emission band and a longer lifetime of excited state than the glasses. \u00a9 2010 The American Ceramic Society.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Eu2+", "start": 4, "end": 8, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 8, "end": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 9, "end": 14, "annotation": null}, {"text": "glasses", "start": 15, "end": 22, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 23, "end": 26, "annotation": null}, {"text": "glass", "start": 27, "end": 32, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ceramics", "start": 33, "end": 41, "annotation": null}, {"text": "containing", "start": 42, "end": 52, "annotation": null}, {"text": "SrF", "start": 53, "end": 56, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "2", "start": 57, "end": 58, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "nanocrystals", "start": 59, 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-{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "Nontrivial mechanisms of low-temperature diffusion of impurities in solids have been discovered recently. We studied accelerated diffusion of phosphorus in a single crystal of silicon, which takes place during decomposition of an over-saturated inhomogeneous solid solution. A thin (1.5\u20132 \u03bcm) doped layer was formed by low-temperature diffusion from the gas phase. The distribution profile, which was determined by the method of differential conductivity, shows that heat treatment at 550\u00b0C leads to a decrease in the donor concentration in the subsurface region and to the impurity movement into the bulk of the sample. The diffusion coefficient has been calculated on the computer using experimental data, and in the range between 400\u00b0C and 700\u00b0C has been represented by the Arrhenius equation. The value of the frequency term is equal to 3.7\u00b710\u22126 cm2/sec, and the value of the activation energy is 1.81 eV. The presented results have been analyzed, as well as the data obtained from the measurements on carrier mobility (using the Hall effect) and the parameters of the crystal lattice (using the method of asymmetric double crystal x-ray spectrometer). A physical model for the dissociation diffusion is proposed, which is controlled by the decay, and analytical expressions are obtained which describe the main characteristics of the process.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Nontrivial", "start": 0, "end": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "mechanisms", "start": 11, "end": 21, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 22, "end": 24, "annotation": null}, {"text": "low", "start": 25, "end": 28, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 28, "end": 29, "annotation": null}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 29, "end": 40, "annotation": null}, {"text": "diffusion", "start": 41, "end": 50, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 51, "end": 53, "annotation": null}, {"text": "impurities", "start": 54, "end": 64, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 65, "end": 67, "annotation": null}, {"text": "solids", "start": 68, "end": 74, "annotation": null}, {"text": "have", "start": 75, "end": 79, 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-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "When the metal contact of a silicon solar cell is restricted to a fraction of the rear surface, the flow of electrons and holes towards that contact is constricted, which is beneficial for minority charge carriers but detrimental for majority carriers. It is possible to describe their 2D/3D transport and determine their concentration in the vertical and transversal dimensions of the solar cell by separately studying the central region near the contact and the peripheral region surrounding it. A virtue of such geometric approach is that it establishes a link between analytical models and computer simulations, providing both physical insight and sufficient accuracy to optimise partial rear contact devices. In this paper, we extend a previous version of the geometric model to solar cells having a full-area, locally contacted dopant diffusion on the rear surface. The case for n-type versus p-type wafers is considered, point contacts are compared with line contacts, including the impact of the metal/semiconductor resistance and bulk recombination is evaluated. Copyright \u00a9 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "When", "start": 0, "end": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 5, "end": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "metal", "start": 9, "end": 14, "annotation": null}, {"text": "contact", "start": 15, "end": 22, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 23, "end": 25, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 26, "end": 27, "annotation": null}, {"text": "silicon", "start": 28, "end": 35, "annotation": null}, {"text": "solar", "start": 36, "end": 41, "annotation": null}, {"text": "cell", "start": 42, "end": 46, "annotation": null}, {"text": "is", "start": 47, "end": 49, "annotation": null}, {"text": "restricted", "start": 50, "end": 60, "annotation": null}, {"text": "to", "start": 61, "end": 63, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 64, "end": 65, "annotation": null}, {"text": "fraction", "start": 66, "end": 74, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 75, 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-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "Polycrystalline Ti1\u2212xFexN films with different Fe atomic fractions (x) were fabricated by reactive facing-target sputtering. The lattice orientation changes from (200) to (111) with the increase of x, which makes the surface morphology evolve from spherical, triangular-pyramid-like islands to random-leafs-like ones. The films are ferromagnetic with a Curie temperature of higher than 305K, and the saturation magnetization (Ms) is very small. Obvious asymmetric M\u2013H curves are observed at low temperatures, and the shift of M\u2013H curves decreases with the increasing temperature because of the relaxation of the pinned moments at low temperatures. All of the samples show semiconducting-like behavior with a mechanism of variable-range hopping at low-temperature range. Magnetoresistance (MR) is very small. The small Ms and MR can be explained by the facts that the interaction between Fe3+\u2013N3\u2212\u2013Fe3+ is antiferromagnetic superexchange coupling, and no double exchange exists in Fe3+\u2013N3\u2212\u2013Ti3+, which is different from that in the Cr-doped TiN films.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Polycrystalline", "start": 0, "end": 15, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Ti1\u2212xFexN", "start": 16, "end": 25, "annotation": null}, {"text": "films", "start": 26, "end": 31, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 32, "end": 36, "annotation": null}, {"text": "different", "start": 37, "end": 46, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Fe", "start": 47, "end": 49, "annotation": null}, {"text": "atomic", "start": 50, "end": 56, "annotation": null}, {"text": "fractions", "start": 57, "end": 66, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 67, "end": 68, "annotation": null}, {"text": "x", "start": 68, "end": 69, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 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+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "The Eu2+-doped glasses and glass ceramics containing SrF 2 nanocrystals were prepared and their luminescence properties were investigated. The formation of SrF2 nanocrystals in glass ceramics was confirmed by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The melting in a reducing atmosphere and then the crystallization of glass resulted in the reduction of almost all Eu3+ ions to Eu2+ ions in the glass ceramics. The Eu2+-doped glass ceramics containing SrF 2 nanocrystals exhibited a much stronger broad blue emission band and a longer lifetime of excited state than the glasses. \u00a9 2010 The American Ceramic Society.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Eu2+", "start": 4, "end": 8, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 8, "end": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 9, "end": 14, "annotation": null}, {"text": "glasses", "start": 15, "end": 22, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 23, "end": 26, "annotation": null}, {"text": "glass", "start": 27, "end": 32, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ceramics", "start": 33, "end": 41, "annotation": null}, {"text": "containing", "start": 42, "end": 52, "annotation": null}, {"text": "SrF", "start": 53, "end": 56, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "2", "start": 57, "end": 58, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "nanocrystals", "start": 59, 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+{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "Nontrivial mechanisms of low-temperature diffusion of impurities in solids have been discovered recently. We studied accelerated diffusion of phosphorus in a single crystal of silicon, which takes place during decomposition of an over-saturated inhomogeneous solid solution. A thin (1.5\u20132 \u03bcm) doped layer was formed by low-temperature diffusion from the gas phase. The distribution profile, which was determined by the method of differential conductivity, shows that heat treatment at 550\u00b0C leads to a decrease in the donor concentration in the subsurface region and to the impurity movement into the bulk of the sample. The diffusion coefficient has been calculated on the computer using experimental data, and in the range between 400\u00b0C and 700\u00b0C has been represented by the Arrhenius equation. The value of the frequency term is equal to 3.7\u00b710\u22126 cm2/sec, and the value of the activation energy is 1.81 eV. The presented results have been analyzed, as well as the data obtained from the measurements on carrier mobility (using the Hall effect) and the parameters of the crystal lattice (using the method of asymmetric double crystal x-ray spectrometer). A physical model for the dissociation diffusion is proposed, which is controlled by the decay, and analytical expressions are obtained which describe the main characteristics of the process.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Nontrivial", "start": 0, "end": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "mechanisms", "start": 11, "end": 21, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 22, "end": 24, "annotation": null}, {"text": "low", "start": 25, "end": 28, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 28, "end": 29, "annotation": null}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 29, "end": 40, "annotation": null}, {"text": "diffusion", "start": 41, "end": 50, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 51, "end": 53, "annotation": null}, {"text": "impurities", "start": 54, "end": 64, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 65, "end": 67, "annotation": null}, {"text": "solids", "start": 68, "end": 74, "annotation": null}, {"text": "have", "start": 75, "end": 79, 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+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "When the metal contact of a silicon solar cell is restricted to a fraction of the rear surface, the flow of electrons and holes towards that contact is constricted, which is beneficial for minority charge carriers but detrimental for majority carriers. It is possible to describe their 2D/3D transport and determine their concentration in the vertical and transversal dimensions of the solar cell by separately studying the central region near the contact and the peripheral region surrounding it. A virtue of such geometric approach is that it establishes a link between analytical models and computer simulations, providing both physical insight and sufficient accuracy to optimise partial rear contact devices. In this paper, we extend a previous version of the geometric model to solar cells having a full-area, locally contacted dopant diffusion on the rear surface. The case for n-type versus p-type wafers is considered, point contacts are compared with line contacts, including the impact of the metal/semiconductor resistance and bulk recombination is evaluated. Copyright \u00a9 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "When", "start": 0, "end": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 5, "end": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "metal", "start": 9, "end": 14, "annotation": null}, {"text": "contact", "start": 15, "end": 22, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 23, "end": 25, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 26, "end": 27, "annotation": null}, {"text": "silicon", "start": 28, "end": 35, "annotation": null}, {"text": "solar", "start": 36, "end": 41, "annotation": null}, {"text": "cell", "start": 42, "end": 46, "annotation": null}, {"text": "is", "start": 47, "end": 49, "annotation": null}, {"text": "restricted", "start": 50, "end": 60, "annotation": null}, {"text": "to", "start": 61, "end": 63, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 64, "end": 65, "annotation": null}, {"text": "fraction", "start": 66, "end": 74, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 75, 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+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "Polycrystalline Ti1\u2212xFexN films with different Fe atomic fractions (x) were fabricated by reactive facing-target sputtering. The lattice orientation changes from (200) to (111) with the increase of x, which makes the surface morphology evolve from spherical, triangular-pyramid-like islands to random-leafs-like ones. The films are ferromagnetic with a Curie temperature of higher than 305K, and the saturation magnetization (Ms) is very small. Obvious asymmetric M\u2013H curves are observed at low temperatures, and the shift of M\u2013H curves decreases with the increasing temperature because of the relaxation of the pinned moments at low temperatures. All of the samples show semiconducting-like behavior with a mechanism of variable-range hopping at low-temperature range. Magnetoresistance (MR) is very small. The small Ms and MR can be explained by the facts that the interaction between Fe3+\u2013N3\u2212\u2013Fe3+ is antiferromagnetic superexchange coupling, and no double exchange exists in Fe3+\u2013N3\u2212\u2013Ti3+, which is different from that in the Cr-doped TiN films.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Polycrystalline", "start": 0, "end": 15, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Ti1\u2212xFexN", "start": 16, "end": 25, "annotation": null}, {"text": "films", "start": 26, "end": 31, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 32, "end": 36, "annotation": null}, {"text": "different", "start": 37, "end": 46, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Fe", "start": 47, "end": 49, "annotation": null}, {"text": "atomic", "start": 50, "end": 56, "annotation": null}, {"text": "fractions", "start": 57, "end": 66, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 67, "end": 68, "annotation": null}, {"text": "x", "start": 68, "end": 69, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 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 {"text": "Overall, boosting the formation of the active NiOOH layer distinctly improves the electro catalytic activity of nickel-based materials. Moreover, due to the adsorption capacity, the carbonaceous supports improve the electrocatalytic activities of several function materials including nickel. In this manuscript, nitrogen doping is introduced as an effective strategy to enhance formation of the NiOOH active layer on the surface of nickel nanoparticles decorating carbon nanofibers. Typically, addition of urea to the nickel acetate/poly(vinyl alcohol)/water sol-gel leads to obtain nitrogen-doped and nickel-decorated carbon nanofibers after electrospinning the prepared solution and calcination the nanofiber mats under Ar at 750 \u00b0C. The invoked characterizations including XRD, TEM, SEM and XPS affirmed formation of smooth nitrogen-doped carbon nanofibers decorated by crystalline nickel nanoparticles. Nitrogen doping strongly enhanced the formation of NiOOH active layer on the surface of the metallic nanoparticles which distinctly improved the electrocatalytic activity toward urea oxidation. However, the electrochemical measurements indicated that the content of the urea in the initial electrospun solution should be optimized as the results showed that the best nickel surface activation as well as the maximum observed current density can be achieved when the urea content is kept at 5 wt%. Typically, the observed current densities using 1.0 M urea (in 1 M KOH) were 3.15, 29.7, 13.75, 47.55, 14.13 and 9.85 mA/cm2 for the nanofibers obtained from electrospun solutions having 0, 1, 2, 5, 7 and 9 wt% urea, respectively. Moreover, the proposed nitrogen doping strategy leads to perform a distinguish decrease in the onset potential of the urea electrooxidation which reduces the required energy for the electrolysis process.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.07.076"}, "_input_hash": -1834515628, "_task_hash": -1069720193, "tokens": [[{"text": "Overall", "start": 0, "end": 7, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 8, "end": 9, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "boosting", "start": 10, "end": 18, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 19, "end": 22, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "formation", "start": 23, "end": 32, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 33, "end": 35, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 36, "end": 39, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "active", "start": 40, "end": 46, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "NiOOH", "start": 47, "end": 52, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "layer", "start": 53, 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 {"text": "This Letter reports on the preparation and properties of germanium-doped silica thin films by a new technique namely inductively coupled plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (ICP-CVD). 13.56 MHz ICP was generated inside the chamber upon the supplying of 1 KW r.f. power at 2.5 Pa. The Films have been deposited on Si-wafers from the tetraethoxysilane, tetramethoxygermane and oxygen system at 400 \u00b0C. The behaviors of \u223c200 and \u223c240 nm UV absorptions under different treatment conditions comprising annealing temperatures and excimer laser exposure have been systematically investigated. A low propagation loss of \u223c0.1 dB/cm at 1550 nm has been achieved.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/S0009-2614(02)01837-7"}, "_input_hash": 1435429638, "_task_hash": -642334234, "tokens": [[{"text": "This", "start": 0, "end": 4, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Letter", "start": 5, "end": 11, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "reports", "start": 12, "end": 19, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 20, "end": 22, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 23, "end": 26, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "preparation", "start": 27, "end": 38, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 39, "end": 42, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "properties", "start": 43, "end": 53, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 54, "end": 56, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "germanium", "start": 57, "end": 66, "id": 9, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 67, "end": 68, "id": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": 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 {"text": "Ga doped ZnO (GZO) thin films were prepared by rf-magnetron sputtering on glass substrate for window heater applications. Electrical and optical properties of these films were analyzed in order to investigate on substrate temperature and rf power dependencies. High quality GZO films with a resistivity of 1.30\u00d710\u22124 \u03a9 cm and a transparency above 90% in the visible range were able to be formed. GZO films have been patterned on glass substrate as a line heater. This GZO line heater showed the rapid heat radiation property from room temperature to 90 \u00b0C for 22 s at the applied voltage of 42 V. These results could provide a possibility to use GZO as effective transparent heaters.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.tsf.2007.03.100"}, "_input_hash": -1749293764, "_task_hash": 129082547, "tokens": [[{"text": "Ga", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "doped", "start": 3, "end": 8, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ZnO", "start": 9, "end": 12, "id": 2, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "(", "start": 13, "end": 14, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "GZO", "start": 15, "end": 18, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 19, "end": 20, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "thin", "start": 21, "end": 25, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "films", "start": 26, "end": 31, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "were", "start": 32, "end": 36, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "prepared", "start": 37, "end": 45, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "by", "start": 46, "end": 48, "id": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "rf", 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-{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "\u00a9 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. Fiber lasers operating via Raman gain or based on rare-earth-doped active fibers are widely used as sources of CW radiation. However, these lasers are only quasi-CW: their intensity fluctuates strongly on short time scales. Here the framework of the complex Ginzburg-Landau equations, which are well known as an efficient model of mode-locked fiber lasers, is applied for the description of quasi-CW fiber lasers. The vector Ginzburg-Landau model of a Raman fiber laser describes the experimentally observed turbulent-like intensity dynamics, as well as polarization rogue waves. Our results open debates about the common underlying physics of operation of very different laser types - quasi-CW lasers and passively mode-locked lasers. Fiber lasers operating via Raman gain or based on rare-earth-doped active fibers are widely used as sources of CW radiation. However, these lasers are only quasi-CW: their intensity fluctuates strongly on short time scales. Here the framework of the complex Ginzburg-Landau equations, which are well known as an efficient model of mode-locked fiber lasers, is applied for the description of quasi-CW fiber lasers. Our results open debates about the common underlying physics of operation of very different laser types - quasi-CW lasers and passively mode-locked lasers.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "KGaA", "start": 35, "end": 39, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 39, "end": 40, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "Fiber", "start": 41, "end": 46, "annotation": null}, {"text": "lasers", "start": 47, "end": 53, "annotation": null}, {"text": "operating", "start": 54, "end": 63, "annotation": null}, {"text": "via", "start": 64, "end": 67, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Raman", "start": 68, "end": 73, "annotation": null}, {"text": "gain", "start": 74, "end": 78, "annotation": null}, {"text": "or", "start": 79, "end": 81, "annotation": null}, {"text": "based", "start": 82, "end": 87, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 88, "end": 90, "annotation": null}, {"text": "rare", "start": 91, "end": 95, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 95, "end": 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-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "The bad resistance to SO2 was still the primary defect of Mn/TiO2 catalyst for selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH3. To address that, a series of MnNb/TiO2 catalyst samples with different Nb/Mn molar ratio were prepared by sol-gel method and used in NH3-SCR reaction. Experimental results indicated that the MnNb/TiO2-0.12 catalyst exhibited outstanding SCR activity and SO2 resistance. The introduction of Nb into Mn/TiO2 catalyst could promote the formation of more Mn4+ and chemisorbed oxygen species on its surface, along with the generation of more NO2. In addition, the doping of Nb on Mn/TiO2 catalyst could remarkably intensify its surface acidity. All these factors were conducive to improving the SCR performance of MnNb/TiO2-0.12 catalyst. The results of DRIFT study revealed that the NH3-SCR reaction over MnNb/TiO2-0.12 catalyst took place through both Eley\u2013Rideal and Langmuir-Hinshelwood pathways, in which Eley\u2013Rideal pathway was predominant. In the presence of SO2, it seemed that the NH3-SCR reaction over Mn/TiO2 and MnNb/TiO2-0.12 mainly happened between adsorbed NO2 and gaseous NH3 (Eley\u2013Rideal mechanism), thus the formation of more NO2 over MnNb/TiO2-0.12 catalyst should mainly account for its super SO2 tolerance.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "bad", "start": 4, "end": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "resistance", "start": 8, "end": 18, "annotation": null}, {"text": "to", "start": 19, "end": 21, "annotation": null}, {"text": "SO2", "start": 22, "end": 25, "annotation": null}, {"text": "was", "start": 26, "end": 29, "annotation": null}, {"text": "still", "start": 30, "end": 35, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 36, "end": 39, "annotation": null}, {"text": "primary", "start": 40, "end": 47, "annotation": null}, {"text": "defect", "start": 48, "end": 54, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 55, "end": 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+{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "\u00a9 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA. Fiber lasers operating via Raman gain or based on rare-earth-doped active fibers are widely used as sources of CW radiation. However, these lasers are only quasi-CW: their intensity fluctuates strongly on short time scales. Here the framework of the complex Ginzburg-Landau equations, which are well known as an efficient model of mode-locked fiber lasers, is applied for the description of quasi-CW fiber lasers. The vector Ginzburg-Landau model of a Raman fiber laser describes the experimentally observed turbulent-like intensity dynamics, as well as polarization rogue waves. Our results open debates about the common underlying physics of operation of very different laser types - quasi-CW lasers and passively mode-locked lasers. Fiber lasers operating via Raman gain or based on rare-earth-doped active fibers are widely used as sources of CW radiation. However, these lasers are only quasi-CW: their intensity fluctuates strongly on short time scales. Here the framework of the complex Ginzburg-Landau equations, which are well known as an efficient model of mode-locked fiber lasers, is applied for the description of quasi-CW fiber lasers. Our results open debates about the common underlying physics of operation of very different laser types - quasi-CW lasers and passively mode-locked lasers.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "KGaA", "start": 35, "end": 39, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 39, "end": 40, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "Fiber", "start": 41, "end": 46, "annotation": null}, {"text": "lasers", "start": 47, "end": 53, "annotation": null}, {"text": "operating", "start": 54, "end": 63, "annotation": null}, {"text": "via", "start": 64, "end": 67, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Raman", "start": 68, "end": 73, "annotation": null}, {"text": "gain", "start": 74, "end": 78, "annotation": null}, {"text": "or", "start": 79, "end": 81, "annotation": null}, {"text": "based", "start": 82, "end": 87, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 88, "end": 90, "annotation": null}, {"text": "rare", "start": 91, "end": 95, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 95, "end": 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+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "The bad resistance to SO2 was still the primary defect of Mn/TiO2 catalyst for selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH3. To address that, a series of MnNb/TiO2 catalyst samples with different Nb/Mn molar ratio were prepared by sol-gel method and used in NH3-SCR reaction. Experimental results indicated that the MnNb/TiO2-0.12 catalyst exhibited outstanding SCR activity and SO2 resistance. The introduction of Nb into Mn/TiO2 catalyst could promote the formation of more Mn4+ and chemisorbed oxygen species on its surface, along with the generation of more NO2. In addition, the doping of Nb on Mn/TiO2 catalyst could remarkably intensify its surface acidity. All these factors were conducive to improving the SCR performance of MnNb/TiO2-0.12 catalyst. The results of DRIFT study revealed that the NH3-SCR reaction over MnNb/TiO2-0.12 catalyst took place through both Eley\u2013Rideal and Langmuir-Hinshelwood pathways, in which Eley\u2013Rideal pathway was predominant. In the presence of SO2, it seemed that the NH3-SCR reaction over Mn/TiO2 and MnNb/TiO2-0.12 mainly happened between adsorbed NO2 and gaseous NH3 (Eley\u2013Rideal mechanism), thus the formation of more NO2 over MnNb/TiO2-0.12 catalyst should mainly account for its super SO2 tolerance.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "bad", "start": 4, "end": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "resistance", "start": 8, "end": 18, "annotation": null}, {"text": "to", "start": 19, "end": 21, "annotation": null}, {"text": "SO2", "start": 22, "end": 25, "annotation": null}, {"text": "was", "start": 26, "end": 29, "annotation": null}, {"text": "still", "start": 30, "end": 35, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 36, "end": 39, "annotation": null}, {"text": "primary", "start": 40, "end": 47, "annotation": null}, {"text": "defect", "start": 48, "end": 54, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 55, "end": 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 {"text": "This work reports on the synthesis and characterization of NASICON obtained from solid state reaction between SiO2, Na3PO4\u00b712H2O and two types of zirconia: monoclinic ZrO2 and yttria-doped tetragonal phase (ZrO2)0.97(Y2O3)0.03. Powders and dense samples were characterized by SEM, XRD and DTA. Electrical conductivity was measured by impedance spectroscopy. Results obtained with different NASICON samples showed a significant role of composition and processing conditions on the electrical properties. Dense yttria-doped samples were obtained at a lower temperature than the undoped material. The electrical conductivity, close to 2\u00d710\u22123 S cm\u22121 at room temperature, is significantly higher than the value obtained with the material prepared from pure ZrO2. Attempts to compensate the charge unbalance due to replacement of Y3+ for Zr4+ with additions of Na+ failed. Instead, a drop in electrical conductivity due to an enhancement of the grain boundary impedance was observed. Formation of monoclinic zirconia and glassy phases along the grain boundary were responsible for this effect. Results suggest a major role of microstructure on electrical properties rather than composition.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/S0955-2219(00)00264-8"}, "_input_hash": -50520155, "_task_hash": 859278562, "tokens": [[{"text": "This", "start": 0, "end": 4, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "work", "start": 5, "end": 9, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "reports", "start": 10, "end": 17, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 18, "end": 20, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 21, "end": 24, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "synthesis", "start": 25, "end": 34, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 35, "end": 38, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "characterization", "start": 39, "end": 55, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 56, "end": 58, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "NASICON", "start": 59, "end": 66, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "obtained", "start": 67, "end": 75, "id": 10, 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-{"text": "All transparent photoelectric devices were achieved for the highly-performing photodetectors. The high transparent heterojunction photodetector of the configuration of NiO/ZnO/ITO/PET was realized by using the solid-state sputtering method. All metal oxide layers were formed at room temperature to be applied on the plastic substrate. The ITO layer was directly coated on the PET substrate to work as a transparent conductor. To form the transparent p/n junction, p-type NiO was reactively sputtered following by n-type ZnO deposition onto the ITO. This high visible-range transparent (74.8%) photodetector is extremely sensitive to detect the tiny UV light density of 10 \u03bcW/cm2 with the ultra-fast photoresponse time (19 \u03bcs) and high-photoresponse ratio (1944) due to the merit of excitonic absorption. The design scheme of zero-bias operating transparent heterojunction can be applied for visible electronic devices and solar cells.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.09.158"}, "_input_hash": -1821836632, "_task_hash": -1664278002, "tokens": [[{"text": "All", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "transparent", "start": 4, "end": 15, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "photoelectric", "start": 16, "end": 29, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "devices", "start": 30, "end": 37, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "were", "start": 38, "end": 42, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "achieved", "start": 43, "end": 51, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "for", "start": 52, "end": 55, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 56, "end": 59, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "highly", "start": 60, "end": 66, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 67, "end": 68, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "performing", 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-{"text": "Zn- and Ti-doped thermoelectric misfit cobalt oxides Ca3Co4\u2212x\u2212yZnxTiyO9 (x\u00a0=\u00a00 to 0.5, y\u00a0=\u00a00 to 0.5) were prepared by solid-phase reaction, followed by uniaxial compression molding and sintering at 1173\u00a0K for 20\u00a0h. Powder x-ray diffraction (XRD) data suggest that Zn and Ti dopants substitute in the rocksalt layer rather than in the CoO2 layer for x\u00a0\u2264\u00a00.1 and y\u00a0\u2264\u00a00.1, respectively. In Zn and Ti single-doped samples for x\u00a0\u2264\u00a00.1 and y\u00a0\u2264\u00a00.1, ZT at room temperature increased with x and y through an increase in the absolute Seebeck coefficient despite a decrease in electrical conductivity. In Zn and Ti double-doped samples, minor phases other than the misfit oxides were observed at approximately x\u00a0+\u00a0y\u00a0\u2265\u00a00.1. At x\u00a0\u2264\u00a00.1 and y\u00a0\u2264\u00a00.1, double doping improved the thermoelectric properties. 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+{"text": "All transparent photoelectric devices were achieved for the highly-performing photodetectors. The high transparent heterojunction photodetector of the configuration of NiO/ZnO/ITO/PET was realized by using the solid-state sputtering method. All metal oxide layers were formed at room temperature to be applied on the plastic substrate. The ITO layer was directly coated on the PET substrate to work as a transparent conductor. To form the transparent p/n junction, p-type NiO was reactively sputtered following by n-type ZnO deposition onto the ITO. This high visible-range transparent (74.8%) photodetector is extremely sensitive to detect the tiny UV light density of 10 \u03bcW/cm2 with the ultra-fast photoresponse time (19 \u03bcs) and high-photoresponse ratio (1944) due to the merit of excitonic absorption. The design scheme of zero-bias operating transparent heterojunction can be applied for visible electronic devices and solar cells.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.09.158"}, "_input_hash": -1821836632, "_task_hash": -1664278002, "tokens": [[{"text": "All", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "transparent", "start": 4, "end": 15, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "photoelectric", "start": 16, "end": 29, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "devices", "start": 30, "end": 37, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "were", "start": 38, "end": 42, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "achieved", "start": 43, "end": 51, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "for", "start": 52, "end": 55, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 56, "end": 59, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "highly", "start": 60, "end": 66, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 67, "end": 68, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "performing", 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+{"text": "Zn- and Ti-doped thermoelectric misfit cobalt oxides Ca3Co4\u2212x\u2212yZnxTiyO9 (x\u00a0=\u00a00 to 0.5, y\u00a0=\u00a00 to 0.5) were prepared by solid-phase reaction, followed by uniaxial compression molding and sintering at 1173\u00a0K for 20\u00a0h. Powder x-ray diffraction (XRD) data suggest that Zn and Ti dopants substitute in the rocksalt layer rather than in the CoO2 layer for x\u00a0\u2264\u00a00.1 and y\u00a0\u2264\u00a00.1, respectively. In Zn and Ti single-doped samples for x\u00a0\u2264\u00a00.1 and y\u00a0\u2264\u00a00.1, ZT at room temperature increased with x and y through an increase in the absolute Seebeck coefficient despite a decrease in electrical conductivity. In Zn and Ti double-doped samples, minor phases other than the misfit oxides were observed at approximately x\u00a0+\u00a0y\u00a0\u2265\u00a00.1. At x\u00a0\u2264\u00a00.1 and y\u00a0\u2264\u00a00.1, double doping improved the thermoelectric properties. 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 {"text": "Without using an external precursor a simple and one-step method for the synthesis of C-doped TiO2 submicrospheres has been developed via hydrolysis of titanium tetraisopropoxide in pure methanol followed by calcination under air at 500\u00b0C. Also, with the addition of d-glucose and NH4OH solution during the hydrolysis process, C- or N-doped and C, N co-doped TiO2 submicrospheres can be prepared by the same method. The size of the submicrosphere was homogeneous ranging from 300 to 400nm. The resulting submicrospheres were characterized by FE-SEM, TEM, XRD, XPS and UV\u2013vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The C- or N-doped and C, N co-doped submicrospheres showed obvious absorption in the wavelength up to around 650, 500 and 650nm, respectively. The activity of the photocatalysts was evaluated by the hydroxyl radical formation under visible light irradiation. Finally, the mechanism of sphere formation is discussed.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.apt.2009.12.009"}, "_input_hash": 487971749, "_task_hash": -480358568, "tokens": [[{"text": "Without", "start": 0, "end": 7, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "using", "start": 8, "end": 13, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "an", "start": 14, "end": 16, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "external", "start": 17, "end": 25, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "precursor", "start": 26, "end": 35, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 36, "end": 37, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "simple", "start": 38, "end": 44, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 45, "end": 48, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "one", "start": 49, "end": 52, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 53, "end": 54, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "step", "start": 55, "end": 59, "id": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "method", "start": 60, "end": 66, 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-{"text": "Nuclear spin-lattice relaxation times T 1 of 139 La in high-T c superconductor (La 1-x Sr x ) 2 CuO 4 (x=0.075,0.10) have been measured in zero field. T -11 in the superconducting state decreases rapidly, indicating a superconducting energy gap formation, but no signs of T -11 enhancement are observed just below T c . T -11 in the normal state shows slightly stronger temperature dependence than that expected from the Korringa relation (T 1 T= const.) observed in a highly Sr-doped, nonsuperconducting compound with x=0.15. All rights reserved.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1143/JPSJ.58.2662"}, "_input_hash": -91650711, "_task_hash": -1226174783, "tokens": [[{"text": "Nuclear", "start": 0, "end": 7, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "spin", "start": 8, "end": 12, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 13, "end": 14, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "lattice", "start": 15, "end": 22, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "relaxation", "start": 23, "end": 33, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "times", "start": 34, "end": 39, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "T", "start": 40, "end": 41, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "1", "start": 42, "end": 43, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 44, "end": 46, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "139", "start": 47, "end": 50, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "La", "start": 51, "end": 53, "id": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 54, "end": 56, "id": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "high", 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-{"text": "In this study, we investigate the influence of nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) thin film morphology and thickness on their electrical properties. NCD films are grown on p-type Si substrates with varied thicknesses from 250 to 788nm. Electrical contacts are formed from combination of Ti/Au metal layers (100nm thick each). The I\u2013V and breakdown field measurements are used to analyze the electrical properties of metal/NCD/Si sandwich structure. In addition, NCD films are analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy for better interpretation of the I\u2013V measurements.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.mejo.2008.06.095"}, "_input_hash": 1725131795, "_task_hash": 1667610824, "tokens": [[{"text": "In", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "this", "start": 3, "end": 7, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "study", "start": 8, "end": 13, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 14, "end": 15, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "we", "start": 16, "end": 18, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "investigate", "start": 19, "end": 30, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 31, "end": 34, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "influence", "start": 35, "end": 44, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 45, "end": 47, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "nanocrystalline", "start": 48, "end": 63, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "diamond", 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-{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "Results from a study of electrophysical and luminescent properties of zinc-germanium diphosphide single crystals, diffusion doped with copper, are presented. The nature of the dominant defects formed upon copper diffusion in ZnGeP2 is determined using a thermodynamic analysis of defect formation processes in ZnGeP2 and a ZnGeP2: Cu solid solution performed within the framework of the quasichemical analysis method. It is demonstrated that by choosing the copper diffusion method the hole concentration in the ZnGeP2 can be varied over the range 1012\u22121016 cm\u22123. A retrograde character was observed in copper solubility in ZnGeP2 compounds. Defect formation processes in ZnGeP2 upon copper diffusion depend on the degree of atomic ordering in the cation sublattice at the diffusion annealing temperature.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Results", "start": 0, "end": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "from", "start": 8, "end": 12, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 13, "end": 14, "annotation": null}, {"text": "study", "start": 15, "end": 20, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 21, "end": 23, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electrophysical", "start": 24, "end": 39, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 40, "end": 43, "annotation": null}, {"text": "luminescent", "start": 44, "end": 55, "annotation": null}, {"text": "properties", "start": 56, "end": 66, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 67, "end": 69, "annotation": null}, {"text": "zinc", "start": 70, "end": 74, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 74, "end": 75, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": 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-{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "The visible light bactericidal ability of nitrogen doped TiO2 (TiON) film on Si (100) has been enhanced greatly (by 22%) through a single-mode microwave irradiation annealing (f=2.45GHz, 20s) in comparison with the conventional heat treatment at the same temperature (500\u00b0C, 300s). Analyses of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy showed that the microwave annealed TiON film had a higher nitrogen concentration and much better crystallinity, both of which contribute to its prior bactericidal ability under visible light. The optimized annealing parameters of microwave irradiation are 500\u00b0C within 20s. Increase of annealing temperature and irradiation time resulted in the decrease of nitrogen concentration within the film. The crystallized TiON film has an anatase but not a rutile structure at the annealing temperature up to 800\u00b0C.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "visible", "start": 4, "end": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "light", "start": 12, "end": 17, "annotation": null}, {"text": "bactericidal", "start": 18, "end": 30, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ability", "start": 31, "end": 38, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 39, "end": 41, "annotation": null}, {"text": "nitrogen", "start": 42, "end": 50, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "doped", "start": 51, "end": 56, "annotation": null}, {"text": "TiO2", "start": 57, "end": 61, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "(", "start": 62, "end": 63, "annotation": null}, {"text": "TiON", "start": 63, "end": 67, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": ")", "start": 67, "end": 68, "annotation": null}, {"text": "film", "start": 69, "end": 73, "annotation": 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{"text": ".", "start": 280, "end": 281, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "Analyses", "start": 282, "end": 290, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 291, "end": 293, "annotation": null}, {"text": "X-ray", "start": 294, "end": 299, "annotation": null}, {"text": "photoelectron", "start": 300, "end": 313, "annotation": null}, {"text": "spectroscopy", "start": 314, "end": 326, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 327, "end": 330, "annotation": null}, {"text": "transmission", "start": 331, "end": 343, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electron", "start": 344, "end": 352, "annotation": null}, {"text": "microscopy", "start": 353, "end": 363, "annotation": null}, {"text": "showed", "start": 364, "end": 370, "annotation": null}, {"text": "that", "start": 371, "end": 375, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 376, "end": 379, "annotation": null}, {"text": "microwave", "start": 380, "end": 389, "annotation": null}, {"text": "annealed", "start": 390, "end": 398, "annotation": 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"microwave", "start": 594, "end": 603, "annotation": null}, {"text": "irradiation", "start": 604, "end": 615, "annotation": null}, {"text": "are", "start": 616, "end": 619, "annotation": null}, {"text": "500", "start": 620, "end": 623, "annotation": null}, {"text": "\u00b0", "start": 623, "end": 624, "annotation": null}, {"text": "C", "start": 624, "end": 625, "annotation": null}, {"text": "within", "start": 626, "end": 632, "annotation": null}, {"text": "20s", "start": 633, "end": 636, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 636, "end": 637, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "Increase", "start": 638, "end": 646, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 647, "end": 649, "annotation": null}, {"text": "annealing", "start": 650, "end": 659, "annotation": null}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 660, "end": 671, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 672, "end": 675, "annotation": null}, {"text": "irradiation", "start": 676, "end": 687, "annotation": null}, {"text": "time", 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"end": 787, "annotation": null}, {"text": "has", "start": 788, "end": 791, "annotation": null}, {"text": "an", "start": 792, "end": 794, "annotation": null}, {"text": "anatase", "start": 795, "end": 802, "annotation": null}, {"text": "but", "start": 803, "end": 806, "annotation": null}, {"text": "not", "start": 807, "end": 810, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 811, "end": 812, "annotation": null}, {"text": "rutile", "start": 813, "end": 819, "annotation": null}, {"text": "structure", "start": 820, "end": 829, "annotation": null}, {"text": "at", "start": 830, "end": 832, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 833, "end": 836, "annotation": null}, {"text": "annealing", "start": 837, "end": 846, "annotation": null}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 847, "end": 858, "annotation": null}, {"text": "up", "start": 859, "end": 861, "annotation": null}, {"text": "to", "start": 862, "end": 864, "annotation": null}, {"text": "800", "start": 865, "end": 868, "annotation": null}, {"text": "\u00b0", "start": 868, "end": 869, "annotation": null}, {"text": "C", "start": 869, "end": 870, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 870, "end": 871, "annotation": null}]]}
-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "The six-layer structure of a Si1 \u2212 xGex heterobipolar transistor (HBT) with flat doping levels and abrupt junctions is grown by a silicon molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) process in one run. The process, the MBE equipment used and analytical results (secondary-ion mass spectrometry) are described. The growth temperature is reduced from 650 \u00b0C at the collector to 325 \u00b0C at the emitter contact. A Si1 \u2212 xGex base doping level of 5 \u00d7 1019 cm\u22123 is obtained by coevaporation of silicon, germanium and boron from an electron beam evaporator, a BN effusion cell and a high temperature graphite cell respectively. The n-type doping of 1016\u20131020 cm\u22123 (collector, emitter and emitter contact) is obtained by applying three different antimony dopant incorporation methods. Test transistors fabricated from these structures exhibited low noise, good high frequency performance (fT,fmax > 50 GHz) and low base sheet resistance (less than 1 k\u03a9/\u25a1).", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "six", "start": 4, "end": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 7, "end": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "layer", "start": 8, "end": 13, "annotation": null}, {"text": "structure", "start": 14, "end": 23, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 24, "end": 26, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 27, "end": 28, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Si1", "start": 29, "end": 32, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "\u2212", "start": 33, "end": 34, "annotation": null}, {"text": "xGex", "start": 35, "end": 39, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "heterobipolar", "start": 40, "end": 53, "annotation": null}, {"text": "transistor", "start": 54, "end": 64, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 65, "end": 66, "annotation": null}, {"text": "HBT", "start": 66, "end": 69, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 69, "end": 70, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 71, "end": 75, "annotation": null}, {"text": "flat", "start": 76, "end": 80, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doping", "start": 81, "end": 87, "annotation": null}, {"text": "levels", "start": 88, "end": 94, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 95, "end": 98, "annotation": null}, {"text": "abrupt", "start": 99, "end": 105, "annotation": null}, {"text": "junctions", "start": 106, "end": 115, "annotation": null}, {"text": "is", "start": 116, "end": 118, "annotation": null}, {"text": "grown", "start": 119, "end": 124, "annotation": null}, {"text": "by", "start": 125, "end": 127, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 128, "end": 129, "annotation": null}, {"text": "silicon", "start": 130, "end": 137, "annotation": null}, {"text": "molecular", "start": 138, "end": 147, 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+{"text": "Nuclear spin-lattice relaxation times T 1 of 139 La in high-T c superconductor (La 1-x Sr x ) 2 CuO 4 (x=0.075,0.10) have been measured in zero field. T -11 in the superconducting state decreases rapidly, indicating a superconducting energy gap formation, but no signs of T -11 enhancement are observed just below T c . T -11 in the normal state shows slightly stronger temperature dependence than that expected from the Korringa relation (T 1 T= const.) observed in a highly Sr-doped, nonsuperconducting compound with x=0.15. All rights reserved.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1143/JPSJ.58.2662"}, "_input_hash": -91650711, "_task_hash": -1226174783, "tokens": [[{"text": "Nuclear", "start": 0, "end": 7, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "spin", "start": 8, "end": 12, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 13, "end": 14, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "lattice", "start": 15, "end": 22, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "relaxation", "start": 23, "end": 33, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "times", "start": 34, "end": 39, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "T", "start": 40, "end": 41, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "1", "start": 42, "end": 43, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 44, "end": 46, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "139", "start": 47, "end": 50, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "La", "start": 51, "end": 53, "id": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 54, "end": 56, "id": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "high", 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+{"text": "In this study, we investigate the influence of nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) thin film morphology and thickness on their electrical properties. NCD films are grown on p-type Si substrates with varied thicknesses from 250 to 788nm. Electrical contacts are formed from combination of Ti/Au metal layers (100nm thick each). The I\u2013V and breakdown field measurements are used to analyze the electrical properties of metal/NCD/Si sandwich structure. In addition, NCD films are analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy for better interpretation of the I\u2013V measurements.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.mejo.2008.06.095"}, "_input_hash": 1725131795, "_task_hash": 1667610824, "tokens": [[{"text": "In", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "this", "start": 3, "end": 7, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "study", "start": 8, "end": 13, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 14, "end": 15, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "we", "start": 16, "end": 18, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "investigate", "start": 19, "end": 30, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 31, "end": 34, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "influence", "start": 35, "end": 44, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 45, "end": 47, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "nanocrystalline", "start": 48, "end": 63, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "diamond", 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+{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "Results from a study of electrophysical and luminescent properties of zinc-germanium diphosphide single crystals, diffusion doped with copper, are presented. The nature of the dominant defects formed upon copper diffusion in ZnGeP2 is determined using a thermodynamic analysis of defect formation processes in ZnGeP2 and a ZnGeP2: Cu solid solution performed within the framework of the quasichemical analysis method. It is demonstrated that by choosing the copper diffusion method the hole concentration in the ZnGeP2 can be varied over the range 1012\u22121016 cm\u22123. A retrograde character was observed in copper solubility in ZnGeP2 compounds. Defect formation processes in ZnGeP2 upon copper diffusion depend on the degree of atomic ordering in the cation sublattice at the diffusion annealing temperature.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Results", "start": 0, "end": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "from", "start": 8, "end": 12, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 13, "end": 14, "annotation": null}, {"text": "study", "start": 15, "end": 20, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 21, "end": 23, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electrophysical", "start": 24, "end": 39, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 40, "end": 43, "annotation": null}, {"text": "luminescent", "start": 44, "end": 55, "annotation": null}, {"text": "properties", "start": 56, "end": 66, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 67, "end": 69, "annotation": null}, {"text": "zinc", "start": 70, "end": 74, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 74, "end": 75, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": 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+{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "The visible light bactericidal ability of nitrogen doped TiO2 (TiON) film on Si (100) has been enhanced greatly (by 22%) through a single-mode microwave irradiation annealing (f=2.45GHz, 20s) in comparison with the conventional heat treatment at the same temperature (500\u00b0C, 300s). Analyses of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy showed that the microwave annealed TiON film had a higher nitrogen concentration and much better crystallinity, both of which contribute to its prior bactericidal ability under visible light. The optimized annealing parameters of microwave irradiation are 500\u00b0C within 20s. Increase of annealing temperature and irradiation time resulted in the decrease of nitrogen concentration within the film. The crystallized TiON film has an anatase but not a rutile structure at the annealing temperature up to 800\u00b0C.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "visible", "start": 4, "end": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "light", "start": 12, "end": 17, "annotation": null}, {"text": "bactericidal", "start": 18, "end": 30, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ability", "start": 31, "end": 38, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 39, "end": 41, "annotation": null}, {"text": "nitrogen", "start": 42, "end": 50, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "doped", "start": 51, "end": 56, "annotation": null}, {"text": "TiO2", "start": 57, "end": 61, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "(", "start": 62, "end": 63, "annotation": null}, {"text": "TiON", "start": 63, "end": 67, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": ")", "start": 67, "end": 68, "annotation": null}, {"text": "film", "start": 69, "end": 73, "annotation": 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+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "The six-layer structure of a Si1 \u2212 xGex heterobipolar transistor (HBT) with flat doping levels and abrupt junctions is grown by a silicon molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) process in one run. The process, the MBE equipment used and analytical results (secondary-ion mass spectrometry) are described. The growth temperature is reduced from 650 \u00b0C at the collector to 325 \u00b0C at the emitter contact. A Si1 \u2212 xGex base doping level of 5 \u00d7 1019 cm\u22123 is obtained by coevaporation of silicon, germanium and boron from an electron beam evaporator, a BN effusion cell and a high temperature graphite cell respectively. The n-type doping of 1016\u20131020 cm\u22123 (collector, emitter and emitter contact) is obtained by applying three different antimony dopant incorporation methods. Test transistors fabricated from these structures exhibited low noise, good high frequency performance (fT,fmax > 50 GHz) and low base sheet resistance (less than 1 k\u03a9/\u25a1).", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "six", "start": 4, "end": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 7, "end": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "layer", "start": 8, "end": 13, "annotation": null}, {"text": "structure", "start": 14, "end": 23, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 24, "end": 26, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 27, "end": 28, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Si1", "start": 29, "end": 32, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "\u2212", "start": 33, "end": 34, "annotation": null}, {"text": "xGex", "start": 35, "end": 39, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "heterobipolar", "start": 40, "end": 53, "annotation": null}, {"text": "transistor", "start": 54, "end": 64, "annotation": null}, 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 {"text": "The structual and superconducting properties of Bi2Sr2Ca1\u2212xYxCu2Oz intercalated with iodine between the Bi-O bila yers were studied. Formation of the stage-1 compound was verified by X-ray analysis, TG analysis and TEM observation. Expansion of the c-axis, which is caused by increase in the distance of the BiO-BiO layers, decreases with decreasing intercalated iodine concentration down to 60%. The expansion of the c-axis of fully intercalated compounds increases with increasing Y content from 7.2 \u00c5 for x=0 to 7.5 \u00c5 for x=1.0. The temperature dependence of resistivity showed that iodine-doped samples (x=0 and 0.4) were more semiconductive than non-doped samples. The Tc of the IBi2Sr2Ca1\u2212xYxCu2Oz series in the over-doped region was reduced by 2\u201310 K compared with non-intercalated samples.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/0921-4534(92)90573-U"}, "_input_hash": -2068856137, "_task_hash": -823283663, "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "structual", "start": 4, "end": 13, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 14, "end": 17, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "superconducting", "start": 18, "end": 33, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "properties", "start": 34, "end": 44, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 45, "end": 47, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Bi2Sr2Ca1\u2212xYxCu2Oz", "start": 48, "end": 66, "id": 6, "annotation": "DOPMODQ"}, {"text": "intercalated", "start": 67, "end": 79, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 80, "end": 84, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "iodine", "start": 85, "end": 91, "id": 9, 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 {"text": "Electrical conductivity of conducting polymer blends based on polyaniline has been studied under different aging conditions. The relative stability of these films with various dopants has been compared and the evolution of the transport properties with aging has been investigated in the range 77 to 300K. All results are interpreted in the framework of a heterogeneous model where conduction is mainly dominated by a hopping mechanism between conducting clusters separated by thin insulating barriers. Above the percolation threshold, thermal aging leads to an expansion of the insulating barriers to the detriment of the cluster size.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/S0379-6779(98)01113-8"}, "_input_hash": 1424774582, "_task_hash": -263288569, "tokens": [[{"text": "Electrical", "start": 0, "end": 10, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "conductivity", "start": 11, "end": 23, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 24, "end": 26, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "conducting", "start": 27, "end": 37, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "polymer", "start": 38, "end": 45, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "blends", "start": 46, "end": 52, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "based", "start": 53, "end": 58, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 59, "end": 61, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "polyaniline", "start": 62, "end": 73, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "has", "start": 74, "end": 77, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": 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 {"text": "A characterization method based on the careful measurement of the characteristic parameters and fluorescence emission spectra of a highly Yb-doped double-clad fiber is presented. The method is successfully checked by numerically fitting experimental results of a ring laser based on highly doped double-clad Yb-doped silica fibers with different dopant concentrations, fiber lengths and ring-laser output-coupler rates.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1088/1054-660X/26/12/125105"}, "_input_hash": -174395258, "_task_hash": -416180774, "tokens": [[{"text": "A", "start": 18, "end": 19, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "characterization", "start": 20, "end": 36, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "method", "start": 37, "end": 43, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "based", "start": 44, "end": 49, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 50, "end": 52, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 53, "end": 56, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "careful", "start": 57, "end": 64, "id": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "measurement", "start": 65, "end": 76, "id": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 77, "end": 79, "id": 12, 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-{"text": "In the present study, the effect of TiO2 doping on (1\u2212x) Bi2O3 (x)TiO2 (x=0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20) materials is investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential thermal analysis (DTA), ac conductivity, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). XRD results show the formation of single phase Bi12TiO20 at x\u22650.15 concentration of TiO2. It is observed that, the lower concentration of TiO2 leads to the formation of mixed phase. The x=0.15 and x=0.20 samples exhibit regular and uniform distribution of the grains as compared to x=0.10 sample. The highest conductivity is observed for x=0.15 specimen, e.g., 9\u00d710\u22127Scm\u22121.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.ceramint.2011.10.043"}, "_input_hash": 468711084, "_task_hash": -1987035505, "tokens": [[{"text": "In", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 3, "end": 6, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "present", "start": 7, "end": 14, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "study", "start": 15, "end": 20, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 21, "end": 22, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 23, "end": 26, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "effect", "start": 27, "end": 33, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 34, "end": 36, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "TiO2", "start": 37, "end": 41, "id": 8, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "doping", "start": 42, "end": 48, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 49, "end": 51, "id": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": 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+{"text": "In the present study, the effect of TiO2 doping on (1\u2212x) Bi2O3 (x)TiO2 (x=0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20) materials is investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential thermal analysis (DTA), ac conductivity, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). XRD results show the formation of single phase Bi12TiO20 at x\u22650.15 concentration of TiO2. It is observed that, the lower concentration of TiO2 leads to the formation of mixed phase. The x=0.15 and x=0.20 samples exhibit regular and uniform distribution of the grains as compared to x=0.10 sample. The highest conductivity is observed for x=0.15 specimen, e.g., 9\u00d710\u22127Scm\u22121.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.ceramint.2011.10.043"}, "_input_hash": 468711084, "_task_hash": -1987035505, "tokens": [[{"text": "In", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 3, "end": 6, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "present", "start": 7, "end": 14, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "study", "start": 15, "end": 20, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 21, "end": 22, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 23, "end": 26, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "effect", "start": 27, "end": 33, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 34, "end": 36, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "TiO2", "start": 37, "end": 41, "id": 8, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "doping", "start": 42, "end": 48, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 49, "end": 51, "id": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": 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 {"text": "The optical and electrical properties of graphene doping organic photovoltaics devices are investigated. The root-mean-square roughness, photoluminescence and optical absorption increase with increasing graphene content. Graphene also improves the open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current density. The best performance was obtained with 3 wt% graphene concent, with an open-circuit voltage of 0.62 V, a short-circuit current density value of 6.138 mA cm -2 , a fill factor of 61.912 %, and a power conversion efficiency of 2.35 %.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1007/s00542-013-1817-9"}, "_input_hash": 1247273194, "_task_hash": -1836979574, "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "optical", "start": 4, "end": 11, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 12, "end": 15, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electrical", "start": 16, "end": 26, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "properties", "start": 27, "end": 37, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 38, "end": 40, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "graphene", "start": 41, "end": 49, "id": 6, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "doping", "start": 50, "end": 56, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "organic", "start": 57, "end": 64, "id": 8, "annotation": 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-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "Chromium nitride (CrN)-based materials display broad applications as protective coatings for automotive, power generation and aerospace industries, in which surfaces are often subjected to wear and corrosion. By using an appropriate choice of dopant, one can further increase the mechanical hardness, corrosion and oxidation resistance of these coatings. In order to identify the effect of dopants on the structural evolution and surface electronic properties of CrN coatings, Cr1-z(Al/Si)zN coatings were prepared by magnetron sputtering and then characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD) and soft X-ray synchrotron radiation Near-edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (NEXAFS) studies around N K-edge. Higher degree of crystallinity of the coatings were identified through XRD studies. The bonding structure, of the doped CrN coating, was analyzed by Near-edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (NEXAFS) measurements performed around the N K-edge (390\u2013450 eV) in the Auger electron yield (AEY) and total fluorescence yield (TFY) modes. NEXAFS analysis revealed Cr3d(Al3p/Si3p)N2p hybridizations in Cr1-z(Al/Si)zN compositions and complex structure splitting via spin\u2013orbit interaction of the Cr3d levels.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Chromium", "start": 0, "end": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "nitride", "start": 9, "end": 16, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(CrN)-based", "start": 17, "end": 28, "annotation": null}, {"text": "materials", "start": 29, "end": 38, "annotation": null}, {"text": "display", "start": 39, "end": 46, "annotation": null}, {"text": "broad", "start": 47, "end": 52, "annotation": null}, {"text": "applications", "start": 53, "end": 65, "annotation": null}, {"text": "as", "start": 66, "end": 68, "annotation": null}, {"text": "protective", "start": 69, "end": 79, "annotation": null}, {"text": "coatings", "start": 80, "end": 88, "annotation": null}, {"text": "for", "start": 89, "end": 92, "annotation": null}, {"text": "automotive", "start": 93, "end": 103, 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-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "The systems Y1-xPrxBa2Cu3Oz with x=0 to 1 and YBa2(Cu1-yMy)3Oz, MFe and Co, with y=0 to 0.26, and z=6 and 7, doped with 57Fe, have been studied by dc magnetometry to determine the superconducting phase transition temperature and by 57Fe M\u00f6ssbauer spectroscopy to determine the antiferromagnetic phase transition temperature TN of the Cu(2) site. In those cases where substitution is made out of the CuO2 planes, for z=7, Tc is reduced with increasing the dopant concentration. Antiferromagnetism is found at concentrations where the superconductivity disappears, which means that the materials exhibit either superconductivity or antiferromagnetic order, depending on composition. The phase diagrams obtained are very similar to the well-known oxygen content dependence phase diagram. For z=6, TN changes very little with x or y. There is no conclusive evidence for overlap of superconductivity and antiferromagnetism. For substitution of Zn in the CuO2 plane (Zn) a different behavior is observed. Here the magnetic order is never found in oxygen rich samples, and appears in oxygen poor samples only for y<0.08. \u00a9 1990.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "systems", "start": 4, "end": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Y1-xPrxBa2Cu3Oz", "start": 12, "end": 27, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "with", "start": 28, "end": 32, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "x", "start": 33, "end": 34, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "=", "start": 34, "end": 35, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "0", "start": 35, "end": 36, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "to", "start": 37, "end": 39, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "1", "start": 40, "end": 41, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "and", "start": 42, "end": 45, "annotation": null}, {"text": "YBa2(Cu1-yMy)3Oz", "start": 46, "end": 62, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": ",", "start": 62, "end": 63, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "MFe", 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-{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "The laser performance at 491 and 635 nm of praseodymium-doped fluorozirconate fiber pumped at 1.01 \u03bcm and 835 nm is described and is interpreted with analytical solutions to the rate equations. Spectroscopic measurements of the absorption and the emission cross sections are presented, and the values are shown to be consistent with the observed lasing performance. The analytical model is shown to be a reliable indication of the optimum length of fiber for operation on the three-level 491-nm transition. \u00a9 1994 Optical Society of America.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "laser", "start": 4, "end": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "performance", "start": 10, "end": 21, "annotation": null}, {"text": "at", "start": 22, "end": 24, "annotation": null}, {"text": "491", "start": 25, "end": 28, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 29, "end": 32, "annotation": null}, {"text": "635", "start": 33, "end": 36, "annotation": null}, {"text": "nm", "start": 37, "end": 39, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 40, "end": 42, "annotation": null}, {"text": "praseodymium", "start": 43, "end": 55, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 55, "end": 56, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 56, "end": 61, "annotation": null}, {"text": 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-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "In this paper, effect of lanthanum doping on the dielectric and piezoelectric properties of the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) composition in the Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3-BaTiO3-PbTiO3 system is presented. Samples were prepared according to the formula Pb0.85\u2212xBa0.15Lax[(Zn1/3Nb2/3)0.7Ti0.3]1\u2212x/4O3 (0 < x < 0.3), where the compensation for La ions was achieved via the appearance of B-site vacancies. All the compositions were synthesized using columbite precursor method and sintered using inverted crucible approach. Results of x-ray diffraction demonstrate that the solid solubility limit of La2O3 in the PZN-based MPB composition is more than 30 mole%. Incorporation of La2O3 into A-site sublattice of perovskite structure stabilizes rhombohedral phase against tetragonal phase, as a consequence, the location of the MPB composition range is displaced toward PT-rich end. In addition, the lattice distortion degree, represented by either tetragonality for tetragonal phase or rhombohedrality for rhombohedral phase, is reduced. Increasing La2O3 content remarkably decreases both the dielectric permittivity maximum and the temperature of the dielectric permittivity maximum. However, addition of La2O3 obviously strengthens the degree of the frequency-dispersion, which is correlated with the weakened degree of ferroelectric couplings among oxygen octahedra. The degree of diffuse phase transition (DPT) is prominently enhanced with increasing La2O3, for which the underlying mechanism is explored. Moreover, the ever-increasing extent of departure from Curie-Weiss behaviour induced by the lanthanum doping is indicative of some changes with the respect to the scale of polar microregions inherent to relaxors. The longitudinal piezoelectric coefficient (d33) is maximized at 1 mole% La2O3, which is attributed to the combined effect of phase coexistence and enhanced contribution from non-180\u00b0 domain wall process associated with rhombohedral phase.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "In", "start": 0, "end": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "this", "start": 3, "end": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "paper", "start": 8, "end": 13, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 13, "end": 14, "annotation": null}, {"text": "effect", "start": 15, "end": 21, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 22, "end": 24, "annotation": null}, {"text": "lanthanum", "start": 25, "end": 34, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "doping", "start": 35, "end": 41, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 42, "end": 44, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 45, "end": 48, "annotation": null}, {"text": "dielectric", "start": 49, "end": 59, "annotation": null}, {"text": 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-{"text": "Chemomechanical polishing of p-type silicon wafers produces the fast-diffusing X defect. This defect forms neutral complexes with the acceptors boron, aluminium, gallium and indium. Annealing under reverse bias in the temperature range from 160 to 270 K allows us to determine accurately the thermally activated dissociation energies for all the complexes. The X defect is also produced by copper diffusion into p-type silicon. The identification of X as a copper-related defect is discussed.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/0921-5107(89)90220-1"}, "_input_hash": 213283371, "_task_hash": -135078811, "tokens": [[{"text": "Chemomechanical", "start": 0, "end": 15, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "polishing", "start": 16, "end": 25, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 26, "end": 28, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "p", "start": 29, "end": 30, "id": 3, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 31, "end": 32, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "type", "start": 33, "end": 37, "id": 5, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "silicon", "start": 38, "end": 45, "id": 6, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "wafers", "start": 46, "end": 52, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "produces", "start": 53, "end": 61, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 62, "end": 65, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "fast", "start": 66, "end": 70, "id": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": 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-{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "NiO and ZnO thin films of about 40\u201350nm thickness with embedded Au nanoparticles have been synthesized with a simple and reliable sol\u2013gel procedure. The nanocomposites films are crystalline and porous and they show optical absorptions in the visible range according to Au nanoparticles concentration. These films have been tested as optical and electrical sensors for pollutant gases detection. A fast and reversible response has been detected for hydrogen, CO and NO2. Au nanoparticles have been found to improve the optical sensing properties of both NiO and ZnO films over the Au surface plasmon resonance peak wavelength range, but also to enhance the ZnO optical response in the near UV range, where Au nanoparticles are optically inactive. Moreover, combining the observed shift in the surface plasmon resonance peak and the different semiconductive type of the two oxides, it has been proved that reducing gases inject electrons into the oxide and then afterward the charge variation is detected by Au nanoparticles. Electrical tests confirm the n-type behavior of ZnO and p-type behavior of NiO, and show good performances at lower temperatures. Moreover, an enhancing effect of Au nanoparticles in the overall sensing performances is observed also in electrical tests.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "NiO", "start": 0, "end": 3, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "and", "start": 4, "end": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ZnO", "start": 8, "end": 11, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "thin", "start": 12, "end": 16, "annotation": null}, {"text": "films", "start": 17, "end": 22, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 23, "end": 25, "annotation": null}, {"text": "about", "start": 26, "end": 31, "annotation": null}, {"text": "40", "start": 32, "end": 34, "annotation": null}, {"text": "\u2013", "start": 34, "end": 35, "annotation": null}, {"text": "50", "start": 35, "end": 37, "annotation": null}, {"text": "nm", "start": 37, "end": 39, "annotation": null}, {"text": "thickness", "start": 40, "end": 49, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 50, "end": 54, "annotation": null}, {"text": 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-{"text": "We present a theoretical study on Ti-vacancy-induced ferromagnetism in anatase TiO2. A recent experimental study has revealed room temperature ferromagnetism in Ta-doped anatase TiO2thin films (Rusydi et al., 2012) [7]. Ta doping assists the formation of Ti vacancies which then induce the formation of localized magnetic moments around the Ti vacancies. As neighboring Ti vacancies are a few unit cells apart, the ferromagnetic order is suspected to be mediated by itinerant electrons. We propose that such an electron-mediated ferromagnetism is driven by Ruderman\u2013Kittel\u2013Kasuya\u2013Yosida (RKKY) exchange interaction. To examine our hypothesis, we construct a tight-binding based model Hamiltonian for the anatase TiO2 system. We calculate the RKKY exchange coupling constant of TiO2 as a function of distance between local magnetic moments at various temperatures. We model the system by taking only the layer containing a unit of TiO2, at which the Ti vacancy is believed to form, as our effective two-dimensional unit cell. Our model incorporates the Hubbard repulsive interactions between electrons occupying Ti d orbitals treated within mean-field approximation. The density of states profile resulting from the model captures the relevant electronic properties of TiO2, such as the energy gap of ~3.4eV and the n-type character, which may be a measure of the adequacy of the model. The calculated RKKY coupling constant shows that the ferromagnetic coupling extends up to 3\u20134 unit cells and enhances slightly as temperature is increased from 0 to 400K. These results support our hypothesis that the ferromagnetism of this system is driven by RKKY mechanism.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.physb.2016.08.031"}, "_input_hash": -1824226746, "_task_hash": 1593468526, "tokens": [[{"text": "We", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "present", "start": 3, "end": 10, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 11, "end": 12, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "theoretical", "start": 13, "end": 24, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "study", "start": 25, "end": 30, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 31, "end": 33, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Ti", "start": 34, "end": 36, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 37, "end": 38, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "vacancy", "start": 39, "end": 46, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 47, "end": 48, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "induced", "start": 49, "end": 56, "id": 10, "annotation": 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+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "Chromium nitride (CrN)-based materials display broad applications as protective coatings for automotive, power generation and aerospace industries, in which surfaces are often subjected to wear and corrosion. By using an appropriate choice of dopant, one can further increase the mechanical hardness, corrosion and oxidation resistance of these coatings. In order to identify the effect of dopants on the structural evolution and surface electronic properties of CrN coatings, Cr1-z(Al/Si)zN coatings were prepared by magnetron sputtering and then characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD) and soft X-ray synchrotron radiation Near-edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (NEXAFS) studies around N K-edge. Higher degree of crystallinity of the coatings were identified through XRD studies. The bonding structure, of the doped CrN coating, was analyzed by Near-edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (NEXAFS) measurements performed around the N K-edge (390\u2013450 eV) in the Auger electron yield (AEY) and total fluorescence yield (TFY) modes. NEXAFS analysis revealed Cr3d(Al3p/Si3p)N2p hybridizations in Cr1-z(Al/Si)zN compositions and complex structure splitting via spin\u2013orbit interaction of the Cr3d levels.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Chromium", "start": 0, "end": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "nitride", "start": 9, "end": 16, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(CrN)-based", "start": 17, "end": 28, "annotation": null}, {"text": "materials", "start": 29, "end": 38, "annotation": null}, {"text": "display", "start": 39, "end": 46, "annotation": null}, {"text": "broad", "start": 47, "end": 52, "annotation": null}, {"text": "applications", "start": 53, "end": 65, "annotation": null}, {"text": "as", "start": 66, "end": 68, "annotation": null}, {"text": "protective", "start": 69, "end": 79, "annotation": null}, {"text": "coatings", "start": 80, "end": 88, "annotation": null}, {"text": "for", "start": 89, "end": 92, "annotation": null}, {"text": "automotive", "start": 93, "end": 103, 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+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "The systems Y1-xPrxBa2Cu3Oz with x=0 to 1 and YBa2(Cu1-yMy)3Oz, MFe and Co, with y=0 to 0.26, and z=6 and 7, doped with 57Fe, have been studied by dc magnetometry to determine the superconducting phase transition temperature and by 57Fe M\u00f6ssbauer spectroscopy to determine the antiferromagnetic phase transition temperature TN of the Cu(2) site. In those cases where substitution is made out of the CuO2 planes, for z=7, Tc is reduced with increasing the dopant concentration. Antiferromagnetism is found at concentrations where the superconductivity disappears, which means that the materials exhibit either superconductivity or antiferromagnetic order, depending on composition. The phase diagrams obtained are very similar to the well-known oxygen content dependence phase diagram. For z=6, TN changes very little with x or y. There is no conclusive evidence for overlap of superconductivity and antiferromagnetism. For substitution of Zn in the CuO2 plane (Zn) a different behavior is observed. 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+{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "The laser performance at 491 and 635 nm of praseodymium-doped fluorozirconate fiber pumped at 1.01 \u03bcm and 835 nm is described and is interpreted with analytical solutions to the rate equations. Spectroscopic measurements of the absorption and the emission cross sections are presented, and the values are shown to be consistent with the observed lasing performance. The analytical model is shown to be a reliable indication of the optimum length of fiber for operation on the three-level 491-nm transition. \u00a9 1994 Optical Society of America.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "laser", "start": 4, "end": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "performance", "start": 10, "end": 21, "annotation": null}, {"text": "at", "start": 22, "end": 24, "annotation": null}, {"text": "491", "start": 25, "end": 28, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 29, "end": 32, "annotation": null}, {"text": "635", "start": 33, "end": 36, "annotation": null}, {"text": "nm", "start": 37, "end": 39, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 40, "end": 42, "annotation": null}, {"text": "praseodymium", "start": 43, "end": 55, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 55, "end": 56, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 56, "end": 61, "annotation": null}, {"text": 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+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "In this paper, effect of lanthanum doping on the dielectric and piezoelectric properties of the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) composition in the Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3-BaTiO3-PbTiO3 system is presented. Samples were prepared according to the formula Pb0.85\u2212xBa0.15Lax[(Zn1/3Nb2/3)0.7Ti0.3]1\u2212x/4O3 (0 < x < 0.3), where the compensation for La ions was achieved via the appearance of B-site vacancies. All the compositions were synthesized using columbite precursor method and sintered using inverted crucible approach. Results of x-ray diffraction demonstrate that the solid solubility limit of La2O3 in the PZN-based MPB composition is more than 30 mole%. Incorporation of La2O3 into A-site sublattice of perovskite structure stabilizes rhombohedral phase against tetragonal phase, as a consequence, the location of the MPB composition range is displaced toward PT-rich end. In addition, the lattice distortion degree, represented by either tetragonality for tetragonal phase or rhombohedrality for rhombohedral phase, is reduced. Increasing La2O3 content remarkably decreases both the dielectric permittivity maximum and the temperature of the dielectric permittivity maximum. However, addition of La2O3 obviously strengthens the degree of the frequency-dispersion, which is correlated with the weakened degree of ferroelectric couplings among oxygen octahedra. The degree of diffuse phase transition (DPT) is prominently enhanced with increasing La2O3, for which the underlying mechanism is explored. Moreover, the ever-increasing extent of departure from Curie-Weiss behaviour induced by the lanthanum doping is indicative of some changes with the respect to the scale of polar microregions inherent to relaxors. The longitudinal piezoelectric coefficient (d33) is maximized at 1 mole% La2O3, which is attributed to the combined effect of phase coexistence and enhanced contribution from non-180\u00b0 domain wall process associated with rhombohedral phase.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "In", "start": 0, "end": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "this", "start": 3, "end": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "paper", "start": 8, "end": 13, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 13, "end": 14, "annotation": null}, {"text": "effect", "start": 15, "end": 21, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 22, "end": 24, "annotation": null}, {"text": "lanthanum", "start": 25, "end": 34, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "doping", "start": 35, "end": 41, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 42, "end": 44, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 45, "end": 48, "annotation": null}, {"text": "dielectric", "start": 49, "end": 59, "annotation": null}, {"text": 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+{"text": "Chemomechanical polishing of p-type silicon wafers produces the fast-diffusing X defect. This defect forms neutral complexes with the acceptors boron, aluminium, gallium and indium. Annealing under reverse bias in the temperature range from 160 to 270 K allows us to determine accurately the thermally activated dissociation energies for all the complexes. The X defect is also produced by copper diffusion into p-type silicon. The identification of X as a copper-related defect is discussed.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/0921-5107(89)90220-1"}, "_input_hash": 213283371, "_task_hash": -135078811, "tokens": [[{"text": "Chemomechanical", "start": 0, "end": 15, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "polishing", "start": 16, "end": 25, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 26, "end": 28, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "p", "start": 29, "end": 30, "id": 3, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 31, "end": 32, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "type", "start": 33, "end": 37, "id": 5, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "silicon", "start": 38, "end": 45, "id": 6, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "wafers", "start": 46, "end": 52, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "produces", "start": 53, "end": 61, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 62, "end": 65, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "fast", "start": 66, "end": 70, "id": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": 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+{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "NiO and ZnO thin films of about 40\u201350nm thickness with embedded Au nanoparticles have been synthesized with a simple and reliable sol\u2013gel procedure. The nanocomposites films are crystalline and porous and they show optical absorptions in the visible range according to Au nanoparticles concentration. These films have been tested as optical and electrical sensors for pollutant gases detection. A fast and reversible response has been detected for hydrogen, CO and NO2. Au nanoparticles have been found to improve the optical sensing properties of both NiO and ZnO films over the Au surface plasmon resonance peak wavelength range, but also to enhance the ZnO optical response in the near UV range, where Au nanoparticles are optically inactive. Moreover, combining the observed shift in the surface plasmon resonance peak and the different semiconductive type of the two oxides, it has been proved that reducing gases inject electrons into the oxide and then afterward the charge variation is detected by Au nanoparticles. Electrical tests confirm the n-type behavior of ZnO and p-type behavior of NiO, and show good performances at lower temperatures. 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+{"text": "We present a theoretical study on Ti-vacancy-induced ferromagnetism in anatase TiO2. A recent experimental study has revealed room temperature ferromagnetism in Ta-doped anatase TiO2thin films (Rusydi et al., 2012) [7]. Ta doping assists the formation of Ti vacancies which then induce the formation of localized magnetic moments around the Ti vacancies. As neighboring Ti vacancies are a few unit cells apart, the ferromagnetic order is suspected to be mediated by itinerant electrons. We propose that such an electron-mediated ferromagnetism is driven by Ruderman\u2013Kittel\u2013Kasuya\u2013Yosida (RKKY) exchange interaction. To examine our hypothesis, we construct a tight-binding based model Hamiltonian for the anatase TiO2 system. We calculate the RKKY exchange coupling constant of TiO2 as a function of distance between local magnetic moments at various temperatures. We model the system by taking only the layer containing a unit of TiO2, at which the Ti vacancy is believed to form, as our effective two-dimensional unit cell. Our model incorporates the Hubbard repulsive interactions between electrons occupying Ti d orbitals treated within mean-field approximation. The density of states profile resulting from the model captures the relevant electronic properties of TiO2, such as the energy gap of ~3.4eV and the n-type character, which may be a measure of the adequacy of the model. The calculated RKKY coupling constant shows that the ferromagnetic coupling extends up to 3\u20134 unit cells and enhances slightly as temperature is increased from 0 to 400K. These results support our hypothesis that the ferromagnetism of this system is driven by RKKY mechanism.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.physb.2016.08.031"}, "_input_hash": -1824226746, "_task_hash": 1593468526, "tokens": [[{"text": "We", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "present", "start": 3, "end": 10, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 11, "end": 12, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "theoretical", "start": 13, "end": 24, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "study", "start": 25, "end": 30, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 31, "end": 33, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Ti", "start": 34, "end": 36, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 37, "end": 38, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "vacancy", "start": 39, "end": 46, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 47, "end": 48, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "induced", "start": 49, "end": 56, "id": 10, "annotation": 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 {"text": "Both experiment and theory have shown that the stress has a notable impact on the polarization of Nd-doped Bi4Ti3O12 films. In this paper, thermodynamic theory is used to study the effect of stress on the dielectric constants of Bi4Ti3O12 films at room temperature with a two-dimensional model. Results indicate that the change of the dielectric constant for a-phase induced by the lattice distortion is far greater than that for c-phase. Considering the domain reorientation, the external tensile stress may lead to an obvious decrease in the effective dielectric constant of Bi4Ti3O12 films.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.tsf.2009.10.035"}, "_input_hash": 2061101867, "_task_hash": -79609361, "tokens": [[{"text": "Both", "start": 0, "end": 4, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "experiment", "start": 5, "end": 15, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 16, "end": 19, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "theory", "start": 20, "end": 26, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "have", "start": 27, "end": 31, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "shown", "start": 32, "end": 37, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "that", "start": 38, "end": 42, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 43, "end": 46, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "stress", "start": 47, "end": 53, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "has", "start": 54, "end": 57, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", 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 {"text": "We performed angle-resolved photoemission experiments on overdoped single crystal Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x samples with Tc values as low as 55K and very narrow transitions as measured by AC susceptibility. The photoemission data indicate the presence of a \u201cshadow\u201d peak in the quasiparticle spectral function A(\u03c9) shifted by (\u03c0, \u03c0) from the conventional quasiparticle peak. The ratio of the shadow/quasiparticle peak amplitudes strongly increases with the binding energy. This is consistent with the idea that the shadow peak is not a structural replica of the quasiparticle peak, but rather a maximum in a spectral function which can exist due to interaction with spin fluctuations peaked at (\u03c0, \u03c0).", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/S0038-1098(97)00378-5"}, "_input_hash": 1698122648, "_task_hash": 774323637, "tokens": [[{"text": "We", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "performed", "start": 3, "end": 12, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "angle", "start": 13, "end": 18, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 19, "end": 20, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "resolved", "start": 21, "end": 29, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "photoemission", "start": 30, "end": 43, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "experiments", "start": 44, "end": 55, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 56, "end": 58, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "overdoped", "start": 59, "end": 68, "id": 8, 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"annotation": null}, {"text": "fluctuations", "start": 676, "end": 688, "id": 115, "annotation": null}, {"text": "peaked", "start": 689, "end": 695, "id": 116, "annotation": null}, {"text": "at", "start": 696, "end": 698, "id": 117, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 699, "end": 700, "id": 118, "annotation": null}, {"text": "\u03c0", "start": 701, "end": 702, "id": 119, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 703, "end": 704, "id": 120, "annotation": null}, {"text": "\u03c0", "start": 705, "end": 706, "id": 121, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 707, "end": 708, "id": 122, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 709, "end": 710, "id": 123, "annotation": null}]], "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"]}
 {"text": "Natural mineral rutile (TiO2) was studied as anode for photoelectrolysis of water. Both its photoelectrochemical behavior and semiconducting properties are examined in comparison with those of Fe-doped synthetic single crystal TiO2, the latter independently studied to simulate the high impurity content existent in the mineral. The natural and synthetic Fe-doped TiO2 electrodes showed a performance comparable to that of arc-plasma sprayed raw rutile, including a low breakdown potential. Flatband potentials and donor densities were determined from Mott-Schottky plots and evidence for deep and shallow donors is discussed. Photoresponse measurements allowed us to verify the influence of the iron impurities on the performance of such electrodes. All rights reserved.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1149/1.2129389"}, "_input_hash": -1710080585, "_task_hash": -494567718, "tokens": [[{"text": "Natural", "start": 0, "end": 7, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "mineral", "start": 8, "end": 15, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "rutile", "start": 16, "end": 22, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 23, "end": 24, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "TiO2", "start": 25, "end": 29, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 30, "end": 31, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "was", "start": 32, "end": 35, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "studied", "start": 36, "end": 43, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "as", "start": 44, "end": 46, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "anode", "start": 47, "end": 52, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "for", "start": 53, "end": 56, "id": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "photoelectrolysis", "start": 57, "end": 74, "id": 11, "annotation": null}, 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 {"text": "Nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur tridoped porous carbons have been successfully synthesized from natural biomass algae-Carrageen by using a simultaneous carbonization and activation procedure. The doped carbons with sponge-like interconnected architecture, partially ordered graphitic structure, and abundant heteroatom doping perform outstanding features for electrochemical energy storage. When tested as lithium-ion battery anodes, a high reversible capacity of 839mAhg\u22121 can be obtained at the current density of 0.1Ag\u22121 after 100 cycles, while a high capacity of 228mAhg\u22121 can be maintained at 10Ag\u22121. Tested against sodium, a high specific capacity of 227 can be delivered at 0.1Ag\u22121 after 100 cycles, while a high capacity of 109mAhg\u22121 can be achieved at 10Ag\u22121. These results turn out that the doped carbons would be potential anode materials for lithium- and sodium-ion batteries, which can be achieved by a one-step and large-scale synthesis route. Our observation indicates that heteroatom doping (especially sulfur) can significantly promote ion storage and reduce irreversible ion trapping to some extent. 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-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "Graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets (g-C3N4 NSs) hybridized nitrogen doped titanium dioxide (N-TiO2) nanofibers (GCN/NT NFs) have been synthesized in situ via a simple electrospinning process combined with a modified heat-etching method. The prepared GCN/NT NFs were characterized by a variety of methods and their photocatalytic activities were evaluated by hydrogen (H2) production from water splitting and degradation of rhodamine B in aqueous solution. It was found that the GCN/NT NFs have a mesoporous structure, composed of g-C3N4 NSs and N-doped TiO2 crystallites. The g-C3N4 NSs synthesized after heat-etching were found to be embedded in, and covered, the hybrid NFs to form stable interfaces. The partial decomposition of g-C3N4 releases its nitrogen content which eventually gets doped into the nearby TiO2 skeleton. The GCN/NT NFs give a high photocatalytic H2 production rate of 8,931.3 \u03bcmol\u00b7h\u22121\u00b7g\u22121 in aqueous methanol solution under simulated solar light. Such a highly efficient photocatalytic performance can be ascribed to the combined effects of g-C3N4 NSs and N-doped TiO2 with enhanced light absorption intensity and improved electron transport ability. Also, the large surface area of the mesoporous NFs minimizes light reflection on the surface and provides more surface-active sites. This work highlights the potential of quasi-one dimensional hybrid materials in the field of solar energy conversion.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Graphitic", "start": 0, "end": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "carbon", "start": 10, "end": 16, "annotation": null}, {"text": "nitride", "start": 17, "end": 24, "annotation": null}, {"text": "nanosheets", "start": 25, "end": 35, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 36, "end": 37, "annotation": null}, {"text": "g-C3N4", "start": 37, "end": 43, "annotation": null}, {"text": "NSs", "start": 44, "end": 47, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 47, "end": 48, "annotation": null}, {"text": "hybridized", "start": 49, "end": 59, "annotation": null}, {"text": "nitrogen", "start": 60, "end": 68, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "doped", "start": 69, "end": 74, "annotation": null}, {"text": "titanium", "start": 75, "end": 83, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "dioxide", "start": 84, "end": 91, 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-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "Lead tungstate tellurite (LTT) glasses doped with different concentrations of Eu3+ ions have been prepared by the conventional melt quenching method. From the absorption spectrum, it has been observed that the bands originated both from the ground (7F0) and the first excited (7F1) states. Judd-Ofelt intensity parameters \u03a92 and \u03a94 have been evaluated from the 5D0 \u2192 7F2 and 5D0 \u2192 7F4 emission transitions respectively. The evaluated J-O intensity parameters have been used to calculate different radiative and laser characteristic parameters of the 5D0 excited level. The large magnitudes of stimulated emission cross-section (\u03c3e) and branching ratio (\u03b2R) obtained for 5D0 \u2192 7F2 (0.62 \u03bcm) transition suggests that the LTTEu20 glass could be more suitable for lasing action in the visible region. The measured lifetime of 5D0 excited state increases with increase of Eu3+ concentration due to increasing asymmetry around the Eu3+ ions.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Lead", "start": 0, "end": 4, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "tungstate", "start": 5, "end": 14, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "tellurite", "start": 15, "end": 24, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "(", "start": 25, "end": 26, "annotation": null}, {"text": "LTT", "start": 26, "end": 29, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": ")", "start": 29, "end": 30, "annotation": null}, {"text": "glasses", "start": 31, "end": 38, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 39, "end": 44, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 45, "end": 49, "annotation": null}, {"text": "different", "start": 50, "end": 59, "annotation": null}, {"text": "concentrations", "start": 60, "end": 74, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 75, "end": 77, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Eu3+", 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-{"text": "By using transient-capacitance techniques we probe the mechanism of hole transport in amorphous/crystalline silicon heterojunction solar cells. The devices are formed by depositing undoped amorphous silicon followed by p-type amorphous silicon on n-type crystalline silicon wafers. The capacitance transients indicate that hole transport from p-type amorphous silicon to n-type crystalline silicon is hindered by hole accumulation in the depletion region of the crystalline silicon. The results are explained with a model based on electrostatic repulsion owing to hole build-up at the crystalline/amorphous interface. We apply these results to other heterojunction solar cells.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.solmat.2013.11.012"}, "_input_hash": -1615593435, "_task_hash": -446710130, "tokens": [[{"text": "By", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "using", "start": 3, "end": 8, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "transient", "start": 9, "end": 18, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 19, "end": 20, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "capacitance", "start": 21, "end": 32, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "techniques", "start": 33, "end": 43, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "we", "start": 44, "end": 46, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "probe", "start": 47, "end": 52, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 53, "end": 56, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "mechanism", "start": 57, "end": 66, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 67, "end": 69, "id": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "hole", "start": 70, 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+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "Graphitic carbon nitride nanosheets (g-C3N4 NSs) hybridized nitrogen doped titanium dioxide (N-TiO2) nanofibers (GCN/NT NFs) have been synthesized in situ via a simple electrospinning process combined with a modified heat-etching method. The prepared GCN/NT NFs were characterized by a variety of methods and their photocatalytic activities were evaluated by hydrogen (H2) production from water splitting and degradation of rhodamine B in aqueous solution. It was found that the GCN/NT NFs have a mesoporous structure, composed of g-C3N4 NSs and N-doped TiO2 crystallites. The g-C3N4 NSs synthesized after heat-etching were found to be embedded in, and covered, the hybrid NFs to form stable interfaces. The partial decomposition of g-C3N4 releases its nitrogen content which eventually gets doped into the nearby TiO2 skeleton. The GCN/NT NFs give a high photocatalytic H2 production rate of 8,931.3 \u03bcmol\u00b7h\u22121\u00b7g\u22121 in aqueous methanol solution under simulated solar light. Such a highly efficient photocatalytic performance can be ascribed to the combined effects of g-C3N4 NSs and N-doped TiO2 with enhanced light absorption intensity and improved electron transport ability. Also, the large surface area of the mesoporous NFs minimizes light reflection on the surface and provides more surface-active sites. This work highlights the potential of quasi-one dimensional hybrid materials in the field of solar energy conversion.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Graphitic", "start": 0, "end": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "carbon", "start": 10, "end": 16, "annotation": null}, {"text": "nitride", "start": 17, "end": 24, "annotation": null}, {"text": "nanosheets", "start": 25, "end": 35, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 36, "end": 37, "annotation": null}, {"text": "g-C3N4", "start": 37, "end": 43, "annotation": null}, {"text": "NSs", "start": 44, "end": 47, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 47, "end": 48, "annotation": null}, {"text": "hybridized", "start": 49, "end": 59, "annotation": null}, {"text": "nitrogen", "start": 60, "end": 68, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "doped", "start": 69, "end": 74, "annotation": null}, {"text": "titanium", "start": 75, "end": 83, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "dioxide", "start": 84, "end": 91, 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+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "Lead tungstate tellurite (LTT) glasses doped with different concentrations of Eu3+ ions have been prepared by the conventional melt quenching method. From the absorption spectrum, it has been observed that the bands originated both from the ground (7F0) and the first excited (7F1) states. Judd-Ofelt intensity parameters \u03a92 and \u03a94 have been evaluated from the 5D0 \u2192 7F2 and 5D0 \u2192 7F4 emission transitions respectively. The evaluated J-O intensity parameters have been used to calculate different radiative and laser characteristic parameters of the 5D0 excited level. The large magnitudes of stimulated emission cross-section (\u03c3e) and branching ratio (\u03b2R) obtained for 5D0 \u2192 7F2 (0.62 \u03bcm) transition suggests that the LTTEu20 glass could be more suitable for lasing action in the visible region. The measured lifetime of 5D0 excited state increases with increase of Eu3+ concentration due to increasing asymmetry around the Eu3+ ions.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Lead", "start": 0, "end": 4, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "tungstate", "start": 5, "end": 14, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "tellurite", "start": 15, "end": 24, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "(", "start": 25, "end": 26, "annotation": null}, {"text": "LTT", "start": 26, "end": 29, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": ")", "start": 29, "end": 30, "annotation": null}, {"text": "glasses", "start": 31, "end": 38, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 39, "end": 44, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 45, "end": 49, "annotation": null}, {"text": "different", "start": 50, "end": 59, "annotation": null}, {"text": "concentrations", "start": 60, "end": 74, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 75, "end": 77, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Eu3+", 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+{"text": "By using transient-capacitance techniques we probe the mechanism of hole transport in amorphous/crystalline silicon heterojunction solar cells. The devices are formed by depositing undoped amorphous silicon followed by p-type amorphous silicon on n-type crystalline silicon wafers. The capacitance transients indicate that hole transport from p-type amorphous silicon to n-type crystalline silicon is hindered by hole accumulation in the depletion region of the crystalline silicon. The results are explained with a model based on electrostatic repulsion owing to hole build-up at the crystalline/amorphous interface. We apply these results to other heterojunction solar cells.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.solmat.2013.11.012"}, "_input_hash": -1615593435, "_task_hash": -446710130, "tokens": [[{"text": "By", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "using", "start": 3, "end": 8, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "transient", "start": 9, "end": 18, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 19, "end": 20, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "capacitance", "start": 21, "end": 32, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "techniques", "start": 33, "end": 43, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "we", "start": 44, "end": 46, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "probe", "start": 47, "end": 52, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 53, "end": 56, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "mechanism", "start": 57, "end": 66, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 67, "end": 69, "id": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "hole", "start": 70, 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 {"text": "In this study, we presented a comparative investigation on the electrical, optical, and structural properties of three types of transparent conductive oxides (TCOs), including tin-doped indium oxide (ITO), zinc-doped indium oxide (IZO) and hydrogen-doped indium oxide (In2O3:H or IO:H) films. Post-annealing treatment (195 \u00b0C, 30 min, and air ambient) was performed to optimize the material characteristics of the TCOs. Further, we evaluated the applications of ITO, IZO and IO:H films in silicon heterojunction (SHJ) solar cells. The effects of material characteristics of TCOs on the device performance were studied. It was found that the ITO films with a low resistivity contributed to the fill factor of the SHJ solar cells, while the IZO films showed obvious advantage in open-circuit voltage of the cells, with the best value of 0.736 V. Comparing with ITO and IZO films, the resulting IO:H films feature both highest carrier mobility (with the best value of 100 cm2/V\u00b7s) and band gap values after annealing, which contribute to the short-circuit current density of 39.18 mA/cm2. The SHJ solar cell with IO:H films as front TCO layer, showed a large scale (153.4 cm2) power conversion efficiency of 21.13%, showing an obvious enhancement compared to the ITO and IZO counterparts.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.vacuum.2017.09.011"}, "_input_hash": 167914894, "_task_hash": -1735324810, "tokens": [[{"text": "In", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "this", "start": 3, "end": 7, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "study", "start": 8, "end": 13, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 14, "end": 15, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "we", "start": 16, "end": 18, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "presented", "start": 19, "end": 28, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 29, "end": 30, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "comparative", "start": 31, "end": 42, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "investigation", "start": 43, "end": 56, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 57, "end": 59, 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-{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "\u00a9 2016 The Authors. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) nanoparticle inks synthesized by the injection of metal precursors into a hot surfactant offer an attractive route to the fabrication of Earth-abundant Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTSSe) thin film photovoltaic absorber layers. In this work it is shown that the chemical reaction conditions used to produce CZTS nanoparticle inks have a fundamental influence on the performance of thin film solar cells made by converting the nanoparticles to large CZTSSe grains in a selenium rich atmosphere and subsequent cell completion. The reaction time, temperature and cooling rate of the nanoparticle fabrication process are found to affect doping level, secondary phases and crystal structure respectively. Specifically, prolonging the reaction offers a new route to increase the concentration of acceptor levels in CZTSSe photovoltaic absorbers and results in higher device efficiency through an increase in the open circuit voltage and a reduction in parasitic resistance. Quenching the reaction by rapid cooling introduces a wurtzite crystal structure in the nanoparticles which significantly degrades the device performance, while elevating the reaction temperature of the nanoparticle synthesis introduces a secondary phase Cu2SnS3 in the nanoparticles and results in the highest cell efficiency of 6.26%. This is correlated with increased doping in the CZTSSe absorber and the results demonstrate a route to controlling this parameter. The chemical reaction conditions used to fabricate Cu2ZnSnS4 nanoparticle inks have a profound influence on the performance of completed Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 thin film solar cells. Prolonging the reaction provides a means to increase the doping in the devices while the existence of wurtzite crystal structure significantly degrades the device performance. 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+{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "\u00a9 2016 The Authors. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) nanoparticle inks synthesized by the injection of metal precursors into a hot surfactant offer an attractive route to the fabrication of Earth-abundant Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTSSe) thin film photovoltaic absorber layers. In this work it is shown that the chemical reaction conditions used to produce CZTS nanoparticle inks have a fundamental influence on the performance of thin film solar cells made by converting the nanoparticles to large CZTSSe grains in a selenium rich atmosphere and subsequent cell completion. The reaction time, temperature and cooling rate of the nanoparticle fabrication process are found to affect doping level, secondary phases and crystal structure respectively. Specifically, prolonging the reaction offers a new route to increase the concentration of acceptor levels in CZTSSe photovoltaic absorbers and results in higher device efficiency through an increase in the open circuit voltage and a reduction in parasitic resistance. Quenching the reaction by rapid cooling introduces a wurtzite crystal structure in the nanoparticles which significantly degrades the device performance, while elevating the reaction temperature of the nanoparticle synthesis introduces a secondary phase Cu2SnS3 in the nanoparticles and results in the highest cell efficiency of 6.26%. This is correlated with increased doping in the CZTSSe absorber and the results demonstrate a route to controlling this parameter. The chemical reaction conditions used to fabricate Cu2ZnSnS4 nanoparticle inks have a profound influence on the performance of completed Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 thin film solar cells. Prolonging the reaction provides a means to increase the doping in the devices while the existence of wurtzite crystal structure significantly degrades the device performance. The highest efficiency is accompanied by secondary phase Cu2SnS3 which results in the smallest voltage deficit relative to the energy band gap.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Progress", "start": 20, "end": 28, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 29, "end": 31, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Photovoltaics", "start": 32, "end": 45, "annotation": null}, {"text": ":", "start": 45, "end": 46, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Research", "start": 47, "end": 55, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 56, "end": 59, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Applications", "start": 60, "end": 72, "annotation": null}, {"text": "published", "start": 73, "end": 82, "annotation": null}, {"text": "by", "start": 83, "end": 85, "annotation": null}, {"text": "John", "start": 86, "end": 90, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Wiley", "start": 91, "end": 96, "annotation": null}, {"text": "&", "start": 97, "end": 98, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Sons", "start": 99, 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 {"text": "Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) can be used as a photocatalyst to reduce CO2. Doping is an efficient strategy for improving the photocatalytic activity and tuning the electronic structure of g-C3N4. The sulfur-doped g-C3N4 (S-doped g-C3N4) as a promising photocatalyst for CO2 reduction was investigated by density functional theory methods. The electronic and optical properties indicate that doping S enhances the catalytic performance of g-C3N4. From the reduction Gibbs free energies, the optimal path for CO2 reduction reaction to CH3OH production catalyzed by S-doped g-C3N4 is CO2 \u2192 COOH\u2217 \u2192 CO \u2192 HCO\u2217 \u2192 HCHO \u2192 CH3O\u2217 \u2192 CH3OH. In comparison with g-C3N4, doping S can alter the rate-determining step and reduce the Gibbs free energy from 1.43 to 1.15 eV. CO2 reduction activity of S-doped g-C3N4 is better than that of g-C3N4, which is in well agreement with the experimental results. Our work provides useful insights into designing nonmetal-doped g-C3N4 for photocatalytic CO2 reduction reactions.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b00098"}, "_input_hash": 1215403723, "_task_hash": -2049612502, "tokens": [[{"text": "Graphitic", "start": 35, "end": 44, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "carbon", "start": 45, "end": 51, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "nitride", "start": 52, "end": 59, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 60, "end": 61, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "g", "start": 62, "end": 63, "id": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 64, "end": 65, "id": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "C3N4", "start": 66, "end": 70, "id": 12, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 71, "end": 72, "id": 13, "annotation": null}, {"text": "can", "start": 73, "end": 76, "id": 14, "annotation": null}, {"text": "be", "start": 77, "end": 79, "id": 15, "annotation": null}, {"text": "used", "start": 80, "end": 84, "id": 16, 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-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "The dependence of the solubilities and diffusion coefficients of Mn, Fe, and Co on doping with B, P, and As in Si have been studied by the tracer method. An enhancement of the solubility by up to 4 orders of magnitude has been observed for P concentrations greater than 5\u00d71018 cm-3 and temperatures between 700\u00b0C and 850\u00b0C. The enhancement is due to immobile substitutional 3d impurity atoms forming multiple-acceptor centers and pairs with P at those temperatures. By contrast, in intrinsic and highly-B-doped Si, impurities on interstitial sites dominate the solubility, with the exception of Mn for T<850\u00b0C. The interstitials act as donor centers resulting in a solubility enhancement for high B dopings (T<900\u00b0C, [B]>5\u00d71018 cm-3) due to the singly positive charge state and impurity-boron pairs. No evidence for a dependence of the diffusion coefficient on the charge state has been found. The analysis of the solubility on the Fermi level shows that the donor levels of interstitial Mn, Fe, and Co above 700\u00b0C abruptly shift towards the valence band with temperature. This is the first experimental evidence that a point-defect configuration becomes unstable at high temperatures in analogy to an instability of the Si self-interstitial conjectured by Seeger and Chick [Phys. Status Solidi 29, 455 (1968)] 20 years ago. It is further proposed that the multiple-acceptor behavior of substitutional Mn, Fe, and Co is due to a strong increase in the vacancy concentration in highly-P-doped Si as compared with intrinsic Si for T<850\u00b0C. \u00a9 1990 The American Physical Society.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "dependence", "start": 4, "end": 14, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 15, "end": 17, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 18, "end": 21, "annotation": null}, {"text": "solubilities", "start": 22, "end": 34, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 35, "end": 38, "annotation": null}, {"text": "diffusion", "start": 39, "end": 48, "annotation": null}, {"text": "coefficients", "start": 49, "end": 61, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 62, "end": 64, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Mn", "start": 65, "end": 67, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 67, "end": 68, 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-{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "Graphite carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is a new class of N-doped material that exists in 2D and 3D structures. They are nanoporous materials with multiple technological applications. That is why we present here a complete Density Functional Theory study about the properties of (2D) sheets: triazine and tri-s-triazine and the (3D) crystals. The layers can be stacked in different forms on the crystals. Thus, we consider different stacking types and calculate the adhesion energy between the layers. We also simulate the X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) pattern using the optimized geometries, because all these data are useful for experimentalists. As g-C3N4 is an organic semiconductor, we inform the electrical properties for sheets and crystals. We perform band diagrams using symmetry paths in the Brillouin zone (BZ) and Density of States (DOS) calculations. We compare graphene and graphite materials with 2D and 3D g-C3N4 structures, because they are a good reference as they are well known.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Graphite", "start": 0, "end": 8, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "carbon", "start": 9, "end": 15, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "nitride", "start": 16, "end": 23, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "(", "start": 24, "end": 25, "annotation": null}, {"text": "g-C3N4", "start": 25, "end": 31, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 31, "end": 32, "annotation": null}, {"text": "is", "start": 33, "end": 35, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 36, "end": 37, "annotation": null}, {"text": "new", "start": 38, "end": 41, "annotation": null}, {"text": "class", "start": 42, "end": 47, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 48, "end": 50, "annotation": null}, {"text": "N", "start": 51, "end": 52, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 52, "end": 53, "annotation": 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"annotation": null}, {"text": "graphite", "start": 926, "end": 934, "annotation": null}, {"text": "materials", "start": 935, "end": 944, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 945, "end": 949, "annotation": null}, {"text": "2D", "start": 950, "end": 952, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 953, "end": 956, "annotation": null}, {"text": "3D", "start": 957, "end": 959, "annotation": null}, {"text": "g-C3N4", "start": 960, "end": 966, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "structures", "start": 967, "end": 977, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 977, "end": 978, "annotation": null}, {"text": "because", "start": 979, "end": 986, "annotation": null}, {"text": "they", "start": 987, "end": 991, "annotation": null}, {"text": "are", "start": 992, "end": 995, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 996, "end": 997, "annotation": null}, {"text": "good", "start": 998, "end": 1002, "annotation": null}, {"text": "reference", "start": 1003, "end": 1012, "annotation": null}, {"text": "as", "start": 1013, "end": 1015, "annotation": null}, {"text": "they", "start": 1016, "end": 1020, "annotation": null}, {"text": "are", "start": 1021, "end": 1024, "annotation": null}, {"text": "well", "start": 1025, "end": 1029, "annotation": null}, {"text": "known", "start": 1030, "end": 1035, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 1035, "end": 1036, "annotation": null}]]}
+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "The dependence of the solubilities and diffusion coefficients of Mn, Fe, and Co on doping with B, P, and As in Si have been studied by the tracer method. An enhancement of the solubility by up to 4 orders of magnitude has been observed for P concentrations greater than 5\u00d71018 cm-3 and temperatures between 700\u00b0C and 850\u00b0C. The enhancement is due to immobile substitutional 3d impurity atoms forming multiple-acceptor centers and pairs with P at those temperatures. By contrast, in intrinsic and highly-B-doped Si, impurities on interstitial sites dominate the solubility, with the exception of Mn for T<850\u00b0C. The interstitials act as donor centers resulting in a solubility enhancement for high B dopings (T<900\u00b0C, [B]>5\u00d71018 cm-3) due to the singly positive charge state and impurity-boron pairs. No evidence for a dependence of the diffusion coefficient on the charge state has been found. The analysis of the solubility on the Fermi level shows that the donor levels of interstitial Mn, Fe, and Co above 700\u00b0C abruptly shift towards the valence band with temperature. This is the first experimental evidence that a point-defect configuration becomes unstable at high temperatures in analogy to an instability of the Si self-interstitial conjectured by Seeger and Chick [Phys. Status Solidi 29, 455 (1968)] 20 years ago. It is further proposed that the multiple-acceptor behavior of substitutional Mn, Fe, and Co is due to a strong increase in the vacancy concentration in highly-P-doped Si as compared with intrinsic Si for T<850\u00b0C. \u00a9 1990 The American Physical Society.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "dependence", "start": 4, "end": 14, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 15, "end": 17, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 18, "end": 21, "annotation": null}, {"text": "solubilities", "start": 22, "end": 34, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 35, "end": 38, "annotation": null}, {"text": "diffusion", "start": 39, "end": 48, "annotation": null}, {"text": "coefficients", "start": 49, "end": 61, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 62, "end": 64, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Mn", "start": 65, "end": 67, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 67, "end": 68, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Fe", "start": 69, "end": 71, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 71, "end": 72, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 73, "end": 76, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Co", "start": 77, "end": 79, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 80, "end": 82, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doping", "start": 83, "end": 89, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 90, "end": 94, "annotation": null}, {"text": "B", "start": 95, "end": 96, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": ",", "start": 96, "end": 97, "annotation": null}, {"text": "P", "start": 98, "end": 99, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": ",", "start": 99, "end": 100, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 101, "end": 104, "annotation": null}, {"text": "As", "start": 105, "end": 107, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "in", "start": 108, "end": 110, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Si", "start": 111, "end": 113, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "have", "start": 114, "end": 118, 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+{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "Graphite carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is a new class of N-doped material that exists in 2D and 3D structures. They are nanoporous materials with multiple technological applications. That is why we present here a complete Density Functional Theory study about the properties of (2D) sheets: triazine and tri-s-triazine and the (3D) crystals. The layers can be stacked in different forms on the crystals. Thus, we consider different stacking types and calculate the adhesion energy between the layers. We also simulate the X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) pattern using the optimized geometries, because all these data are useful for experimentalists. As g-C3N4 is an organic semiconductor, we inform the electrical properties for sheets and crystals. We perform band diagrams using symmetry paths in the Brillouin zone (BZ) and Density of States (DOS) calculations. We compare graphene and graphite materials with 2D and 3D g-C3N4 structures, because they are a good reference as they are well known.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Graphite", "start": 0, "end": 8, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "carbon", "start": 9, "end": 15, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "nitride", "start": 16, "end": 23, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "(", "start": 24, "end": 25, "annotation": null}, {"text": "g-C3N4", "start": 25, "end": 31, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 31, "end": 32, "annotation": null}, {"text": "is", "start": 33, "end": 35, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 36, "end": 37, "annotation": null}, {"text": "new", "start": 38, "end": 41, "annotation": null}, {"text": "class", "start": 42, "end": 47, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 48, "end": 50, "annotation": null}, {"text": "N", "start": 51, "end": 52, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 52, "end": 53, "annotation": 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 {"text": "Donor-doped BaTiO3 ceramics show very high endurance under DC field stress and are there-fore suitable candidates for the manufacture of multilayer capacitors with thin dielectric layers. CeO2 additives were found to be excellent donor dopants. The donor effect results from Ce3+ ions incorporated on Ba sites of the perovskite lattice. Defect chemistry, solubility of CeO2 in BaTiO3 and the ferroelectric phase transition of Ce-modified BaTiO3 have been studied by several methods.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/0955-2219(94)90062-0"}, "_input_hash": 219447319, "_task_hash": 1237719699, "tokens": [[{"text": "Donor", "start": 0, "end": 5, "id": 0, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 6, "end": 7, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 8, "end": 13, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "BaTiO3", "start": 14, "end": 20, "id": 3, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "ceramics", "start": 21, "end": 29, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "show", "start": 30, "end": 34, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "very", "start": 35, "end": 39, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "high", "start": 40, "end": 44, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "endurance", "start": 45, "end": 54, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "under", "start": 55, "end": 60, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "DC", 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-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "The present study was motivated by the reports that promote the use of boron doped diamond (BDD) anode for electrochemical oxidation (EO) of different organic compounds. EO approach on BDD proceeds via electrochemical generation (by water discharge) of hydroxyl radicals and their subsequent reactions. Although the discussion about the degradation of different organic compounds on Si-supported BDD anodes has been already reported; no attempts have been published about the electrochemical degradation of carboxylic acids (acetic, formic and oxalic acids) on Nb/BDD electrode. The interest to elucidate the mechanisms for removing carboxylic acids from water, as a model reaction, contributes to the understanding of more complex reactions involving organic pollutants. In this work, the results clearly demonstrate that organic molecules can be degraded in different way and level by using 0.25M HClO4 as supporting electrolyte due to the oxidants electrochemically generated as well as the interaction of carboxylic acid with BDD surface by adsorbed/non-adsorbed intermediates. The direct evidence for these processes was found during potentiodynamic measurements and bulk electrolysis of carboxylic acids resulting in different evolution of organic matter removals. The strong oxidants as well as the oxidation potentials were analyzed by spin trapping and voltammetry kinetic studies, respectively.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "present", "start": 4, "end": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "study", "start": 12, "end": 17, "annotation": null}, {"text": "was", "start": 18, "end": 21, "annotation": null}, {"text": "motivated", "start": 22, "end": 31, "annotation": null}, {"text": "by", "start": 32, "end": 34, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 35, "end": 38, "annotation": null}, {"text": "reports", "start": 39, "end": 46, "annotation": null}, {"text": "that", "start": 47, "end": 51, "annotation": null}, {"text": "promote", "start": 52, "end": 59, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 60, "end": 63, "annotation": null}, {"text": "use", "start": 64, "end": 67, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 68, "end": 70, "annotation": null}, 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+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "The present study was motivated by the reports that promote the use of boron doped diamond (BDD) anode for electrochemical oxidation (EO) of different organic compounds. EO approach on BDD proceeds via electrochemical generation (by water discharge) of hydroxyl radicals and their subsequent reactions. Although the discussion about the degradation of different organic compounds on Si-supported BDD anodes has been already reported; no attempts have been published about the electrochemical degradation of carboxylic acids (acetic, formic and oxalic acids) on Nb/BDD electrode. The interest to elucidate the mechanisms for removing carboxylic acids from water, as a model reaction, contributes to the understanding of more complex reactions involving organic pollutants. In this work, the results clearly demonstrate that organic molecules can be degraded in different way and level by using 0.25M HClO4 as supporting electrolyte due to the oxidants electrochemically generated as well as the interaction of carboxylic acid with BDD surface by adsorbed/non-adsorbed intermediates. The direct evidence for these processes was found during potentiodynamic measurements and bulk electrolysis of carboxylic acids resulting in different evolution of organic matter removals. The strong oxidants as well as the oxidation potentials were analyzed by spin trapping and voltammetry kinetic studies, respectively.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "present", "start": 4, "end": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "study", "start": 12, "end": 17, "annotation": null}, {"text": "was", "start": 18, "end": 21, "annotation": null}, {"text": "motivated", "start": 22, "end": 31, "annotation": null}, {"text": "by", "start": 32, "end": 34, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 35, "end": 38, "annotation": null}, {"text": "reports", "start": 39, "end": 46, "annotation": null}, {"text": "that", "start": 47, "end": 51, "annotation": null}, {"text": "promote", "start": 52, "end": 59, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 60, "end": 63, "annotation": null}, {"text": "use", "start": 64, "end": 67, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 68, "end": 70, "annotation": null}, 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 {"text": "Er3+ doped and Er3+\u2013Yb3+ co-doped ZnO\u2013WO3\u2013B2O3\u2013SiO2 glass-ceramics have been prepared by melt-crystallization method and their properties are examined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and fluorescence spectroscopy. The results reveal that Er3+ ions or Er3+\u2013Yb3+ ions have already entered into the crystalline field. The up-conversion mechanism of Er3+\u2013Yb3+ co-doped ZnO\u2013WO3\u2013B2O3\u2013SiO2 glass ceramics is analyzed, and the effect of Yb3+ concentration on the intensity of up-conversion is investigated. With the increase of pump power, the intensity of green emission at 530 nm increases faster than that at 552 nm. The fluorescence spectrum reaches a maximum when the molar ratio of Er2O3 to Yb2O3 is 1:7.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.08.164"}, "_input_hash": -1664783625, "_task_hash": -1427483818, "tokens": [[{"text": "Er3", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "+", "start": 4, "end": 5, "id": 1, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "doped", "start": 6, "end": 11, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 12, "end": 15, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Er3+\u2013Yb3", "start": 16, "end": 24, "id": 4, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "+", "start": 25, "end": 26, "id": 5, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "co", "start": 27, "end": 29, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 30, "end": 31, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 32, "end": 37, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ZnO", "start": 38, "end": 41, "id": 9, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "\u2013", "start": 42, "end": 43, "id": 10, "annotation": 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-{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "The effects of non-magnetic Zn and magnetic Ni substitution for Cu site on magnetism are studied by measurements of uniform magnetic susceptibility for lightly doped La2\u2212x Sr x Cu1\u2212z M z O4 (M=Zn or Ni) polycrystalline samples. For the parent x=0, Zn doping suppresses the N\u00e9el temperature T N whereas Ni doping hardly changes T N up to z=0.3. For the lightly doped samples with T N\u223c0, the Ni doping recovers T N. For the superconducting samples, the Ni doping induces the superconductivity-to-antiferromagnetic transition (or crossover). All the heavily Ni doped samples indicate a spin glass behavior at \u223c15 K.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "effects", "start": 4, "end": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 12, "end": 14, "annotation": null}, {"text": "non-magnetic", "start": 15, "end": 27, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Zn", "start": 28, "end": 30, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "and", "start": 31, "end": 34, "annotation": null}, {"text": "magnetic", "start": 35, "end": 43, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Ni", "start": 44, "end": 46, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "substitution", "start": 47, "end": 59, "annotation": null}, {"text": "for", "start": 60, "end": 63, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Cu", "start": 64, "end": 66, "annotation": null}, {"text": "site", "start": 67, "end": 71, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 72, "end": 74, "annotation": null}, {"text": "magnetism", "start": 75, "end": 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+{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "The effects of non-magnetic Zn and magnetic Ni substitution for Cu site on magnetism are studied by measurements of uniform magnetic susceptibility for lightly doped La2\u2212x Sr x Cu1\u2212z M z O4 (M=Zn or Ni) polycrystalline samples. For the parent x=0, Zn doping suppresses the N\u00e9el temperature T N whereas Ni doping hardly changes T N up to z=0.3. For the lightly doped samples with T N\u223c0, the Ni doping recovers T N. For the superconducting samples, the Ni doping induces the superconductivity-to-antiferromagnetic transition (or crossover). All the heavily Ni doped samples indicate a spin glass behavior at \u223c15 K.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "effects", "start": 4, "end": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 12, "end": 14, "annotation": null}, {"text": "non-magnetic", "start": 15, "end": 27, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Zn", "start": 28, "end": 30, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "and", "start": 31, "end": 34, "annotation": null}, {"text": "magnetic", "start": 35, "end": 43, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Ni", "start": 44, "end": 46, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "substitution", "start": 47, "end": 59, "annotation": null}, {"text": "for", "start": 60, "end": 63, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Cu", "start": 64, "end": 66, "annotation": null}, {"text": "site", "start": 67, "end": 71, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 72, "end": 74, "annotation": null}, {"text": "magnetism", "start": 75, "end": 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 {"text": "The extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) at L3 edges of rare-earth atoms in glass of 3CaO\u2013Ga2O3\u20133GeO2 (or Ca3Ga2Ge3O12) composition doped with Eu, Ho (0.7wt.%) and Er (1.46wt.%) has been investigated. The obtained structural parameters of the Eu, Ho and Er first (oxygen) coordination shell have shown that the local neighbourhood is independent on the kind of rare-earth ions\u2019 impurity and, taking into account structural disorder, is similar to that present in pure oxide systems. Short-range structures around the considered luminescence centres are discussed and compared with relevant literature data.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.optmat.2007.02.013"}, "_input_hash": 1100976588, "_task_hash": 226855384, "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "extended", "start": 4, "end": 12, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "X", "start": 13, "end": 14, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 15, "end": 16, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ray", "start": 17, "end": 20, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "absorption", "start": 21, "end": 31, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "fine", "start": 32, "end": 36, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "structure", "start": 37, "end": 46, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 47, "end": 48, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "EXAFS", "start": 49, "end": 54, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 55, "end": 56, "id": 10, 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 {"text": "Polarised extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) and X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopies have been used to probe the local bonding of the infinite layer compounds CaCuO2 and SrCuO2 and of artificially layered superconducting (BaCuO2)2/(CaCuO2)n and nonsuperconducting (BaCuO2)2/(SrCuO2)2 superlattices. Fluorescence-yield measurements have been performed at T=77 K above the Cu and Ba K-edges. The XANES spectrum of CaCuO2 is described in terms of mixing of electronic configurations in the final state. EXAFS results show that the charge reservoir (CR) block of the Ba/Ca superlattice contains 0.6 oxygen vacancies per unit cell randomly distributed in the CuO2 plane sandwiched between the BaO planes and that the two apical oxygens are not in the Ba plane but are shifted toward Cu by 0.21 \u00c5. These oxygens have a pyramidal and distorted octahedral coordination with Cu at the Ba/Ca interface and in the (BaCuO2)2 block, respectively. 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 {"text": "The practical application of organic fluorophores in bioimaging is severely limited due to their generally poor stability. In this Highlight, we emphasize several representative strategies including nanoparticle-encapsulating dyes, dye-doped nanoparticles and molecular engineering for stabilizing fluorophores, especially with a breakthrough in photostability for visualizing disease therapy, tumor and biological processes.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1039/C4CS00152D"}, "_input_hash": -992982152, "_task_hash": -684917091, "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "practical", "start": 4, "end": 13, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "application", "start": 14, "end": 25, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 26, "end": 28, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "organic", "start": 29, "end": 36, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "fluorophores", "start": 37, "end": 49, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 50, "end": 52, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "bioimaging", "start": 53, "end": 63, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "is", "start": 64, "end": 66, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "severely", "start": 67, "end": 75, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "limited", "start": 76, "end": 83, "id": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "due", "start": 84, "end": 87, "id": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "to", "start": 88, "end": 90, "id": 12, "annotation": null}, {"text": "their", "start": 91, "end": 96, "id": 13, "annotation": null}, {"text": "generally", "start": 97, "end": 106, "id": 14, "annotation": null}, {"text": "poor", "start": 107, "end": 111, "id": 15, "annotation": null}, {"text": "stability", "start": 112, "end": 121, "id": 16, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 122, "end": 123, "id": 17, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "In", "start": 124, "end": 126, "id": 18, "annotation": null}, {"text": "this", "start": 127, "end": 131, "id": 19, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Highlight", "start": 132, "end": 141, "id": 20, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 142, "end": 143, "id": 21, "annotation": null}, {"text": "we", "start": 144, "end": 146, "id": 22, "annotation": null}, {"text": "emphasize", "start": 147, "end": 156, "id": 23, "annotation": null}, {"text": "several", "start": 157, "end": 164, "id": 24, "annotation": null}, {"text": "representative", "start": 165, "end": 179, "id": 25, "annotation": null}, {"text": "strategies", "start": 180, "end": 190, "id": 26, "annotation": null}, {"text": "including", "start": 191, "end": 200, "id": 27, "annotation": null}, {"text": "nanoparticle", "start": 201, "end": 213, "id": 28, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 214, "end": 215, "id": 29, "annotation": null}, {"text": "encapsulating", "start": 216, "end": 229, "id": 30, "annotation": null}, {"text": "dyes", "start": 230, "end": 234, "id": 31, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 235, "end": 236, "id": 32, "annotation": null}, {"text": "dye", "start": 237, "end": 240, "id": 33, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 241, "end": 242, "id": 34, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 243, "end": 248, "id": 35, "annotation": null}, {"text": "nanoparticles", "start": 249, "end": 262, "id": 36, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "and", "start": 263, "end": 266, "id": 37, "annotation": null}, {"text": "molecular", "start": 267, "end": 276, "id": 38, "annotation": null}, {"text": "engineering", "start": 277, "end": 288, "id": 39, "annotation": null}, {"text": "for", "start": 289, "end": 292, "id": 40, "annotation": null}, {"text": "stabilizing", "start": 293, "end": 304, "id": 41, "annotation": null}, {"text": "fluorophores", "start": 305, "end": 317, "id": 42, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 318, "end": 319, "id": 43, "annotation": null}, {"text": "especially", "start": 320, "end": 330, "id": 44, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 331, "end": 335, "id": 45, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 336, "end": 337, "id": 46, "annotation": null}, {"text": "breakthrough", "start": 338, "end": 350, "id": 47, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 351, "end": 353, "id": 48, "annotation": null}, {"text": "photostability", "start": 354, "end": 368, "id": 49, "annotation": null}, {"text": "for", "start": 369, "end": 372, "id": 50, "annotation": null}, {"text": "visualizing", "start": 373, "end": 384, "id": 51, "annotation": null}, {"text": "disease", "start": 385, "end": 392, "id": 52, "annotation": null}, {"text": "therapy", "start": 393, "end": 400, "id": 53, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 401, "end": 402, "id": 54, "annotation": null}, {"text": "tumor", "start": 403, "end": 408, "id": 55, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 409, "end": 412, "id": 56, "annotation": null}, {"text": "biological", "start": 413, "end": 423, "id": 57, "annotation": null}, {"text": "processes", "start": 424, "end": 433, "id": 58, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 434, "end": 435, "id": 59, "annotation": null}]], "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"]}
 {"text": "By using our low-energy Ar plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (CVD) at a substrate temperature below 100\u00b0C during plasma exposure without substrate heating, modulation of valence band structures and infrared photoluminescence can be observed by change of strain in a Si/strained Si0.4Ge0.6/Si(100) heterostructure. For the strained Si0.5Ge0.5 film, Hall mobility at room temperature was confirmed to be as high as 660cm2V\u22121s\u22121 with a carrier concentration of 1.3\u00d71018cm\u22123 for n-type carrier, although the carrier origin was unclear. Moreover, good rectifying characteristics were obtained for a p+Si/nSi0.5Ge0.5 heterojunction diode. This indicates that the strained Si-Ge alloy and Si films and their heterostructures epitaxially grown by our low-energy Ar plasma enhanced CVD without substrate heating can be applicable effectively for various semiconductor devices utilizing high carrier mobility, built-in potential by doping and band engineering.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.mssp.2016.09.035"}, "_input_hash": 2096593842, "_task_hash": -1155630933, "tokens": [[{"text": "By", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "using", "start": 3, "end": 8, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "our", "start": 9, "end": 12, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "low", "start": 13, "end": 16, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 17, "end": 18, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "energy", "start": 19, "end": 25, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Ar", "start": 26, "end": 28, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "plasma", "start": 29, "end": 35, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": 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-{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "Electronic structures of hole-doped and electron hole-doped manganites, La0.7Ca0.3MnO3 and La0.7Ce0.3MnO3, have been elucidated by x-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectra of O K- and Mn L3,2-edges. In the electron-doped system, La0.7Ce0.3MnO3, the spectral features of O K-edge spectra are shifted by \u223c 1 eV towards the higher energy side and reduction of Mn valency from 4+ and 3+ to 3+ and 2+ is expected when compared to hole-doped manganite. The XANES of Ce M5,4-edges indicates a tetravalent state for Ce, similar to that in CEO2. Ce4+ is incorporated into the lattice of LaMnO3, resulting in the modification of MnO6 octahedra and also indicating strong hybridization of Ce 5d and/or Ce 4f states with O 2p states.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Electronic", "start": 0, "end": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "structures", "start": 11, "end": 21, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 22, "end": 24, "annotation": null}, {"text": "hole", "start": 25, "end": 29, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 29, "end": 30, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 30, "end": 35, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 36, "end": 39, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electron", "start": 40, "end": 48, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "hole", "start": 49, "end": 53, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 53, "end": 54, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 54, "end": 59, "annotation": null}, {"text": "manganites", "start": 60, "end": 70, 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+{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "Electronic structures of hole-doped and electron hole-doped manganites, La0.7Ca0.3MnO3 and La0.7Ce0.3MnO3, have been elucidated by x-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectra of O K- and Mn L3,2-edges. In the electron-doped system, La0.7Ce0.3MnO3, the spectral features of O K-edge spectra are shifted by \u223c 1 eV towards the higher energy side and reduction of Mn valency from 4+ and 3+ to 3+ and 2+ is expected when compared to hole-doped manganite. The XANES of Ce M5,4-edges indicates a tetravalent state for Ce, similar to that in CEO2. Ce4+ is incorporated into the lattice of LaMnO3, resulting in the modification of MnO6 octahedra and also indicating strong hybridization of Ce 5d and/or Ce 4f states with O 2p states.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Electronic", "start": 0, "end": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "structures", "start": 11, "end": 21, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 22, "end": 24, "annotation": null}, {"text": "hole", "start": 25, "end": 29, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 29, "end": 30, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 30, "end": 35, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 36, "end": 39, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electron", "start": 40, "end": 48, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "hole", "start": 49, "end": 53, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 53, "end": 54, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 54, "end": 59, "annotation": null}, {"text": "manganites", "start": 60, "end": 70, 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 {"text": "The electrical conductivity (\u03c3) and oxide ion transference number (t0) of praseodymia doped ceria systems were measured. The former increased rapidly with the praseodymia content, while the latter decreased. At 600\u00b0 C, for instance,\u03c3 CeO2 and Ce0.6Pr0.4O2 under 0.21 atm of oxygen were 2.0\u00d710\u22125 and 3.6\u00d710\u22122 S cm\u22121; andt0 in them were 0.59 and 0.11, respectively. This mixed conductor having high electrical conductivity might be useful as a fuel cell electrode if it could be combined with a suitable solid electrolyte.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1007/BF00611261"}, "_input_hash": -1671473388, "_task_hash": -576224939, "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electrical", "start": 4, "end": 14, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "conductivity", "start": 15, "end": 27, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 28, "end": 29, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "\u03c3", "start": 30, "end": 31, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 32, "end": 33, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 34, "end": 37, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "oxide", "start": 38, "end": 43, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ion", "start": 44, "end": 47, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "transference", "start": 48, "end": 60, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": 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 {"text": "The nanosheet-structured CuxS thin films used as counter electrodes (CEs) for CdS/CdSe quantum dot sensitized solar cells (QDSSCs) have been in situ prepared via the sulfidation of Cu nanoparticles deposited on F-doped SnO2 glass (FTO glass) substrate by magnetron sputtering method. The thickness of the deposited Cu film affects the morphology and thickness of the obtained CuxS films. The CuxS nanosheet films have good adhesion with FTO glass and the surface exhibits uniform morphology. The characteristics of QDSSCs are studied in more detail by photocurrent-voltage performance measurements, incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The CuxS on FTO glass (CuxS/FTO) CEs show much higher power conversion efficiency (PCE) and IPCE than those of the Pt on FTO (Pt/FTO) CE because of their superior carrier mobility and electro-catalytic ability for the polysulfide redox reactions. Based on an optimal CuxS film thickness of 2.7\u00a0\u03bcm obtained by the sulfidation of the Cu film thickness of 300\u00a0nm on FTO, the best photovoltaic performance with PCE of 3.67% (J sc \u00a0=\u00a016.47\u00a0mA\u00a0cm\u22122, V oc \u00a0=\u00a00.481\u00a0V, FF\u00a0=\u00a00.46) under full one-sun illumination is achieved.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.04.012"}, "_input_hash": 1116217960, "_task_hash": -1183753275, "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "nanosheet", "start": 4, "end": 13, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 14, "end": 15, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "structured", "start": 16, "end": 26, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "CuxS", "start": 27, "end": 31, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "thin", "start": 32, "end": 36, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "films", "start": 37, "end": 42, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "used", "start": 43, "end": 47, 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 {"text": "In this study, in order to develop the low-temperature sintering ceramics for multilayer piezoelectric devices, Pb(Co1/2W1/2)O3\u2013Pb(Mn1/2Nb2/3)O3\u2013Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PCW\u2013PMN\u2013PZT) ceramics doped with Li2CO3, Bi2O3 and CuO as sintering aids were manufactured, and their microstructural, dielectric and piezoelectric properties were investigated. When the only CuO was added, specimens could not be sintered below 980\u00b0C. However, when Li2CO3 and Bi2O3 with CuO were simultaneously added to the basic composition ceramics, specimens could be sintered below 980\u00b0C. The addition of Li2CO3 and Bi2O3 were proved to lower sintering temperature of piezoelectric ceramics due to the effect of Li2CO3\u2013Bi2O3 liquid phase. Piezoelectric properties of Li2CO3 and Bi2O3 added specimens showed higher values than those of the only CuO added specimens. At 0.2wt% Li2CO3 and 0.3wt% Bi2O3 added specimen sintered at 920\u00b0C, the dielectric constant (\u025br) of 1457, electromechanical coupling factor (kp) of 0.56 and mechanical quality factor (Qm) of 1000 were shown, respectively. It is considered that these values are suitable for piezoelectric device application such as multilayer piezoelectric transformer and ultrasonic vibrator with pure Ag internal electrode.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.sna.2005.06.018"}, "_input_hash": -1877609654, "_task_hash": 788364172, "tokens": [[{"text": "In", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "this", "start": 3, "end": 7, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "study", "start": 8, "end": 13, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 14, "end": 15, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 16, "end": 18, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "order", "start": 19, "end": 24, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "to", "start": 25, "end": 27, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "develop", "start": 28, "end": 35, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 36, "end": 39, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "low", "start": 40, "end": 43, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, 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 {"text": "Lutetium oxide (Lu2O3) films were prepared by a simple Pechini sol\u2013gel method with LuCl3\u00b76H2O as precursor for the first time. Thermogravimetric analysis and differential thermal analysis were used to study the thermal chemistry properties of dried gel. Structural properties of Lu2O3 films heat-treated at different temperature were investigated through X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results show that Lu2O3 starts to crystallize at about 400\u00b0C and the crystallite size increases with the increasing annealing temperature. The dopant Eu3+ presents its typical emission in Lu2O3:Eu films. The effect of heat-treatment temperature on the luminescent properties (broadening of emission peak and change of lifetimes of energy level) of the films was also discussed.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.apsusc.2004.09.069"}, "_input_hash": -1955479124, "_task_hash": 1332039426, "tokens": [[{"text": "Lutetium", "start": 0, "end": 8, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "oxide", "start": 9, "end": 14, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 15, "end": 16, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Lu2O3", "start": 17, "end": 22, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 23, "end": 24, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "films", "start": 25, "end": 30, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "were", "start": 31, "end": 35, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "prepared", "start": 36, "end": 44, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "by", "start": 45, "end": 47, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 48, "end": 49, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, 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 {"text": "A series of Sn-Cr composite oxide catalysts with various Sn/Cr mole ratios were prepared and used for CH4 deep oxidation. Compared with pure SnO2 and Cr2O3, the activity and thermal stability of Sn-Cr binary catalysts were significantly enhanced. The optimal activity was achieved on those samples with Sn/Cr mole ratios around 50:50. XRD results demonstrated that Cr3+ was doped into the crystal lattice of rutile structure SnO2 to form solid solution. As a result, the crystallization of the Sn-Cr samples was retarded, thus higher surface areas and lower crystallinity of them were maintained. TPR and XPS substantiated that more active oxygen species was formed in the Sn-Cr binary catalysts. Indeed, the high surface areas of the Sn-Cr composite oxides and the presence of more active oxygen species in them are considered as the two main reasons leading to their enhanced CH4 oxidation activity.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/S0926-3373(01)00235-1"}, "_input_hash": -175784185, "_task_hash": -1428091301, "tokens": [[{"text": "A", "start": 0, "end": 1, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "series", "start": 2, "end": 8, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 9, "end": 11, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Sn", "start": 12, "end": 14, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 15, "end": 16, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Cr", "start": 17, "end": 19, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "composite", "start": 20, "end": 29, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "oxide", "start": 30, "end": 35, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "catalysts", "start": 36, "end": 45, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 46, "end": 50, 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-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "ZnO nanorods (NRs) were grown on fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates at low temperatures (90 \u00b0C) from Zn2+ precursors in alkaline media previously seeded with ZnO nanoparticles. These were deposited onto the FTO substrate heated at 350 \u00b0C by spray pyrolysis of a Zn acetate solution in a water ethanol mixture. The structure of seeds was tuned by the ethanol to water ratio, \u0393, which controls the solvent evaporation rate of drops impinging the substrate. From a detailed characterization using a combination of scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, UV\u2013visible absorption and cathodoluminescence spectroscopies, the dependence of the morphology and optical properties of the ZnO NRs on the seeding conditions was demonstrated. NRs grown on seeds deposited from solutions with \u0393 in the 0.03\u20130.06 range \u2013 i.e. when the surface excess of ethanol in the water\u2013ethanol mixture has a maximum \u2013 show thinner average diameters and stacking faults due to the presence of zinc blende domains embedded into an overall wurtzite NR. They furthermore exhibit blue-shifted near band edge emission peak and a high deep level emission in cathodoluminescence. All these findings support the use of spray pyrolysis as a simple and reproducible way to control the seeds deposition, influencing the growth, the structure and the optical properties of the final ZnO NRs.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "ZnO", "start": 0, "end": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "nanorods", "start": 4, "end": 12, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 13, "end": 14, "annotation": null}, {"text": "NRs", "start": 14, "end": 17, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 17, "end": 18, "annotation": null}, {"text": "were", "start": 19, "end": 23, "annotation": null}, {"text": "grown", "start": 24, "end": 29, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 30, "end": 32, "annotation": null}, {"text": "fluorine", "start": 33, "end": 41, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "doped", "start": 42, "end": 47, "annotation": null}, {"text": "tin", "start": 48, "end": 51, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "oxide", "start": 52, "end": 57, 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-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "\u00a9 2018 IOP Publishing Ltd. In a model of a gate-patterned quantum device, it is important to choose the correct electrostatic boundary conditions (BCs) in order to match experiment. In this study, we model gated-patterned devices in doped and undoped GaAs heterostructures for a variety of BCs. The best match is obtained for an unconstrained surface between the gates, with a dielectric region above it and a frozen layer of surface charge, together with a very deep back boundary. Experimentally, we find a \u223c0.2 V offset in pinch-off characteristics of 1D channels in a doped heterostructure before and after etching off a ZnO overlayer, as predicted by the model. Also, we observe a clear quantised current driven by a surface acoustic wave through a lateral induced n-i-n junction in an undoped heterostructure. In the model, the ability to pump electrons in this type of device is highly sensitive to the back BC. 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-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "The spectroscopic and structural properties of surface crystallized Eu3+ ions and Yb3+ ions co-doped oxyfluoroborate glass ceramics have been studied. Luminescence measurements reveal higher cross-sections in the ceramic, on excitation with 464nm and 976nm laser radiations. Studies with polarized light as well as SEM images confirm crystallization in the ceramic and the XRD studies show that \u03b1-BaB4O7 crystals are formed on the surface after annealing. These structural changes significantly alter the luminescence characteristics of Eu3+ and Yb3+ ions. A bright red emission from Eu3+ ions is observed under 976nm excitation. The photophysics involved in this emission has been explained.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "spectroscopic", "start": 4, "end": 17, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 18, "end": 21, "annotation": null}, {"text": "structural", "start": 22, "end": 32, "annotation": null}, {"text": "properties", "start": 33, "end": 43, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 44, "end": 46, "annotation": null}, {"text": "surface", "start": 47, "end": 54, "annotation": null}, {"text": "crystallized", "start": 55, "end": 67, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Eu3+", "start": 68, "end": 72, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "ions", "start": 73, "end": 77, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 78, "end": 81, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Yb3+", "start": 82, "end": 86, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "ions", "start": 87, "end": 91, "annotation": null}, {"text": "co-doped", "start": 92, "end": 100, "annotation": null}, {"text": "oxyfluoroborate", "start": 101, "end": 116, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "glass", "start": 117, "end": 122, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "ceramics", "start": 123, "end": 131, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "have", "start": 132, "end": 136, "annotation": null}, {"text": "been", "start": 137, "end": 141, "annotation": null}, {"text": "studied", "start": 142, "end": 149, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 149, "end": 150, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "Luminescence", "start": 151, "end": 163, "annotation": null}, {"text": "measurements", "start": 164, "end": 176, "annotation": null}, {"text": "reveal", "start": 177, "end": 183, "annotation": null}, {"text": "higher", "start": 184, "end": 190, "annotation": null}, {"text": "cross-sections", "start": 191, "end": 205, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 206, "end": 208, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 209, "end": 212, "annotation": null}, {"text": 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-{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "The porous Pd/C microspheres were fabricated in carbon aerogels by \u03b3-irradiation of PdCl2 solution with carbon aerogels (CAs) monoliths impregnated. The obtained samples were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The results show that the well distributed Pd/C microspheres with different size presented in the network of carbon aerogels. The Pd/C microspheres are spherical with porous structure. The structure of Pd/C microspheres is different from the Pd particles doped in carbon aerogels by wet impregnation method. Such porous Pd/C microspheres/carbon aerogels composite exhibits higher hydrogen uptake capacity than Pd-doped carbon aerogels.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "porous", "start": 4, "end": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Pd", "start": 11, "end": 13, "annotation": null}, {"text": "/", "start": 13, "end": 14, "annotation": null}, {"text": "C", "start": 14, "end": 15, "annotation": null}, {"text": "microspheres", "start": 16, "end": 28, "annotation": null}, {"text": "were", "start": 29, "end": 33, "annotation": null}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 34, "end": 44, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 45, "end": 47, "annotation": null}, {"text": "carbon", "start": 48, "end": 54, "annotation": null}, {"text": "aerogels", "start": 55, "end": 63, "annotation": null}, {"text": "by", "start": 64, "end": 66, "annotation": null}, {"text": "\u03b3-irradiation", "start": 67, "end": 80, 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null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 699, "end": 704, "annotation": null}, {"text": "carbon", "start": 705, "end": 711, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "aerogels", "start": 712, "end": 720, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": ".", "start": 720, "end": 721, "annotation": null}]]}
+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "ZnO nanorods (NRs) were grown on fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) substrates at low temperatures (90 \u00b0C) from Zn2+ precursors in alkaline media previously seeded with ZnO nanoparticles. These were deposited onto the FTO substrate heated at 350 \u00b0C by spray pyrolysis of a Zn acetate solution in a water ethanol mixture. The structure of seeds was tuned by the ethanol to water ratio, \u0393, which controls the solvent evaporation rate of drops impinging the substrate. From a detailed characterization using a combination of scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, UV\u2013visible absorption and cathodoluminescence spectroscopies, the dependence of the morphology and optical properties of the ZnO NRs on the seeding conditions was demonstrated. NRs grown on seeds deposited from solutions with \u0393 in the 0.03\u20130.06 range \u2013 i.e. when the surface excess of ethanol in the water\u2013ethanol mixture has a maximum \u2013 show thinner average diameters and stacking faults due to the presence of zinc blende domains embedded into an overall wurtzite NR. They furthermore exhibit blue-shifted near band edge emission peak and a high deep level emission in cathodoluminescence. All these findings support the use of spray pyrolysis as a simple and reproducible way to control the seeds deposition, influencing the growth, the structure and the optical properties of the final ZnO NRs.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "ZnO", "start": 0, "end": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "nanorods", "start": 4, "end": 12, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 13, "end": 14, "annotation": null}, {"text": "NRs", "start": 14, "end": 17, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 17, "end": 18, "annotation": null}, {"text": "were", "start": 19, "end": 23, "annotation": null}, {"text": "grown", "start": 24, "end": 29, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 30, "end": 32, "annotation": null}, {"text": "fluorine", "start": 33, "end": 41, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "doped", "start": 42, "end": 47, "annotation": null}, {"text": "tin", "start": 48, "end": 51, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "oxide", "start": 52, "end": 57, 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+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "\u00a9 2018 IOP Publishing Ltd. In a model of a gate-patterned quantum device, it is important to choose the correct electrostatic boundary conditions (BCs) in order to match experiment. In this study, we model gated-patterned devices in doped and undoped GaAs heterostructures for a variety of BCs. The best match is obtained for an unconstrained surface between the gates, with a dielectric region above it and a frozen layer of surface charge, together with a very deep back boundary. Experimentally, we find a \u223c0.2 V offset in pinch-off characteristics of 1D channels in a doped heterostructure before and after etching off a ZnO overlayer, as predicted by the model. Also, we observe a clear quantised current driven by a surface acoustic wave through a lateral induced n-i-n junction in an undoped heterostructure. In the model, the ability to pump electrons in this type of device is highly sensitive to the back BC. Using the improved boundary conditions, it is straightforward to model quantum devices quite accurately using standard software.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "In", "start": 27, "end": 29, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 30, "end": 31, "annotation": null}, {"text": "model", "start": 32, "end": 37, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 38, "end": 40, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 41, "end": 42, "annotation": null}, {"text": "gate", "start": 43, "end": 47, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 47, "end": 48, "annotation": null}, {"text": "patterned", "start": 48, "end": 57, "annotation": null}, {"text": "quantum", "start": 58, "end": 65, "annotation": null}, {"text": "device", "start": 66, "end": 72, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 72, "end": 73, "annotation": null}, {"text": "it", "start": 74, "end": 76, "annotation": null}, {"text": "is", "start": 77, "end": 79, "annotation": null}, {"text": 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+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "The spectroscopic and structural properties of surface crystallized Eu3+ ions and Yb3+ ions co-doped oxyfluoroborate glass ceramics have been studied. Luminescence measurements reveal higher cross-sections in the ceramic, on excitation with 464nm and 976nm laser radiations. Studies with polarized light as well as SEM images confirm crystallization in the ceramic and the XRD studies show that \u03b1-BaB4O7 crystals are formed on the surface after annealing. These structural changes significantly alter the luminescence characteristics of Eu3+ and Yb3+ ions. A bright red emission from Eu3+ ions is observed under 976nm excitation. The photophysics involved in this emission has been explained.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "spectroscopic", "start": 4, "end": 17, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 18, "end": 21, "annotation": null}, {"text": "structural", "start": 22, "end": 32, "annotation": null}, {"text": "properties", "start": 33, "end": 43, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 44, "end": 46, "annotation": null}, {"text": "surface", "start": 47, "end": 54, "annotation": null}, {"text": "crystallized", "start": 55, "end": 67, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Eu3+", "start": 68, "end": 72, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "ions", "start": 73, "end": 77, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 78, "end": 81, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Yb3+", "start": 82, "end": 86, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "ions", "start": 87, "end": 91, "annotation": null}, {"text": "co-doped", "start": 92, "end": 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+{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "The porous Pd/C microspheres were fabricated in carbon aerogels by \u03b3-irradiation of PdCl2 solution with carbon aerogels (CAs) monoliths impregnated. The obtained samples were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The results show that the well distributed Pd/C microspheres with different size presented in the network of carbon aerogels. The Pd/C microspheres are spherical with porous structure. The structure of Pd/C microspheres is different from the Pd particles doped in carbon aerogels by wet impregnation method. Such porous Pd/C microspheres/carbon aerogels composite exhibits higher hydrogen uptake capacity than Pd-doped carbon aerogels.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "porous", "start": 4, "end": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Pd", "start": 11, "end": 13, "annotation": null}, {"text": "/", "start": 13, "end": 14, "annotation": null}, {"text": "C", "start": 14, "end": 15, "annotation": null}, {"text": "microspheres", "start": 16, "end": 28, "annotation": null}, {"text": "were", "start": 29, "end": 33, "annotation": null}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 34, "end": 44, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 45, "end": 47, "annotation": null}, {"text": "carbon", "start": 48, "end": 54, "annotation": null}, {"text": "aerogels", "start": 55, "end": 63, "annotation": null}, {"text": "by", "start": 64, "end": 66, "annotation": null}, {"text": "\u03b3-irradiation", "start": 67, "end": 80, 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 {"text": "Aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) thin films have been deposited by MF magnetron sputtering from a ceramic oxide target without heating the substrates. This study has investigated effects of sputtering power on the structural, electrical and optical properties of the AZO films. The films delivered a hexagonal wurtzite structure with (002) preferential orientation and uniform surface morphology with 27\u201333nm grain size. The results indicate that residual stress and grain size of the AZO films are dependent on sputtering power. The minimum resistivity of 7.56\u00d710\u22124\u03a9cm combined with high transmittance of 83% were obtained at deposited power of 1600W. The films delivered the advantages of a high deposition rate at low substrate temperature and should be suitable for the fabrication of low-cost transparent conductive oxide layer.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.ceramint.2012.07.037"}, "_input_hash": -1117083140, "_task_hash": 309954799, "tokens": [[{"text": "Aluminum", "start": 0, "end": 8, "id": 0, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 9, "end": 10, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 11, "end": 16, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "zinc", "start": 17, "end": 21, "id": 3, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "oxide", "start": 22, "end": 27, "id": 4, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "(", "start": 28, "end": 29, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "AZO", "start": 30, "end": 33, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 34, "end": 35, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "thin", "start": 36, "end": 40, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "films", "start": 41, "end": 46, "id": 9, 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 {"text": "In the present study, a pure TiO2 photocatalyst, Fe and Co doped photocatalyst was prepared via sol-gel method. The prepared photocatalysts were tested for its photocatalytic activity by decolorizing a basic dye namely malachite green dye under sunlight. The prepared photocatalysts were characterized with X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope and UV-Visible spectroscopy. From the decolourizing study, it was observed that Fe-doped TiO2 shown highest photocatalytic activity among the other two with 98% in 3h. The Kinetics of dye decolourization was rationalized by a modified Langmuir\u2013Hinshelwood model. The overall rate constants (k \u2019 ) for dye decolourization was observed in the order of 0.8h-1 for Fe-doped 0.67h-1 for Co-doped and 0.31h-1 for pure TiO2.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.desal.2010.11.007"}, "_input_hash": -1832903277, "_task_hash": 63880135, "tokens": [[{"text": "In", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 3, "end": 6, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "present", "start": 7, "end": 14, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "study", "start": 15, "end": 20, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 21, "end": 22, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 23, "end": 24, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "pure", "start": 25, "end": 29, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "TiO2", "start": 30, "end": 34, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "photocatalyst", "start": 35, "end": 48, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 49, "end": 50, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Fe", 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-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "We have investigated the nitrogen doping effect on phase transition characteristics and electrical property of nitrogen-doped GeSb (N-doped GS) thin films. The nitrogen gas flow rate changed from 0sccm (GS(0)) to 6sccm (GS(6)) during the deposition. The sheet resistance of crystalline state was increased from 2.6 to 5.1k\u03a9/\u25a1 and thermal stability of amorphous was increased as nitrogen gas flow rate increased due to nitrogen doping effect. Moreover, the average grain size was decreased from 9.7 to 6.6nm at 400\u00b0C as nitrogen gas flow rate increased. However, the crystallization threshold time and laser power of GS(6) were shorter and lower than GS(0) caused by lower optical reflectivity. Nitrogen-doped GeSb showed the possibility of low RESET power and high speed PRAM operation.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "We", "start": 0, "end": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "have", "start": 3, "end": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "investigated", "start": 8, "end": 20, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 21, "end": 24, "annotation": null}, {"text": "nitrogen", "start": 25, "end": 33, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doping", "start": 34, "end": 40, "annotation": null}, {"text": "effect", "start": 41, "end": 47, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 48, "end": 50, "annotation": null}, {"text": "phase", "start": 51, "end": 56, "annotation": null}, {"text": "transition", "start": 57, "end": 67, "annotation": null}, {"text": "characteristics", "start": 68, "end": 83, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 84, "end": 87, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electrical", "start": 88, "end": 98, "annotation": null}, {"text": 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+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "We have investigated the nitrogen doping effect on phase transition characteristics and electrical property of nitrogen-doped GeSb (N-doped GS) thin films. The nitrogen gas flow rate changed from 0sccm (GS(0)) to 6sccm (GS(6)) during the deposition. The sheet resistance of crystalline state was increased from 2.6 to 5.1k\u03a9/\u25a1 and thermal stability of amorphous was increased as nitrogen gas flow rate increased due to nitrogen doping effect. Moreover, the average grain size was decreased from 9.7 to 6.6nm at 400\u00b0C as nitrogen gas flow rate increased. However, the crystallization threshold time and laser power of GS(6) were shorter and lower than GS(0) caused by lower optical reflectivity. Nitrogen-doped GeSb showed the possibility of low RESET power and high speed PRAM operation.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "We", "start": 0, "end": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "have", "start": 3, "end": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "investigated", "start": 8, "end": 20, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 21, "end": 24, "annotation": null}, {"text": "nitrogen", "start": 25, "end": 33, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doping", "start": 34, "end": 40, "annotation": null}, {"text": "effect", "start": 41, "end": 47, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 48, "end": 50, "annotation": null}, {"text": "phase", "start": 51, "end": 56, "annotation": null}, {"text": "transition", "start": 57, "end": 67, "annotation": null}, {"text": "characteristics", "start": 68, "end": 83, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 84, "end": 87, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electrical", "start": 88, "end": 98, "annotation": null}, {"text": 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 {"text": "The temperature dependences of the density, mobility, and lifetime of electrons, and the photoconductivity and cathodoluminescence spectra of gallium arsenide with different electron densities doped with germanium when single crystals are grown by the Czochralski method are investigated. An analysis of the scattering mechanism is given, and the acceptor and donor densities are determined. The acceptor-type capture levels are found from the temperature dependence of the electron lifetime. The results of a study of the cathodoluminescence spectra indicate the presence in the specimens of complex radiational recombination centers similar to germanium-atom complexes with inherent lattice defects.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1007/BF00896672"}, "_input_hash": 1884513411, "_task_hash": 1139453519, "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 4, "end": 15, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "dependences", "start": 16, "end": 27, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 28, "end": 30, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 31, "end": 34, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "density", "start": 35, "end": 42, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 43, "end": 44, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "mobility", "start": 45, "end": 53, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 54, "end": 55, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 56, "end": 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"annotation": null}, {"text": "complexes", "start": 672, "end": 681, "id": 102, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 682, "end": 686, "id": 103, "annotation": null}, {"text": "inherent", "start": 687, "end": 695, "id": 104, "annotation": null}, {"text": "lattice", "start": 696, "end": 703, "id": 105, "annotation": null}, {"text": "defects", "start": 704, "end": 711, "id": 106, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 712, "end": 713, "id": 107, "annotation": null}]], "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"]}
 {"text": "The addition of 1wt% Pd, Au, Ni and Cu dopants has been demonstrated to strongly alter the morphology of beta-phase molybdenum nitride prepared by treatment of MoO3 with a 3/1 H2/N2 mixture at 750\u00b0C. Furthermore, the addition of Pd significantly enhances the surface area and the formation of the nitride phase. It is proposed that the facile formation of molybdenum bronzes in this system is important in this respect. The dopants have also been observed to modify the denitridation characteristics of the beta-phase, with an overall reduction of the proportion of NH3 formed upon using a 3/1 H2/Ar mixture with respect to the undoped sample.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.jssc.2009.12.018"}, "_input_hash": -2145177688, "_task_hash": -208477622, "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "addition", "start": 4, "end": 12, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 13, "end": 15, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "1wt%", "start": 16, "end": 20, "id": 3, "annotation": "DOPMODQ"}, {"text": "Pd", "start": 21, "end": 23, "id": 4, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": ",", "start": 24, "end": 25, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Au", "start": 26, "end": 28, "id": 6, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": ",", "start": 29, "end": 30, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Ni", "start": 31, "end": 33, "id": 8, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "and", 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"annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 625, "end": 629, "id": 116, "annotation": null}, {"text": "respect", "start": 630, "end": 637, "id": 117, "annotation": null}, {"text": "to", "start": 638, "end": 640, "id": 118, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 641, "end": 644, "id": 119, "annotation": null}, {"text": "undoped", "start": 645, "end": 652, "id": 120, "annotation": null}, {"text": "sample", "start": 653, "end": 659, "id": 121, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 660, "end": 661, "id": 122, "annotation": null}]], "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"]}
 {"text": "Promise of Si nanocrystals highly depends on tailoring their behaviour through doping. Phosphorus-doped silicon nanocrystals embedded in a silicon dioxide matrix have been realized by a co-sputtering process. The effects of phosphorus-doping on the properties of Si nanocrystals are investigated. Phosphorus diffuses from P\u2013P and/or P\u2013Si to P\u2013O upon high temperature annealing. The dominant X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy P 2p signal attributable to Si\u2013P and/or P\u2013P (130 eV) at 1100 \u00b0C indicates that the phosphorus may exist inside Si nanocrystals. It is found that existence of phosphorus enhances phase separation of silicon rich oxide and thereby Si crystallization. In addition, phosphorus has a considerable effect on the optical absorption and photoluminescence properties as a function of annealing temperature.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.tsf.2009.02.076"}, "_input_hash": 1352864383, "_task_hash": -1556654125, "tokens": [[{"text": "Promise", "start": 0, "end": 7, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 8, "end": 10, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Si", "start": 11, "end": 13, "id": 2, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "nanocrystals", "start": 14, "end": 26, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "highly", "start": 27, "end": 33, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "depends", "start": 34, "end": 41, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 42, "end": 44, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "tailoring", "start": 45, "end": 54, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "their", "start": 55, "end": 60, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "behaviour", "start": 61, "end": 70, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, 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 {"text": "In this work, novel triple metal-nonmetal doped TiO2 (K-B-N-TiO2) was synthesized by the sol\u2013gel method. The structure and properties of the synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Photocatalytic activity of the nanoparticles was assessed by degradation of linear alkyl benzene (LAB) industrial wastewater at different operating conditions. The effects of initial pH, photocatalyst loading, initial COD concentration and reaction time on the photocatalytic performance of the nanoparticles degrading LAB wastewater were determined by response surface methodology (RSM). The region of examination for the process was taken as the area enclosed by initial COD concentration (200\u2013500mg/l), catalysis loading (1\u20132g/l), initial pH (3\u201311) and reaction time (1\u20138h). The doping modes reduced recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes, and extended the absorption of TiO2 into the visible light. The photocatalyst properties of K-B-N-TiO2 were more effective than those of pure TiO2 and other modified single and double doped TiO2 (B-N, K-N, N, B and K-TiO2). The COD removal efficiencies by the photocatalysis were increased from pure TiO2 to multi-doped TiO2 in the following order; multi-doped TiO2 > single-doped TiO2 > pure TiO2. More than 55% and 81% of COD content of the LAB industrial wastewater was mineralized under visible light and UV irradiation, respectively at optimum condition (COD of 200mg/l, catalyst loading of 1.5g/l and pH of 3). The BOD5/COD ratio for the remaining COD was obtained to be about 0.4 which indicates higher biodegradability of the treated effluent in comparison with the raw wastewater.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.mssp.2017.11.040"}, "_input_hash": 934509649, "_task_hash": 2098756524, "tokens": [[{"text": "In", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "this", "start": 3, "end": 7, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "work", "start": 8, "end": 12, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 13, "end": 14, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "novel", "start": 15, "end": 20, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "triple", "start": 21, "end": 27, "id": 5, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "metal", "start": 28, "end": 33, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 34, "end": 35, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "nonmetal", "start": 36, "end": 44, "id": 8, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "doped", "start": 45, "end": 50, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, 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 {"text": "Electrochemical inactivation of cyanobacteria using boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode were comprehensively investigated in this study. The pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorometry, flow cytometry, and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) were used to characterize the photosynthetic capacity and cell integrity of Microcystis aeruginosa. Persulfate is in-situ generated and activated during the process and responsible for the inactivation of M. aeruginosa. The inactivation efficiency increases along with the increase of applied currents. Additionally, a kinetic model based on a sequence of two consecutive irreversible first-order processes was developed to simulate the release and degradation of microcystins (MCLR). The model was able to successfully predict the concentration of extracellular, intracellular and total MCLR under different applied currents and extended exposure time.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.12.023"}, "_input_hash": 358866528, "_task_hash": 257332975, "tokens": [[{"text": "Electrochemical", "start": 0, "end": 15, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "inactivation", "start": 16, "end": 28, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 29, "end": 31, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "cyanobacteria", "start": 32, "end": 45, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "using", "start": 46, "end": 51, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "boron", "start": 52, "end": 57, "id": 5, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 58, "end": 59, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 60, "end": 65, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "diamond", "start": 66, "end": 73, "id": 8, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "(", "start": 74, "end": 75, 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 {"text": "Magnetite nanoparticles, which are coated with oleic acid in a hexane solution and exhibit an average diameter of 7.7nm, were embedded in a porous silicon (PS) matrix by immersion under defined parameters (e.g. concentration, temperature, time). The porous silicon matrix is prepared by anodization of a highly n-doped silicon wafer in an aqueous HF-solution. Magnetic characterization of the samples has been performed by SQUID-magnetometry. The superparamagnetic behaviour of the magnetite nanoparticles is represented by temperature-dependent magnetization measurements. Zero field (ZFC)/field cooled (FC) experiments indicate magnetic interactions between the particles. For the infiltration into the PS-templates different concentrations of the magnetite nanoparticles are used and magnetization measurements are performed in respect with magnetic interactions between the particles. The achieved porous silicon/magnetite specimens are not only interesting due to their transition between superparamagnetic and ferromagnetic behaviour, and thus for magnetic applications but also because of the non-toxicity of both materials giving the opportunity to employ the system in medical applications as drug delivery or in medical diagnostics.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.jmmm.2009.03.022"}, "_input_hash": -377500117, "_task_hash": -1212469168, "tokens": [[{"text": "Magnetite", "start": 0, "end": 9, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "nanoparticles", "start": 10, "end": 23, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 24, "end": 25, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "which", "start": 26, "end": 31, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "are", "start": 32, "end": 35, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "coated", "start": 36, "end": 42, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 43, "end": 47, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "oleic", 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 {"text": "A novel electrode of nickel-doped mesoporous carbon (NMC) is prepared from furfuryl alcohol and firstly developed for use in electrochemical capacitors. The electrochemical performance of NMC/AC capacitor is systematically investigated and characterized by BET and BJH methods for determining surface area and pore size distribution, respectively. This new NMC/AC shows a high specific capacitance, high energy and power density due to its large surface area and bulk conductivity. Its electrochemical characteristics are investigated through cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and charge\u2013discharge (C/D) tests. The NMC/AC has a specific capacitance of 144.3Fg\u22121, higher than that of a pure activated carbon (AC)-based EDLC (ca. 105Fg\u22121). 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 {"text": "Electrochemical impedance measurements were carried out on symmetrical nickel/gadolinia-doped ceria test cells. For H2 , N2 , and H2O mixtures, the diffusion length obtained based on the impedance measurements is on the order of centimeters. This high value of the diffusion length is attributed to the flow field in the reactor. It is suggested that a detailed analysis of the gas flow field inside the test reactor is essential before interpreting the impedance measurements with various solid oxide fuel cell test configurations.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1149/1.3231490"}, "_input_hash": 1000006030, "_task_hash": 1953527890, "tokens": [[{"text": "Electrochemical", "start": 0, "end": 15, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "impedance", "start": 16, "end": 25, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "measurements", "start": 26, "end": 38, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "were", "start": 39, "end": 43, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "carried", "start": 44, "end": 51, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "out", "start": 52, "end": 55, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 56, "end": 58, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "symmetrical", "start": 59, "end": 70, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "nickel", "start": 71, "end": 77, "id": 8, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "/", 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 {"text": "Magnetic ions such as Fe3+ are usually doped into ferroelectric oxides in order to obtain multiferroic properties. Fe3+ as an acceptor dopant (substituted for Ti4+) in BaTiO3 ceramics usually promotes the formation of the hexagonal phase of BaTiO3. Based on the consideration of charge compensation for the acceptor dopant Fe3+ in Fe-doped BaTiO3 ceramics, we introduced donor dopants into the ceramics, and investigated the effects of donor doping on the phase structures and magnetic properties of the ceramics. We demonstrated that the phase structures of the Fe-doped BaTiO3 can be readily controlled by donor doping. In this work, we prepared Fe-doped BaTiO3 ceramics at a doping concentration of 10at% (or Ba(Ti0.9Fe0.1)O3) as a model system, and employed Nb5+ as the donor dopant for a charge compensation for the acceptor dopant Fe3+. It was found that the formation of the hexagonal phase in Ba(Ti0.9Fe0.1)O3 was consistently suppressed by Nb5+ donor doping. The magnetic properties of the Ba(Ti0.9Fe0.1)O3 ceramics were strongly influenced by Nb5+ doping.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.jallcom.2009.12.031"}, "_input_hash": 1492139290, "_task_hash": -1998945179, "tokens": [[{"text": "Magnetic", "start": 0, "end": 8, "id": 0, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "ions", "start": 9, "end": 13, "id": 1, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "such", "start": 14, "end": 18, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "as", "start": 19, "end": 21, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Fe3", "start": 22, "end": 25, "id": 4, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "+", "start": 26, "end": 27, "id": 5, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "are", "start": 28, "end": 31, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "usually", "start": 32, "end": 39, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 40, "end": 45, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "into", "start": 46, "end": 50, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ferroelectric", "start": 51, "end": 64, "id": 10, 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 {"text": "280 nm thick Al0.2Ga0.8N/Al0.7Ga0.3N superlattice structures with various well and barrier layer thickness and different silicon doping were grown on 1.2 \u03bcm thick Al0.63Ga0.37N-on-sapphire films by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition. Whereas unintentionally doped samples were highly resistive, silicon doped structures exhibited sheet carrier densities up to 5.5\u00d71013 cm\u22122 at 300 K. The highest electron mobility values of \u223c140 cm2/Vs were measured for samples with thick wells or thin barriers. When examined by high resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD), all samples showed higher order superlattice fringes indicating good layer periodicity. The HRXRD measurements also revealed, that the silicon doping promoted the relaxation of the superlattice stacks with respect to the Al0.63Ga0.37N base layer. Furthermore the silicon doping led to an increased surface/interface roughness caused by pit formation.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/S0925-3467(03)00082-X"}, "_input_hash": -671431478, "_task_hash": -1221715217, "tokens": [[{"text": "280", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "nm", "start": 4, "end": 6, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "thick", "start": 7, "end": 12, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Al0.2Ga0.8N", "start": 13, "end": 24, "id": 3, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "/", "start": 25, "end": 26, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Al0.7Ga0.3N", "start": 27, "end": 38, "id": 5, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "superlattice", "start": 39, "end": 51, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "structures", "start": 52, "end": 62, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 63, "end": 67, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "various", "start": 68, "end": 75, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "well", "start": 76, "end": 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 {"text": "The behaviour of electrodes operated with ac-currents in ceramic metal halide lamps containing Hg + NaTlDy iodide has been investigated experimentally. Using transparent YAG lamp tubes with the so-called Bochum model lamp as an outer bulb phase resolved measurements were performed of the electrode temperature and Dy density in dependence on the cold-spot temperature of the salt filling. The electrode tip temperature and electrode power loss are deduced from the temperature profile measured along the electrode axis. The Dy density in front of the electrode is determined by spatially resolved spectroscopic measurements of absolute line intensities. It is found that doping of a mercury lamp only with Dy iodide generates at low operation frequencies a pronounced emitter effect at the cathode but it declines with increasing frequency. In a lamp doped with NaTlDy iodide the formation and movement of Dy ions are hampered by Na ions accumulated in front of the cathode due to cataphoresis. As a consequence the lowering of the power loss by Dy is in part diminished. It is shown that a gas-phase emitter effect of Dy is effective for standard operation conditions of lamps in spite of the counteracting effects of a long time constant of the emitter effect and Na accumulation.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1088/0022-3727/41/14/144005"}, "_input_hash": 1062440043, "_task_hash": -980340354, "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "behaviour", "start": 4, "end": 13, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 14, "end": 16, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electrodes", "start": 17, "end": 27, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "operated", "start": 28, "end": 36, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 37, "end": 41, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ac", "start": 42, "end": 44, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 45, "end": 46, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "currents", "start": 47, "end": 55, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 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-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "Near-infrared (NIR) luminescent ternary and hydrated binary neodymium \u03b2-diketonates emitting at ca. 1330 nm are presented. The effects of ligand moieties on the photoluminescence properties of Nd3+ ions are discussed. Moreover, the neodymium organic complex neodymium tris(2-theonyltrifluoroacetonate)bis(triphenylphosphine oxide), Nd(TTA)3(TPPO)2, which has the best photoluminescence properties among all investigated neodymium complexes, is incorporated into vinyltriethoxysilane-derived ORMOSIL (organically modified silicate) film by a multistep sol\u2013gel process. The Nd doping concentration was up to 5 mol% related to Si. 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-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "Orange\u2013red phosphorescent organic light-emitting devices (PHOLEDs) with high efficiency and concentration insensitivity based on a novel iridium complex, bis[2-(biphenyl-4-yl)benzothiazole-N,C2\u2032]iridium(III) (acetylacetonate) [(4Phbt)2Ir(acac)], were fabricated. With the heavily doped emissive layer (EML) of 4,4\u2032-N,N\u2032-dicarbazolylbiphenyl (CBP): (4Phbt)2Ir(acac) in a wide and easily controlled dopant concentration range from 12wt% to 24wt%, a maximum power efficiency of 29lm/W and an external quantum efficiency of 16% of the PHOLEDs were obtained, implying the insensitivity of electroluminescence (EL) properties to doping concentration. Meanwhile, a maximum power efficiency of 5.0lm/W was achieved from a non-doped device with neat (4Phbt)2Ir(acac) as the EML, indicating a superior property of self-quenching resistance. The mechanism of direct exciton formation, in which exciton-formation regions are distributed throughout the EML, is responsible for the significant alleviation of triplet\u2013triplet annihilation and superior EL performance.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Orange", "start": 0, "end": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "\u2013", "start": 6, "end": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "red", "start": 7, "end": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "phosphorescent", "start": 11, "end": 25, "annotation": null}, {"text": "organic", "start": 26, "end": 33, "annotation": null}, {"text": "light", "start": 34, "end": 39, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 39, "end": 40, "annotation": null}, {"text": "emitting", "start": 40, "end": 48, "annotation": null}, {"text": "devices", "start": 49, "end": 56, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 57, "end": 58, "annotation": null}, {"text": "PHOLEDs", "start": 58, "end": 65, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", 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396, "annotation": null}, {"text": "dopant", "start": 397, "end": 403, "annotation": null}, {"text": "concentration", "start": 404, "end": 417, "annotation": null}, {"text": "range", "start": 418, "end": 423, "annotation": null}, {"text": "from", "start": 424, "end": 428, "annotation": null}, {"text": "12wt", "start": 429, "end": 433, "annotation": "DOPMODQ"}, {"text": "%", "start": 433, "end": 434, "annotation": "DOPMODQ"}, {"text": "to", "start": 435, "end": 437, "annotation": "DOPMODQ"}, {"text": "24wt", "start": 438, "end": 442, "annotation": "DOPMODQ"}, {"text": "%", "start": 442, "end": 443, "annotation": "DOPMODQ"}, {"text": ",", "start": 443, "end": 444, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 445, "end": 446, "annotation": null}, {"text": "maximum", "start": 447, "end": 454, "annotation": null}, {"text": "power", "start": 455, "end": 460, "annotation": null}, {"text": "efficiency", "start": 461, "end": 471, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 472, "end": 474, 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+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "Near-infrared (NIR) luminescent ternary and hydrated binary neodymium \u03b2-diketonates emitting at ca. 1330 nm are presented. The effects of ligand moieties on the photoluminescence properties of Nd3+ ions are discussed. Moreover, the neodymium organic complex neodymium tris(2-theonyltrifluoroacetonate)bis(triphenylphosphine oxide), Nd(TTA)3(TPPO)2, which has the best photoluminescence properties among all investigated neodymium complexes, is incorporated into vinyltriethoxysilane-derived ORMOSIL (organically modified silicate) film by a multistep sol\u2013gel process. The Nd doping concentration was up to 5 mol% related to Si. The spectroscopic results about as-doped ORMOSIL films indicate that the ligands around Nd3+ ions indeed shield effectively Nd3+ ions from luminescence-quenching impurities in the host matrix, such as OH groups.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Near", "start": 0, "end": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 4, "end": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "infrared", "start": 5, "end": 13, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 14, "end": 15, "annotation": null}, {"text": "NIR", "start": 15, "end": 18, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 18, "end": 19, "annotation": null}, {"text": "luminescent", "start": 20, "end": 31, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ternary", "start": 32, "end": 39, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 40, "end": 43, "annotation": null}, {"text": "hydrated", "start": 44, "end": 52, "annotation": null}, {"text": "binary", "start": 53, "end": 59, "annotation": null}, {"text": "neodymium", "start": 60, "end": 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+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "Orange\u2013red phosphorescent organic light-emitting devices (PHOLEDs) with high efficiency and concentration insensitivity based on a novel iridium complex, bis[2-(biphenyl-4-yl)benzothiazole-N,C2\u2032]iridium(III) (acetylacetonate) [(4Phbt)2Ir(acac)], were fabricated. With the heavily doped emissive layer (EML) of 4,4\u2032-N,N\u2032-dicarbazolylbiphenyl (CBP): (4Phbt)2Ir(acac) in a wide and easily controlled dopant concentration range from 12wt% to 24wt%, a maximum power efficiency of 29lm/W and an external quantum efficiency of 16% of the PHOLEDs were obtained, implying the insensitivity of electroluminescence (EL) properties to doping concentration. Meanwhile, a maximum power efficiency of 5.0lm/W was achieved from a non-doped device with neat (4Phbt)2Ir(acac) as the EML, indicating a superior property of self-quenching resistance. The mechanism of direct exciton formation, in which exciton-formation regions are distributed throughout the EML, is responsible for the significant alleviation of triplet\u2013triplet annihilation and superior EL performance.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Orange", "start": 0, "end": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "\u2013", "start": 6, "end": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "red", "start": 7, "end": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "phosphorescent", "start": 11, "end": 25, "annotation": null}, {"text": "organic", "start": 26, "end": 33, "annotation": null}, {"text": "light", "start": 34, "end": 39, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 39, "end": 40, "annotation": null}, {"text": "emitting", "start": 40, "end": 48, "annotation": null}, {"text": "devices", "start": 49, "end": 56, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 57, "end": 58, "annotation": null}, {"text": "PHOLEDs", "start": 58, "end": 65, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", 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 {"text": "Highly conducting Ti1\u2212xNbxO2 thin films have been grown on glass substrates from TiCl4, Nb(OEt)5 and H2O with an atomic layer deposition (ALD) technique. The films become electrically conducting and crystallize with the anatase structure upon a reductive post-deposition annealing. A highly c-axis oriented Ti0.75Nb0.25O2 film exhibits room-temperature resistivity as low as 1.4\u00d710\u22123\u03a9cm. The charge carrier density and electron mobility, as estimated from Seebeck and resistivity measurements, are 0.21\u20131.1\u00d71021cm\u22123 and 4.2\u201322cm2/Vs, respectively. The electrical properties of the ALD-fabricated Nb-doped anatase films are comparable with those of sputter-deposited polycrystalline films on glass.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.tsf.2013.11.043"}, "_input_hash": -1756602016, "_task_hash": -1375999270, "tokens": [[{"text": "Highly", "start": 0, "end": 6, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "conducting", "start": 7, "end": 17, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Ti1\u2212xNbxO2", "start": 18, "end": 28, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "thin", "start": 29, "end": 33, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "films", "start": 34, "end": 39, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "have", "start": 40, "end": 44, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "been", "start": 45, "end": 49, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "grown", "start": 50, "end": 55, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 56, "end": 58, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "glass", "start": 59, "end": 64, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": 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-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "Spatially heterogeneous electrical and electrochemical properties were observed for hydrogen-terminated, boron-doped nanocrystalline diamond thin-film electrodes by conducting-probe atomic force microscopy (CP-AFM) and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). CP-AFM was used to simultaneously map the topography and electrical conductivity of the film as a function of the boron-doping level and bias voltage. The electrode was characterized by areas of high electrical conductivity separated by regions of low conductivity. The fraction of a particular film's area that exhibited high conductivity remained invariant with the polarity and magnitude of the bias voltage, while the current flow at any of the conductive regions increased proportionally with the bias voltage indicative of metal-like electronic properties. The fraction of highly conductive area increased with the doping level. One possible cause for the differential conductivity across a film is a nonuniform distribution of boron dopant, which leads to a nonuniform charge carrier concentration. SECM was also used to spatially interrogate the electrochemical activity of the diamond film using three redox systems: Ru(NH3)6+3/+2, Fe(CN)63-/4-, and IrCl62-/3-. Isolated regions of high electrochemical activity were found for all three systems, and interestingly, the active regions on a given thin-film electrode were different for each. It is concluded that current flow through this doped nanocrystalline film occurs through a fixed number of conductive sites and all of these sites appear to be electrochemically active for the redox systems tested. The results have important implications for understanding how boron-doped diamond functions as an electrochemical electrode. \u00a9 2007 American Chemical Society.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Spatially", "start": 0, "end": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "heterogeneous", "start": 10, "end": 23, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electrical", "start": 24, "end": 34, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 35, "end": 38, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electrochemical", "start": 39, "end": 54, "annotation": null}, {"text": "properties", "start": 55, "end": 65, "annotation": null}, {"text": "were", "start": 66, "end": 70, "annotation": null}, {"text": "observed", "start": 71, "end": 79, "annotation": null}, {"text": "for", "start": 80, "end": 83, "annotation": null}, {"text": "hydrogen", "start": 84, "end": 92, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 92, "end": 93, "annotation": null}, {"text": "terminated", "start": 93, "end": 103, 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-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "Carbonaceous materials containing non-precious metal atoms and doped with nitrogen have enthralled stunning attention in the field of electrochemical energy conversion systems. Herein, we demonstrated a facile method to fabricate iron and nitrogen doped carbon nanofiber (FeN-CNFs) catalyst material from ferric chloride and interfacial synthesized polyaniline (PANI) nanofibers, by carbonization process in an inert atmosphere at 800 \u00b0C. Further, synthesized material was characterized by elemental analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) that confirms the presence of FeN bonds. The structural and morphological features are studied using various microscopy and spectroscopy techniques. The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity of synthesized catalyst materials was examined by rotating disk electrode experiments in 0.1 M KOH. Among all these synthesized materials FeN-CNFs material showed enhanced ORR activity regarding current density and onset potential. Also, FeN-CNFs catalyst exhibited tolerance to methanol and durability in comparison to commercial Pt/C catalyst. The superior performance of FeN-CNFs may be attributed due to the introduction of Fe and formation of FeN bond in catalyst material.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Carbonaceous", "start": 0, "end": 12, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "materials", "start": 13, "end": 22, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "containing", "start": 23, "end": 33, "annotation": null}, {"text": "non-precious", "start": 34, "end": 46, "annotation": null}, {"text": "metal", "start": 47, "end": 52, "annotation": null}, {"text": "atoms", "start": 53, "end": 58, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 59, "end": 62, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 63, "end": 68, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 69, "end": 73, "annotation": null}, {"text": "nitrogen", "start": 74, "end": 82, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "have", "start": 83, "end": 87, "annotation": null}, {"text": "enthralled", "start": 88, "end": 98, "annotation": null}, {"text": 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-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "The growth and reduction of anodic Sb2S3 films on antimony electrodes in alkaline sulfide solutions has been investigated using potentiodynamic, galvanostatic, and potentiostatic techniques. The sulfidation mechanism and the efficiency of charge storage in the sulfide film are dependent on the electrode potential and current density. The initial stages of film formation follow a high field growth process involving ionic transport through the sulfide film. The growth of thicker films is controlled by coupled electrochemical and chemical reactions involving mass transport and nucleation. Metal dissolution accompanies film formation under most growth conditions. The anodic and cathodic behavior of these films is consistent with their rectification or n-type semiconductor properties. \u00a9 1984, The Electrochemical Society, Inc. All rights reserved.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "growth", "start": 4, "end": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 11, "end": 14, "annotation": null}, {"text": "reduction", "start": 15, "end": 24, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 25, "end": 27, "annotation": null}, {"text": "anodic", "start": 28, "end": 34, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "Sb2S3", "start": 35, "end": 40, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "films", "start": 41, "end": 46, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 47, "end": 49, "annotation": null}, {"text": "antimony", "start": 50, "end": 58, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electrodes", "start": 59, "end": 69, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 70, "end": 72, "annotation": null}, {"text": "alkaline", "start": 73, "end": 81, "annotation": null}, {"text": "sulfide", "start": 82, "end": 89, "annotation": null}, {"text": "solutions", 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+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "Spatially heterogeneous electrical and electrochemical properties were observed for hydrogen-terminated, boron-doped nanocrystalline diamond thin-film electrodes by conducting-probe atomic force microscopy (CP-AFM) and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). CP-AFM was used to simultaneously map the topography and electrical conductivity of the film as a function of the boron-doping level and bias voltage. The electrode was characterized by areas of high electrical conductivity separated by regions of low conductivity. The fraction of a particular film's area that exhibited high conductivity remained invariant with the polarity and magnitude of the bias voltage, while the current flow at any of the conductive regions increased proportionally with the bias voltage indicative of metal-like electronic properties. The fraction of highly conductive area increased with the doping level. One possible cause for the differential conductivity across a film is a nonuniform distribution of boron dopant, which leads to a nonuniform charge carrier concentration. SECM was also used to spatially interrogate the electrochemical activity of the diamond film using three redox systems: Ru(NH3)6+3/+2, Fe(CN)63-/4-, and IrCl62-/3-. Isolated regions of high electrochemical activity were found for all three systems, and interestingly, the active regions on a given thin-film electrode were different for each. It is concluded that current flow through this doped nanocrystalline film occurs through a fixed number of conductive sites and all of these sites appear to be electrochemically active for the redox systems tested. The results have important implications for understanding how boron-doped diamond functions as an electrochemical electrode. \u00a9 2007 American Chemical Society.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Spatially", "start": 0, "end": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "heterogeneous", "start": 10, "end": 23, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electrical", "start": 24, "end": 34, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 35, "end": 38, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electrochemical", "start": 39, "end": 54, "annotation": null}, {"text": "properties", "start": 55, "end": 65, "annotation": null}, {"text": "were", "start": 66, "end": 70, "annotation": null}, {"text": "observed", "start": 71, "end": 79, "annotation": null}, {"text": "for", "start": 80, "end": 83, "annotation": null}, {"text": "hydrogen", "start": 84, "end": 92, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 92, "end": 93, "annotation": null}, {"text": "terminated", "start": 93, "end": 103, 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+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "Carbonaceous materials containing non-precious metal atoms and doped with nitrogen have enthralled stunning attention in the field of electrochemical energy conversion systems. Herein, we demonstrated a facile method to fabricate iron and nitrogen doped carbon nanofiber (FeN-CNFs) catalyst material from ferric chloride and interfacial synthesized polyaniline (PANI) nanofibers, by carbonization process in an inert atmosphere at 800 \u00b0C. Further, synthesized material was characterized by elemental analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) that confirms the presence of FeN bonds. The structural and morphological features are studied using various microscopy and spectroscopy techniques. The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity of synthesized catalyst materials was examined by rotating disk electrode experiments in 0.1 M KOH. Among all these synthesized materials FeN-CNFs material showed enhanced ORR activity regarding current density and onset potential. Also, FeN-CNFs catalyst exhibited tolerance to methanol and durability in comparison to commercial Pt/C catalyst. The superior performance of FeN-CNFs may be attributed due to the introduction of Fe and formation of FeN bond in catalyst material.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Carbonaceous", "start": 0, "end": 12, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "materials", "start": 13, "end": 22, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "containing", "start": 23, "end": 33, "annotation": null}, {"text": "non-precious", "start": 34, "end": 46, "annotation": null}, {"text": "metal", "start": 47, "end": 52, "annotation": null}, {"text": "atoms", "start": 53, "end": 58, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 59, "end": 62, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 63, "end": 68, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 69, "end": 73, "annotation": null}, {"text": "nitrogen", "start": 74, "end": 82, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "have", "start": 83, "end": 87, "annotation": null}, {"text": "enthralled", "start": 88, "end": 98, "annotation": null}, {"text": 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+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "The growth and reduction of anodic Sb2S3 films on antimony electrodes in alkaline sulfide solutions has been investigated using potentiodynamic, galvanostatic, and potentiostatic techniques. The sulfidation mechanism and the efficiency of charge storage in the sulfide film are dependent on the electrode potential and current density. The initial stages of film formation follow a high field growth process involving ionic transport through the sulfide film. The growth of thicker films is controlled by coupled electrochemical and chemical reactions involving mass transport and nucleation. Metal dissolution accompanies film formation under most growth conditions. The anodic and cathodic behavior of these films is consistent with their rectification or n-type semiconductor properties. \u00a9 1984, The Electrochemical Society, Inc. 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 {"text": "This paper presents the first principles, density functional theory, computations of pure zinc nitride (Zn3N2) and its doped counterparts with dopants of native elements (Zn, N) and copper family elements (Cu, Ag, Au). Atomic geometry, formation energy, and electronic structure of defects in Zn3N2 are also investigated. The formation energies of both native defects and copper family element impurities are predominantly affected by the chemical potential of different chemical species. The earlier experimental observation of electronic properties associated with nitrogen deficiency in Zn3N2 is consistent with the results of formation energy calculations. Point defects of copper family elements have an energetic preference to occupy a substitutional N site, rather than Zn or interstitial position at a special value of chemical potential of nitrogen. The calculation of defect density of states suggests that among all three copper family elements, copper is the most suitable candidate as a p-type dopant in Zn3N2.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.tsf.2014.05.032"}, "_input_hash": 989572738, "_task_hash": -413854652, "tokens": [[{"text": "This", "start": 0, "end": 4, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "paper", "start": 5, "end": 10, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "presents", "start": 11, "end": 19, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 20, "end": 23, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "first", "start": 24, "end": 29, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "principles", "start": 30, "end": 40, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 41, "end": 42, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "density", "start": 43, "end": 50, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "functional", "start": 51, "end": 61, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "theory", "start": 62, "end": 68, "id": 9, "annotation": 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 {"text": "With a piece of Tm-Ho codoped fiber as the saturable absorber, stable passive Q-switching of an Er-doped fiber laser can be attained in a wide wavelength range. A theoretical model concerning this passively Q-switched laser system with wavelength tuning is established. Output characteristics of this laser system are discussed and compared both experimentally and numerically. Analysis shows that, for saturable absorber-based passive Q-switching, a relatively higher coupling ratio and a longer wavelength not only help to expand the pump range and the repetition rate range of the laser system, but also indicate higher output energy and Q-switching efficiency.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1088/1555-6611/aadf21"}, "_input_hash": 412514272, "_task_hash": -1755833027, "tokens": [[{"text": "With", "start": 18, "end": 22, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 23, "end": 24, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "piece", "start": 25, "end": 30, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 31, "end": 33, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Tm", "start": 34, "end": 36, "id": 8, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 37, "end": 38, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Ho", "start": 39, "end": 41, "id": 10, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "codoped", "start": 42, "end": 49, "id": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "fiber", "start": 50, 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-{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "A two-step hydrothermal process for preparing Ni-doped WO3 nanoplate arrays (NPAs) is developed, and the obtained samples were used as a photoanode to produce a highly active and stable electrocatalyst for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting under visible light. The NPAs are formed as a single-phase solid solution with high purity. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurement verifies the binding energy of W element is negatively shifted due to the substitution of W6+ by Ni2+ in the monoclinic lattice and thereby the formation of Ni-O-W bonds. Notably, the two-step 3 at% Ni-doped WO3 NPAs exhibits the highest PEC performance, compared with pure and one-step Ni-doped WO3 NPAs. At 1.0V (vs Ag/AgCl), the current density of two-step 3 at% Ni-doped WO3 is 0.80mA/cm2, which is about 1.74- and 2.35-fold of that of WO3 (0.46mA/cm2) and one-step 3 at% Ni-doped WO3 (0.34mA/cm2), respectively. The PEC performance of WO3 NPAs can be modified by Ni doping in a two-step hydrothermal process; both the changes of band gap and electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) are playing important roles on improving the activity of the WO3 NPAs photoanode.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "A", "start": 0, "end": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "two", "start": 2, "end": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 5, "end": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "step", "start": 6, "end": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "hydrothermal", "start": 11, "end": 23, "annotation": null}, {"text": "process", "start": 24, "end": 31, "annotation": null}, {"text": "for", "start": 32, "end": 35, "annotation": null}, {"text": "preparing", "start": 36, "end": 45, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Ni", "start": 46, "end": 48, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 48, "end": 49, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 49, "end": 54, "annotation": null}, 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-{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "In this work we propose the study of the spectroscopy properties and the energy level location of Ce3+ and Pr3+ in Gd2O2S, along with the effects of Ce4+ (Ce2O2S2) incorporation in Gd2O2S and Gd2O2S:Pr3+ in order to understand the formation and position of the associated defects energy levels in relation to the band structure of Gd2O2S and Pr3+ energy levels. Ce-, Pr3+-doped and Pr3+,Ce-doped Gd2O2S were prepared by the sulfidization of a basic gadolinium carbonate with S8 using H2/N2 (3.0/97.0%) and air during the firing of the precursor. Samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction in order to guarantee the formation of the Gd2O2S single phase. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and luminescent measurements (emission/excitation) were used to locate Ce3+, Pr3+ and defects energy levels in relation to the band structure of Gd2O2S. Copyright \u00a9 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "In", "start": 0, "end": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "this", "start": 3, "end": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "work", "start": 8, "end": 12, "annotation": null}, {"text": "we", "start": 13, "end": 15, "annotation": null}, {"text": "propose", "start": 16, "end": 23, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 24, "end": 27, "annotation": null}, {"text": "study", "start": 28, "end": 33, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 34, "end": 36, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 37, "end": 40, "annotation": null}, {"text": "spectroscopy", "start": 41, "end": 53, "annotation": null}, {"text": "properties", "start": 54, "end": 64, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 65, "end": 68, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 69, "end": 72, "annotation": null}, {"text": "energy", "start": 73, "end": 79, "annotation": null}, {"text": "level", "start": 80, "end": 85, 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-{"text": "Transition-metal silicides are reported to be good candidates for thermoelectric applications because of their thermal and structural stability, high electrical conductivity, and generation of thermoelectric power at elevated temperatures. Chromium disilicide (CrSi2) is a narrow-gap semiconductor and a potential p-type thermoelectric material up to 973\u00a0K with a band gap of 0.30\u00a0eV. In this work, CrSi2 was formed from Si wafers by use of a two-step, pack-cementation, chemical diffusion method. Several deposition conditions were used to investigate the effect of temperature and donor concentration on the structure of the final products. Scanning electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction analysis were performed for phase identification, and thermal stability was evaluated by means of thermogravimetric measurements. The results showed that after the first step, chromizing, the structure of the products was a mixture of several Cr\u2013Si phases, depending on the donor (Cr) concentration during the deposition process. After the second step, siliconizing, the pure CrSi2 phase was formed as a result of Si enrichment of the initial Cr\u2013Si phases. It was also revealed that this compound has thermoelectric properties similar to those reported elsewhere. Moreover, it was found to have exceptional chemical stability even at temperatures up to 1273\u00a0K.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1007/s11664-014-3100-y"}, "_input_hash": -1306603977, "_task_hash": 2132953050, "tokens": [[{"text": "Transition", "start": 0, "end": 10, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 11, "end": 12, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "metal", "start": 13, "end": 18, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "silicides", "start": 19, "end": 28, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "are", "start": 29, "end": 32, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "reported", "start": 33, "end": 41, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "to", "start": 42, "end": 44, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "be", "start": 45, "end": 47, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "good", "start": 48, "end": 52, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "candidates", "start": 53, "end": 63, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "for", "start": 64, "end": 67, "id": 10, 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-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "Three-dimensional ordered opal-matrix composites filled with europium-doped silica sols have been produced using methods of colloid chemistry. According to elemental analysis data, the Eu concentration in the nanocomposites was \u223c30 ppm. A uniform europium distribution over the tetrahedral and octahedral pores of the 3D opal matrix was ensured by repeatedly filling the opal pores with silica sols doped with europium salts or europium oxide. Varying high-temperature annealing conditions, one can control the microstructure of 3D ordered nanocomposites, producing opaline and transparent photonic crystals. The microstructure of opal photonic crystals has the form of an ordered fcc lattice of amorphous silica spheres, whose tetrahedral and octahedral pores are filled with mesoporous europium-doped glass. 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-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "Undoped and manganese doped ZnO (ZnO:Mn) films were prepared by sol gel method using spin coating technique. The effect of Mn incorporation on the structural and optical properties of the ZnO film has been investigated. The crystalline structure and orientation of the films have been investigated by using their X-ray diffraction spectra. The films exhibit a polycrystalline structure. Mn incorporation led to substantial changes in the structural characteristics of the ZnO film. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the films showed that the surface morphology of the ZnO film was affected by the Mn incorporation. The transparency of the ZnO film decreased with the Mn incorporation. The optical band gap and Urbach energy values of the ZnO and ZnO:Mn films were found to be 3.22, 3.19eV and 0.10, 0.23eV, respectively. The optical constants of these films, such as refractive index, extinction coefficient and optical dielectric constants were determined using transmittance and reflectance spectra. The refractive index dispersion curve of the films obeys the single oscillator model with dispersion parameters. The oscillator energy, Eo, and dispersion energy, Ed, of the films were determined 5.30 and 16.26eV for ZnO film and 5.80 and 12.14eV for ZnO:Mn film, respectively.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Undoped", "start": 0, "end": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 8, "end": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "manganese", "start": 12, "end": 21, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "doped", "start": 22, "end": 27, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ZnO", "start": 28, "end": 31, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "(", "start": 32, "end": 33, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ZnO", "start": 33, "end": 36, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": ":", "start": 36, "end": 37, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Mn", "start": 37, "end": 39, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": ")", "start": 39, "end": 40, "annotation": null}, {"text": "films", "start": 41, "end": 46, "annotation": null}, {"text": "were", "start": 47, "end": 51, "annotation": null}, {"text": "prepared", 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-{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "Copyright \u00a9 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Ca 3 SiO 4 Cl 2 co-doped with Ce 3+ ,Eu 2+ was prepared by high temperature reaction. The structure, luminescent properties and the energy transfer process of Ca 3 SiO 4 Cl 2 : Ce 3+ ,Eu 2+ were investigated. Eu 2+ ions can give enhanced green emission through Ce 3+ \u2192 Eu 2+ energy transfer in these phosphors. The green phosphor Ca 2.9775 SiO 4 Cl 2 :0.0045Ce 3+ ,0.018Eu 2+ showed intense green emission with broader excitation in the near-ultraviolet light range. A green light-emitting diode (LED) based on this phosphor was made, and bright green light from this green LED could be observed by the naked eye under 20 mA current excitation. Hence it is considered to be a good candidate for the green component of a three-band white LED.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 127, "end": 130, "annotation": null}, {"text": "structure", "start": 131, "end": 140, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 140, "end": 141, "annotation": null}, {"text": "luminescent", "start": 142, "end": 153, "annotation": null}, {"text": "properties", "start": 154, "end": 164, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 165, "end": 168, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 169, "end": 172, "annotation": null}, {"text": "energy", "start": 173, "end": 179, "annotation": null}, {"text": "transfer", "start": 180, "end": 188, "annotation": null}, {"text": "process", "start": 189, "end": 196, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 197, "end": 199, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Ca", "start": 200, "end": 202, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "3", "start": 203, "end": 204, "annotation": 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+{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "A two-step hydrothermal process for preparing Ni-doped WO3 nanoplate arrays (NPAs) is developed, and the obtained samples were used as a photoanode to produce a highly active and stable electrocatalyst for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting under visible light. The NPAs are formed as a single-phase solid solution with high purity. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurement verifies the binding energy of W element is negatively shifted due to the substitution of W6+ by Ni2+ in the monoclinic lattice and thereby the formation of Ni-O-W bonds. Notably, the two-step 3 at% Ni-doped WO3 NPAs exhibits the highest PEC performance, compared with pure and one-step Ni-doped WO3 NPAs. At 1.0V (vs Ag/AgCl), the current density of two-step 3 at% Ni-doped WO3 is 0.80mA/cm2, which is about 1.74- and 2.35-fold of that of WO3 (0.46mA/cm2) and one-step 3 at% Ni-doped WO3 (0.34mA/cm2), respectively. The PEC performance of WO3 NPAs can be modified by Ni doping in a two-step hydrothermal process; both the changes of band gap and electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) are playing important roles on improving the activity of the WO3 NPAs photoanode.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "A", "start": 0, "end": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "two", "start": 2, "end": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 5, "end": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "step", "start": 6, "end": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "hydrothermal", "start": 11, "end": 23, "annotation": null}, {"text": "process", "start": 24, "end": 31, "annotation": null}, {"text": "for", "start": 32, "end": 35, "annotation": null}, {"text": "preparing", "start": 36, "end": 45, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Ni", "start": 46, "end": 48, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 48, "end": 49, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 49, "end": 54, "annotation": null}, 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1158, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 1158, "end": 1159, "annotation": null}]], "meta": {"doi": "10.1007/s10008-017-3680-6"}}
+{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "In this work we propose the study of the spectroscopy properties and the energy level location of Ce3+ and Pr3+ in Gd2O2S, along with the effects of Ce4+ (Ce2O2S2) incorporation in Gd2O2S and Gd2O2S:Pr3+ in order to understand the formation and position of the associated defects energy levels in relation to the band structure of Gd2O2S and Pr3+ energy levels. Ce-, Pr3+-doped and Pr3+,Ce-doped Gd2O2S were prepared by the sulfidization of a basic gadolinium carbonate with S8 using H2/N2 (3.0/97.0%) and air during the firing of the precursor. Samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction in order to guarantee the formation of the Gd2O2S single phase. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and luminescent measurements (emission/excitation) were used to locate Ce3+, Pr3+ and defects energy levels in relation to the band structure of Gd2O2S. Copyright \u00a9 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "In", "start": 0, "end": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "this", "start": 3, "end": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "work", "start": 8, "end": 12, "annotation": null}, {"text": "we", "start": 13, "end": 15, "annotation": null}, {"text": "propose", "start": 16, "end": 23, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 24, "end": 27, "annotation": null}, {"text": "study", "start": 28, "end": 33, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 34, "end": 36, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 37, "end": 40, "annotation": null}, {"text": "spectroscopy", "start": 41, "end": 53, "annotation": null}, {"text": "properties", "start": 54, "end": 64, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 65, "end": 68, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 69, "end": 72, "annotation": null}, {"text": "energy", "start": 73, "end": 79, "annotation": null}, {"text": "level", "start": 80, "end": 85, 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+{"text": "Transition-metal silicides are reported to be good candidates for thermoelectric applications because of their thermal and structural stability, high electrical conductivity, and generation of thermoelectric power at elevated temperatures. Chromium disilicide (CrSi2) is a narrow-gap semiconductor and a potential p-type thermoelectric material up to 973\u00a0K with a band gap of 0.30\u00a0eV. In this work, CrSi2 was formed from Si wafers by use of a two-step, pack-cementation, chemical diffusion method. Several deposition conditions were used to investigate the effect of temperature and donor concentration on the structure of the final products. Scanning electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction analysis were performed for phase identification, and thermal stability was evaluated by means of thermogravimetric measurements. The results showed that after the first step, chromizing, the structure of the products was a mixture of several Cr\u2013Si phases, depending on the donor (Cr) concentration during the deposition process. After the second step, siliconizing, the pure CrSi2 phase was formed as a result of Si enrichment of the initial Cr\u2013Si phases. It was also revealed that this compound has thermoelectric properties similar to those reported elsewhere. Moreover, it was found to have exceptional chemical stability even at temperatures up to 1273\u00a0K.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1007/s11664-014-3100-y"}, "_input_hash": -1306603977, "_task_hash": 2132953050, "tokens": [[{"text": "Transition", "start": 0, "end": 10, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 11, "end": 12, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "metal", "start": 13, "end": 18, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "silicides", "start": 19, "end": 28, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "are", "start": 29, "end": 32, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "reported", "start": 33, "end": 41, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "to", "start": 42, "end": 44, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "be", "start": 45, "end": 47, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "good", "start": 48, "end": 52, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "candidates", "start": 53, "end": 63, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "for", "start": 64, "end": 67, "id": 10, 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+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "Three-dimensional ordered opal-matrix composites filled with europium-doped silica sols have been produced using methods of colloid chemistry. According to elemental analysis data, the Eu concentration in the nanocomposites was \u223c30 ppm. A uniform europium distribution over the tetrahedral and octahedral pores of the 3D opal matrix was ensured by repeatedly filling the opal pores with silica sols doped with europium salts or europium oxide. Varying high-temperature annealing conditions, one can control the microstructure of 3D ordered nanocomposites, producing opaline and transparent photonic crystals. The microstructure of opal photonic crystals has the form of an ordered fcc lattice of amorphous silica spheres, whose tetrahedral and octahedral pores are filled with mesoporous europium-doped glass. 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+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "Undoped and manganese doped ZnO (ZnO:Mn) films were prepared by sol gel method using spin coating technique. The effect of Mn incorporation on the structural and optical properties of the ZnO film has been investigated. The crystalline structure and orientation of the films have been investigated by using their X-ray diffraction spectra. The films exhibit a polycrystalline structure. Mn incorporation led to substantial changes in the structural characteristics of the ZnO film. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the films showed that the surface morphology of the ZnO film was affected by the Mn incorporation. The transparency of the ZnO film decreased with the Mn incorporation. The optical band gap and Urbach energy values of the ZnO and ZnO:Mn films were found to be 3.22, 3.19eV and 0.10, 0.23eV, respectively. The optical constants of these films, such as refractive index, extinction coefficient and optical dielectric constants were determined using transmittance and reflectance spectra. The refractive index dispersion curve of the films obeys the single oscillator model with dispersion parameters. The oscillator energy, Eo, and dispersion energy, Ed, of the films were determined 5.30 and 16.26eV for ZnO film and 5.80 and 12.14eV for ZnO:Mn film, respectively.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Undoped", "start": 0, "end": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 8, "end": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "manganese", "start": 12, "end": 21, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "doped", "start": 22, "end": 27, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ZnO", "start": 28, "end": 31, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "(", "start": 32, "end": 33, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ZnO", "start": 33, "end": 36, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": ":", "start": 36, "end": 37, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Mn", "start": 37, "end": 39, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": ")", "start": 39, "end": 40, "annotation": null}, {"text": "films", "start": 41, "end": 46, "annotation": null}, {"text": "were", "start": 47, "end": 51, "annotation": null}, {"text": "prepared", 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+{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "Copyright \u00a9 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Ca 3 SiO 4 Cl 2 co-doped with Ce 3+ ,Eu 2+ was prepared by high temperature reaction. The structure, luminescent properties and the energy transfer process of Ca 3 SiO 4 Cl 2 : Ce 3+ ,Eu 2+ were investigated. Eu 2+ ions can give enhanced green emission through Ce 3+ \u2192 Eu 2+ energy transfer in these phosphors. The green phosphor Ca 2.9775 SiO 4 Cl 2 :0.0045Ce 3+ ,0.018Eu 2+ showed intense green emission with broader excitation in the near-ultraviolet light range. A green light-emitting diode (LED) based on this phosphor was made, and bright green light from this green LED could be observed by the naked eye under 20 mA current excitation. Hence it is considered to be a good candidate for the green component of a three-band white LED.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 127, "end": 130, "annotation": null}, {"text": "structure", "start": 131, "end": 140, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 140, "end": 141, "annotation": null}, {"text": "luminescent", "start": 142, "end": 153, "annotation": null}, {"text": "properties", "start": 154, "end": 164, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 165, "end": 168, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 169, "end": 172, "annotation": null}, {"text": "energy", "start": 173, "end": 179, "annotation": null}, {"text": "transfer", "start": 180, "end": 188, "annotation": null}, {"text": "process", "start": 189, "end": 196, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 197, "end": 199, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Ca", "start": 200, "end": 202, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "3", "start": 203, "end": 204, "annotation": 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 {"text": "Pd-doped Bi2MoO6 was prepared and investigated for the first time. The prepared samples were characterized by their crystal structures, chemical states, atomic compositions, optical properties and morphologies. The photocatalytic activities of prepared samples under visible light irradiation were determined by degradation of phenol, which is widely found in wastewater from many industrial processes and is difficult to destroy. The sample exhibiting the highest removal efficiency with respect to the degradation of phenol contained 2% Pd. The enhancement effect can be interpreted as the integrated effects of a reduction in the rate of electron-hole recombination, surface plasmon resonance, and production of Cl0. This work sheds light on the potential applications of noble metal nanoparticles in visible light-driven photocatalysis.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.08.113"}, "_input_hash": 94036660, "_task_hash": -565512364, "tokens": [[{"text": "Pd", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 3, "end": 4, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 5, "end": 10, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Bi2MoO6", "start": 11, "end": 18, "id": 3, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "was", "start": 19, "end": 22, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "prepared", "start": 23, "end": 31, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 32, "end": 35, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "investigated", "start": 36, "end": 48, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "for", "start": 49, "end": 52, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 53, "end": 56, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "first", "start": 57, "end": 62, 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-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "Implantation of HBT by helium ions has been an accepted means for achieving the desired low leakage currents. In the past, two implant steps of doses 1E+14 and 4E+13ions/cm2, at energies 200 and 400KeV, respectively, were shown to adequately isolate the HBT. The present work shows a medium dose (4E+13ions/cm2) of the low-energy implant can result in an isolation resistance an order of magnitude higher than that of a high-dose implant. As a result, the leakage current is reduced. However, the breakdown voltage is also lower compared to its value at higher dose. Tunneling breakdown has been confirmed as being the major contributor to the observed breakdown, by its negative temperature coefficient. In addition, infrared (IR) emission imaging also showed that impact ionization may be playing a role for breakdown at higher electrical field. It is proposed that large As vacancies generated by helium ions makes the GaAs epitaxial layer more p-type compared to the highly doped n+-GaAs, where the collector contact is built on, thus causing it to display a weak diode-like behavior. Finally, the temperature and dose dependences of both the leakage current and the breakdown voltage will be discussed in the context of damage accumulation and junction characteristics.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Implantation", "start": 0, "end": 12, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 13, "end": 15, "annotation": null}, {"text": "HBT", "start": 16, "end": 19, "annotation": null}, {"text": "by", "start": 20, "end": 22, "annotation": null}, {"text": "helium", "start": 23, "end": 29, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ions", "start": 30, "end": 34, "annotation": null}, {"text": "has", "start": 35, "end": 38, "annotation": null}, {"text": "been", "start": 39, "end": 43, "annotation": null}, {"text": "an", "start": 44, "end": 46, "annotation": null}, {"text": "accepted", "start": 47, "end": 55, "annotation": null}, {"text": "means", "start": 56, "end": 61, "annotation": null}, {"text": "for", "start": 62, "end": 65, "annotation": null}, 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-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "The multicolor intense visible emission from Er3+and Tm3+ions codoped in TeO2-PbO glass upon excitation at \u223c1064 nm radiation from a nanosecond pulsed Nd:YAG laser has been investigated. The optical parameters of erbium ions codoped in Tm3+-TeO2 -PbO glass by using the Judd-Ofelt theory have been determined from the optical absorption spectra. No upconversion (UC) emission was seen in the singly doped Er3+-doped glass upon excitation at 1064 nm. Through the experiments, it has been found that, in the codoped glass, the UC luminescence from Er3 (2.0 mol. %) in green and red regions corresponding to the 2H11?2 \u2192 4I15?2, 4S3?2 \u2192 4I15?2, and4F9?2 \u2192 4I15?2 transitions is strengthened about \u223c40, \u223c60, and \u223c130 fold, respectively, at 2.0 mol.%Tm3+ion concentration in codoped glass. The observed UC emissions and the enhancement observed in their intensity have been explained on the basis of efficient energy transfer and cross-relaxation energy transfer processes. \u00a9 2014 Optical Society of America.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "multicolor", "start": 4, "end": 14, "annotation": null}, {"text": "intense", "start": 15, "end": 22, "annotation": null}, {"text": "visible", "start": 23, "end": 30, "annotation": null}, {"text": "emission", "start": 31, "end": 39, "annotation": null}, {"text": "from", "start": 40, "end": 44, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Er3+and", "start": 45, "end": 52, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "Tm3+ions", "start": 53, "end": 61, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "codoped", "start": 62, "end": 69, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 70, "end": 72, "annotation": null}, {"text": "TeO2", "start": 73, "end": 77, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, 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+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "Implantation of HBT by helium ions has been an accepted means for achieving the desired low leakage currents. In the past, two implant steps of doses 1E+14 and 4E+13ions/cm2, at energies 200 and 400KeV, respectively, were shown to adequately isolate the HBT. The present work shows a medium dose (4E+13ions/cm2) of the low-energy implant can result in an isolation resistance an order of magnitude higher than that of a high-dose implant. As a result, the leakage current is reduced. However, the breakdown voltage is also lower compared to its value at higher dose. Tunneling breakdown has been confirmed as being the major contributor to the observed breakdown, by its negative temperature coefficient. In addition, infrared (IR) emission imaging also showed that impact ionization may be playing a role for breakdown at higher electrical field. It is proposed that large As vacancies generated by helium ions makes the GaAs epitaxial layer more p-type compared to the highly doped n+-GaAs, where the collector contact is built on, thus causing it to display a weak diode-like behavior. Finally, the temperature and dose dependences of both the leakage current and the breakdown voltage will be discussed in the context of damage accumulation and junction characteristics.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Implantation", "start": 0, "end": 12, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 13, "end": 15, "annotation": null}, {"text": "HBT", "start": 16, "end": 19, "annotation": null}, {"text": "by", "start": 20, "end": 22, "annotation": null}, {"text": "helium", "start": 23, "end": 29, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ions", "start": 30, "end": 34, "annotation": null}, {"text": "has", "start": 35, "end": 38, "annotation": null}, {"text": "been", "start": 39, "end": 43, "annotation": null}, {"text": "an", "start": 44, "end": 46, "annotation": null}, {"text": "accepted", "start": 47, "end": 55, "annotation": null}, {"text": "means", "start": 56, "end": 61, "annotation": null}, {"text": "for", "start": 62, "end": 65, "annotation": null}, 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+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "The multicolor intense visible emission from Er3+and Tm3+ions codoped in TeO2-PbO glass upon excitation at \u223c1064 nm radiation from a nanosecond pulsed Nd:YAG laser has been investigated. The optical parameters of erbium ions codoped in Tm3+-TeO2 -PbO glass by using the Judd-Ofelt theory have been determined from the optical absorption spectra. No upconversion (UC) emission was seen in the singly doped Er3+-doped glass upon excitation at 1064 nm. Through the experiments, it has been found that, in the codoped glass, the UC luminescence from Er3 (2.0 mol. %) in green and red regions corresponding to the 2H11?2 \u2192 4I15?2, 4S3?2 \u2192 4I15?2, and4F9?2 \u2192 4I15?2 transitions is strengthened about \u223c40, \u223c60, and \u223c130 fold, respectively, at 2.0 mol.%Tm3+ion concentration in codoped glass. 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 {"text": "With the generalized gradient approximation in first principle all-electron calculations, the lowest energy structures of ZnnSen (n=6-13) nanoclusters were obtained as the pristine clusters. A number of configurations and structural isomers of ZnnSen (n=6-13) nanoclusters doped with single and two Mn atoms were used to investigate the structural and magnetic properties of manganese-doped ZnnSe n (n=6-13) nanoclusters. It arrives at a conclusion that Mn doping does not change the size-dependent oscillating behavior in second-order energy difference of ZnnSen (n=6-13) nanoclusters, but leads to the decrease of energy gap between lowest unoccupied molecular orbital and the highest occupied molecular orbital. Energy arguments indicate that Mn atoms prefer to substitute Zn atoms in Mn-doped ZnnSen (n=6-13) nanoclusters. Owing the Mn-Mn short-ranged superexchange mechanism, Mn atoms favor to locate at adjacent Zn atom sites in antiferromagnetic states of Zn nSen nanoclusters doped with two Mn atoms.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1111/j.1551-2916.2010.04125.x"}, "_input_hash": 1444325646, "_task_hash": -600968496, "tokens": [[{"text": "With", "start": 0, "end": 4, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 5, "end": 8, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "generalized", "start": 9, "end": 20, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "gradient", "start": 21, "end": 29, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "approximation", "start": 30, "end": 43, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 44, "end": 46, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "first", "start": 47, "end": 52, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "principle", "start": 53, "end": 62, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "all", "start": 63, "end": 66, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 67, "end": 68, 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 {"text": "Lead-free ferroelectric ceramics of (1\u2212x) [0.88Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3-0.12K0.5Bi0.5TiO3]-x KNbO3(x = 0, 0.02, 0.04, and 0.06) were prepared by the conventional ceramic fabrication technique. The crystal structure, dielectric properties and P-E hysteresis loops were investigated. XRD data showed that all compositions could form pure perovskite structure. Temperature dependence of dielectric constant \u03b5r and dissipation factor tan\u03b4 measurement between room temperature and 500\u2218C revealed that the compounds experience phase transitions that from ferroelectric to anti-ferroelectric and anti-ferroelectric to paraelectric in the range of x = 0\u20130.04. The frequency dependent dielectric constant showed these compounds were relaxor ferroelectric. At low frequency and high temperature, dielectric constant and dissipation factor increased sharply attributed to the superparaelectric clusters after the KNbO3 doped.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1007/s10853-005-0716-6"}, "_input_hash": 1224425908, "_task_hash": -1203156479, "tokens": [[{"text": "Lead", "start": 0, "end": 4, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 5, "end": 6, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "free", "start": 7, "end": 11, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ferroelectric", "start": 12, "end": 25, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ceramics", "start": 26, "end": 34, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 35, "end": 37, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 38, "end": 39, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "1\u2212x", "start": 40, "end": 43, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 44, "end": 45, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "[", "start": 46, "end": 47, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": 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 {"text": "Several types of new materials including tunnel and layer structures of porous manganese oxides have recently been reported. New developments in the characterization and application of such materials are also of current interest. Manganese doped oxide systems are sometimes useful models for these microporous materials.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/S1359-0286(98)80067-3"}, "_input_hash": -1979083843, "_task_hash": -1471349489, "tokens": [[{"text": "Several", "start": 0, "end": 7, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "types", "start": 8, "end": 13, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 14, "end": 16, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "new", "start": 17, "end": 20, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "materials", "start": 21, "end": 30, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "including", "start": 31, "end": 40, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "tunnel", "start": 41, "end": 47, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 48, "end": 51, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "layer", "start": 52, "end": 57, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "structures", "start": 58, "end": 68, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 69, "end": 71, "id": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "porous", "start": 72, "end": 78, "id": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "manganese", "start": 79, "end": 88, "id": 12, "annotation": null}, {"text": "oxides", "start": 89, "end": 95, "id": 13, "annotation": null}, {"text": "have", "start": 96, "end": 100, "id": 14, "annotation": null}, {"text": "recently", "start": 101, "end": 109, "id": 15, "annotation": null}, {"text": "been", "start": 110, "end": 114, "id": 16, "annotation": null}, {"text": "reported", "start": 115, "end": 123, "id": 17, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 124, "end": 125, "id": 18, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "New", "start": 126, "end": 129, "id": 19, "annotation": null}, {"text": "developments", "start": 130, "end": 142, "id": 20, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 143, "end": 145, "id": 21, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 146, "end": 149, "id": 22, "annotation": null}, {"text": "characterization", "start": 150, "end": 166, "id": 23, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 167, "end": 170, "id": 24, "annotation": null}, {"text": "application", "start": 171, "end": 182, "id": 25, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 183, "end": 185, "id": 26, "annotation": null}, {"text": "such", "start": 186, "end": 190, "id": 27, "annotation": null}, {"text": "materials", "start": 191, "end": 200, "id": 28, "annotation": null}, {"text": "are", "start": 201, "end": 204, "id": 29, "annotation": null}, {"text": "also", "start": 205, "end": 209, "id": 30, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 210, "end": 212, "id": 31, "annotation": null}, {"text": "current", "start": 213, "end": 220, "id": 32, "annotation": null}, {"text": "interest", "start": 221, "end": 229, "id": 33, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 230, "end": 231, "id": 34, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "Manganese", "start": 232, "end": 241, "id": 35, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "doped", "start": 242, "end": 247, "id": 36, "annotation": null}, {"text": "oxide", "start": 248, "end": 253, "id": 37, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "systems", "start": 254, "end": 261, "id": 38, "annotation": null}, {"text": "are", "start": 262, "end": 265, "id": 39, "annotation": null}, {"text": "sometimes", "start": 266, "end": 275, "id": 40, "annotation": null}, {"text": "useful", "start": 276, "end": 282, "id": 41, "annotation": null}, {"text": "models", "start": 283, "end": 289, "id": 42, "annotation": null}, {"text": "for", "start": 290, "end": 293, "id": 43, "annotation": null}, {"text": "these", "start": 294, "end": 299, "id": 44, "annotation": null}, {"text": "microporous", "start": 300, "end": 311, "id": 45, "annotation": null}, {"text": "materials", "start": 312, "end": 321, "id": 46, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 322, "end": 323, "id": 47, "annotation": null}]], "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"]}
 {"text": "A novel catalyst based on nitrogen-doped carbon xerogel for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) was prepared via a sol\u2013gel process, following by the subsequent pyrolysis under ammonia atmosphere. The catalytic activity in alkaline media was optimized by tuning the metal (cobalt) ratio to the gel precursor. Sample with the optimum activity was characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer\u2013Emmett\u2013Teller (BET) analysis and electrochemical measurements. Results show that the catalyst possesses an amorphous microstructure with nitrogen doped on the surface. The nitrogen-doped carbon xerogel displays comparable ORR activity and superior methanol tolerance than Pt/C in alkaline medium, demonstrating its promising application in direct methanol alkaline fuel cells as non-precious cathode catalyst.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.ijhydene.2012.09.122"}, "_input_hash": -822802719, "_task_hash": 655763450, "tokens": [[{"text": "A", "start": 0, "end": 1, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "novel", "start": 2, "end": 7, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "catalyst", "start": 8, "end": 16, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "based", "start": 17, "end": 22, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 23, "end": 25, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "nitrogen", "start": 26, "end": 34, "id": 5, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 35, "end": 36, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 37, "end": 42, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "carbon", "start": 43, "end": 49, "id": 8, "annotation": 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-{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "We examined how electronic properties of the intermediate-valent CeRhIn are influenced by gradual substitution of rhodium with germanium. Results of specific-heat, magnetic susceptibility, electrical resistivity, thermopower and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements performed in wide range of temperature and magnetic field on polycrystalline samples of CeRh1\u2212xGexIn, for x = 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3, are presented and compared to corresponding data reported earlier for CeRhIn, its hydrides and CePdxRh1\u2212x In solutions. A systematic shift from the intermediate-valence to a localized 4f-state with increasing content of germanium is evident from all obtained results. Non-Fermi liquid state is formed at low temperatures for the solution with the lowest Ge content, but it is destroyed by magnetic field and/or further doping with Ge.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "We", "start": 0, "end": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "examined", "start": 3, "end": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "how", "start": 12, "end": 15, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electronic", "start": 16, "end": 26, "annotation": null}, {"text": "properties", "start": 27, "end": 37, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 38, "end": 40, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 41, "end": 44, "annotation": null}, {"text": "intermediate", "start": 45, "end": 57, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 57, "end": 58, "annotation": null}, {"text": "valent", "start": 58, "end": 64, "annotation": null}, {"text": "CeRhIn", "start": 65, "end": 71, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "are", "start": 72, "end": 75, "annotation": null}, {"text": 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-{"text": "1, 2-dicyano-methanofullerene (C60(CN)2) is a soluble fullerene derivative that has been reported to have stronger electron affinity than parent C60. Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) experiments were carried out on C60(CN)2 thin films spin coated on heavily doped n-type Si substrate. UPS spectra enabled the determination of the vacuum shift at the fullerene derivative/Si interface and the onset of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO). From the UV\u2013vis absorption spectra of C60(CN)2 thin films spin coated on quartz substrates, the optical band gap (Eg) and the onset of absorption were determined. These measurements allowed the determination of the lowest occupied molecular orbital (LUMO) position. The morphology of the deposited film was probed by AFM and reveals non-uniformity of the thin film. Open circuit voltage (Voc) measurements on P3HT/C60(CN)2 based organic solar cell device are compared to the commonly used P3HT/PCBM device.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.solmat.2010.12.024"}, "_input_hash": -540936896, "_task_hash": 1994811586, "tokens": [[{"text": "1", "start": 0, "end": 1, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 2, "end": 3, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "2-dicyano", "start": 4, "end": 13, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 14, "end": 15, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "methanofullerene", "start": 16, "end": 32, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 33, "end": 34, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "C60(CN)2", "start": 35, "end": 43, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 44, "end": 45, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "is", "start": 46, "end": 48, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 49, "end": 50, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "soluble", "start": 51, 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-{"text": "ZnO:Eu3+ (0.1 and 3 at%) with average particle size of 500 nm were prepared by the Pechini method. Photoluminescence spectroscopy evidences that there is no energy transfer between ZnO and Eu3+ ion. The emission spectrum at 77 K shows that Eu3+ ions occupy at least three different sites in ZnO:Eu 3 at% sample. The experimental intensity parameter \u03a9 2 indicates that Eu3+ ions in the sample doped with 3 at% occupy sites where 4f-configurational levels can better mix with opposite-parity states than those in the sample doped with 0.1 at%.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/S0925-8388(02)00369-9"}, "_input_hash": 2062923871, "_task_hash": -1473462462, "tokens": [[{"text": "ZnO", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": ":", "start": 4, "end": 5, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Eu3", "start": 6, "end": 9, "id": 2, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "+", "start": 10, "end": 11, "id": 3, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "(", "start": 12, "end": 13, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "0.1", "start": 14, "end": 17, "id": 5, "annotation": "DOPMODQ"}, {"text": "and", "start": 18, "end": 21, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "3", "start": 22, "end": 23, "id": 7, "annotation": "DOPMODQ"}, {"text": "at%", "start": 24, "end": 27, "id": 8, "annotation": "DOPMODQ"}, 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-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "\u00a9 The Royal Society of Chemistry. By using hierarchically mesoporous silica spheres as hard template, 2-aminopyridine and FeCl3 as carbon, nitrogen and iron sources, respectively, iron and nitrogen co-doped hierarchically mesoporous carbon spheres (Fe-N-CS) were successfully prepared. The sample Fe-N-CS-900 obtained at a carbonization temperature of 900 \u00b0C exhibited a highly efficient electrocatalytic activity with positive half-wave potential (\u22120.11 V), high limiting current density (\u22124.79 mA cm\u22122) and high selectivity (electron transfer number around 4) for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in alkaline media. Moreover, Fe-N-CS-900 shows higher stability and better methanol tolerance in comparison to commercial Pt/C catalyst in both alkaline and acidic media. Its highly efficient ORR activity could be ascribed to its high specific surface area, unique porous structure and homogeneous distribution of Fe-Nx active sites formed during pyrolysis.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "By", "start": 34, "end": 36, "annotation": null}, {"text": "using", "start": 37, "end": 42, "annotation": null}, {"text": "hierarchically", "start": 43, "end": 57, "annotation": null}, {"text": "mesoporous", "start": 58, "end": 68, "annotation": null}, {"text": "silica", "start": 69, "end": 75, "annotation": null}, {"text": "spheres", "start": 76, "end": 83, "annotation": null}, {"text": "as", "start": 84, "end": 86, "annotation": null}, {"text": "hard", "start": 87, "end": 91, "annotation": null}, {"text": "template", "start": 92, "end": 100, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 100, "end": 101, "annotation": null}, {"text": "2-aminopyridine", "start": 102, "end": 117, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 118, "end": 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+{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "We examined how electronic properties of the intermediate-valent CeRhIn are influenced by gradual substitution of rhodium with germanium. Results of specific-heat, magnetic susceptibility, electrical resistivity, thermopower and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements performed in wide range of temperature and magnetic field on polycrystalline samples of CeRh1\u2212xGexIn, for x = 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3, are presented and compared to corresponding data reported earlier for CeRhIn, its hydrides and CePdxRh1\u2212x In solutions. A systematic shift from the intermediate-valence to a localized 4f-state with increasing content of germanium is evident from all obtained results. Non-Fermi liquid state is formed at low temperatures for the solution with the lowest Ge content, but it is destroyed by magnetic field and/or further doping with Ge.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "We", "start": 0, "end": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "examined", "start": 3, "end": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "how", "start": 12, "end": 15, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electronic", "start": 16, "end": 26, "annotation": null}, {"text": "properties", "start": 27, "end": 37, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 38, "end": 40, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 41, "end": 44, "annotation": null}, {"text": "intermediate", "start": 45, "end": 57, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 57, "end": 58, "annotation": null}, {"text": "valent", "start": 58, "end": 64, "annotation": null}, {"text": "CeRhIn", "start": 65, "end": 71, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "are", "start": 72, "end": 75, "annotation": null}, {"text": 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+{"text": "1, 2-dicyano-methanofullerene (C60(CN)2) is a soluble fullerene derivative that has been reported to have stronger electron affinity than parent C60. Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) experiments were carried out on C60(CN)2 thin films spin coated on heavily doped n-type Si substrate. UPS spectra enabled the determination of the vacuum shift at the fullerene derivative/Si interface and the onset of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO). From the UV\u2013vis absorption spectra of C60(CN)2 thin films spin coated on quartz substrates, the optical band gap (Eg) and the onset of absorption were determined. These measurements allowed the determination of the lowest occupied molecular orbital (LUMO) position. The morphology of the deposited film was probed by AFM and reveals non-uniformity of the thin film. Open circuit voltage (Voc) measurements on P3HT/C60(CN)2 based organic solar cell device are compared to the commonly used P3HT/PCBM device.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.solmat.2010.12.024"}, "_input_hash": -540936896, "_task_hash": 1994811586, "tokens": [[{"text": "1", "start": 0, "end": 1, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 2, "end": 3, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "2-dicyano", "start": 4, "end": 13, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 14, "end": 15, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "methanofullerene", "start": 16, "end": 32, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 33, "end": 34, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "C60(CN)2", "start": 35, "end": 43, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 44, "end": 45, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "is", "start": 46, "end": 48, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 49, "end": 50, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "soluble", "start": 51, 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+{"text": "ZnO:Eu3+ (0.1 and 3 at%) with average particle size of 500 nm were prepared by the Pechini method. Photoluminescence spectroscopy evidences that there is no energy transfer between ZnO and Eu3+ ion. The emission spectrum at 77 K shows that Eu3+ ions occupy at least three different sites in ZnO:Eu 3 at% sample. The experimental intensity parameter \u03a9 2 indicates that Eu3+ ions in the sample doped with 3 at% occupy sites where 4f-configurational levels can better mix with opposite-parity states than those in the sample doped with 0.1 at%.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/S0925-8388(02)00369-9"}, "_input_hash": 2062923871, "_task_hash": -1473462462, "tokens": [[{"text": "ZnO", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": ":", "start": 4, "end": 5, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Eu3", "start": 6, "end": 9, "id": 2, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "+", "start": 10, "end": 11, "id": 3, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "(", "start": 12, "end": 13, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "0.1", "start": 14, "end": 17, "id": 5, "annotation": "DOPMODQ"}, {"text": "and", "start": 18, "end": 21, "id": 6, "annotation": "DOPMODQ"}, {"text": "3", "start": 22, "end": 23, "id": 7, "annotation": "DOPMODQ"}, {"text": "at%", "start": 24, "end": 27, "id": 8, "annotation": 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+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "\u00a9 The Royal Society of Chemistry. By using hierarchically mesoporous silica spheres as hard template, 2-aminopyridine and FeCl3 as carbon, nitrogen and iron sources, respectively, iron and nitrogen co-doped hierarchically mesoporous carbon spheres (Fe-N-CS) were successfully prepared. The sample Fe-N-CS-900 obtained at a carbonization temperature of 900 \u00b0C exhibited a highly efficient electrocatalytic activity with positive half-wave potential (\u22120.11 V), high limiting current density (\u22124.79 mA cm\u22122) and high selectivity (electron transfer number around 4) for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in alkaline media. Moreover, Fe-N-CS-900 shows higher stability and better methanol tolerance in comparison to commercial Pt/C catalyst in both alkaline and acidic media. 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 {"text": "Solar-powered carbon dioxide (CO2)-to-fuel conversion presents itself as an ideal solution for both CO2 mitigation and the rapidly growing world energy demand. In this work, the heating effect of light irradiation onto a bed of supported nickel (Ni) catalyst was utilized to facilitate CO2 conversion. Ceria (CeO2)-titania (TiO2) oxide supports of different compositions were employed and their effects on photothermal CO2 conversion examined. Two factors are shown to be crucial for instigating photothermal CO2 methanation activity: \u2460 Fine nickel deposits are required for both higher active catalyst area and greater light absorption capacity for the initial heating of the catalyst bed; and \u2461 the presence of defect sites on the support are necessary to promote adsorption of CO2 for its subsequent activation. Titania inclusion within the support plays a crucial role in maintaining the oxygen vacancy defect sites on the (titanium-doped) cerium oxide. The combination of elevated light absorption and stabilized reduced states for CO2 adsorption subsequently invokes effective photothermal CO2 methanation when the ceria and titania are blended in the ideal ratio(s).", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/J.ENG.2017.03.016"}, "_input_hash": 867551176, "_task_hash": -1651379607, "tokens": [[{"text": "Solar", "start": 0, "end": 5, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 6, "end": 7, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "powered", "start": 8, "end": 15, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "carbon", "start": 16, "end": 22, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "dioxide", "start": 23, "end": 30, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 31, "end": 32, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "CO2)-to", "start": 33, "end": 40, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 41, "end": 42, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "fuel", "start": 43, "end": 47, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "conversion", "start": 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-{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "The effect of compositional segregation on the properties of relaxor ferroelectric single crystal are attracting increasing attention for its serious limitation on the application field. In this paper, the composition, phase structure, optical properties and electric properties of Mn-doped Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3-Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 (PIN-PMN-PT) single crystal were investigated. The real composition of the single crystal fluctuated around the original ratio, except for MnO2. The single crystal contained less Mn element after removing inclusions compared with the starting ratio. The single crystal samples exhibited rhombohedral phase (R phase), orthorhombic phase (O phase) and tetragonal phase (T phase) structures with different composition due to the segregation. The rhombohedral to tetragonal phase transition temperature (T R-T ) shifted to a lower value along the growth direction, while the Curie Temperature (T C ) shifted to a higher value instead. The relaxation level of the single crystal went down to a lower level when the crystal structure changed from R phase to T and O phase. The coercive field (E C ) with [001] poling in R phase remained stable before a rise in O phase and T phase. However, the composition segregation didn't obviously affected the internal bias field and kept around 0.2kV/cm. The piezoelectric coefficient d 33and unipolar strain with poling direction along [001] had the same trend along growth direction. 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-{"text": "Nb-based \u2018312\u2019 MAX phase has not been recognized so far, raising a hypothesis that Nb doping would destabilize the isostructural Ti3AlC2. Here we report that (Ti1\u2212xNbx)3AlC2 could persist with a doping limitation up to x=0.15. As demonstrated by HAADF-STEM analysis, Nb dopants homogeneously distribute among polycrystalline grains at the microscale and randomly occupy the Ti sites at the atomic level. Beyond the limitation, Nb-doped \u2018312\u2019 phase Ti3AlC2 decomposes into (Ti,Nb)C, Nb-doped \u2018211\u2019 phase Ti2AlC, and Nb-based \u2018413\u2019 phase. Compared to pristine Ti3AlC2, the compressive strength of (Ti0.9Nb0.1)3AlC2 at 1200\u00b0C increases by 130%, whereas doping at this level impairs the oxidation resistance. Improving high-temperature strength without deteriorating oxidation resistance can be achieved by 5% Nb doping.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2017.04.026"}, "_input_hash": -673218421, "_task_hash": 1672910133, "tokens": [[{"text": "Nb", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 3, "end": 4, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "based", "start": 5, "end": 10, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "\u2018", "start": 11, "end": 12, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "312", "start": 13, "end": 16, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "\u2019", "start": 17, "end": 18, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "MAX", "start": 19, "end": 22, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "phase", "start": 23, "end": 28, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "has", "start": 29, "end": 32, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "not", "start": 33, "end": 36, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "been", "start": 37, "end": 41, "id": 10, "annotation": 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{"text": "\u2018", "start": 552, "end": 553, "id": 104, "annotation": null}, {"text": "413", "start": 554, "end": 557, "id": 105, "annotation": null}, {"text": "\u2019", "start": 558, "end": 559, "id": 106, "annotation": null}, {"text": "phase", "start": 560, "end": 565, "id": 107, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 566, "end": 567, "id": 108, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "Compared", "start": 568, "end": 576, "id": 109, "annotation": null}, {"text": "to", "start": 577, "end": 579, "id": 110, "annotation": null}, {"text": "pristine", "start": 580, "end": 588, "id": 111, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Ti3AlC2", "start": 589, "end": 596, "id": 112, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 597, "end": 598, "id": 113, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 599, "end": 602, "id": 114, "annotation": null}, {"text": "compressive", "start": 603, "end": 614, "id": 115, "annotation": null}, {"text": "strength", "start": 615, "end": 623, "id": 116, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 624, "end": 626, "id": 117, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 627, "end": 628, "id": 118, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Ti0.9Nb0.1)3AlC2", "start": 629, "end": 645, "id": 119, "annotation": null}, {"text": "at", "start": 646, "end": 648, "id": 120, "annotation": null}, {"text": "1200", "start": 649, "end": 653, "id": 121, "annotation": null}, {"text": "\u00b0", "start": 654, "end": 655, "id": 122, "annotation": null}, {"text": "C", "start": 656, "end": 657, "id": 123, "annotation": null}, {"text": "increases", "start": 658, "end": 667, "id": 124, "annotation": null}, {"text": "by", "start": 668, "end": 670, "id": 125, "annotation": null}, {"text": "130", "start": 671, "end": 674, "id": 126, "annotation": null}, {"text": "%", "start": 675, "end": 676, "id": 127, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 677, "end": 678, "id": 128, "annotation": null}, {"text": "whereas", "start": 679, "end": 686, "id": 129, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doping", 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".", "start": 857, "end": 858, "id": 156, "annotation": null}]], "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"]}
-{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "Diamond films on the p-type Si(111) and p-type(100) substrates were prepared by microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (MWCVD) and hot-filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD) by using a mixture of methane CH4 and hydrogen H2 as gas feed. The structure and composition of the films have been investigated by X-ray Diffraction, Raman Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy methods. A high quality diamond crystalline structure of the obtained films by using HFCVD method was confirmed by clear XRD-pattern. SEM images show that the prepared films are polycrystalline diamond films consisting of diamond single crystallites (111)-orientation perpendicular to the substrate. Diamond films grown on silicon substrates by using HFCVD show good quality diamond and fewer non-diamond components.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Diamond", "start": 0, "end": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "films", "start": 8, "end": 13, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 14, "end": 16, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 17, "end": 20, "annotation": null}, {"text": "p", "start": 21, "end": 22, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 22, "end": 23, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "type", "start": 23, "end": 27, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "Si(111)", "start": 28, "end": 35, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "and", "start": 36, "end": 39, "annotation": null}, {"text": "p-type(100)", "start": 40, "end": 51, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "substrates", "start": 52, "end": 62, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "were", "start": 63, "end": 67, "annotation": null}, {"text": "prepared", "start": 68, "end": 76, 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"deposition", "start": 163, "end": 173, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 174, "end": 175, "annotation": null}, {"text": "HFCVD", "start": 175, "end": 180, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 180, "end": 181, "annotation": null}, {"text": "by", "start": 182, "end": 184, "annotation": null}, {"text": "using", "start": 185, "end": 190, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 191, "end": 192, "annotation": null}, {"text": "mixture", "start": 193, "end": 200, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 201, "end": 203, "annotation": null}, {"text": "methane", "start": 204, "end": 211, "annotation": null}, {"text": "CH4", "start": 212, "end": 215, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 216, "end": 219, "annotation": null}, {"text": "hydrogen", "start": 220, "end": 228, "annotation": null}, {"text": "H2", "start": 229, "end": 231, "annotation": null}, {"text": "as", "start": 232, "end": 234, "annotation": null}, {"text": "gas", "start": 235, "end": 238, "annotation": null}, {"text": "feed", "start": 239, "end": 243, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 243, "end": 244, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "The", "start": 245, "end": 248, "annotation": null}, {"text": "structure", "start": 249, "end": 258, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 259, "end": 262, "annotation": null}, {"text": "composition", "start": 263, "end": 274, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 275, "end": 277, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 278, "end": 281, "annotation": null}, {"text": "films", "start": 282, "end": 287, "annotation": null}, {"text": "have", "start": 288, "end": 292, "annotation": null}, {"text": "been", "start": 293, "end": 297, "annotation": null}, {"text": "investigated", "start": 298, "end": 310, "annotation": null}, {"text": "by", "start": 311, "end": 313, "annotation": null}, {"text": "X-ray", "start": 314, "end": 319, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Diffraction", "start": 320, "end": 331, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 331, "end": 332, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Raman", "start": 333, "end": 338, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Spectroscopy", "start": 339, "end": 351, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 352, "end": 355, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Scanning", "start": 356, "end": 364, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Electron", "start": 365, "end": 373, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Microscopy", "start": 374, "end": 384, "annotation": null}, {"text": "methods", "start": 385, "end": 392, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 392, "end": 393, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "A", "start": 394, "end": 395, "annotation": null}, {"text": "high", "start": 396, "end": 400, "annotation": null}, {"text": "quality", "start": 401, "end": 408, "annotation": null}, {"text": "diamond", "start": 409, "end": 416, "annotation": null}, {"text": "crystalline", "start": 417, "end": 428, "annotation": null}, {"text": "structure", "start": 429, "end": 438, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 439, "end": 441, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 442, "end": 445, "annotation": null}, {"text": "obtained", "start": 446, "end": 454, "annotation": null}, {"text": "films", "start": 455, "end": 460, "annotation": null}, {"text": "by", "start": 461, "end": 463, "annotation": null}, {"text": "using", "start": 464, "end": 469, "annotation": null}, {"text": "HFCVD", "start": 470, "end": 475, "annotation": null}, {"text": "method", "start": 476, "end": 482, "annotation": null}, {"text": "was", "start": 483, "end": 486, "annotation": null}, {"text": "confirmed", "start": 487, "end": 496, "annotation": null}, {"text": "by", "start": 497, "end": 499, "annotation": null}, {"text": "clear", "start": 500, "end": 505, "annotation": null}, {"text": "XRD", "start": 506, "end": 509, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 509, "end": 510, "annotation": null}, {"text": "pattern", "start": 510, "end": 517, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 517, "end": 518, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "SEM", "start": 519, "end": 522, "annotation": null}, {"text": "images", "start": 523, "end": 529, "annotation": null}, {"text": "show", "start": 530, "end": 534, "annotation": null}, {"text": "that", "start": 535, "end": 539, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 540, "end": 543, "annotation": null}, {"text": "prepared", "start": 544, "end": 552, "annotation": null}, {"text": "films", "start": 553, "end": 558, "annotation": null}, {"text": "are", "start": 559, "end": 562, "annotation": null}, {"text": "polycrystalline", "start": 563, "end": 578, "annotation": null}, {"text": "diamond", "start": 579, "end": 586, "annotation": null}, {"text": "films", "start": 587, "end": 592, "annotation": null}, {"text": "consisting", "start": 593, "end": 603, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 604, "end": 606, "annotation": null}, {"text": "diamond", "start": 607, "end": 614, "annotation": null}, {"text": "single", "start": 615, "end": 621, "annotation": null}, {"text": "crystallites", "start": 622, "end": 634, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(111)-orientation", "start": 635, "end": 652, "annotation": null}, {"text": "perpendicular", "start": 653, "end": 666, "annotation": null}, {"text": "to", "start": 667, "end": 669, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 670, "end": 673, "annotation": null}, {"text": "substrate", "start": 674, "end": 683, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 683, "end": 684, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "Diamond", "start": 685, "end": 692, "annotation": null}, {"text": "films", "start": 693, "end": 698, "annotation": null}, {"text": "grown", "start": 699, "end": 704, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 705, "end": 707, "annotation": null}, {"text": "silicon", "start": 708, "end": 715, "annotation": null}, {"text": "substrates", "start": 716, "end": 726, "annotation": null}, {"text": "by", "start": 727, "end": 729, "annotation": null}, {"text": "using", "start": 730, "end": 735, "annotation": null}, {"text": "HFCVD", "start": 736, "end": 741, "annotation": null}, {"text": "show", "start": 742, "end": 746, "annotation": null}, {"text": "good", "start": 747, "end": 751, "annotation": null}, {"text": "quality", "start": 752, "end": 759, "annotation": null}, {"text": "diamond", "start": 760, "end": 767, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 768, "end": 771, "annotation": null}, {"text": "fewer", "start": 772, "end": 777, "annotation": null}, {"text": "non-diamond", "start": 778, "end": 789, "annotation": null}, {"text": "components", "start": 790, "end": 800, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 800, "end": 801, "annotation": null}]]}
-{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "Rare earth element (gadolinium) doped cadmium oxide (CdO:Gd) thin films were deposited using the pulsed laser deposition technique. X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that growth temperature has large impact on the preferred orientation of the films. The films grown at low temperature show (111) preferred orientation, while films grown at high temperature have (200) orientation. The effect of substrate temperature on optical and electrical properties shows widening in optical bandgap and improvement in electron mobility with increase in growth temperature. These wide bandgap transparent conducting films could be used in optoelectronic applications.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Rare", "start": 0, "end": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "earth", "start": 5, "end": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "element", "start": 11, "end": 18, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 19, "end": 20, "annotation": null}, {"text": "gadolinium", "start": 20, "end": 30, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": ")", "start": 30, "end": 31, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 32, "end": 37, "annotation": null}, {"text": "cadmium", "start": 38, "end": 45, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "oxide", "start": 46, "end": 51, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "(", "start": 52, "end": 53, "annotation": null}, {"text": "CdO", "start": 53, "end": 56, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": ":", "start": 56, "end": 57, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Gd", "start": 57, "end": 59, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": ")", "start": 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-{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "Formation of protective oxide scales is the main reason for the high oxidation resistance of TiAlN based coatings. Here the authors report on further improvement in the oxidation resistance of TiAlN by Ta alloying. An industrial-scale cathodic arc evaporation facility was used to deposit Ti-Al-Ta-N coatings from powder metallurgically produced Ti38 Al57 Ta5 targets. After oxidation in ambient air, a significantly reduced oxide layer thickness in comparison to unalloyed TiAlN reference material was observed. Energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy line scans and secondary ion mass spectroscopy depth profiling showed that the oxide scale consists of an Al-rich top layer without detectable amount of Ta and a Ti-Ta-rich sublayer. Transmission electron microscopy investigations revealed \u03b1- Al2 O3, rutile-type Ti O2, and anatase-type Ti O2 as the scale forming oxides. Furthermore, the Ti-Ta-rich sublayer consists of a porous layer at the oxide-nitride interface but appears dense toward the Al-rich top layer. The improved oxidation resistance is explained by doping the Ti O2 lattice by replacing Ti4+ with Ta5+ in the rutile lattice, which decreases the oxygen mass transport. This leads to reduced oxidation of Ti under formation of Ti O2 at the oxide-nitride interface and is the reason for the excellent oxidation behavior of Ti-Al-Ta-N coatings. \u00a9 2009 American Vacuum Society.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Formation", "start": 0, "end": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 10, "end": 12, "annotation": null}, {"text": "protective", "start": 13, "end": 23, "annotation": null}, {"text": "oxide", "start": 24, "end": 29, "annotation": null}, {"text": "scales", "start": 30, "end": 36, "annotation": null}, {"text": "is", "start": 37, "end": 39, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 40, "end": 43, "annotation": null}, {"text": "main", "start": 44, "end": 48, "annotation": null}, {"text": "reason", "start": 49, "end": 55, "annotation": null}, {"text": "for", "start": 56, "end": 59, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 60, "end": 63, "annotation": null}, {"text": "high", "start": 64, "end": 68, 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-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "n-type 0.1 wt% SbI3-doped Bi2Te2.85Se0.15 compounds were fabricated by hot pressing and hot extrusion. The hot pressed compounds were densified up to 99.2% of theoretical density. The grains were preferentially oriented and contained many dislocations due to the hot pressing. The figure of merit of the compounds hot pressed at 420\u00b0C was 2.35 \u00d7 10-3/K. On the other hand, the grains of the extruded compounds were small, equiaxed, (\u223c1.0 \u03bcm) and contained many dislocations due to the dynamic recrystallization during the extrusion. The fine grains significantly improved the bending strength and figure of merit. The grains were also preferentially oriented through the extrusion. The bending strength and figure of merit were increased with increasing extrusion temperature. The figure of merit of the compounds hot extruded at 440\u00b0C was 2.62 \u00d7 10-3/K.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "n", "start": 0, "end": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 1, "end": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "type", "start": 2, "end": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "0.1", "start": 7, "end": 10, "annotation": "DOPMODQ"}, {"text": "wt", "start": 11, "end": 13, "annotation": "DOPMODQ"}, {"text": "%", "start": 13, "end": 14, "annotation": "DOPMODQ"}, {"text": "SbI3", "start": 15, "end": 19, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 19, "end": 20, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 20, "end": 25, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Bi2Te2.85Se0.15", "start": 26, "end": 41, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "compounds", "start": 42, "end": 51, "annotation": null}, {"text": "were", "start": 52, "end": 56, "annotation": null}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 57, "end": 67, "annotation": null}, {"text": "by", "start": 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-{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "We report on what is, to the best of our knowledge, the highest power reached with an Yb:Lu 2O 3 thin-disk laser in the continuous wave (CW) regime reported to date. A maximum output power of 670 W was demonstrated with a Vshaped resonator design. This result was achieved by pumping this laser active material at its zero-phonon absorption line at 976 nm. The potential of Yb:Lu 2O 3 as well as its limitations are discussed on the basis of several experimental investigations including thermal analysis and laser performance characterization for different doping concentrations. \u00a9 2012 by Astro Ltd.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "We", "start": 0, "end": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "report", "start": 3, "end": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 10, "end": 12, "annotation": null}, {"text": "what", "start": 13, "end": 17, "annotation": null}, {"text": "is", "start": 18, "end": 20, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 20, "end": 21, "annotation": null}, {"text": "to", "start": 22, "end": 24, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 25, "end": 28, "annotation": null}, {"text": "best", "start": 29, "end": 33, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 34, "end": 36, "annotation": null}, {"text": "our", "start": 37, "end": 40, "annotation": null}, {"text": "knowledge", 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-{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "A new solid niobic acid phase, H2(H2O)Nb2O6, with fluorine (F) doping was crystallized using hydrothermal chemistry. F-doped H2(H2O)Nb2O6 octahedra could function as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for the photodegradation of organic pollutants in water under UV light irradiation. The high photocatalytic activity of the F-doped H2(H2O)Nb2O6 materials is attributed to a synergistic effect of the specific surface area, the surface characteristics and the crystal structure. Our results suggest novel ways of controlling the crystallization of niobium oxides, further the fundamental understanding of their structure\u2013property relationships, and may lead to their application in fields such as environmental protection and energy production.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "A", "start": 0, "end": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "new", "start": 2, "end": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "solid", "start": 6, "end": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "niobic", "start": 12, "end": 18, "annotation": null}, {"text": "acid", "start": 19, "end": 23, "annotation": null}, {"text": "phase", "start": 24, "end": 29, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 29, "end": 30, "annotation": null}, {"text": "H2(H2O)Nb2O6", "start": 31, "end": 43, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": ",", "start": 43, "end": 44, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 45, "end": 49, "annotation": null}, {"text": "fluorine", "start": 50, "end": 58, 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+{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "The effect of compositional segregation on the properties of relaxor ferroelectric single crystal are attracting increasing attention for its serious limitation on the application field. In this paper, the composition, phase structure, optical properties and electric properties of Mn-doped Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3-Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 (PIN-PMN-PT) single crystal were investigated. The real composition of the single crystal fluctuated around the original ratio, except for MnO2. The single crystal contained less Mn element after removing inclusions compared with the starting ratio. The single crystal samples exhibited rhombohedral phase (R phase), orthorhombic phase (O phase) and tetragonal phase (T phase) structures with different composition due to the segregation. The rhombohedral to tetragonal phase transition temperature (T R-T ) shifted to a lower value along the growth direction, while the Curie Temperature (T C ) shifted to a higher value instead. The relaxation level of the single crystal went down to a lower level when the crystal structure changed from R phase to T and O phase. The coercive field (E C ) with [001] poling in R phase remained stable before a rise in O phase and T phase. However, the composition segregation didn't obviously affected the internal bias field and kept around 0.2kV/cm. The piezoelectric coefficient d 33and unipolar strain with poling direction along [001] had the same trend along growth direction. The curves of them both took a rapid fall at the top of the single crystal boule, which related to the T phase.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "effect", "start": 4, "end": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 11, "end": 13, "annotation": null}, {"text": "compositional", "start": 14, "end": 27, "annotation": null}, {"text": "segregation", "start": 28, "end": 39, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 40, "end": 42, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 43, "end": 46, "annotation": null}, {"text": "properties", "start": 47, "end": 57, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 58, "end": 60, "annotation": null}, {"text": "relaxor", "start": 61, "end": 68, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ferroelectric", "start": 69, "end": 82, "annotation": null}, {"text": "single", "start": 83, "end": 89, "annotation": null}, {"text": "crystal", "start": 90, "end": 97, "annotation": 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+{"text": "Nb-based \u2018312\u2019 MAX phase has not been recognized so far, raising a hypothesis that Nb doping would destabilize the isostructural Ti3AlC2. Here we report that (Ti1\u2212xNbx)3AlC2 could persist with a doping limitation up to x=0.15. As demonstrated by HAADF-STEM analysis, Nb dopants homogeneously distribute among polycrystalline grains at the microscale and randomly occupy the Ti sites at the atomic level. Beyond the limitation, Nb-doped \u2018312\u2019 phase Ti3AlC2 decomposes into (Ti,Nb)C, Nb-doped \u2018211\u2019 phase Ti2AlC, and Nb-based \u2018413\u2019 phase. Compared to pristine Ti3AlC2, the compressive strength of (Ti0.9Nb0.1)3AlC2 at 1200\u00b0C increases by 130%, whereas doping at this level impairs the oxidation resistance. Improving high-temperature strength without deteriorating oxidation resistance can be achieved by 5% Nb doping.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2017.04.026"}, "_input_hash": -673218421, "_task_hash": 1672910133, "tokens": [[{"text": "Nb", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 3, "end": 4, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "based", "start": 5, "end": 10, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "\u2018", "start": 11, "end": 12, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "312", "start": 13, "end": 16, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "\u2019", "start": 17, "end": 18, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "MAX", "start": 19, "end": 22, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "phase", "start": 23, "end": 28, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "has", "start": 29, "end": 32, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "not", "start": 33, "end": 36, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "been", "start": 37, "end": 41, "id": 10, "annotation": 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+{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "Diamond films on the p-type Si(111) and p-type(100) substrates were prepared by microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (MWCVD) and hot-filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD) by using a mixture of methane CH4 and hydrogen H2 as gas feed. The structure and composition of the films have been investigated by X-ray Diffraction, Raman Spectroscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy methods. A high quality diamond crystalline structure of the obtained films by using HFCVD method was confirmed by clear XRD-pattern. SEM images show that the prepared films are polycrystalline diamond films consisting of diamond single crystallites (111)-orientation perpendicular to the substrate. Diamond films grown on silicon substrates by using HFCVD show good quality diamond and fewer non-diamond components.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Diamond", "start": 0, "end": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "films", "start": 8, "end": 13, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 14, "end": 16, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 17, "end": 20, "annotation": null}, {"text": "p", "start": 21, "end": 22, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 22, "end": 23, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "type", "start": 23, "end": 27, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "Si(111)", "start": 28, "end": 35, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "and", "start": 36, "end": 39, "annotation": null}, {"text": "p-type(100)", "start": 40, "end": 51, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "substrates", "start": 52, "end": 62, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "were", "start": 63, "end": 67, "annotation": null}, {"text": "prepared", "start": 68, "end": 76, 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+{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "Rare earth element (gadolinium) doped cadmium oxide (CdO:Gd) thin films were deposited using the pulsed laser deposition technique. X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that growth temperature has large impact on the preferred orientation of the films. The films grown at low temperature show (111) preferred orientation, while films grown at high temperature have (200) orientation. The effect of substrate temperature on optical and electrical properties shows widening in optical bandgap and improvement in electron mobility with increase in growth temperature. These wide bandgap transparent conducting films could be used in optoelectronic applications.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Rare", "start": 0, "end": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "earth", "start": 5, "end": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "element", "start": 11, "end": 18, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 19, "end": 20, "annotation": null}, {"text": "gadolinium", "start": 20, "end": 30, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": ")", "start": 30, "end": 31, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 32, "end": 37, "annotation": null}, {"text": "cadmium", "start": 38, "end": 45, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "oxide", "start": 46, "end": 51, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "(", "start": 52, "end": 53, "annotation": null}, {"text": "CdO", "start": 53, "end": 56, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": ":", "start": 56, "end": 57, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Gd", "start": 57, "end": 59, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": ")", "start": 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"annotation": null}, {"text": "applications", "start": 643, "end": 655, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 655, "end": 656, "annotation": null}]], "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.physe.2011.08.009"}}
+{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "Formation of protective oxide scales is the main reason for the high oxidation resistance of TiAlN based coatings. Here the authors report on further improvement in the oxidation resistance of TiAlN by Ta alloying. An industrial-scale cathodic arc evaporation facility was used to deposit Ti-Al-Ta-N coatings from powder metallurgically produced Ti38 Al57 Ta5 targets. After oxidation in ambient air, a significantly reduced oxide layer thickness in comparison to unalloyed TiAlN reference material was observed. Energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy line scans and secondary ion mass spectroscopy depth profiling showed that the oxide scale consists of an Al-rich top layer without detectable amount of Ta and a Ti-Ta-rich sublayer. Transmission electron microscopy investigations revealed \u03b1- Al2 O3, rutile-type Ti O2, and anatase-type Ti O2 as the scale forming oxides. Furthermore, the Ti-Ta-rich sublayer consists of a porous layer at the oxide-nitride interface but appears dense toward the Al-rich top layer. The improved oxidation resistance is explained by doping the Ti O2 lattice by replacing Ti4+ with Ta5+ in the rutile lattice, which decreases the oxygen mass transport. This leads to reduced oxidation of Ti under formation of Ti O2 at the oxide-nitride interface and is the reason for the excellent oxidation behavior of Ti-Al-Ta-N coatings. \u00a9 2009 American Vacuum Society.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Formation", "start": 0, "end": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 10, "end": 12, "annotation": null}, {"text": "protective", "start": 13, "end": 23, "annotation": null}, {"text": "oxide", "start": 24, "end": 29, "annotation": null}, {"text": "scales", "start": 30, "end": 36, "annotation": null}, {"text": "is", "start": 37, "end": 39, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 40, "end": 43, "annotation": null}, {"text": "main", "start": 44, "end": 48, "annotation": null}, {"text": "reason", "start": 49, "end": 55, "annotation": null}, {"text": "for", "start": 56, "end": 59, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 60, "end": 63, "annotation": null}, {"text": "high", "start": 64, "end": 68, 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+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "n-type 0.1 wt% SbI3-doped Bi2Te2.85Se0.15 compounds were fabricated by hot pressing and hot extrusion. The hot pressed compounds were densified up to 99.2% of theoretical density. The grains were preferentially oriented and contained many dislocations due to the hot pressing. The figure of merit of the compounds hot pressed at 420\u00b0C was 2.35 \u00d7 10-3/K. On the other hand, the grains of the extruded compounds were small, equiaxed, (\u223c1.0 \u03bcm) and contained many dislocations due to the dynamic recrystallization during the extrusion. The fine grains significantly improved the bending strength and figure of merit. The grains were also preferentially oriented through the extrusion. The bending strength and figure of merit were increased with increasing extrusion temperature. The figure of merit of the compounds hot extruded at 440\u00b0C was 2.62 \u00d7 10-3/K.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "n", "start": 0, "end": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 1, "end": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "type", "start": 2, "end": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "0.1", "start": 7, "end": 10, "annotation": "DOPMODQ"}, {"text": "wt", "start": 11, "end": 13, "annotation": "DOPMODQ"}, {"text": "%", "start": 13, "end": 14, "annotation": "DOPMODQ"}, {"text": "SbI3", "start": 15, "end": 19, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 19, "end": 20, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 20, "end": 25, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Bi2Te2.85Se0.15", "start": 26, "end": 41, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "compounds", "start": 42, "end": 51, "annotation": null}, {"text": "were", "start": 52, "end": 56, "annotation": null}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 57, "end": 67, "annotation": null}, {"text": "by", "start": 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+{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "We report on what is, to the best of our knowledge, the highest power reached with an Yb:Lu 2O 3 thin-disk laser in the continuous wave (CW) regime reported to date. A maximum output power of 670 W was demonstrated with a Vshaped resonator design. This result was achieved by pumping this laser active material at its zero-phonon absorption line at 976 nm. The potential of Yb:Lu 2O 3 as well as its limitations are discussed on the basis of several experimental investigations including thermal analysis and laser performance characterization for different doping concentrations. \u00a9 2012 by Astro Ltd.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "We", "start": 0, "end": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "report", "start": 3, "end": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 10, "end": 12, "annotation": null}, {"text": "what", "start": 13, "end": 17, "annotation": null}, {"text": "is", "start": 18, "end": 20, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 20, "end": 21, "annotation": null}, {"text": "to", "start": 22, "end": 24, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 25, "end": 28, "annotation": null}, {"text": "best", "start": 29, "end": 33, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 34, "end": 36, "annotation": null}, {"text": "our", "start": 37, "end": 40, "annotation": null}, {"text": "knowledge", 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+{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "A new solid niobic acid phase, H2(H2O)Nb2O6, with fluorine (F) doping was crystallized using hydrothermal chemistry. F-doped H2(H2O)Nb2O6 octahedra could function as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for the photodegradation of organic pollutants in water under UV light irradiation. The high photocatalytic activity of the F-doped H2(H2O)Nb2O6 materials is attributed to a synergistic effect of the specific surface area, the surface characteristics and the crystal structure. Our results suggest novel ways of controlling the crystallization of niobium oxides, further the fundamental understanding of their structure\u2013property relationships, and may lead to their application in fields such as environmental protection and energy production.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "A", "start": 0, "end": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "new", "start": 2, "end": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "solid", "start": 6, "end": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "niobic", "start": 12, "end": 18, "annotation": null}, {"text": "acid", "start": 19, "end": 23, "annotation": null}, {"text": "phase", "start": 24, "end": 29, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 29, "end": 30, "annotation": null}, {"text": "H2(H2O)Nb2O6", "start": 31, "end": 43, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": ",", "start": 43, "end": 44, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 45, "end": 49, "annotation": null}, {"text": "fluorine", "start": 50, "end": 58, 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 {"text": "The Mg-doping efficiency in GaN layers grown by molecular-beam epitaxy has been studied as a function of the growth temperature, the growth rate, and the Mg beam flux. The Mg cell temperature window for efficient p-type doping is rather narrow, being limited by the GaN n-type background doping density (lower limit) and by the Mg surface coverage that, beyond a threshold, induces a layer polarity inversion (N-polarity), leading to a reduction of the Mg incorporation (upper limit). An increase of the growth temperature avoids this polarity inversion, but the Mg flux must be increased to compensate the strong desorption rate. Thus, a trade-off between both temperatures has to be reached. A reduction of the growth rate has a strong effect on the p-type doping level, yielding up to 7\u00d71017holes/cm3 for a total Mg concentration of 1\u00d71019cm\u22123. 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-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "The establishment of an approach to design tunable yellow emission through singly doped single-phased phosphors to obtain white LED-based InGaN chip was reported. BaY 2-x S 4 :xHo 3+ phosphors were prepared by the high temperature solid state reaction and characterized by X-ray diffraction and photoluminescence spectra. Under the excitation of 465 nm, the emission spectra of these phosphors exhibited three sharp emission lines peaked at about 492, 543 and 661 nm of Ho 3+ corresponding to 5 F 3 , 5 F 4 ( 5 S 2 ) and 5 F 5 \u2192 5 I 8 transitions, respectively, with comparable intensities, resulting in a yellow light emission. The luminescence mechanism for Ho 3+ in BaY 2 S 4 was explained. \u00a9 2011 The Chinese Society of Rare Earths.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "establishment", "start": 4, "end": 17, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 18, "end": 20, "annotation": null}, {"text": "an", "start": 21, "end": 23, "annotation": null}, {"text": "approach", "start": 24, "end": 32, "annotation": null}, {"text": "to", "start": 33, "end": 35, "annotation": null}, {"text": "design", "start": 36, "end": 42, "annotation": null}, {"text": "tunable", "start": 43, "end": 50, "annotation": null}, {"text": "yellow", "start": 51, "end": 57, "annotation": null}, {"text": "emission", "start": 58, "end": 66, "annotation": null}, {"text": "through", "start": 67, "end": 74, "annotation": null}, {"text": "singly", "start": 75, "end": 81, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 82, "end": 87, "annotation": null}, 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-{"text": "We develop a backside illuminated photo-sensor that is fabricated on a <100>-oriented, high resistivity n-type 400 \u03bcm thick silicon wafer. The PIN photodiode is designed and manufactured as a radiation detector for alpha particles and low energy gamma-rays. The silicon photo-sensor is susceptible to radiation damage. Therefore, it is important to investigate the effects of radiation damage to the fabricated PIN photodiode. We measure the radiation damage to a PIN photodiode by a 35 MeV proton beam at the Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences (KIRAMS). We present the effects of proton radiation on the electrical properties of the PIN photodiode.", "meta": {"doi": "10.3938/jkps.59.692"}, "_input_hash": -1202953208, "_task_hash": 278727161, "tokens": [[{"text": "We", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "develop", "start": 3, "end": 10, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 11, "end": 12, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "backside", "start": 13, "end": 21, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "illuminated", "start": 22, "end": 33, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "photo", "start": 34, "end": 39, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 40, "end": 41, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "sensor", "start": 42, "end": 48, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "that", "start": 49, "end": 53, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "is", "start": 54, "end": 56, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 57, "end": 67, "id": 10, "annotation": null}, 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-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "Half-metallic ferromagnetism in Cu-doped ZnO is predicted by accurate full-potential linearized augmented plane-wave and DMol3 calculations based on density functional theory. A net magnetic moment of 1 \u03bcB is found per Cu. At a Cu concentration of 12.5%, total energy calculations show that the ferromagnetic state is 43 meV lower than the antiferromagnetic state and is thus predicted to be the ground state with a Tc estimated to be about 380 K. The magnetic moments are localized within the Cu O4 tetrahedron with ferromagnetic coupling between Cu and O. The electronic states near EF are dominated by strong hybridization between O 2p and Cu 3d which implies that the Cu-O bond is quite covalent instead of purely ionic. We examine the interplay between the carrier density and the ferromagnetism with N codoping and oxygen vacancies where we find no apparent relation between them. Oxygen vacancies tend to destroy the ferromagnetism and therefore should be avoided during sample fabrication. We found no clustering tendency of the Cu atoms. Since there is no magnetic element in this compound, Cu-doped ZnO appears to be an unambiguous dilute magnetic semiconductor where ferromagnetic precipitate problems can be avoided. \u00a9 2006 The American Physical Society.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Half", "start": 0, "end": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 4, "end": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "metallic", "start": 5, "end": 13, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ferromagnetism", "start": 14, "end": 28, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 29, "end": 31, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Cu", "start": 32, "end": 34, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 34, "end": 35, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 35, "end": 40, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ZnO", "start": 41, "end": 44, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "is", "start": 45, "end": 47, "annotation": null}, {"text": "predicted", "start": 48, "end": 57, "annotation": null}, {"text": "by", "start": 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+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "The establishment of an approach to design tunable yellow emission through singly doped single-phased phosphors to obtain white LED-based InGaN chip was reported. BaY 2-x S 4 :xHo 3+ phosphors were prepared by the high temperature solid state reaction and characterized by X-ray diffraction and photoluminescence spectra. Under the excitation of 465 nm, the emission spectra of these phosphors exhibited three sharp emission lines peaked at about 492, 543 and 661 nm of Ho 3+ corresponding to 5 F 3 , 5 F 4 ( 5 S 2 ) and 5 F 5 \u2192 5 I 8 transitions, respectively, with comparable intensities, resulting in a yellow light emission. The luminescence mechanism for Ho 3+ in BaY 2 S 4 was explained. \u00a9 2011 The Chinese Society of Rare Earths.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "establishment", "start": 4, "end": 17, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 18, "end": 20, "annotation": null}, {"text": "an", "start": 21, "end": 23, "annotation": null}, {"text": "approach", "start": 24, "end": 32, "annotation": null}, {"text": "to", "start": 33, "end": 35, "annotation": null}, {"text": "design", "start": 36, "end": 42, "annotation": null}, {"text": "tunable", "start": 43, "end": 50, "annotation": null}, {"text": "yellow", "start": 51, "end": 57, "annotation": null}, {"text": "emission", "start": 58, "end": 66, "annotation": null}, {"text": "through", "start": 67, "end": 74, "annotation": null}, {"text": "singly", "start": 75, "end": 81, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 82, "end": 87, "annotation": null}, 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+{"text": "We develop a backside illuminated photo-sensor that is fabricated on a <100>-oriented, high resistivity n-type 400 \u03bcm thick silicon wafer. The PIN photodiode is designed and manufactured as a radiation detector for alpha particles and low energy gamma-rays. The silicon photo-sensor is susceptible to radiation damage. Therefore, it is important to investigate the effects of radiation damage to the fabricated PIN photodiode. We measure the radiation damage to a PIN photodiode by a 35 MeV proton beam at the Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences (KIRAMS). We present the effects of proton radiation on the electrical properties of the PIN photodiode.", "meta": {"doi": "10.3938/jkps.59.692"}, "_input_hash": -1202953208, "_task_hash": 278727161, "tokens": [[{"text": "We", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "develop", "start": 3, "end": 10, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 11, "end": 12, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "backside", "start": 13, "end": 21, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "illuminated", "start": 22, "end": 33, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "photo", "start": 34, "end": 39, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 40, "end": 41, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "sensor", "start": 42, "end": 48, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "that", "start": 49, "end": 53, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "is", "start": 54, "end": 56, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 57, "end": 67, "id": 10, "annotation": null}, 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+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "Half-metallic ferromagnetism in Cu-doped ZnO is predicted by accurate full-potential linearized augmented plane-wave and DMol3 calculations based on density functional theory. A net magnetic moment of 1 \u03bcB is found per Cu. At a Cu concentration of 12.5%, total energy calculations show that the ferromagnetic state is 43 meV lower than the antiferromagnetic state and is thus predicted to be the ground state with a Tc estimated to be about 380 K. The magnetic moments are localized within the Cu O4 tetrahedron with ferromagnetic coupling between Cu and O. The electronic states near EF are dominated by strong hybridization between O 2p and Cu 3d which implies that the Cu-O bond is quite covalent instead of purely ionic. We examine the interplay between the carrier density and the ferromagnetism with N codoping and oxygen vacancies where we find no apparent relation between them. Oxygen vacancies tend to destroy the ferromagnetism and therefore should be avoided during sample fabrication. We found no clustering tendency of the Cu atoms. Since there is no magnetic element in this compound, Cu-doped ZnO appears to be an unambiguous dilute magnetic semiconductor where ferromagnetic precipitate problems can be avoided. \u00a9 2006 The American Physical Society.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Half", "start": 0, "end": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 4, "end": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "metallic", "start": 5, "end": 13, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ferromagnetism", "start": 14, "end": 28, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 29, "end": 31, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Cu", "start": 32, "end": 34, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 34, "end": 35, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 35, "end": 40, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ZnO", "start": 41, "end": 44, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "is", "start": 45, "end": 47, "annotation": null}, {"text": "predicted", "start": 48, "end": 57, "annotation": null}, {"text": "by", "start": 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 {"text": "Ni0.4Zn0.6Fe2O4 and Ni0.4Zn0.6Fe1.95Ti0.05O4 ferrites were prepared by solid state reaction method and their magnetic properties were investigated. It was found that there is a magnetic hysteresis loss crossover around Bm = 4 mT, the hysteresis loss coefficient from 5.5 \u00d7 10\u22122 T\u22121 in Bm < 4 mT jump down to 4.0 \u00d7 10\u22122 T\u22121 in Bm > 4 mT in Ni0.4Zn0.6Fe1.95Ti0.05O4 sample by measuring field dependence of relative loss factor. This crossover was verified by measuring field dependence of real part permeability and magnetic loops. The possible mechanism of this crossover was discussed, and it was regarded that the crossover was due to magnetic domain wall pinning by Ti cation doped in ferrite.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.11.062"}, "_input_hash": 1534591866, "_task_hash": 1341283057, "tokens": [[{"text": "Ni0.4Zn0.6Fe2O4", "start": 0, "end": 15, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 16, "end": 19, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Ni0.4Zn0.6Fe1.95Ti0.05O4", "start": 20, "end": 44, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ferrites", "start": 45, "end": 53, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "were", "start": 54, "end": 58, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "prepared", "start": 59, "end": 67, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "by", "start": 68, "end": 70, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "solid", "start": 71, "end": 76, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "state", "start": 77, "end": 82, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "reaction", "start": 83, "end": 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-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "Using an atomic force microscope (AFM) at a controlled contact force, we report the electrical signal response of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) disposed on a golden thin film. In this investigation, we highlight first the theoretical calculation of the contact resistance between two types of conductive tips (metal-coated and doped diamond-coated), individual MWCNTs and golden substrate. We also propose a circuit analysis model to schematize the \u00abtip-CNT-substrate\u00bb junction by means of a series-parallel resistance network. We estimate the contact resistance R of each contribution of the junction such as Rtip-CNT, RCNT-substrate and Rtip-substrate by using the Sharvin resistance model. Our final objective is thus to deduce the CNT intrinsic radial resistance taking into account the calculated electrical resistance values with the global resistance measured experimentally. An unwished electrochemical phenomenon at the tip apex has also been evidenced by performing measurements at different bias voltages with diamond tips. For negative tip-substrate bias, a systematic degradation in color and contrast of the electrical cartography occurs, consisting of an important and non-reversible increase of the measured resistance. This effect is attributed to the oxidation of some amorphous carbon areas scattered over the diamond layer covering the tip. For a direct polarization, the CNT and substrate surface can in turn be modified by an oxidation mechanism.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Using", "start": 0, "end": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "an", "start": 6, "end": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "atomic", "start": 9, "end": 15, "annotation": null}, {"text": "force", "start": 16, "end": 21, "annotation": null}, {"text": "microscope", "start": 22, "end": 32, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 33, "end": 34, "annotation": null}, {"text": "AFM", "start": 34, "end": 37, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 37, "end": 38, "annotation": null}, {"text": "at", "start": 39, "end": 41, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 42, "end": 43, "annotation": null}, {"text": "controlled", "start": 44, "end": 54, "annotation": null}, {"text": "contact", "start": 55, "end": 62, "annotation": null}, {"text": "force", "start": 63, "end": 68, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 68, 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-{"text": "The BiOI/BiOCOOH composites were synthesized by a facile ion exchange strategy between BiOCOOH precursor and KI by ultrasonic reaction. The as-prepared BiOI/BiOCOOH composites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV-vis diffuse reflectance absorption spectra (DRS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and photoluminescence spectra (PL). Under visible light illumination, the BiOI/BiOCOOH composites exhibited much higher photocatalytic activities than those of single BiOCOOH and BiOI for the degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB). The markedly enhanced photocatalytic activities of BiOI/BiOCOOH composites were attributed to the formation of a p-n heterojunction between p-type BiOI and n-type BiOCOOH, which facilitated the charge separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs. The photoelectrochemical measurement confirmed that the charge separation efficiency was greatly improved by the formation of the heterojunction structure. Moreover, tests of radical scavengers demonstrated that h+and O2-were the main active species for the degradation of RhB. 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+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "Using an atomic force microscope (AFM) at a controlled contact force, we report the electrical signal response of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) disposed on a golden thin film. In this investigation, we highlight first the theoretical calculation of the contact resistance between two types of conductive tips (metal-coated and doped diamond-coated), individual MWCNTs and golden substrate. We also propose a circuit analysis model to schematize the \u00abtip-CNT-substrate\u00bb junction by means of a series-parallel resistance network. We estimate the contact resistance R of each contribution of the junction such as Rtip-CNT, RCNT-substrate and Rtip-substrate by using the Sharvin resistance model. Our final objective is thus to deduce the CNT intrinsic radial resistance taking into account the calculated electrical resistance values with the global resistance measured experimentally. An unwished electrochemical phenomenon at the tip apex has also been evidenced by performing measurements at different bias voltages with diamond tips. For negative tip-substrate bias, a systematic degradation in color and contrast of the electrical cartography occurs, consisting of an important and non-reversible increase of the measured resistance. This effect is attributed to the oxidation of some amorphous carbon areas scattered over the diamond layer covering the tip. For a direct polarization, the CNT and substrate surface can in turn be modified by an oxidation mechanism.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Using", "start": 0, "end": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "an", "start": 6, "end": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "atomic", "start": 9, "end": 15, "annotation": null}, {"text": "force", "start": 16, "end": 21, "annotation": null}, {"text": "microscope", "start": 22, "end": 32, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 33, "end": 34, "annotation": null}, {"text": "AFM", "start": 34, "end": 37, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 37, "end": 38, "annotation": null}, {"text": "at", "start": 39, "end": 41, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 42, "end": 43, "annotation": null}, {"text": "controlled", "start": 44, "end": 54, "annotation": null}, {"text": "contact", "start": 55, "end": 62, "annotation": null}, {"text": "force", "start": 63, "end": 68, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 68, 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+{"text": "The BiOI/BiOCOOH composites were synthesized by a facile ion exchange strategy between BiOCOOH precursor and KI by ultrasonic reaction. The as-prepared BiOI/BiOCOOH composites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV-vis diffuse reflectance absorption spectra (DRS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and photoluminescence spectra (PL). Under visible light illumination, the BiOI/BiOCOOH composites exhibited much higher photocatalytic activities than those of single BiOCOOH and BiOI for the degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB). The markedly enhanced photocatalytic activities of BiOI/BiOCOOH composites were attributed to the formation of a p-n heterojunction between p-type BiOI and n-type BiOCOOH, which facilitated the charge separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs. The photoelectrochemical measurement confirmed that the charge separation efficiency was greatly improved by the formation of the heterojunction structure. Moreover, tests of radical scavengers demonstrated that h+and O2-were the main active species for the degradation of RhB. 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 {"text": "This paper reports the synthesis of pure and Cr-doped TiO2 nanoparticles with different doping concentrations by using a cost-effective solvothermal method. The as-synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by using X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and UV\u2013Vis spectroscopy to study their structural and optical properties. The XRD pattern showed the prepared material is pure anatase of the crystalline phase. Using TEM measurement, the average particles size is found to be about 11\u201313nm while selective area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns have confirmed the polycrystalline nature of the nanoparticles. The size of the crystallite is observed to be decreased with an increase in dopant (Cr) concentration. UV\u2013Vis absorption spectra showed enhanced absorption in the visible range in accordance with the doping concentration of Cr with a red shift in the absorption edge. The band gap energy of doped nanoparticles decreases in accordance with an increase in dopant concentration due to the reduced particles size. This presented work would be useful to tune the optical properties of doped and undoped metal oxide TiO2 for its optoelectronic applications.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.rinp.2017.03.014"}, "_input_hash": 2097253503, "_task_hash": -673019175, "tokens": [[{"text": "This", "start": 0, "end": 4, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "paper", "start": 5, "end": 10, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "reports", "start": 11, "end": 18, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 19, "end": 22, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "synthesis", "start": 23, "end": 32, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 33, "end": 35, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "pure", "start": 36, "end": 40, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 41, "end": 44, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Cr", "start": 45, "end": 47, "id": 8, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 48, "end": 49, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 50, 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-{"text": "We investigate the mechanism of light extraction enhancement of a GaN-based light-emitting diode (LED) grown on patterned sapphire substrate (PSS), that has ZnO nanorod arrays (NRAs) fabricated on top of the device using the hydrothermal method. We found that the light output power of the LED with ZnO NRAs increases by approximately 30% compared to the conventional LED without damaging the electrical properties of the device. We argue that the gradual decrease of the effective refractive index, which is caused by the fabrication of ZnO NRAs, is the mechanism of the observed improvement. Our argument is confirmed by cross-sectional confocal scanning electroluminescence microscopy (CSEM) and the theoretical simulations, where we observed a distinct increase of the transmission at the interface between LED and air at the operation wavelength of the LED. In addition, the plane-view CSEM results indicate that ZnO NRAs, which were grown on the bare p-type GaN layer as an electrical safety margin area, also contribute to the enhanced light output power of the LED, which indicate further enhancement is manifested even in the optically ineffective sacrificial area.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1039/C3NR06584G"}, "_input_hash": 2025029862, "_task_hash": -2038181945, "tokens": [[{"text": "We", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "investigate", "start": 3, "end": 14, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 15, "end": 18, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "mechanism", "start": 19, "end": 28, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 29, "end": 31, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "light", "start": 32, "end": 37, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "extraction", "start": 38, "end": 48, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "enhancement", "start": 49, "end": 60, "id": 7, "annotation": 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-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "We present a surface corrosion method to shift the photocurrent onset potential cathodically for water oxidation on a Ti4+ doped Fe2O3 by about 100 mV. After the surface treatment, the doped hematite photoanodes showed a similar photocurrent onset potential to the lowest values obtained by loading with electrocatalysts or depositing functional over-layers. Moreover, the cathodic shift of the onset potential was preserved well even after a long operating time. The results indicated the effectiveness of this simple surface treatment. In order to make clear the reason for the onset potential shift, the doped hematite samples before and after surface corrosion were investigated by SEM, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), Mott\u2013Schottky and so on. Based on the experimental evidence, we proposed a new mechanism for the onset potential shift. The cathodic shift of the onset potential was due to decreasing the back reaction, but not accelerating water oxidation kinetics, passivating surface states or ions adsorption as reported in the previous studies. This strategy of suppressing the back reaction can offer a reference to reduce the overpotential for other photoelectrodes.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "We", "start": 0, "end": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "present", "start": 3, "end": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 11, "end": 12, "annotation": null}, {"text": "surface", "start": 13, "end": 20, "annotation": null}, {"text": "corrosion", "start": 21, "end": 30, "annotation": null}, {"text": "method", "start": 31, "end": 37, "annotation": null}, {"text": "to", "start": 38, "end": 40, "annotation": null}, {"text": "shift", "start": 41, "end": 46, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 47, "end": 50, "annotation": null}, {"text": "photocurrent", "start": 51, "end": 63, "annotation": null}, {"text": "onset", "start": 64, "end": 69, "annotation": null}, {"text": "potential", "start": 70, "end": 79, "annotation": null}, {"text": "cathodically", "start": 80, "end": 92, 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-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "We have performed the first synchrotron radiation X-ray absorption spectroscopy (EXAFS/XANES) study of the local atomic and electronic structure around Cu and W ions in WO3/Cu/WO3/Si and WO3/Cu/Si multilayered structures, aimed for the application in the electrochemical metallization cell memory. The influence of low-temperature annealing at 135\u00b0C has been investigated in details, and a structural model of Cu-doped WO3 films is proposed.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "We", "start": 0, "end": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "have", "start": 3, "end": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "performed", "start": 8, "end": 17, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 18, "end": 21, "annotation": null}, {"text": "first", "start": 22, "end": 27, "annotation": null}, {"text": "synchrotron", "start": 28, "end": 39, "annotation": null}, {"text": "radiation", "start": 40, "end": 49, "annotation": null}, {"text": "X-ray", "start": 50, "end": 55, "annotation": null}, {"text": "absorption", "start": 56, "end": 66, "annotation": null}, {"text": "spectroscopy", "start": 67, "end": 79, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 80, "end": 81, "annotation": null}, {"text": "EXAFS", "start": 81, "end": 86, "annotation": null}, {"text": "/", "start": 86, 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-{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "A dye-doped cholesteric liquid crystal (LC) cell with the focal-conic initial state is demonstrated. Although dye-doped LC/polymer composites have been widely used for LC light shutters, dye-doped LC cells with polymer structures suffer from the degradation of dichroic dyes during the UV curing process. To avoid this problem, we propose a dye-doped cholesteric LC cell using vertical alignment layers instead of polymer structures. We have shown that the focal-conic initial state can be obtained by homeotropic anchoring without the polymer structure. The proposed device not only provides the black color but can also hide objects behind a display panel in the focal-conic initial state without the degradation of dichroic dyes.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "A", "start": 0, "end": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "dye", "start": 2, "end": 5, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 5, "end": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 6, "end": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "cholesteric", "start": 12, "end": 23, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "liquid", "start": 24, "end": 30, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "crystal", "start": 31, "end": 38, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "(", "start": 39, "end": 40, "annotation": null}, {"text": "LC", "start": 40, "end": 42, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": ")", "start": 42, "end": 43, "annotation": null}, {"text": "cell", "start": 44, "end": 48, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 49, "end": 53, "annotation": null}, 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-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "We performed electrical and optical measurements on as-grown ZnO which exhibits n-type conductivity. So far, neither the origin of the residual conductivity nor the electrical properties of the responsible defects is fully understood. We investigated shallow and deep donors in ZnO materials grown with pulsed laser injection using admittance spectroscopy. We identifed shallow donors with ionization energies as low as 15meV which may be attributed to native defects. Annealing in nitrogen ambient enhances the conductivity by further lowering the ionization energy of the shallow donors. Using optically excited admittance spectroscopy we also found deep defects. They are strongly metastable and account for a significant part of the persistent photoconductivity in our ZnO materials.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "We", "start": 0, "end": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "performed", "start": 3, "end": 12, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electrical", "start": 13, "end": 23, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 24, "end": 27, "annotation": null}, {"text": "optical", "start": 28, "end": 35, "annotation": null}, {"text": "measurements", "start": 36, "end": 48, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 49, "end": 51, "annotation": null}, {"text": "as-grown", "start": 52, "end": 60, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ZnO", "start": 61, "end": 64, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "which", "start": 65, "end": 70, "annotation": null}, {"text": "exhibits", "start": 71, "end": 79, "annotation": null}, {"text": "n", "start": 80, "end": 81, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 81, "end": 82, 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"annotation": null}], [{"text": "They", "start": 666, "end": 670, "annotation": null}, {"text": "are", "start": 671, "end": 674, "annotation": null}, {"text": "strongly", "start": 675, "end": 683, "annotation": null}, {"text": "metastable", "start": 684, "end": 694, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 695, "end": 698, "annotation": null}, {"text": "account", "start": 699, "end": 706, "annotation": null}, {"text": "for", "start": 707, "end": 710, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 711, "end": 712, "annotation": null}, {"text": "significant", "start": 713, "end": 724, "annotation": null}, {"text": "part", "start": 725, "end": 729, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 730, "end": 732, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 733, "end": 736, "annotation": null}, {"text": "persistent", "start": 737, "end": 747, "annotation": null}, {"text": "photoconductivity", "start": 748, "end": 765, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 766, "end": 768, "annotation": null}, {"text": "our", "start": 769, "end": 772, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ZnO", "start": 773, "end": 776, "annotation": null}, {"text": "materials", "start": 777, "end": 786, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 786, "end": 787, "annotation": null}]]}
-{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "Thin films of intrinsic and Cd-doped ZnO with different cadmium concentrations were prepared by colloidal route technique associated with dip-coating onto glass substrates. Zinc acetate dehydrate, Cadmium acetate, methanol and ethanolamine were used as a starting materials, solvent and stabilizer, respectively. Nanostructured ZnO thin films with different concentrations of Cd doping (0, 2 and 10wt%) are annealed at 500\u00b0C for 2h. The films were characterized by different methods to understand their structural, optical and electrical properties such as the film surface is with a ganglia-like structure as observed by Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (ESEM). The films were characterized by grazing incidence X-ray diffraction, its comprise of ZnO nanocrystallites with hexagonal crystal structure with a presence of CdO nanocrystallites with cubic crystal structure in 10% Cd-doped ZnO film (ZnO/CdO nanocomposite), as revealed by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), the Raman and the Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) confirmed that. All films exhibit a transmittance above 75\u201390% along the visible range up to 800nm and a sharp absorption onset about 375nm corresponding to the fundamental absorption edge 3.2eV (UV\u2013vis). Photoluminescence of the films showed an ultraviolet UV and visible emissions like violet, blue and green related to defects.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Thin", "start": 0, "end": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "films", "start": 5, "end": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 11, "end": 13, "annotation": null}, {"text": "intrinsic", "start": 14, "end": 23, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 24, "end": 27, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Cd", "start": 28, "end": 30, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 30, "end": 31, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 31, "end": 36, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ZnO", "start": 37, "end": 40, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "with", "start": 41, "end": 45, "annotation": null}, {"text": "different", "start": 46, "end": 55, "annotation": null}, {"text": "cadmium", "start": 56, "end": 63, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "concentrations", "start": 64, "end": 78, 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-{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "In this article, we study the possible relation between the electronic and magnetic structures of the TiO2/LaAlO3 interface and the unexpected magnetism found in undoped TiO2 films grown on LaAlO3. We concentrate on the role played by structural relaxation and interfacial oxygen vacancies. LaAlO3 has a layered structure along the (001) direction with alternating LaO and AlO2 planes, with nominal charges of +1 and \u22121, respectively. As a consequence of that, an oxygen-deficient TiO2 film with anatase structure will grow preferently on the AlO2 surface layer. We have therefore performed ab initio calculations for superlattices with TiO2/AlO2 interfaces with interfacial oxygen vacancies. Our main results are that vacancies lead to a change in the valence state of neighbor Ti atoms but not necessarily to a magnetic solution and that the appearance of magnetism depends also on structural details, such as second neighbor positions. These results are obtained using both the local spin density approximation (LSDA) and LSDA+U approximations.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "In", "start": 0, "end": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "this", "start": 3, "end": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "article", "start": 8, "end": 15, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 15, "end": 16, "annotation": null}, {"text": "we", "start": 17, "end": 19, "annotation": null}, {"text": "study", "start": 20, "end": 25, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 26, "end": 29, "annotation": null}, {"text": "possible", "start": 30, "end": 38, "annotation": null}, {"text": "relation", "start": 39, "end": 47, "annotation": null}, {"text": "between", "start": 48, "end": 55, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 56, "end": 59, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electronic", "start": 60, "end": 70, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 71, "end": 74, "annotation": null}, {"text": "magnetic", 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+{"text": "We investigate the mechanism of light extraction enhancement of a GaN-based light-emitting diode (LED) grown on patterned sapphire substrate (PSS), that has ZnO nanorod arrays (NRAs) fabricated on top of the device using the hydrothermal method. We found that the light output power of the LED with ZnO NRAs increases by approximately 30% compared to the conventional LED without damaging the electrical properties of the device. We argue that the gradual decrease of the effective refractive index, which is caused by the fabrication of ZnO NRAs, is the mechanism of the observed improvement. Our argument is confirmed by cross-sectional confocal scanning electroluminescence microscopy (CSEM) and the theoretical simulations, where we observed a distinct increase of the transmission at the interface between LED and air at the operation wavelength of the LED. In addition, the plane-view CSEM results indicate that ZnO NRAs, which were grown on the bare p-type GaN layer as an electrical safety margin area, also contribute to the enhanced light output power of the LED, which indicate further enhancement is manifested even in the optically ineffective sacrificial area.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1039/C3NR06584G"}, "_input_hash": 2025029862, "_task_hash": -2038181945, "tokens": [[{"text": "We", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "investigate", "start": 3, "end": 14, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 15, "end": 18, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "mechanism", "start": 19, "end": 28, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 29, "end": 31, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "light", "start": 32, "end": 37, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "extraction", "start": 38, "end": 48, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "enhancement", "start": 49, "end": 60, "id": 7, "annotation": 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+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "We present a surface corrosion method to shift the photocurrent onset potential cathodically for water oxidation on a Ti4+ doped Fe2O3 by about 100 mV. After the surface treatment, the doped hematite photoanodes showed a similar photocurrent onset potential to the lowest values obtained by loading with electrocatalysts or depositing functional over-layers. Moreover, the cathodic shift of the onset potential was preserved well even after a long operating time. The results indicated the effectiveness of this simple surface treatment. In order to make clear the reason for the onset potential shift, the doped hematite samples before and after surface corrosion were investigated by SEM, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), Mott\u2013Schottky and so on. Based on the experimental evidence, we proposed a new mechanism for the onset potential shift. The cathodic shift of the onset potential was due to decreasing the back reaction, but not accelerating water oxidation kinetics, passivating surface states or ions adsorption as reported in the previous studies. This strategy of suppressing the back reaction can offer a reference to reduce the overpotential for other photoelectrodes.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "We", "start": 0, "end": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "present", "start": 3, "end": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 11, "end": 12, "annotation": null}, {"text": "surface", "start": 13, "end": 20, "annotation": null}, {"text": "corrosion", "start": 21, "end": 30, "annotation": null}, {"text": "method", "start": 31, "end": 37, "annotation": null}, {"text": "to", "start": 38, "end": 40, "annotation": null}, {"text": "shift", "start": 41, "end": 46, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 47, "end": 50, "annotation": null}, {"text": "photocurrent", "start": 51, "end": 63, "annotation": null}, {"text": "onset", "start": 64, "end": 69, "annotation": null}, {"text": "potential", "start": 70, "end": 79, "annotation": null}, {"text": "cathodically", "start": 80, "end": 92, 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+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "We have performed the first synchrotron radiation X-ray absorption spectroscopy (EXAFS/XANES) study of the local atomic and electronic structure around Cu and W ions in WO3/Cu/WO3/Si and WO3/Cu/Si multilayered structures, aimed for the application in the electrochemical metallization cell memory. The influence of low-temperature annealing at 135\u00b0C has been investigated in details, and a structural model of Cu-doped WO3 films is proposed.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "We", "start": 0, "end": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "have", "start": 3, "end": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "performed", "start": 8, "end": 17, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 18, "end": 21, "annotation": null}, {"text": "first", "start": 22, "end": 27, "annotation": null}, {"text": "synchrotron", "start": 28, "end": 39, "annotation": null}, {"text": "radiation", "start": 40, "end": 49, "annotation": null}, {"text": "X-ray", "start": 50, "end": 55, "annotation": null}, {"text": "absorption", "start": 56, "end": 66, "annotation": null}, {"text": "spectroscopy", "start": 67, "end": 79, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 80, "end": 81, "annotation": null}, {"text": "EXAFS", "start": 81, "end": 86, "annotation": null}, {"text": "/", "start": 86, 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+{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "A dye-doped cholesteric liquid crystal (LC) cell with the focal-conic initial state is demonstrated. Although dye-doped LC/polymer composites have been widely used for LC light shutters, dye-doped LC cells with polymer structures suffer from the degradation of dichroic dyes during the UV curing process. To avoid this problem, we propose a dye-doped cholesteric LC cell using vertical alignment layers instead of polymer structures. We have shown that the focal-conic initial state can be obtained by homeotropic anchoring without the polymer structure. The proposed device not only provides the black color but can also hide objects behind a display panel in the focal-conic initial state without the degradation of dichroic dyes.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "A", "start": 0, "end": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "dye", "start": 2, "end": 5, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 5, "end": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 6, "end": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "cholesteric", "start": 12, "end": 23, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "liquid", "start": 24, "end": 30, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "crystal", "start": 31, "end": 38, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "(", "start": 39, "end": 40, "annotation": null}, {"text": "LC", "start": 40, "end": 42, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": ")", "start": 42, "end": 43, "annotation": null}, {"text": "cell", "start": 44, "end": 48, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 49, "end": 53, "annotation": null}, 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"annotation": null}]], "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.displa.2017.10.002"}}
+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "We performed electrical and optical measurements on as-grown ZnO which exhibits n-type conductivity. So far, neither the origin of the residual conductivity nor the electrical properties of the responsible defects is fully understood. We investigated shallow and deep donors in ZnO materials grown with pulsed laser injection using admittance spectroscopy. We identifed shallow donors with ionization energies as low as 15meV which may be attributed to native defects. Annealing in nitrogen ambient enhances the conductivity by further lowering the ionization energy of the shallow donors. Using optically excited admittance spectroscopy we also found deep defects. They are strongly metastable and account for a significant part of the persistent photoconductivity in our ZnO materials.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "We", "start": 0, "end": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "performed", "start": 3, "end": 12, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electrical", "start": 13, "end": 23, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 24, "end": 27, "annotation": null}, {"text": "optical", "start": 28, "end": 35, "annotation": null}, {"text": "measurements", "start": 36, "end": 48, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 49, "end": 51, "annotation": null}, {"text": "as-grown", "start": 52, "end": 60, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ZnO", "start": 61, "end": 64, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "which", "start": 65, "end": 70, "annotation": null}, {"text": "exhibits", "start": 71, "end": 79, "annotation": null}, {"text": "n", "start": 80, "end": 81, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 81, "end": 82, 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"annotation": null}], [{"text": "They", "start": 666, "end": 670, "annotation": null}, {"text": "are", "start": 671, "end": 674, "annotation": null}, {"text": "strongly", "start": 675, "end": 683, "annotation": null}, {"text": "metastable", "start": 684, "end": 694, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 695, "end": 698, "annotation": null}, {"text": "account", "start": 699, "end": 706, "annotation": null}, {"text": "for", "start": 707, "end": 710, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 711, "end": 712, "annotation": null}, {"text": "significant", "start": 713, "end": 724, "annotation": null}, {"text": "part", "start": 725, "end": 729, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 730, "end": 732, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 733, "end": 736, "annotation": null}, {"text": "persistent", "start": 737, "end": 747, "annotation": null}, {"text": "photoconductivity", "start": 748, "end": 765, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 766, "end": 768, "annotation": null}, {"text": "our", "start": 769, "end": 772, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ZnO", "start": 773, "end": 776, "annotation": null}, {"text": "materials", "start": 777, "end": 786, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 786, "end": 787, "annotation": null}]], "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.physb.2007.08.198"}}
+{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "Thin films of intrinsic and Cd-doped ZnO with different cadmium concentrations were prepared by colloidal route technique associated with dip-coating onto glass substrates. Zinc acetate dehydrate, Cadmium acetate, methanol and ethanolamine were used as a starting materials, solvent and stabilizer, respectively. Nanostructured ZnO thin films with different concentrations of Cd doping (0, 2 and 10wt%) are annealed at 500\u00b0C for 2h. The films were characterized by different methods to understand their structural, optical and electrical properties such as the film surface is with a ganglia-like structure as observed by Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (ESEM). The films were characterized by grazing incidence X-ray diffraction, its comprise of ZnO nanocrystallites with hexagonal crystal structure with a presence of CdO nanocrystallites with cubic crystal structure in 10% Cd-doped ZnO film (ZnO/CdO nanocomposite), as revealed by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), the Raman and the Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) confirmed that. All films exhibit a transmittance above 75\u201390% along the visible range up to 800nm and a sharp absorption onset about 375nm corresponding to the fundamental absorption edge 3.2eV (UV\u2013vis). Photoluminescence of the films showed an ultraviolet UV and visible emissions like violet, blue and green related to defects.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Thin", "start": 0, "end": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "films", "start": 5, "end": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 11, "end": 13, "annotation": null}, {"text": "intrinsic", "start": 14, "end": 23, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 24, "end": 27, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Cd", "start": 28, "end": 30, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 30, "end": 31, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 31, "end": 36, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ZnO", "start": 37, "end": 40, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "with", "start": 41, "end": 45, "annotation": null}, {"text": "different", "start": 46, "end": 55, "annotation": null}, {"text": "cadmium", "start": 56, "end": 63, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "concentrations", "start": 64, "end": 78, 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+{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "In this article, we study the possible relation between the electronic and magnetic structures of the TiO2/LaAlO3 interface and the unexpected magnetism found in undoped TiO2 films grown on LaAlO3. We concentrate on the role played by structural relaxation and interfacial oxygen vacancies. LaAlO3 has a layered structure along the (001) direction with alternating LaO and AlO2 planes, with nominal charges of +1 and \u22121, respectively. As a consequence of that, an oxygen-deficient TiO2 film with anatase structure will grow preferently on the AlO2 surface layer. We have therefore performed ab initio calculations for superlattices with TiO2/AlO2 interfaces with interfacial oxygen vacancies. Our main results are that vacancies lead to a change in the valence state of neighbor Ti atoms but not necessarily to a magnetic solution and that the appearance of magnetism depends also on structural details, such as second neighbor positions. These results are obtained using both the local spin density approximation (LSDA) and LSDA+U approximations.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "In", "start": 0, "end": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "this", "start": 3, "end": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "article", "start": 8, "end": 15, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 15, "end": 16, "annotation": null}, {"text": "we", "start": 17, "end": 19, "annotation": null}, {"text": "study", "start": 20, "end": 25, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 26, "end": 29, "annotation": null}, {"text": "possible", "start": 30, "end": 38, "annotation": null}, {"text": "relation", "start": 39, "end": 47, "annotation": null}, {"text": "between", "start": 48, "end": 55, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 56, "end": 59, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electronic", "start": 60, "end": 70, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 71, "end": 74, "annotation": null}, {"text": "magnetic", 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 {"text": "CaZr(PO4)2:Mn2+ and CaZr(PO4)2:Mn2+, Sm3+ phosphors are synthesized by high-temperature solid state reaction method in air. CaZr(PO4)2:Mn2+ phosphor shows green emission and its broad emission band peaking at ~545\u00a0nm within the range 470\u2013650\u00a0nm is attributed to the 4T1(G)\u00a0\u2192\u00a06A1(6S) transition of Mn2+ ion. The optimal Mn2+ doping concentration is ~5\u00a0mol% in CaZr(PO4)2:Mn2+ phosphor. CaZr(PO4)2:Mn2+, Sm3+ phosphor with excitation 399\u00a0nm emits reddish-orange light, and it shows a systematically varied hue from green to yellow with excitation 405\u00a0nm by changing Sm3+ and Mn2+ ions concentration. The luminous mechanism of CaZr(PO4)2:Mn2+, Sm3+ phosphor is analyzed and explained by the simplified energy level diagrams of Mn2+ and Sm3+ ions in CaZr(PO4)2:Mn2+, Sm3+ phosphor. The experimental results are helpful to develop new Mn2+/Sm3+-doped materials.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1007/s10854-016-5561-7"}, "_input_hash": 1701811744, "_task_hash": 1569013034, "tokens": [[{"text": "CaZr(PO4)2", "start": 0, "end": 10, "id": 0, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": ":", "start": 11, "end": 12, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Mn2", "start": 13, "end": 16, "id": 2, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "+", "start": 17, "end": 18, "id": 3, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "and", "start": 19, "end": 22, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "CaZr(PO4)2", "start": 23, "end": 33, "id": 5, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": ":", "start": 34, "end": 35, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Mn2", "start": 36, "end": 39, "id": 7, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "+", "start": 40, "end": 41, "id": 8, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": ",", "start": 42, "end": 43, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Sm3", "start": 44, "end": 47, "id": 10, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, 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 {"text": "Anode supported solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) with varying Ni content in the anode function layer (AFL) were fabricated and investigated. The observed open circuit potential (OCP) was higher with lower Ni content. However, the highest maximum power densities (MPDs) in the low temperature range, from 450 to 650\u00b0C, were achieved at 60 wt% NiO in the AFL, which is a 1:1 volume ratio of Ni (49 vol%) to Gd-doped ceria (GDC) (51 vol%) phase after reduction. The long term stability of the SOFC of this composition was demonstrated with a power density of \u223c1.1 W/cm2 at 650\u00b0C for 200 hours. Electrochemical impedance was consistent with these results showing the lowest electrode area specific resistance (ASR) at 49 vol% Ni, which has a linear relationship with MPD.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1149/2.009207jes"}, "_input_hash": -974294752, "_task_hash": 2093707605, "tokens": [[{"text": "Anode", "start": 0, "end": 5, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "supported", "start": 6, "end": 15, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "solid", "start": 16, "end": 21, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "oxide", "start": 22, "end": 27, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "fuel", "start": 28, "end": 32, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "cells", "start": 33, "end": 38, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 39, "end": 40, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "SOFCs", "start": 41, "end": 46, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 47, "end": 48, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 49, "end": 53, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, 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 {"text": "Mg-doping effects on the electrochemical property of LiFePO4\u2013Li3V2(PO4)3 composite materials, a mutual-doping system, are investigated. X-ray diffraction study indicates that Mg doping decreases the cell volume of LiFePO4 in the composite. The cyclic voltammograms reveal that the reversibility of the electrode reaction and the diffusion of lithium ion is enhanced by Mg doping. Mg doping also improves the conductivity and rate capacity of 7LiFePO4\u2013Li3V2(PO4)3 composite material and decreases the polarization of the electrode reaction. The discharge capacity of the Mg-doped composite was 93\u00a0mAh\u2009g\u22121 at the current density of 1,500\u00a0mA\u2009g\u22121, and Mg-doped composite has better discharge performance than the original 7LiFePO4\u2013Li3V2(PO4)3 composite at low temperature, too. At \u221230\u00a0\u00b0C, the discharge capacity of Mg-doped LFVP is 89\u00a0mAh\u2009g\u22121, higher than that of the original composite. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy study shows that Mg2+ doping could enhance the electrochemical activity of 7LiFePO4\u2013Li3V2(PO4)3 composite. Mg doping has a positive influence on the electrochemical performance of the LiFePO4\u2013Li3V2(PO4)3 composite material.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1007/s11581-012-0841-6"}, "_input_hash": -1311592230, "_task_hash": 364661770, "tokens": [[{"text": "Mg", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 3, "end": 4, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doping", "start": 5, "end": 11, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "effects", "start": 12, "end": 19, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 20, "end": 22, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 23, "end": 26, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electrochemical", "start": 27, "end": 42, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "property", "start": 43, "end": 51, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 52, "end": 54, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "LiFePO4\u2013Li3V2(PO4)3", "start": 55, "end": 74, "id": 9, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "composite", 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 {"text": "Not only the optical properties, but the microwave dielectric properties of Yttrium aluminium garnet (Y3Al5O12, YAG) ceramics prepared by co-precipitation method combined with spark-plasma sintering (SPS) were investigated by means of adjusting the factors of LiF additive, Nd dopant, and SPS process parameters. Results showed that the in-line transmittance of YAG ceramic with LiF sintered at 1360\u00b0C was 81.8% in the infrared range. With increased sintering temperature, the quality factor (Q\u00d7f) and dielectric constant (\u03b5r) values of the pure YAG ceramics increased to the maximum and then decreased. The optimal microwave dielectric properties (Q\u00d7f=89,810GHz, \u03b5r=10.63 and \u03c4f=\u221251.4ppm/\u00b0C) are achieved for transparent YAG ceramics sintered at 1360\u00b0C. The Q\u00d7f values of Nd:YAG ceramics were lower than those of the pure YAG ceramics. The optimal microwave dielectric properties of 2at.%Nd:YAG ceramic cylinder can be obtained with the Q\u00d7f of 64,026GHz, \u03b5r of 10.2 and \u03c4f of \u221264.8ppm/\u00b0C.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2016.04.029"}, "_input_hash": 1214472610, "_task_hash": 1334444563, "tokens": [[{"text": "Not", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "only", "start": 4, "end": 8, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 9, "end": 12, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "optical", "start": 13, "end": 20, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "properties", "start": 21, "end": 31, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 32, "end": 33, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "but", "start": 34, "end": 37, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 38, "end": 41, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "microwave", "start": 42, "end": 51, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "dielectric", "start": 52, "end": 62, "id": 9, 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 {"text": "Using the sol-gel route Nd3+-doped oxyfluoride glass-ceramics were prepared. LiYF4 and YF3 crystals were deposited in the glass-ceramics and their size, distribution, and amount ratio were varied by changing the compositions and heating temperatures. The incorporation of Nd3+ ions into both the fluoride crystals was confirmed by the high-resolution elemental mapping of the glass-ceramics. The incorporated Nd3+ ions showed up and down conversion photoluminescence whose properties were obviously different among the samples. The preliminary site analysis for Nd3+ ions was carried out using a unique approach associated with the Prony series approximation. Finally, the approach was found to be useful for the analysis of materials that are structurally complicating.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1111/jace.12053"}, "_input_hash": -1640836652, "_task_hash": -1873812073, "tokens": [[{"text": "Using", "start": 0, "end": 5, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 6, "end": 9, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "sol", "start": 10, "end": 13, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 14, "end": 15, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "gel", "start": 16, "end": 19, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "route", "start": 20, "end": 25, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Nd3", "start": 26, "end": 29, "id": 6, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "+", "start": 30, "end": 31, "id": 7, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-doped", "start": 32, "end": 38, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "oxyfluoride", "start": 39, "end": 50, "id": 9, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "glass", "start": 51, "end": 56, "id": 10, 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 {"text": "In this study r.f. magnetron sputtering is employed to deposit amorphous Ca-doped titanate film on silicon substrate. The as-deposited BaTiO3 film has a 1 MHz dielectric constant of 14 and a refractive index of 1.9 at a wavelength of 6328 \u00c5. The capacitance-voltage characteristics of the BaTiO3 film suggest a Poole-Frenkel transport mechanism with oxygen vacancies as one of the positively charged traps. The remanent polarization in the BaTiO3 films affects its current-voltage curve. The fatigue behaviour of the BaTiO3 films is improved by the introduction of oxygen gas during sputtering and/or the addition of dopant calcium. No fatigue is observed by the (Ba0.9Ca0.1) TiO3 film up to a switching cycle of 1010.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/0040-6090(94)90019-1"}, "_input_hash": -1780526755, "_task_hash": 372759099, "tokens": [[{"text": "In", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "this", "start": 3, "end": 7, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "study", "start": 8, "end": 13, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "r.f", "start": 14, "end": 17, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 18, "end": 19, "id": 4, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "magnetron", "start": 20, "end": 29, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "sputtering", "start": 30, "end": 40, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "is", "start": 41, "end": 43, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "employed", "start": 44, "end": 52, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "to", "start": 53, "end": 55, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "deposit", "start": 56, "end": 63, "id": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": 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-{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "Metal-doped magnesium silicides are promising thermoelectric materials for waste heat recovery application at 500\u2013800K because of their low density, large natural availability, non-toxicity, good thermal stability, and transport properties. Reaction kinetics of metal-doped magnesium silicides, Mg2SiXm (X=Ti, Nb, Mn, and Co; m=0.02, 0.04, and 0.08mol) were investigated in this study. A simple and rapid synthesis of Mg2SiXm samples was carried out using pelletizing, and sintering method at 773\u2013823K for 300s. The effect of metal doping on the lattice constants of Mg2SiXm samples was examined using X-ray diffraction technique. Differential thermal analysis heat flow experiments were conducted on (2Mg+Si+mX) sample mixtures to study the solid-state reaction kinetics of Mg2SiXm alloys formation at different scan rates of 0.08, 0.16, 0.25, 0.33Ks\u22121. Activation energies for the formation reaction of Mg2Si were determined using Ozawa, and Kissinger\u2013Akahira\u2013Sunrose equations. A 3-D diffusion-controlled reaction mechanism was proposed based on Coats\u2013Redfern (CR) model. The effect of concentration of the metal-dopants on the formation activation energies of Mg2SiXm was investigated using the CR equation plots.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Metal", "start": 0, "end": 5, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 5, "end": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 6, "end": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "magnesium", "start": 12, "end": 21, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "silicides", "start": 22, "end": 31, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "are", "start": 32, "end": 35, "annotation": null}, {"text": "promising", "start": 36, "end": 45, "annotation": null}, {"text": "thermoelectric", "start": 46, "end": 60, "annotation": null}, {"text": "materials", "start": 61, "end": 70, "annotation": null}, {"text": "for", "start": 71, "end": 74, "annotation": null}, {"text": "waste", "start": 75, "end": 80, "annotation": null}, {"text": "heat", "start": 81, "end": 85, "annotation": null}, {"text": 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{"text": "+", "start": 708, "end": 709, "annotation": null}, {"text": "mX", "start": 709, "end": 711, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 711, "end": 712, "annotation": null}, {"text": "sample", "start": 713, "end": 719, "annotation": null}, {"text": "mixtures", "start": 720, "end": 728, "annotation": null}, {"text": "to", "start": 729, "end": 731, "annotation": null}, {"text": "study", "start": 732, "end": 737, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 738, "end": 741, "annotation": null}, {"text": "solid", "start": 742, "end": 747, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 747, "end": 748, "annotation": null}, {"text": "state", "start": 748, "end": 753, "annotation": null}, {"text": "reaction", "start": 754, "end": 762, "annotation": null}, {"text": "kinetics", "start": 763, "end": 771, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 772, "end": 774, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Mg2SiXm", "start": 775, "end": 782, "annotation": null}, {"text": "alloys", "start": 783, 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-{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "We propose a novel gap-state spectroscopy, namely, the photo-isothermal capacitance transient spectroscopy (ICTS) using below-gap excitation. Using this method, the energy level spectrum as well as the photoionization cross sections of gap states in P-doped a-Si:H have been determined: two features exist at 0.5\u20130.6 eV and 1.0\u20131.2 eV below the conduction band edge Ec in the gap-state profile and the photoionization cross section of the gap states has been found to be almost independent of their energy level location and to have value of order of 10\u221216 cm2.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "We", "start": 0, "end": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "propose", "start": 3, "end": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 11, "end": 12, "annotation": null}, {"text": "novel", "start": 13, "end": 18, "annotation": null}, {"text": "gap", "start": 19, "end": 22, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 22, "end": 23, "annotation": null}, {"text": "state", "start": 23, "end": 28, "annotation": null}, {"text": "spectroscopy", "start": 29, "end": 41, "annotation": null}, {"text": 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-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "Self-stacked nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes (NCNTs) and pristine carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on commercial porous polypropylene substrates have been applied as air electrodes for sodium-air batteries (SAB). Both NCNT and CNT air electrodes exhibit highly reversible electrochemical activities and large capacities under low current densities in SABs, while NCNT electrodes show much higher rate performance and extended cycling life under high current densities. The superior electrochemical behavior of NCNT electrodes is attributed to the robust network of aligned NCNTs, which enables rapid oxygen and liquid electrolyte transport while accommodating the volume change originating from discharge product aggregation during cycling. Moreover, uniform coverage of the discharge product has been observed on the NCNT air electrodes, in contrast to the random and discrete dispersion of discharge product on the CNT air electrodes. The unique morphologies and growth mechanism of discharge products on NCNT electrodes are believed to be due to the outstanding catalytic activity of the nitrogen-doped sites in the NCNTs, which play a critical role in the high cycling stability of NCNT air electrodes for SABs.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Self", "start": 0, "end": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 4, "end": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "stacked", "start": 5, "end": 12, "annotation": null}, {"text": "nitrogen", "start": 13, "end": 21, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 21, "end": 22, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 22, "end": 27, "annotation": null}, {"text": "carbon", "start": 28, "end": 34, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "nanotubes", "start": 35, "end": 44, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "(", "start": 45, "end": 46, "annotation": null}, {"text": "NCNTs", "start": 46, "end": 51, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": ")", "start": 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"end": 1185, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electrodes", "start": 1186, "end": 1196, "annotation": null}, {"text": "for", "start": 1197, "end": 1200, "annotation": null}, {"text": "SABs", "start": 1201, "end": 1205, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 1205, "end": 1206, "annotation": null}]]}
-{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "The polypyrrole\u2013zinc oxide (PPy\u2013ZnO) hybrid sensor doped with different weight ratios of camphor sulfonic acid (CSA) were prepared by spin coating technique. These CSA doped PPy\u2013ZnO hybrids were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and UV\u2013vis techniques which proved the formation of polypyrrole, PPy\u2013ZnO and the interaction between polypyrrole\u2013ZnO (PPy\u2013ZnO) hybrid with CSA doping. The gas sensing properties of the PPy\u2013ZnO hybrid films doped with CSA have been studied for oxidizing (NO2) as well as reducing (H2S, NH3, C2H5OH and CH3OH) gases at room temperature. We demonstrate that CSA (30wt.%) doped PPy\u2013ZnO hybrid films are highly selective to NO2 along with high-sensitivity at low concentration (80% to 100ppm), fast-response time (120s) and better stability, which suggested that the CSA (30%) doped PPy\u2013ZnO hybrid films are potential candidate for NO2 detection at room temperature.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "polypyrrole", "start": 4, "end": 15, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "\u2013", "start": 15, "end": 16, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "zinc", "start": 16, "end": 20, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "oxide", "start": 21, "end": 26, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "(", "start": 27, "end": 28, "annotation": null}, {"text": "PPy", "start": 28, "end": 31, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "\u2013", "start": 31, "end": 32, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "ZnO", "start": 32, "end": 35, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": 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-{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "High refractive index hybrid coatings were prepared by directly incorporating anatase titania (TiO2) nanocrystals (NCs) into (3-glycidyloxypropyl) trimethoxysilane organic silica sol followed by a sol\u2013gel process. The anatase TiO2 NCs were prepared by controlling hydrolysis of titanium alkoxide in acid solution, and they show a narrow size distribution centered at about 4nm and very good dispersibility in the silica sol. After doped with TiO2, the coatings possessed excellent surface smoothness and high optical transparency in the visible range. The refractive index at 632.8nm increased from 1.502 to 1.663 as the TiO2 weight content goes from 10% to 50%. Besides, the hybrid coatings also had good thermal stability and high hardness of 3H, which have promising application in antireflection coatings.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "High", "start": 0, "end": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "refractive", "start": 5, "end": 15, "annotation": null}, {"text": "index", "start": 16, "end": 21, "annotation": null}, {"text": "hybrid", "start": 22, "end": 28, "annotation": null}, {"text": "coatings", "start": 29, "end": 37, "annotation": null}, {"text": "were", "start": 38, "end": 42, "annotation": null}, {"text": "prepared", "start": 43, "end": 51, "annotation": null}, {"text": "by", "start": 52, "end": 54, "annotation": null}, {"text": "directly", "start": 55, "end": 63, "annotation": null}, {"text": "incorporating", "start": 64, "end": 77, "annotation": null}, {"text": "anatase", "start": 78, "end": 85, "annotation": null}, {"text": "titania", "start": 86, "end": 93, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "(", 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"annotation": null}, {"text": "application", "start": 770, "end": 781, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 782, "end": 784, "annotation": null}, {"text": "antireflection", "start": 785, "end": 799, "annotation": null}, {"text": "coatings", "start": 800, "end": 808, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 808, "end": 809, "annotation": null}]]}
-{"text": "Nb-doped rutile produced by sintering at 1400\u00b0C in an air atmosphere led to a monotonic increase of the shortest \u03c4 1 lifetime of the major spectral component from 0.17 to 0.25 ns in the 22Na positron annihilation lifetime spectrum as the Nb doping level was progressively increased to 0.12 formula units, at which stage TiNb 2O 7 was observed as a second phase. The charge compensators for Nb 5+ substituting for Ti 4+ are indicated as cation vacancies on the basis of the increase of \u03c4 1.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1111/j.1551-2916.2008.02679.x"}, "_input_hash": 387879197, "_task_hash": 2039813015, "tokens": [[{"text": "Nb", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 3, "end": 4, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 5, "end": 10, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "rutile", "start": 11, "end": 17, "id": 3, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "produced", "start": 18, "end": 26, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "by", "start": 27, "end": 29, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "sintering", "start": 30, "end": 39, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "at", "start": 40, "end": 42, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "1400", "start": 43, "end": 47, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "\u00b0", "start": 48, "end": 49, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "C", "start": 50, 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-{"text": "Carefully prepared bulk ceramic specimens of In 2 O 3 and Sn-doped In 2 O 3 (ITO) were analysed with x-ray and UV photoelectron spectroscopy before and after heat treatment in vacuum and oxygen atmosphere. The results on ex situ prepared ceramic specimens were shown to be comparable to those of in situ deposited-measured thin films in terms of core levels, Fermi levels and ionization potentials. This suggests a viable path for rapid synthesis and screening of surface electronic-defect properties for other transparent conducting oxides (TCO) materials. A strong correlation exists between the surface electronic-defect structure of In 2 O 3 -based TCOs and their underlying electronic-defect structure, owing to the unique crystal-defect properties of the bixbyite structure. This leads to formation of a chemical depletion at the surface and the formation of a peroxide surface species for higher preparation temperatures. The results are discussed with respect to the use of ITO as hole injection electrode in organic light emitting devices.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1088/0022-3727/39/18/006"}, "_input_hash": 1188328900, "_task_hash": -527008589, "tokens": [[{"text": "Carefully", "start": 0, "end": 9, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "prepared", "start": 10, "end": 18, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "bulk", "start": 19, "end": 23, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ceramic", "start": 24, "end": 31, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "specimens", "start": 32, "end": 41, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 42, "end": 44, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "In", "start": 45, "end": 47, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "2", "start": 48, "end": 49, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "O", "start": 50, "end": 51, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "3", "start": 52, "end": 53, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 54, "end": 57, "id": 10, 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-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "We report a facile and efficient approach to prepare bimetallically doped Ag-M-carbon composites. Only if Ag nanoparticles (NPs) are embedded first into the submicrometer carbon spheres (CSs) can the second metal M (Pd, Pt, and Au) also be introduced into their interior. Especially at not too high concentrations of M-precursor ions (CM-ion), the locations and number density of the resulting NPs mirror those of the Ag NPs in/on the CSs. Therefore, the controllability of the Ag predoping allows control over the location dependent distribution of the NPs in the resulting bimetallic composites. The size and shape of the resulting NPs in the composites are largely controlled by the concentration CM-ion. The different shapes include solid core-shell and hollow NPs, as well as hedgehog-like hollow structures and dendritic aggregates. The nucleation and growth mechanisms, which differ between the different metals M, are discussed to explain the morphologies and the location dependence of the NPs in/on the CSs. \u00a9 2010 American Chemical Society.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "We", "start": 0, "end": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "report", "start": 3, "end": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 10, "end": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "facile", "start": 12, "end": 18, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 19, "end": 22, "annotation": null}, {"text": "efficient", "start": 23, "end": 32, "annotation": null}, {"text": "approach", "start": 33, "end": 41, "annotation": null}, {"text": "to", "start": 42, "end": 44, "annotation": null}, {"text": "prepare", "start": 45, "end": 52, "annotation": null}, {"text": "bimetallically", "start": 53, "end": 67, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 68, "end": 73, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Ag-M-carbon", 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-{"text": "The bound state of an isotropic muonium atom has been detected in both n- and p-type InSb using a high-field \u03bc SR technique. The hyperfine constant obtained for this center (A=2464\u00b11MHz)is characteristic of deep-levelMu0 centers at tetrahedral interstitial sites in other cubic semiconductors, which typically ionize above 300K . In contrast, theMu0 center in InSb disappears above about 30K , which is more characteristic of ionization of a shallow-level impurity. The charge-state dynamics of Mu in InSb is discussed in terms of a deep trap or recombination center, rather than as electron ionization.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.physb.2005.11.108"}, "_input_hash": -1518305495, "_task_hash": -146127621, "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "bound", "start": 4, "end": 9, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "state", "start": 10, "end": 15, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 16, "end": 18, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "an", "start": 19, "end": 21, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "isotropic", "start": 22, "end": 31, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "muonium", "start": 32, "end": 39, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "atom", "start": 40, "end": 44, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "has", "start": 45, "end": 48, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "been", "start": 49, "end": 53, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "detected", "start": 54, 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-{"text": "Zinc doped SnO2 films were prepared using a simplified spray technique and the influence of dopant concentration on structural, electrical, optical and surface morphological properties were analysed in detail. XRD results showed that all the films were polycrystalline SnO2 with tetragonal rutile structure. The transition of preferential orientation from (211) to (101) plane was found to take place beyond 20at.% of Zn doping level. Hall measurements showed that the films exhibited p-type conductivity when the doping concentration was increased beyond 20at.%. The average transmittance of the SnO2:Zn films were in the range of 80\u201390% in the visible region. The enhancement in the PL emission can be correlated with the decrease in the grain size observed from the SEM images and the sharpening of defect related peaks supplemented the formation of trapped states (introduction of dangling bonds) at higher Zn concentrations.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.spmi.2013.05.006"}, "_input_hash": 1559097514, "_task_hash": -493355158, "tokens": [[{"text": "Zinc", "start": 0, "end": 4, "id": 0, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "doped", "start": 5, "end": 10, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "SnO2", "start": 11, "end": 15, "id": 2, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "films", "start": 16, "end": 21, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "were", "start": 22, "end": 26, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "prepared", "start": 27, "end": 35, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "using", "start": 36, "end": 41, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 42, "end": 43, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "simplified", "start": 44, 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+{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "Metal-doped magnesium silicides are promising thermoelectric materials for waste heat recovery application at 500\u2013800K because of their low density, large natural availability, non-toxicity, good thermal stability, and transport properties. Reaction kinetics of metal-doped magnesium silicides, Mg2SiXm (X=Ti, Nb, Mn, and Co; m=0.02, 0.04, and 0.08mol) were investigated in this study. A simple and rapid synthesis of Mg2SiXm samples was carried out using pelletizing, and sintering method at 773\u2013823K for 300s. The effect of metal doping on the lattice constants of Mg2SiXm samples was examined using X-ray diffraction technique. Differential thermal analysis heat flow experiments were conducted on (2Mg+Si+mX) sample mixtures to study the solid-state reaction kinetics of Mg2SiXm alloys formation at different scan rates of 0.08, 0.16, 0.25, 0.33Ks\u22121. Activation energies for the formation reaction of Mg2Si were determined using Ozawa, and Kissinger\u2013Akahira\u2013Sunrose equations. A 3-D diffusion-controlled reaction mechanism was proposed based on Coats\u2013Redfern (CR) model. The effect of concentration of the metal-dopants on the formation activation energies of Mg2SiXm was investigated using the CR equation plots.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Metal", "start": 0, "end": 5, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 5, "end": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 6, "end": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "magnesium", "start": 12, "end": 21, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "silicides", "start": 22, "end": 31, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "are", "start": 32, "end": 35, "annotation": null}, {"text": "promising", "start": 36, "end": 45, "annotation": null}, {"text": "thermoelectric", "start": 46, "end": 60, "annotation": null}, {"text": "materials", "start": 61, "end": 70, "annotation": null}, {"text": "for", "start": 71, "end": 74, "annotation": null}, {"text": "waste", "start": 75, "end": 80, "annotation": null}, {"text": "heat", "start": 81, "end": 85, "annotation": null}, {"text": 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+{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "We propose a novel gap-state spectroscopy, namely, the photo-isothermal capacitance transient spectroscopy (ICTS) using below-gap excitation. Using this method, the energy level spectrum as well as the photoionization cross sections of gap states in P-doped a-Si:H have been determined: two features exist at 0.5\u20130.6 eV and 1.0\u20131.2 eV below the conduction band edge Ec in the gap-state profile and the photoionization cross section of the gap states has been found to be almost independent of their energy level location and to have value of order of 10\u221216 cm2.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "We", "start": 0, "end": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "propose", "start": 3, "end": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 11, "end": 12, "annotation": null}, {"text": "novel", "start": 13, "end": 18, "annotation": null}, {"text": "gap", "start": 19, "end": 22, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 22, "end": 23, "annotation": null}, {"text": "state", "start": 23, "end": 28, "annotation": null}, {"text": "spectroscopy", "start": 29, "end": 41, "annotation": null}, {"text": 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+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "Self-stacked nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes (NCNTs) and pristine carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on commercial porous polypropylene substrates have been applied as air electrodes for sodium-air batteries (SAB). Both NCNT and CNT air electrodes exhibit highly reversible electrochemical activities and large capacities under low current densities in SABs, while NCNT electrodes show much higher rate performance and extended cycling life under high current densities. The superior electrochemical behavior of NCNT electrodes is attributed to the robust network of aligned NCNTs, which enables rapid oxygen and liquid electrolyte transport while accommodating the volume change originating from discharge product aggregation during cycling. Moreover, uniform coverage of the discharge product has been observed on the NCNT air electrodes, in contrast to the random and discrete dispersion of discharge product on the CNT air electrodes. The unique morphologies and growth mechanism of discharge products on NCNT electrodes are believed to be due to the outstanding catalytic activity of the nitrogen-doped sites in the NCNTs, which play a critical role in the high cycling stability of NCNT air electrodes for SABs.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Self", "start": 0, "end": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 4, "end": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "stacked", "start": 5, "end": 12, "annotation": null}, {"text": "nitrogen", "start": 13, "end": 21, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 21, "end": 22, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 22, "end": 27, "annotation": null}, {"text": "carbon", "start": 28, "end": 34, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "nanotubes", "start": 35, "end": 44, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "(", "start": 45, "end": 46, "annotation": null}, {"text": "NCNTs", "start": 46, "end": 51, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": ")", "start": 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+{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "The polypyrrole\u2013zinc oxide (PPy\u2013ZnO) hybrid sensor doped with different weight ratios of camphor sulfonic acid (CSA) were prepared by spin coating technique. These CSA doped PPy\u2013ZnO hybrids were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and UV\u2013vis techniques which proved the formation of polypyrrole, PPy\u2013ZnO and the interaction between polypyrrole\u2013ZnO (PPy\u2013ZnO) hybrid with CSA doping. The gas sensing properties of the PPy\u2013ZnO hybrid films doped with CSA have been studied for oxidizing (NO2) as well as reducing (H2S, NH3, C2H5OH and CH3OH) gases at room temperature. We demonstrate that CSA (30wt.%) doped PPy\u2013ZnO hybrid films are highly selective to NO2 along with high-sensitivity at low concentration (80% to 100ppm), fast-response time (120s) and better stability, which suggested that the CSA (30%) doped PPy\u2013ZnO hybrid films are potential candidate for NO2 detection at room temperature.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "polypyrrole", "start": 4, "end": 15, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "\u2013", "start": 15, "end": 16, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "zinc", "start": 16, "end": 20, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "oxide", "start": 21, "end": 26, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "(", "start": 27, "end": 28, "annotation": null}, {"text": "PPy", "start": 28, "end": 31, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "\u2013", "start": 31, "end": 32, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "ZnO", "start": 32, "end": 35, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": 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+{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "High refractive index hybrid coatings were prepared by directly incorporating anatase titania (TiO2) nanocrystals (NCs) into (3-glycidyloxypropyl) trimethoxysilane organic silica sol followed by a sol\u2013gel process. The anatase TiO2 NCs were prepared by controlling hydrolysis of titanium alkoxide in acid solution, and they show a narrow size distribution centered at about 4nm and very good dispersibility in the silica sol. After doped with TiO2, the coatings possessed excellent surface smoothness and high optical transparency in the visible range. The refractive index at 632.8nm increased from 1.502 to 1.663 as the TiO2 weight content goes from 10% to 50%. Besides, the hybrid coatings also had good thermal stability and high hardness of 3H, which have promising application in antireflection coatings.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "High", "start": 0, "end": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "refractive", "start": 5, "end": 15, "annotation": null}, {"text": "index", "start": 16, "end": 21, "annotation": null}, {"text": "hybrid", "start": 22, "end": 28, "annotation": null}, {"text": "coatings", "start": 29, "end": 37, "annotation": null}, {"text": "were", "start": 38, "end": 42, "annotation": null}, {"text": "prepared", "start": 43, "end": 51, "annotation": null}, {"text": "by", "start": 52, "end": 54, "annotation": null}, {"text": "directly", "start": 55, "end": 63, "annotation": null}, {"text": "incorporating", "start": 64, "end": 77, "annotation": null}, {"text": "anatase", "start": 78, "end": 85, "annotation": null}, {"text": "titania", "start": 86, "end": 93, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "(", 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"annotation": null}, {"text": "application", "start": 770, "end": 781, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 782, "end": 784, "annotation": null}, {"text": "antireflection", "start": 785, "end": 799, "annotation": null}, {"text": "coatings", "start": 800, "end": 808, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 808, "end": 809, "annotation": null}]], "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.colsurfa.2008.06.026"}}
+{"text": "Nb-doped rutile produced by sintering at 1400\u00b0C in an air atmosphere led to a monotonic increase of the shortest \u03c4 1 lifetime of the major spectral component from 0.17 to 0.25 ns in the 22Na positron annihilation lifetime spectrum as the Nb doping level was progressively increased to 0.12 formula units, at which stage TiNb 2O 7 was observed as a second phase. The charge compensators for Nb 5+ substituting for Ti 4+ are indicated as cation vacancies on the basis of the increase of \u03c4 1.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1111/j.1551-2916.2008.02679.x"}, "_input_hash": 387879197, "_task_hash": 2039813015, "tokens": [[{"text": "Nb", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 3, "end": 4, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 5, "end": 10, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "rutile", "start": 11, "end": 17, "id": 3, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "produced", "start": 18, "end": 26, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "by", "start": 27, "end": 29, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "sintering", "start": 30, "end": 39, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "at", "start": 40, "end": 42, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "1400", "start": 43, "end": 47, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "\u00b0", "start": 48, "end": 49, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "C", "start": 50, 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+{"text": "Carefully prepared bulk ceramic specimens of In 2 O 3 and Sn-doped In 2 O 3 (ITO) were analysed with x-ray and UV photoelectron spectroscopy before and after heat treatment in vacuum and oxygen atmosphere. The results on ex situ prepared ceramic specimens were shown to be comparable to those of in situ deposited-measured thin films in terms of core levels, Fermi levels and ionization potentials. This suggests a viable path for rapid synthesis and screening of surface electronic-defect properties for other transparent conducting oxides (TCO) materials. A strong correlation exists between the surface electronic-defect structure of In 2 O 3 -based TCOs and their underlying electronic-defect structure, owing to the unique crystal-defect properties of the bixbyite structure. This leads to formation of a chemical depletion at the surface and the formation of a peroxide surface species for higher preparation temperatures. The results are discussed with respect to the use of ITO as hole injection electrode in organic light emitting devices.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1088/0022-3727/39/18/006"}, "_input_hash": 1188328900, "_task_hash": -527008589, "tokens": [[{"text": "Carefully", "start": 0, "end": 9, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "prepared", "start": 10, "end": 18, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "bulk", "start": 19, "end": 23, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ceramic", "start": 24, "end": 31, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "specimens", "start": 32, "end": 41, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 42, "end": 44, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "In", "start": 45, "end": 47, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "2", "start": 48, "end": 49, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "O", "start": 50, "end": 51, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "3", "start": 52, "end": 53, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 54, "end": 57, "id": 10, 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+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "We report a facile and efficient approach to prepare bimetallically doped Ag-M-carbon composites. Only if Ag nanoparticles (NPs) are embedded first into the submicrometer carbon spheres (CSs) can the second metal M (Pd, Pt, and Au) also be introduced into their interior. Especially at not too high concentrations of M-precursor ions (CM-ion), the locations and number density of the resulting NPs mirror those of the Ag NPs in/on the CSs. Therefore, the controllability of the Ag predoping allows control over the location dependent distribution of the NPs in the resulting bimetallic composites. The size and shape of the resulting NPs in the composites are largely controlled by the concentration CM-ion. The different shapes include solid core-shell and hollow NPs, as well as hedgehog-like hollow structures and dendritic aggregates. The nucleation and growth mechanisms, which differ between the different metals M, are discussed to explain the morphologies and the location dependence of the NPs in/on the CSs. \u00a9 2010 American Chemical Society.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "We", "start": 0, "end": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "report", "start": 3, "end": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 10, "end": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "facile", "start": 12, "end": 18, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 19, "end": 22, "annotation": null}, {"text": "efficient", "start": 23, "end": 32, "annotation": null}, {"text": "approach", "start": 33, "end": 41, "annotation": null}, {"text": "to", "start": 42, "end": 44, "annotation": null}, {"text": "prepare", "start": 45, "end": 52, "annotation": null}, {"text": "bimetallically", "start": 53, "end": 67, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 68, "end": 73, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Ag-M-carbon", 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+{"text": "The bound state of an isotropic muonium atom has been detected in both n- and p-type InSb using a high-field \u03bc SR technique. The hyperfine constant obtained for this center (A=2464\u00b11MHz)is characteristic of deep-levelMu0 centers at tetrahedral interstitial sites in other cubic semiconductors, which typically ionize above 300K . In contrast, theMu0 center in InSb disappears above about 30K , which is more characteristic of ionization of a shallow-level impurity. The charge-state dynamics of Mu in InSb is discussed in terms of a deep trap or recombination center, rather than as electron ionization.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.physb.2005.11.108"}, "_input_hash": -1518305495, "_task_hash": -146127621, "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "bound", "start": 4, "end": 9, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "state", "start": 10, "end": 15, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 16, "end": 18, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "an", "start": 19, "end": 21, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "isotropic", "start": 22, "end": 31, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "muonium", "start": 32, "end": 39, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "atom", "start": 40, "end": 44, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "has", "start": 45, "end": 48, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "been", "start": 49, "end": 53, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "detected", "start": 54, 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+{"text": "Zinc doped SnO2 films were prepared using a simplified spray technique and the influence of dopant concentration on structural, electrical, optical and surface morphological properties were analysed in detail. XRD results showed that all the films were polycrystalline SnO2 with tetragonal rutile structure. The transition of preferential orientation from (211) to (101) plane was found to take place beyond 20at.% of Zn doping level. Hall measurements showed that the films exhibited p-type conductivity when the doping concentration was increased beyond 20at.%. The average transmittance of the SnO2:Zn films were in the range of 80\u201390% in the visible region. The enhancement in the PL emission can be correlated with the decrease in the grain size observed from the SEM images and the sharpening of defect related peaks supplemented the formation of trapped states (introduction of dangling bonds) at higher Zn concentrations.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.spmi.2013.05.006"}, "_input_hash": 1559097514, "_task_hash": -493355158, "tokens": [[{"text": "Zinc", "start": 0, "end": 4, "id": 0, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "doped", "start": 5, "end": 10, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "SnO2", "start": 11, "end": 15, "id": 2, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "films", "start": 16, "end": 21, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "were", "start": 22, "end": 26, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "prepared", "start": 27, "end": 35, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "using", "start": 36, "end": 41, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 42, "end": 43, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "simplified", "start": 44, 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 {"text": "The polarization behaviors of porous samaria-doped ceria anodes coupled with zirconia electrolytes with various ionic conductivities (\u03c3ion) were investigated. The exchange current density, j0, on such mixed-conducting SDC anodes was not influenced by the \u03c3ion at 900 and 1000\u00b0C, whereas j0 increased proportionally to \u03c3ion at a lower temperature of 800\u00b0C. However, the dispersion of nanometer-sized ruthenium catalysts on SDC particles resulted in an increase of j0 with increase in \u03c3ion in the entire temperature range between 800 and 1000\u00b0C. The observations are well explained kinetically, i.e., the anode performance is controlled by the rate of O2- supply to the anode layer via the electrolyte, as the anodic reaction rate becomes sufficiently high due to highly dispersed Ru electrocatalysts. Consequently, it is clear that the use of high-performance electrodes in combination with the solid electrolyte having high \u03c3ion is a prerequisite to achieving high performance of solid oxide fuel cells.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1149/1.1837671"}, "_input_hash": 1083643236, "_task_hash": -110710199, "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "polarization", "start": 4, "end": 16, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "behaviors", "start": 17, "end": 26, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 27, "end": 29, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "porous", "start": 30, "end": 36, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "samaria", "start": 37, "end": 44, "id": 5, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 45, "end": 46, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 47, "end": 52, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ceria", "start": 53, "end": 58, "id": 8, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "anodes", "start": 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"prerequisite", "start": 962, "end": 974, "id": 168, "annotation": null}, {"text": "to", "start": 975, "end": 977, "id": 169, "annotation": null}, {"text": "achieving", "start": 978, "end": 987, "id": 170, "annotation": null}, {"text": "high", "start": 988, "end": 992, "id": 171, "annotation": null}, {"text": "performance", "start": 993, "end": 1004, "id": 172, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 1005, "end": 1007, "id": 173, "annotation": null}, {"text": "solid", "start": 1008, "end": 1013, "id": 174, "annotation": null}, {"text": "oxide", "start": 1014, "end": 1019, "id": 175, "annotation": null}, {"text": "fuel", "start": 1020, "end": 1024, "id": 176, "annotation": null}, {"text": "cells", "start": 1025, "end": 1030, "id": 177, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 1031, "end": 1032, "id": 178, "annotation": null}]], "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"]}
-{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "\u00a9 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. Vacancy-type defects in Mg-implanted GaN were probed using a monoenergetic positron beam. Mg ions of multiple energies (15-180keV) were implanted to provide a 200-nm-deep box profile with Mg concentration of 4\u00d71019cm-3. The major defect species of vacancies introduced by Mg-implantation was a complex between Ga-vacancy (VGa) and nitrogen vacancies (VNs). After annealing above 1000\u00b0C, these defects started to agglomerate, and the major defect species became (VGa)2 coupled with VNs. The defect reaction occurred between not only the defects introduced by the implantation but also the defects introduced by an excess Mg-doping. The depth distribution of vacancy-type defects agreed well with that of implanted Mg, and no large change in the distribution was observed up to 1300\u00b0C annealing. Relationships between photoluminescence bands and vacancy-type defects introduced by Mg-implantation are also discussed.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "KGaA", "start": 35, "end": 39, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 39, "end": 40, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Weinheim", "start": 41, "end": 49, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 49, "end": 50, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "Vacancy", "start": 51, "end": 58, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 58, "end": 59, "annotation": null}, {"text": "type", "start": 59, "end": 63, "annotation": null}, {"text": "defects", "start": 64, "end": 71, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 72, "end": 74, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Mg", "start": 75, "end": 77, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 77, "end": 78, "annotation": null}, {"text": "implanted", "start": 78, "end": 87, "annotation": null}, {"text": "GaN", "start": 88, "end": 91, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, 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null}, {"text": "the", "start": 583, "end": 586, "annotation": null}, {"text": "defects", "start": 587, "end": 594, "annotation": null}, {"text": "introduced", "start": 595, "end": 605, "annotation": null}, {"text": "by", "start": 606, "end": 608, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 609, "end": 612, "annotation": null}, {"text": "implantation", "start": 613, "end": 625, "annotation": null}, {"text": "but", "start": 626, "end": 629, "annotation": null}, {"text": "also", "start": 630, "end": 634, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 635, "end": 638, "annotation": null}, {"text": "defects", "start": 639, "end": 646, "annotation": null}, {"text": "introduced", "start": 647, "end": 657, "annotation": null}, {"text": "by", "start": 658, "end": 660, "annotation": null}, {"text": "an", "start": 661, "end": 663, "annotation": null}, {"text": "excess", "start": 664, "end": 670, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Mg", "start": 671, "end": 673, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", 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"\u00b0", "start": 831, "end": 832, "annotation": null}, {"text": "C", "start": 832, "end": 833, "annotation": null}, {"text": "annealing", "start": 834, "end": 843, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 843, "end": 844, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "Relationships", "start": 845, "end": 858, "annotation": null}, {"text": "between", "start": 859, "end": 866, "annotation": null}, {"text": "photoluminescence", "start": 867, "end": 884, "annotation": null}, {"text": "bands", "start": 885, "end": 890, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 891, "end": 894, "annotation": null}, {"text": "vacancy", "start": 895, "end": 902, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 902, "end": 903, "annotation": null}, {"text": "type", "start": 903, "end": 907, "annotation": null}, {"text": "defects", "start": 908, "end": 915, "annotation": null}, {"text": "introduced", "start": 916, "end": 926, "annotation": null}, {"text": "by", "start": 927, "end": 929, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Mg", 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-{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "Metallic silicides have been used as contact materials on source/drain and gate in metal-oxide semiconductor (MOS) structure for 40 years. Since the 65 nm technology node, NiSi is the preferred material for contact in microelectronic due to low resistivity, low thermal budget, and low Si consumption. Ni(Pt)Si with 10 at.% Pt is currently employed in recent technologies since Pt allows to stabilize NiSi at high temperature. The presence of Pt and the very low thickness (<10 nm) needed for the device contacts bring new concerns for actual devices. In this work, in situ techniques [X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray reflectivity (XRR), sheet resistance, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)] were combined with atom probe tomography (APT) to study the formation mechanisms as well as the redistribution of dopants and alloy elements (Pt, Pd.) during the silicide formation. Phenomena like nucleation, lateral growth, interfacial reaction, diffusion, precipitation, and transient phase formation are investigated. The effect of alloy elements (Pt, Pd.) and dopants (As, B.) as well as stress and defects induced by the confinement in devices on the silicide formation mechanism and alloying element redistribution is examined. In particular APT has been performed for the three-dimensional (3D) analysis of MOSFET at the atomic scale. The advances in the understanding of the mechanisms of formation and redistribution are discussed. \u00a9 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Metallic", "start": 0, "end": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "silicides", "start": 9, "end": 18, "annotation": null}, {"text": "have", "start": 19, "end": 23, "annotation": null}, {"text": "been", "start": 24, "end": 28, "annotation": null}, {"text": "used", "start": 29, "end": 33, "annotation": null}, {"text": "as", "start": 34, "end": 36, "annotation": null}, {"text": "contact", "start": 37, "end": 44, "annotation": null}, {"text": "materials", "start": 45, "end": 54, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 55, "end": 57, "annotation": null}, {"text": "source", "start": 58, "end": 64, "annotation": null}, {"text": "/", "start": 64, "end": 65, "annotation": null}, {"text": "drain", "start": 65, "end": 70, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 71, "end": 74, "annotation": null}, {"text": "gate", "start": 75, "end": 79, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 80, "end": 82, "annotation": null}, {"text": "metal", "start": 83, "end": 88, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 88, "end": 89, "annotation": null}, {"text": "oxide", "start": 89, "end": 94, "annotation": null}, {"text": "semiconductor", "start": 95, "end": 108, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 109, "end": 110, "annotation": null}, {"text": "MOS", "start": 110, "end": 113, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 113, "end": 114, "annotation": null}, {"text": "structure", "start": 115, "end": 124, "annotation": null}, {"text": "for", "start": 125, "end": 128, "annotation": null}, {"text": "40", "start": 129, "end": 131, "annotation": null}, {"text": "years", "start": 132, "end": 137, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 137, "end": 138, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "Since", "start": 139, "end": 144, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 145, "end": 148, "annotation": null}, {"text": "65", "start": 149, "end": 151, "annotation": null}, {"text": "nm", "start": 152, "end": 154, "annotation": null}, {"text": "technology", "start": 155, "end": 165, "annotation": null}, {"text": "node", "start": 166, "end": 170, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 170, "end": 171, "annotation": null}, {"text": "NiSi", "start": 172, "end": 176, "annotation": null}, {"text": "is", "start": 177, "end": 179, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 180, "end": 183, "annotation": null}, {"text": "preferred", "start": 184, "end": 193, "annotation": null}, {"text": "material", "start": 194, "end": 202, "annotation": null}, {"text": "for", "start": 203, "end": 206, "annotation": null}, {"text": "contact", "start": 207, "end": 214, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 215, "end": 217, "annotation": null}, {"text": "microelectronic", "start": 218, "end": 233, "annotation": null}, {"text": "due", "start": 234, "end": 237, "annotation": null}, {"text": "to", "start": 238, "end": 240, "annotation": null}, {"text": "low", "start": 241, "end": 244, "annotation": null}, {"text": "resistivity", "start": 245, "end": 256, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 256, "end": 257, "annotation": null}, {"text": "low", "start": 258, "end": 261, "annotation": null}, {"text": "thermal", "start": 262, "end": 269, "annotation": null}, {"text": "budget", "start": 270, "end": 276, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 276, "end": 277, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 278, "end": 281, "annotation": null}, {"text": "low", "start": 282, "end": 285, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Si", "start": 286, "end": 288, "annotation": null}, {"text": "consumption", "start": 289, "end": 300, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 300, "end": 301, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "Ni(Pt)Si", "start": 302, "end": 310, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 311, "end": 315, "annotation": null}, {"text": "10", "start": 316, "end": 318, "annotation": null}, {"text": "at.", "start": 319, "end": 322, "annotation": null}, {"text": 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-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "A novel cost-effective cathode catalyst, manganese dioxide (MnO2) featured with a cryptomelane-type octahedral molecular sieve (OMS-2) structure, was examined in continuous flow microbial fuel cells (MFCs). Power generation and organic substrate removal efficiency of two metal ions doped OMS-2 cathodes (cobalt (Co)-OMS-2 and copper (Cu)-OMS-2) were compared with platinum (Pt) cathodes under different hydraulic retention times (HRTs) and chemical oxygen demands (CODs). The 600-h continuous flow tests showed that Cu-OMS-2 MFCs and Co-OMS-2 MFCs achieved the stable power generation of 200\u00b18mV and 190\u00b15mV, and were 50\u201360mV higher than that of Pt MFCs. The COD removal efficiencies of Cu-OMS-2 MFCs and Co-OMS-2 MFCs were 83\u201387%, which were 15\u201319% higher than that of Pt MFCs. The power generation and COD removal efficiency increased with longer HRTs. The Cu-OMS-2 exhibited the highest power density (201mW/m2) at the COD of 1000mg/L. However, Co-OMS-2 cathodes had the better performance than Cu-OMs-2 at high COD concentrations of 2000\u20134000mg/L, with the power density of 897mW/m2 and COD removal efficiency of 46%. The continuous flow MFC tests demonstrated that the fast reaction rate of OMS-2 cathodes enhanced power generation and COD removal efficiency, and had a great potential to be applied in real-world wastewater treatment processes.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "A", "start": 0, "end": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "novel", "start": 2, "end": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "cost", "start": 8, "end": 12, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 12, "end": 13, "annotation": null}, {"text": "effective", "start": 13, "end": 22, "annotation": null}, {"text": "cathode", "start": 23, "end": 30, "annotation": null}, {"text": "catalyst", "start": 31, "end": 39, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 39, "end": 40, "annotation": null}, {"text": "manganese", "start": 41, "end": 50, "annotation": null}, {"text": "dioxide", "start": 51, "end": 58, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 59, "end": 60, "annotation": null}, {"text": "MnO2", "start": 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+{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "\u00a9 2015 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim. Vacancy-type defects in Mg-implanted GaN were probed using a monoenergetic positron beam. Mg ions of multiple energies (15-180keV) were implanted to provide a 200-nm-deep box profile with Mg concentration of 4\u00d71019cm-3. The major defect species of vacancies introduced by Mg-implantation was a complex between Ga-vacancy (VGa) and nitrogen vacancies (VNs). After annealing above 1000\u00b0C, these defects started to agglomerate, and the major defect species became (VGa)2 coupled with VNs. The defect reaction occurred between not only the defects introduced by the implantation but also the defects introduced by an excess Mg-doping. The depth distribution of vacancy-type defects agreed well with that of implanted Mg, and no large change in the distribution was observed up to 1300\u00b0C annealing. Relationships between photoluminescence bands and vacancy-type defects introduced by Mg-implantation are also discussed.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "KGaA", "start": 35, "end": 39, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 39, "end": 40, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Weinheim", "start": 41, "end": 49, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 49, "end": 50, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "Vacancy", "start": 51, "end": 58, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 58, "end": 59, "annotation": null}, {"text": "type", "start": 59, "end": 63, "annotation": null}, {"text": "defects", "start": 64, "end": 71, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 72, "end": 74, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Mg", "start": 75, "end": 77, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 77, "end": 78, "annotation": null}, {"text": "implanted", "start": 78, "end": 87, "annotation": null}, {"text": "GaN", "start": 88, "end": 91, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, 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+{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "Metallic silicides have been used as contact materials on source/drain and gate in metal-oxide semiconductor (MOS) structure for 40 years. Since the 65 nm technology node, NiSi is the preferred material for contact in microelectronic due to low resistivity, low thermal budget, and low Si consumption. Ni(Pt)Si with 10 at.% Pt is currently employed in recent technologies since Pt allows to stabilize NiSi at high temperature. The presence of Pt and the very low thickness (<10 nm) needed for the device contacts bring new concerns for actual devices. In this work, in situ techniques [X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray reflectivity (XRR), sheet resistance, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)] were combined with atom probe tomography (APT) to study the formation mechanisms as well as the redistribution of dopants and alloy elements (Pt, Pd.) during the silicide formation. Phenomena like nucleation, lateral growth, interfacial reaction, diffusion, precipitation, and transient phase formation are investigated. The effect of alloy elements (Pt, Pd.) and dopants (As, B.) as well as stress and defects induced by the confinement in devices on the silicide formation mechanism and alloying element redistribution is examined. In particular APT has been performed for the three-dimensional (3D) analysis of MOSFET at the atomic scale. The advances in the understanding of the mechanisms of formation and redistribution are discussed. \u00a9 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Metallic", "start": 0, "end": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "silicides", "start": 9, "end": 18, "annotation": null}, {"text": "have", "start": 19, "end": 23, "annotation": null}, {"text": "been", "start": 24, "end": 28, "annotation": null}, {"text": "used", "start": 29, "end": 33, "annotation": null}, {"text": "as", "start": 34, "end": 36, "annotation": null}, {"text": "contact", "start": 37, "end": 44, "annotation": null}, {"text": "materials", "start": 45, "end": 54, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 55, "end": 57, "annotation": null}, {"text": "source", "start": 58, "end": 64, "annotation": null}, {"text": "/", "start": 64, "end": 65, "annotation": null}, {"text": "drain", "start": 65, "end": 70, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 71, "end": 74, "annotation": null}, {"text": "gate", "start": 75, "end": 79, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 80, "end": 82, 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+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "A novel cost-effective cathode catalyst, manganese dioxide (MnO2) featured with a cryptomelane-type octahedral molecular sieve (OMS-2) structure, was examined in continuous flow microbial fuel cells (MFCs). Power generation and organic substrate removal efficiency of two metal ions doped OMS-2 cathodes (cobalt (Co)-OMS-2 and copper (Cu)-OMS-2) were compared with platinum (Pt) cathodes under different hydraulic retention times (HRTs) and chemical oxygen demands (CODs). The 600-h continuous flow tests showed that Cu-OMS-2 MFCs and Co-OMS-2 MFCs achieved the stable power generation of 200\u00b18mV and 190\u00b15mV, and were 50\u201360mV higher than that of Pt MFCs. The COD removal efficiencies of Cu-OMS-2 MFCs and Co-OMS-2 MFCs were 83\u201387%, which were 15\u201319% higher than that of Pt MFCs. The power generation and COD removal efficiency increased with longer HRTs. The Cu-OMS-2 exhibited the highest power density (201mW/m2) at the COD of 1000mg/L. However, Co-OMS-2 cathodes had the better performance than Cu-OMs-2 at high COD concentrations of 2000\u20134000mg/L, with the power density of 897mW/m2 and COD removal efficiency of 46%. The continuous flow MFC tests demonstrated that the fast reaction rate of OMS-2 cathodes enhanced power generation and COD removal efficiency, and had a great potential to be applied in real-world wastewater treatment processes.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "A", "start": 0, "end": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "novel", "start": 2, "end": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "cost", "start": 8, "end": 12, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 12, "end": 13, "annotation": null}, {"text": "effective", "start": 13, "end": 22, "annotation": null}, {"text": "cathode", "start": 23, "end": 30, "annotation": null}, {"text": "catalyst", "start": 31, "end": 39, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 39, "end": 40, "annotation": null}, {"text": "manganese", "start": 41, "end": 50, "annotation": null}, {"text": "dioxide", "start": 51, "end": 58, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 59, "end": 60, "annotation": null}, {"text": "MnO2", "start": 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 {"text": "A series of macrocyclic cyclophanes is reduced with alkali metals to yield the corresponding dianions and (in part) tetraanions. The chemical structure proof rests upon quenching and reoxidation experiments. A spectacular outcome is the pronounced ring current effect which appears from the 1 H NMR spectra of the ions. The diatropism of the dianions and paratropism of the tetraanions are ascribed to the formation of perimeter-type structures involving \u03c0-conjugation via aromatic moieties. The unprecedented \u201cannulenoid\u201d properties have been systematically affected by constructing cyclophane species with different ring size and planarity, with different aromatic subunits, and with heteroatoms. The stereodynamic behavior of the anions is rationalized in terms of simple \u03c0-bond theory. The \u201cdoping\u201d of the cyclophanes with electrons provides adequate models for organic conductors of the polyphenylenevinylene-type. 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 {"text": "Porous carbon monoliths have attracted great interest in many fields due to their easy availability, large specific surface area, desirable electronic conductivity, and tunable pore structure. In this work, hierarchical porous nitrogen-doped partial graphitized carbon monoliths (N\u2013MC\u2013Fe) with ordered mesoporous have been successfully synthesized by using resorcinol-formaldehyde as precursors, iron salts as catalyst, and mixed triblock copolymers as templates via a one-step hydrothermal method. In the reactant system, hexamethylenetetramine (HMT) is used as nitrogen source and one of the carbon precursors under hydrothermal conditions instead of using toxic formaldehyde. The N\u2013MC\u2013Fe show hierarchically porous structures, with interconnected macroporous and ordered hexagonally arranged mesoporous. Nitrogen element is in situ doped into carbon through decomposition of HMT. Iron catalyst is helpful to improve the graphitization degree and pore volume of N\u2013MC\u2013Fe. The synthesis strategy is user-friendly, cost-effective, and can be easily scaled up for production. As supercapacitors, the N\u2013MC\u2013Fe show good capacity with high specific capacitance and good electrochemical stability. Graphical abstractHierarchical porous nitrogen-doped partial graphitized carbon monoliths with ordered mesoporous have been successfully synthesized by using resorcinol-formaldehyde as precursors, iron as catalyst, and mixed triblock copolymers as templates via a one-step hydrothermal method.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1007/s11051-017-3796-8"}, "_input_hash": -646028450, "_task_hash": -1513218377, "tokens": [[{"text": "Porous", "start": 0, "end": 6, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "carbon", "start": 7, "end": 13, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "monoliths", "start": 14, "end": 23, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "have", "start": 24, "end": 28, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "attracted", "start": 29, "end": 38, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "great", "start": 39, "end": 44, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "interest", "start": 45, "end": 53, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 54, "end": 56, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": 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 {"text": "Gamma induced defect centers of undoped phosphate glasses and the influence of these centers on the sensitivity and build-up time of silver-doped phosphate glasses were investigated. According to the ratio of oxygen and phosphorus ions (O/P) in phosphate glass, the basic glasses were polyphosphate glass (O/P=3.07), metaphosphate glass (O/P=3) and ultraphosphate glass (O/P=2.93). Concentration of Ag+ was 2mol%. Defect centers induced by gamma rays of three base glasses were detected by Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and optical absorption spectra. Three kinds of defect centers were observed and the characteristics of the hyperfine splitting doublets were quite similar in these glass samples. All the defect centers are phosphorus and oxygen related radiation-induced hole trapped defect centers (POHC) and electron centers PO3 2 \u2212 and PO4 4\u2212. Based on EPR and optical absorption spectra, polyphosphate glasses have the highest relative POHC concentration. The fluorescence spectra and EPR spectra of silver-doped glasses were measured. The results indicate that polyphosphate glasses have the highest sensitivity and shortest build-up time of three silver-doped phosphate glasses which are related to the concentration of POHC.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.radmeas.2010.09.002"}, "_input_hash": -1581360778, "_task_hash": -805313985, "tokens": [[{"text": "Gamma", "start": 0, "end": 5, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "induced", "start": 6, "end": 13, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "defect", "start": 14, "end": 20, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "centers", "start": 21, "end": 28, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 29, "end": 31, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "undoped", "start": 32, "end": 39, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "phosphate", "start": 40, "end": 49, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "glasses", "start": 50, "end": 57, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 58, "end": 61, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 62, "end": 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 {"text": "This paper deals with the study of photoluminescence (PL) and the other physical properties (structural and optoelectronic) of fluorine doped tin oxide (SnO2: F) thin films with controlled disorder and intrinsic defects induced during elaboration by changing the spray solution flow rate from 10 to 25mLmin\u22121 by a step of 5mLmin\u221211. X-Ray Diffraction analysis reveals that SnO2:F thin films have a tetragonal structure with (2000) preferred orientation. The decrease in the PL intensity peaks with increase in the spray solution flow rate is linked with the decrease in intrinsic defects. The infrared transmission cut-off wavelength of the films shifts towards the lower wavelength with increasing the spray solution flow rate. This result corresponds to an increase of the electron concentration. In fact, the infrared reflectance of the layers shows an increase with increasing electron concentration. All the samples have low transmittance and high reflectance in the near-infrared region. But in the visible, the average transmittance of these films is higher than 85%. The minimum resistivity (1.76\u00d710\u22124 \u03a9cm) and maximum Hall mobility (\u03bc =47cm2 V\u22121 s\u22121) were obtained at spray solution flow rate equals to 25mLmin\u22121. This good optoelectronic quality of this material allows us to use it as an ohmic contact in photovoltaic devices such as CuIn1\u2212y Gay S2/\u03b2-In2\u2212z AlzS3/ZnO. This solar cell has a photovoltaic effect. Thus, the open circuit voltage (V oc) and short circuit current density (J sc) are equal to 340mV and 1.25mAcm\u22122, respectively.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.ijleo.2015.02.039"}, "_input_hash": -256813662, "_task_hash": -1667698657, "tokens": [[{"text": "This", "start": 0, "end": 4, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "paper", "start": 5, "end": 10, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "deals", "start": 11, "end": 16, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 17, "end": 21, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 22, "end": 25, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "study", "start": 26, "end": 31, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 32, "end": 34, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "photoluminescence", "start": 35, "end": 52, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 53, "end": 54, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "PL", "start": 55, "end": 57, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 58, "end": 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 {"text": "Unique anomalous heavy fermion behavior in the charge-ordering low-carrier-density system, Yb4As3, has been studied together with a similar compound Sm4Bi3 as the reference system. A critical analysis shows that, even in the charge-ordering state, the ratio of the trivalent state is less than one per mole, and a small amount of holes remains at the top of the valence band. Moreover, the trivalent state changes to a pseudogap Kondo state, similar to those in Y-doped YbB12 and SmB6. A simplified model was proposed, and it was shown that various anomalous properties, such as peak structures in the resistivity and Hall constant as functions of temperature, their uniform changes with pressure, and a large residual resistivity, are explained well by this model to be consistent with the properties in Sm4Bi3. All rights reserved.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1143/JPSJ.63.2481"}, "_input_hash": 164372099, "_task_hash": 1733787464, "tokens": [[{"text": "Unique", "start": 0, "end": 6, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "anomalous", "start": 7, "end": 16, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "heavy", "start": 17, "end": 22, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "fermion", "start": 23, "end": 30, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "behavior", "start": 31, "end": 39, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 40, "end": 42, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 43, "end": 46, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "charge", "start": 47, "end": 53, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 54, "end": 55, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ordering", "start": 56, "end": 64, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "low", "start": 65, "end": 68, "id": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 69, "end": 70, "id": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": 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Various tests are carried out on the final structure to make a first approach of the micro flow sensor flaws. \u00a9 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "A", "start": 0, "end": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "micro", "start": 2, "end": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "hot", "start": 8, "end": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "wire", "start": 12, "end": 16, "annotation": null}, {"text": "anemometer", "start": 17, "end": 27, "annotation": null}, {"text": "sensor", "start": 28, "end": 34, "annotation": null}, {"text": "has", "start": 35, "end": 38, "annotation": null}, {"text": "been", "start": 39, "end": 43, "annotation": null}, {"text": "constructed", "start": 44, "end": 55, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 55, "end": 56, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "The", "start": 57, "end": 60, "annotation": null}, {"text": "process", "start": 61, "end": 68, "annotation": null}, {"text": "consists", "start": 69, 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 {"text": "A new parametrisation model which takes into account oxygen 2p-4f rare earth hybridization energies is tested in order to understand the unusually large total crystal field splitting in the RBa2Cu3O6+x (R= rare earth) compounds. This model gives also a quantitatively good picture of the charge-transfer mechanism involved by doping with oxygen.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/0921-4526(92)90773-L"}, "_input_hash": 234546565, "_task_hash": -2065248315, "tokens": [[{"text": "A", "start": 0, "end": 1, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "new", "start": 2, "end": 5, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "parametrisation", "start": 6, "end": 21, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "model", "start": 22, "end": 27, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "which", "start": 28, "end": 33, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "takes", "start": 34, "end": 39, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "into", "start": 40, "end": 44, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "account", "start": 45, "end": 52, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "oxygen", "start": 53, "end": 59, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "2p-4f", "start": 60, "end": 65, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "rare", "start": 66, "end": 70, "id": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "earth", "start": 71, "end": 76, "id": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "hybridization", "start": 77, "end": 90, "id": 12, "annotation": null}, {"text": "energies", "start": 91, "end": 99, "id": 13, "annotation": null}, {"text": "is", "start": 100, "end": 102, "id": 14, "annotation": null}, {"text": "tested", "start": 103, "end": 109, "id": 15, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 110, "end": 112, "id": 16, "annotation": null}, {"text": "order", "start": 113, "end": 118, "id": 17, "annotation": null}, {"text": "to", "start": 119, "end": 121, "id": 18, "annotation": null}, {"text": "understand", "start": 122, "end": 132, "id": 19, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 133, "end": 136, "id": 20, "annotation": null}, {"text": "unusually", "start": 137, "end": 146, "id": 21, "annotation": null}, {"text": "large", "start": 147, "end": 152, "id": 22, "annotation": null}, {"text": "total", "start": 153, "end": 158, "id": 23, "annotation": null}, {"text": "crystal", "start": 159, "end": 166, "id": 24, "annotation": null}, {"text": "field", "start": 167, "end": 172, "id": 25, "annotation": null}, {"text": "splitting", "start": 173, "end": 182, "id": 26, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 183, "end": 185, "id": 27, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 186, "end": 189, "id": 28, "annotation": null}, {"text": "RBa2Cu3O6+x", "start": 190, "end": 201, "id": 29, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 202, "end": 203, "id": 30, "annotation": null}, {"text": "R=", "start": 204, "end": 206, "id": 31, "annotation": null}, {"text": "rare", "start": 207, "end": 211, "id": 32, "annotation": null}, {"text": "earth", "start": 212, "end": 217, "id": 33, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 218, "end": 219, "id": 34, "annotation": null}, {"text": "compounds", "start": 220, "end": 229, "id": 35, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 230, "end": 231, "id": 36, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "This", "start": 232, "end": 236, "id": 37, "annotation": null}, {"text": "model", "start": 237, "end": 242, "id": 38, "annotation": null}, {"text": "gives", "start": 243, "end": 248, "id": 39, "annotation": null}, {"text": "also", "start": 249, "end": 253, "id": 40, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 254, "end": 255, "id": 41, "annotation": null}, {"text": "quantitatively", "start": 256, "end": 270, "id": 42, "annotation": null}, {"text": "good", "start": 271, "end": 275, "id": 43, "annotation": null}, {"text": "picture", "start": 276, "end": 283, "id": 44, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 284, "end": 286, "id": 45, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 287, "end": 290, "id": 46, "annotation": null}, {"text": "charge", "start": 291, "end": 297, "id": 47, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 298, "end": 299, "id": 48, "annotation": null}, {"text": "transfer", "start": 300, "end": 308, "id": 49, "annotation": null}, {"text": "mechanism", "start": 309, "end": 318, "id": 50, "annotation": null}, {"text": "involved", "start": 319, "end": 327, "id": 51, "annotation": null}, {"text": "by", "start": 328, "end": 330, "id": 52, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doping", "start": 331, "end": 337, "id": 53, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 338, "end": 342, "id": 54, "annotation": null}, {"text": "oxygen", "start": 343, "end": 349, "id": 55, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": ".", "start": 350, "end": 351, "id": 56, "annotation": null}]], "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"]}
 {"text": "Undoped nanosized In2O3 with n-type conduction was produced in both polymorphic forms (cubic and rhombohedral) and deposited by screen-printing as thick films. These films show high sensitivity to low O3 concentration levels. They have been investigated by four point conductance and Hall effect measurements under sensor operating conditions (elevated temperature and ozone exposure). The effective values of the charge carrier concentration and mobility have been calculated from the experimental records using the recipe for the single crystals. The response to O3 is discussed in the frame of the standard models for gas sensors. The observed deviations from the model are explained in connection with the film crystalline structure and microscopic parameters spread.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.snb.2009.03.002"}, "_input_hash": 399274975, "_task_hash": 1413355082, "tokens": [[{"text": "Undoped", "start": 0, "end": 7, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "nanosized", "start": 8, "end": 17, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "In2O3", "start": 18, "end": 23, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 24, "end": 28, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "n", "start": 29, "end": 30, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 31, "end": 32, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "type", "start": 33, "end": 37, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "conduction", "start": 38, "end": 48, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "was", "start": 49, "end": 52, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "produced", "start": 53, "end": 61, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 62, 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 {"text": "Solid-state white light emission is important for energy saving, but currently it is mainly based on environmentally unfriendly rare-earth doped phosphors or cadmium-containing quantum dots. Here, we explore an environmentally friendly approach for efficient white light emission based on ZnSe:Mn nanoparticles without rare-earth or cadmium elements. The emission is composed of a broad green-orange spectral band (525-650 nm) with the peak located at 578 nm and the color temperature is low, so it is particularly good for lighting at night to reduce risks to human health. Furthermore, the optimal absorption peak could be designed at 453 nm, which well matches the commercial blue-LED emission wavelength (445-470 nm). A quantum yield up to 84.5% could also be achieved. This rare-earth-element-free material opens up a new avenue for energy-saving, healthy, and environmentally benign lighting.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1039/C6RA19553A"}, "_input_hash": -1107252276, "_task_hash": -1033849474, "tokens": [[{"text": "Solid", "start": 35, "end": 40, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 41, "end": 42, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "state", "start": 43, "end": 48, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "white", "start": 49, "end": 54, "id": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "light", "start": 55, "end": 60, "id": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "emission", "start": 61, "end": 69, "id": 12, "annotation": null}, {"text": "is", "start": 70, "end": 72, "id": 13, "annotation": null}, {"text": "important", "start": 73, "end": 82, "id": 14, "annotation": null}, {"text": "for", "start": 83, "end": 86, "id": 15, "annotation": null}, {"text": "energy", "start": 87, "end": 93, "id": 16, "annotation": null}, {"text": "saving", "start": 94, "end": 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-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "This paper reports the synthesis of ZnS microspheres with cubic and hexagonal crystal phases using a solvothermal method. These materials were characterized by a range of techniques. The effects of Au and Ag-doping on ZnS were also examined. Hexagonal phase ZnO microspheres could be obtained by a CO oxidation process over the ZnS microspheres. The onset of CO oxidation occurred above 350 \u00b0C, which was increased by Au and Ag doping. The synthesized materials were used for the photocatalytic degradation of mixed dyes {methylene blue (MB) + methyl orange (MO) + rhodamine B (RhB)}. The observed photocatalytic degradation rate over the photocatalysts was in the order, RhB < MB << MO. The photocatalytic degradation activity of the synthesized materials was observed in the order, Au-ZnS \u2248 Ag-ZnS << ZnS < ZnO. ZnO was \u223c6 times more efficient in the photocatalytic synthesis of 2-hydroxyterephthalic acid than the ZnS and metal-doped ZnS. 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-{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "A thin layer of polypyrrole was formed on sintered CdSe electrodes. The photoelectrochemical properties of bare CdSe and P-Py/CdSe electrodes were studied in electrolyte with the redox couple [K3Fe(CN)6]. The results were explained by assuming that a p-n junction is formed on CdSe electrodes with polypyrrole working as a p-type semiconductor.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "A", "start": 0, "end": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "thin", "start": 2, "end": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "layer", "start": 7, "end": 12, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 13, "end": 15, "annotation": null}, {"text": "polypyrrole", "start": 16, "end": 27, "annotation": null}, {"text": "was", "start": 28, "end": 31, "annotation": null}, {"text": "formed", "start": 32, "end": 38, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 39, "end": 41, "annotation": null}, {"text": "sintered", "start": 42, "end": 50, "annotation": null}, {"text": "CdSe", "start": 51, "end": 55, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electrodes", "start": 56, "end": 66, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 66, "end": 67, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "The", "start": 68, "end": 71, "annotation": null}, {"text": "photoelectrochemical", "start": 72, "end": 92, "annotation": null}, {"text": "properties", "start": 93, "end": 103, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 104, "end": 106, "annotation": null}, {"text": "bare", "start": 107, "end": 111, "annotation": null}, {"text": "CdSe", "start": 112, "end": 116, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 117, "end": 120, "annotation": null}, {"text": "P-Py", "start": 121, "end": 125, "annotation": null}, {"text": "/", "start": 125, "end": 126, "annotation": null}, {"text": "CdSe", "start": 126, "end": 130, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electrodes", "start": 131, "end": 141, "annotation": null}, {"text": "were", "start": 142, "end": 146, "annotation": null}, {"text": "studied", "start": 147, "end": 154, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 155, "end": 157, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electrolyte", "start": 158, "end": 169, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 170, "end": 174, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 175, "end": 178, "annotation": null}, {"text": "redox", "start": 179, "end": 184, "annotation": null}, {"text": "couple", "start": 185, "end": 191, "annotation": null}, {"text": "[K3Fe(CN)6]", "start": 192, "end": 203, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 203, "end": 204, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "The", "start": 205, "end": 208, "annotation": null}, {"text": "results", "start": 209, "end": 216, "annotation": null}, {"text": "were", "start": 217, "end": 221, "annotation": null}, {"text": "explained", "start": 222, "end": 231, "annotation": null}, {"text": "by", "start": 232, "end": 234, "annotation": null}, {"text": "assuming", "start": 235, "end": 243, "annotation": null}, {"text": "that", "start": 244, "end": 248, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 249, "end": 250, "annotation": null}, {"text": "p-n", "start": 251, "end": 254, "annotation": null}, {"text": "junction", "start": 255, "end": 263, "annotation": null}, {"text": "is", "start": 264, "end": 266, "annotation": null}, {"text": "formed", "start": 267, "end": 273, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 274, "end": 276, "annotation": null}, {"text": "CdSe", "start": 277, "end": 281, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electrodes", "start": 282, "end": 292, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 293, "end": 297, "annotation": null}, {"text": "polypyrrole", "start": 298, "end": 309, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "working", "start": 310, "end": 317, "annotation": null}, {"text": "as", "start": 318, "end": 320, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 321, "end": 322, "annotation": null}, {"text": "p", "start": 323, "end": 324, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 324, "end": 325, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "type", "start": 325, "end": 329, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "semiconductor", "start": 330, "end": 343, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 343, "end": 344, "annotation": null}]]}
-{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "\u00a9 2018 IOP Publishing Ltd. Bi 1-x Pb x FeO 3 (0 \u2264 x \u2264 0.3) has been characterized in detail with an aim to identify role of defect such as dopant, various vacancies, grain boundaries etc, and their effect on structural, optical and multiferroic properties. Structural analysis revealed that Pb substitution transforms the rhombohedral phase of BiFeO 3 to the pseudocubic phase for x \u2265 0.15, consistently all vibrational Raman modes associated with the rhombohedral phase are found disappeared. Optical response revealed weakening of the d-d transitions with Pb addition indicating change in the Fe atoms environment consistent with the transition from non-centrosymmetric to the centrosymmetric structure. Transport and dielectric responses are explained in terms of hopping due to the presence of defects like oxygen vacancies and grain boundary conduction. In the high temperature regime, grain boundary conduction led to decrease in resistivity with the presence of a hump that is associated with hopping conduction. Extrinsic contributions in the transport properties correlate well with dielectric response. Magnetic and ferroelectric responses are also presented where role of oxygen vacancies defects has been clearly identified.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Structural", "start": 257, "end": 267, "annotation": null}, {"text": "analysis", "start": 268, "end": 276, "annotation": null}, {"text": "revealed", "start": 277, "end": 285, "annotation": null}, {"text": "that", "start": 286, "end": 290, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Pb", "start": 291, "end": 293, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "substitution", "start": 294, "end": 306, "annotation": null}, {"text": "transforms", "start": 307, "end": 317, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 318, "end": 321, "annotation": null}, {"text": "rhombohedral", "start": 322, "end": 334, "annotation": null}, {"text": "phase", "start": 335, "end": 340, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 341, "end": 343, "annotation": null}, {"text": "BiFeO", "start": 344, "end": 349, "annotation": null}, {"text": "3", 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+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "This paper reports the synthesis of ZnS microspheres with cubic and hexagonal crystal phases using a solvothermal method. These materials were characterized by a range of techniques. The effects of Au and Ag-doping on ZnS were also examined. Hexagonal phase ZnO microspheres could be obtained by a CO oxidation process over the ZnS microspheres. The onset of CO oxidation occurred above 350 \u00b0C, which was increased by Au and Ag doping. The synthesized materials were used for the photocatalytic degradation of mixed dyes {methylene blue (MB) + methyl orange (MO) + rhodamine B (RhB)}. The observed photocatalytic degradation rate over the photocatalysts was in the order, RhB < MB << MO. The photocatalytic degradation activity of the synthesized materials was observed in the order, Au-ZnS \u2248 Ag-ZnS << ZnS < ZnO. ZnO was \u223c6 times more efficient in the photocatalytic synthesis of 2-hydroxyterephthalic acid than the ZnS and metal-doped ZnS. These results further support the importance and wide applications of the synthesized ZnS, Ag-ZnS, Au-ZnS and ZnO microspheres.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "This", "start": 0, "end": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "paper", "start": 5, "end": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "reports", "start": 11, "end": 18, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 19, "end": 22, "annotation": null}, {"text": "synthesis", "start": 23, "end": 32, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 33, "end": 35, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ZnS", "start": 36, "end": 39, "annotation": null}, {"text": "microspheres", "start": 40, "end": 52, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 53, "end": 57, "annotation": null}, {"text": "cubic", "start": 58, "end": 63, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 64, "end": 67, "annotation": null}, {"text": "hexagonal", "start": 68, "end": 77, "annotation": null}, {"text": "crystal", "start": 78, "end": 85, 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+{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "A thin layer of polypyrrole was formed on sintered CdSe electrodes. The photoelectrochemical properties of bare CdSe and P-Py/CdSe electrodes were studied in electrolyte with the redox couple [K3Fe(CN)6]. The results were explained by assuming that a p-n junction is formed on CdSe electrodes with polypyrrole working as a p-type semiconductor.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "A", "start": 0, "end": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "thin", "start": 2, "end": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "layer", "start": 7, "end": 12, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 13, "end": 15, "annotation": null}, {"text": "polypyrrole", "start": 16, "end": 27, "annotation": null}, {"text": "was", "start": 28, "end": 31, "annotation": null}, {"text": "formed", "start": 32, "end": 38, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 39, "end": 41, "annotation": null}, {"text": "sintered", "start": 42, "end": 50, "annotation": null}, {"text": "CdSe", "start": 51, "end": 55, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electrodes", "start": 56, "end": 66, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 66, "end": 67, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "The", "start": 68, "end": 71, "annotation": null}, {"text": "photoelectrochemical", "start": 72, "end": 92, "annotation": null}, {"text": "properties", "start": 93, "end": 103, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 104, "end": 106, "annotation": null}, {"text": "bare", "start": 107, "end": 111, "annotation": null}, {"text": "CdSe", "start": 112, "end": 116, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 117, "end": 120, "annotation": null}, {"text": "P-Py", "start": 121, "end": 125, "annotation": null}, {"text": "/", "start": 125, "end": 126, "annotation": null}, {"text": "CdSe", "start": 126, "end": 130, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electrodes", "start": 131, "end": 141, "annotation": null}, {"text": "were", "start": 142, "end": 146, "annotation": null}, {"text": "studied", "start": 147, "end": 154, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 155, "end": 157, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electrolyte", "start": 158, "end": 169, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 170, "end": 174, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 175, "end": 178, "annotation": null}, {"text": "redox", "start": 179, "end": 184, "annotation": null}, {"text": "couple", "start": 185, "end": 191, "annotation": null}, {"text": "[K3Fe(CN)6]", "start": 192, "end": 203, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 203, "end": 204, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "The", "start": 205, "end": 208, "annotation": null}, {"text": "results", "start": 209, "end": 216, "annotation": null}, {"text": "were", "start": 217, "end": 221, "annotation": null}, {"text": "explained", "start": 222, "end": 231, "annotation": null}, {"text": "by", "start": 232, "end": 234, "annotation": null}, {"text": "assuming", "start": 235, "end": 243, "annotation": null}, {"text": "that", "start": 244, "end": 248, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 249, "end": 250, "annotation": null}, {"text": "p-n", "start": 251, "end": 254, "annotation": null}, {"text": "junction", "start": 255, "end": 263, "annotation": null}, {"text": "is", "start": 264, "end": 266, "annotation": null}, {"text": "formed", "start": 267, "end": 273, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 274, "end": 276, "annotation": null}, {"text": "CdSe", "start": 277, "end": 281, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electrodes", "start": 282, "end": 292, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 293, "end": 297, "annotation": null}, {"text": "polypyrrole", "start": 298, "end": 309, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "working", "start": 310, "end": 317, "annotation": null}, {"text": "as", "start": 318, "end": 320, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 321, "end": 322, "annotation": null}, {"text": "p", "start": 323, "end": 324, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 324, "end": 325, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "type", "start": 325, "end": 329, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "semiconductor", "start": 330, "end": 343, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 343, "end": 344, "annotation": null}]], "meta": {"doi": "10.1007/BF01093748"}}
+{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "\u00a9 2018 IOP Publishing Ltd. Bi 1-x Pb x FeO 3 (0 \u2264 x \u2264 0.3) has been characterized in detail with an aim to identify role of defect such as dopant, various vacancies, grain boundaries etc, and their effect on structural, optical and multiferroic properties. Structural analysis revealed that Pb substitution transforms the rhombohedral phase of BiFeO 3 to the pseudocubic phase for x \u2265 0.15, consistently all vibrational Raman modes associated with the rhombohedral phase are found disappeared. Optical response revealed weakening of the d-d transitions with Pb addition indicating change in the Fe atoms environment consistent with the transition from non-centrosymmetric to the centrosymmetric structure. Transport and dielectric responses are explained in terms of hopping due to the presence of defects like oxygen vacancies and grain boundary conduction. In the high temperature regime, grain boundary conduction led to decrease in resistivity with the presence of a hump that is associated with hopping conduction. Extrinsic contributions in the transport properties correlate well with dielectric response. Magnetic and ferroelectric responses are also presented where role of oxygen vacancies defects has been clearly identified.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Structural", "start": 257, "end": 267, "annotation": null}, {"text": "analysis", "start": 268, "end": 276, "annotation": null}, {"text": "revealed", "start": 277, "end": 285, "annotation": null}, {"text": "that", "start": 286, "end": 290, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Pb", "start": 291, "end": 293, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "substitution", "start": 294, "end": 306, "annotation": null}, {"text": "transforms", "start": 307, "end": 317, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 318, "end": 321, "annotation": null}, {"text": "rhombohedral", "start": 322, "end": 334, "annotation": null}, {"text": "phase", "start": 335, "end": 340, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 341, "end": 343, "annotation": null}, {"text": "BiFeO", "start": 344, "end": 349, "annotation": null}, {"text": "3", 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 {"text": "Rare earth rhodates of the distorted perovskite structure are semiconductors with a band gap of 2.2 eV. They may be doped either n- or p-type. The oxides are stable against photodecomposition at the potential for hydrogen evolution. With ceramic p-type LuRhO3 as the cathode and n-type TiO2 as the anode of an electrolytic cell sufficient photopotential is developed both to photoelectrolyze water in sunlight with no externally applied potential and to generate power simultaneously. LuRhO3 possesses deep lying impurity levels and surface capacitance does not exhibit ideal Mott-Schottky behavior. The Fermi level at the surface of LuRhO3 is pinned at the same potential independent of whether the oxide is p- or n-type.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/0039-6028(80)90613-5"}, "_input_hash": 221209901, "_task_hash": 1633870799, "tokens": [[{"text": "Rare", "start": 0, "end": 4, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "earth", "start": 5, "end": 10, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "rhodates", "start": 11, "end": 19, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 20, "end": 22, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 23, "end": 26, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "distorted", "start": 27, "end": 36, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "perovskite", "start": 37, "end": 47, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "structure", "start": 48, "end": 57, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "are", "start": 58, "end": 61, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "semiconductors", "start": 62, "end": 76, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 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-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "This work explores the influence of annealing temperature on microstructure and optical characteristics of Eu3+ doped GdVO4 (0.5, 1, 2 and 3at.% Eu3+) nanopowders produced via co-precipitation synthesis. Samples were annealed at different temperatures (300\u00b0C, 600\u00b0C, 800\u00b0C and 1000\u00b0C) for 2h and XRD analyses confirmed their tetragonal zircon structure. As-synthesized powders were composed of nanorods (diameter\u223c5nm, length\u223c20nm) organized in bundles, which by annealing grew to faceted crystals of round and rectangular shape (50\u2013150nm in size). Energy band gap shifts to higher energy (3.56eV\u21923.72eV) with decreasing crystallite size (43nm\u219213nm). Photoluminescence emission spectra were recorded using two different excitation wavelengths: \u03bb ex =330nm and \u03bb ex =466nm, aiming to excite directly the host matrix and Eu3+ ions, respectively. The intensity of most pronounced red transitions is one order of magnitude higher for \u03bb ex =330nm due to a strong energy absorption of VO 4 3 - groups, followed by efficient energy transfer to Eu3+ ions. We investigated the influence of annealing temperature and concentration of Eu3+ ions on the optical properties, namely photoluminescence emission and excitation, and decay time. The maximum intensity of 5D0 \u2192 7F2 red emission is observed for sample treated at 1000\u00b0C, containing 2at.% of Eu3+ ions. With the increase of Eu3+ concentration (0.5\u20133at.%) the decay time of 5D0 \u2192 7F2 transition decreases from \u223c1ms to 0.5ms.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "This", "start": 0, "end": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "work", "start": 5, "end": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "explores", "start": 10, "end": 18, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 19, "end": 22, "annotation": null}, {"text": "influence", "start": 23, "end": 32, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 33, "end": 35, "annotation": null}, {"text": "annealing", "start": 36, "end": 45, "annotation": null}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 46, "end": 57, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 58, "end": 60, "annotation": null}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 61, "end": 75, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 76, "end": 79, "annotation": null}, {"text": "optical", "start": 80, "end": 87, "annotation": null}, {"text": "characteristics", "start": 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-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "\u00a9 the Partner Organisations 2014. Here we present a novel approach to prepare N-doped graphene under ambient conditions by denitrifying bacteria CFMI-1. The N element can be effectively introduced into graphene and 8.2% (atom %) N doping level can be achieved. N-doped graphene possesses a size around 300-600 nm and an average thickness of 1-2 nm. This journal is", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Here", "start": 34, "end": 38, "annotation": null}, {"text": "we", "start": 39, "end": 41, "annotation": null}, {"text": "present", "start": 42, "end": 49, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 50, "end": 51, "annotation": null}, {"text": "novel", "start": 52, "end": 57, "annotation": null}, {"text": "approach", "start": 58, "end": 66, "annotation": null}, {"text": "to", "start": 67, "end": 69, "annotation": null}, {"text": "prepare", "start": 70, "end": 77, "annotation": null}, {"text": "N", "start": 78, "end": 79, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 79, "end": 80, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 80, "end": 85, "annotation": null}, {"text": "graphene", "start": 86, "end": 94, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "under", "start": 95, "end": 100, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ambient", "start": 101, "end": 108, "annotation": null}, {"text": "conditions", "start": 109, "end": 119, "annotation": null}, {"text": "by", "start": 120, "end": 122, "annotation": null}, {"text": "denitrifying", "start": 123, "end": 135, "annotation": null}, {"text": "bacteria", "start": 136, "end": 144, "annotation": null}, {"text": "CFMI-1", "start": 145, "end": 151, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 151, "end": 152, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "The", "start": 153, "end": 156, "annotation": null}, {"text": "N", "start": 157, "end": 158, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "element", "start": 159, "end": 166, "annotation": null}, {"text": "can", "start": 167, "end": 170, "annotation": null}, {"text": "be", "start": 171, "end": 173, "annotation": null}, {"text": "effectively", "start": 174, "end": 185, "annotation": null}, {"text": "introduced", "start": 186, "end": 196, "annotation": null}, {"text": "into", "start": 197, "end": 201, "annotation": null}, {"text": "graphene", "start": 202, "end": 210, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "and", "start": 211, "end": 214, "annotation": null}, {"text": "8.2", "start": 215, "end": 218, "annotation": "DOPMODQ"}, {"text": "%", "start": 218, "end": 219, "annotation": "DOPMODQ"}, {"text": "(", "start": 220, "end": 221, "annotation": null}, {"text": "atom", "start": 221, "end": 225, "annotation": null}, {"text": "%", "start": 226, "end": 227, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 227, "end": 228, "annotation": null}, {"text": "N", "start": 229, "end": 230, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "doping", "start": 231, "end": 237, "annotation": null}, {"text": "level", "start": 238, "end": 243, "annotation": null}, {"text": "can", "start": 244, "end": 247, "annotation": null}, {"text": "be", "start": 248, "end": 250, "annotation": null}, {"text": "achieved", "start": 251, "end": 259, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 259, "end": 260, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "N", "start": 261, "end": 262, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 262, "end": 263, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 263, "end": 268, "annotation": null}, {"text": "graphene", "start": 269, "end": 277, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "possesses", "start": 278, "end": 287, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 288, "end": 289, "annotation": null}, {"text": "size", "start": 290, "end": 294, "annotation": null}, {"text": "around", "start": 295, "end": 301, "annotation": null}, {"text": "300-600", "start": 302, "end": 309, "annotation": null}, {"text": "nm", "start": 310, "end": 312, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 313, "end": 316, "annotation": null}, {"text": "an", "start": 317, "end": 319, "annotation": null}, {"text": "average", "start": 320, "end": 327, "annotation": null}, {"text": "thickness", "start": 328, "end": 337, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 338, "end": 340, "annotation": null}, {"text": "1-2", "start": 341, "end": 344, "annotation": null}, {"text": "nm", "start": 345, "end": 347, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 347, "end": 348, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "This", "start": 349, "end": 353, "annotation": null}, {"text": "journal", "start": 354, "end": 361, "annotation": null}, {"text": "is", "start": 362, "end": 364, "annotation": null}]]}
-{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "\u00a9 2016 American Chemical Society. We demonstrate the generic value of a rigorous analysis of spike shapes observed in nanoimpact experiments. To this end, we investigate the electrochemical doping of insoluble nanoparticles impacting on a biased electrode surface and develop an analytical model of the doping process is developed that accounts for the diffusion of ions inside nanoparticles as well as a numerical model for the response characteristics of the analogue measurement circuitry. By this means, spike shapes that are experimentally observed in the electrode current are predicted and directly compared with experimental data, while appropriate fitting procedures allow detailed physical insights into the ionic mass transport within the particle. Using the oxidative doping of ferrocene nanoparticles with tetrafluoroborate anions as a paradigm case, we demonstrate that size distributions of particle populations showing excellent agreement with scanning electron microscopy measurements can be extracted from experimental data and ionic diffusion inside the particle can be quantified.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "We", "start": 34, "end": 36, "annotation": null}, {"text": "demonstrate", "start": 37, "end": 48, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 49, "end": 52, "annotation": null}, {"text": "generic", "start": 53, "end": 60, "annotation": null}, {"text": "value", "start": 61, "end": 66, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 67, "end": 69, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 70, "end": 71, "annotation": null}, {"text": "rigorous", "start": 72, "end": 80, "annotation": null}, {"text": "analysis", "start": 81, "end": 89, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 90, 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+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "Transition metal doped La0.08Sr0.92M0.20Ti0.80O3\u2212\u03b4 (M = Mn, Fe, and Co) perovskite oxides were synthesized by the Pechini method. The methane oxidation behavior and the polarization resistance of the solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) with the perovskite oxides as anode was subsequently measured as a function of operation temperature. Surface atomic concentrations of the perovskite oxides were evaluated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and their relationship to the catalytic activity were discussed with respect to the transition metal dopant. The complete oxidation of methane was predominant in the low-temperature region, while the partial oxidation of methane occurred at high temperatures. Fe- and Co-doped perovskites showed better catalytic activity for the methane oxidation reaction than Mn-doped powder. This phenomenon could be explained by the high atomic concentration with low oxidation states and the resulting high oxygen vacancy concentration in the Fe- and Co-doped perovskite powder samples.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Transition", "start": 0, "end": 10, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "metal", "start": 11, "end": 16, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "doped", "start": 17, "end": 22, "annotation": null}, {"text": "La0.08Sr0.92M0.20Ti0.80O3\u2212\u03b4", "start": 23, "end": 50, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 51, "end": 52, "annotation": null}, {"text": "M", "start": 52, "end": 53, "annotation": null}, {"text": "=", "start": 54, "end": 55, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Mn", "start": 56, "end": 58, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 58, "end": 59, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Fe", "start": 60, "end": 62, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 62, "end": 63, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 64, 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+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "This work explores the influence of annealing temperature on microstructure and optical characteristics of Eu3+ doped GdVO4 (0.5, 1, 2 and 3at.% Eu3+) nanopowders produced via co-precipitation synthesis. Samples were annealed at different temperatures (300\u00b0C, 600\u00b0C, 800\u00b0C and 1000\u00b0C) for 2h and XRD analyses confirmed their tetragonal zircon structure. As-synthesized powders were composed of nanorods (diameter\u223c5nm, length\u223c20nm) organized in bundles, which by annealing grew to faceted crystals of round and rectangular shape (50\u2013150nm in size). Energy band gap shifts to higher energy (3.56eV\u21923.72eV) with decreasing crystallite size (43nm\u219213nm). Photoluminescence emission spectra were recorded using two different excitation wavelengths: \u03bb ex =330nm and \u03bb ex =466nm, aiming to excite directly the host matrix and Eu3+ ions, respectively. The intensity of most pronounced red transitions is one order of magnitude higher for \u03bb ex =330nm due to a strong energy absorption of VO 4 3 - groups, followed by efficient energy transfer to Eu3+ ions. We investigated the influence of annealing temperature and concentration of Eu3+ ions on the optical properties, namely photoluminescence emission and excitation, and decay time. The maximum intensity of 5D0 \u2192 7F2 red emission is observed for sample treated at 1000\u00b0C, containing 2at.% of Eu3+ ions. With the increase of Eu3+ concentration (0.5\u20133at.%) the decay time of 5D0 \u2192 7F2 transition decreases from \u223c1ms to 0.5ms.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "This", "start": 0, "end": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "work", "start": 5, "end": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "explores", "start": 10, "end": 18, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 19, "end": 22, "annotation": null}, {"text": "influence", "start": 23, "end": 32, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 33, "end": 35, "annotation": null}, {"text": "annealing", "start": 36, "end": 45, "annotation": null}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 46, "end": 57, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 58, "end": 60, "annotation": null}, {"text": "microstructure", "start": 61, "end": 75, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 76, "end": 79, "annotation": null}, {"text": "optical", "start": 80, "end": 87, "annotation": null}, {"text": "characteristics", "start": 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+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "\u00a9 the Partner Organisations 2014. Here we present a novel approach to prepare N-doped graphene under ambient conditions by denitrifying bacteria CFMI-1. The N element can be effectively introduced into graphene and 8.2% (atom %) N doping level can be achieved. N-doped graphene possesses a size around 300-600 nm and an average thickness of 1-2 nm. This journal is", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Here", "start": 34, "end": 38, "annotation": null}, {"text": "we", "start": 39, "end": 41, "annotation": null}, {"text": "present", "start": 42, "end": 49, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 50, "end": 51, "annotation": null}, {"text": "novel", "start": 52, "end": 57, "annotation": null}, {"text": "approach", "start": 58, "end": 66, "annotation": null}, {"text": "to", "start": 67, "end": 69, "annotation": null}, {"text": "prepare", "start": 70, "end": 77, "annotation": null}, {"text": "N", "start": 78, "end": 79, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 79, "end": 80, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 80, "end": 85, "annotation": null}, {"text": "graphene", "start": 86, "end": 94, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "under", "start": 95, "end": 100, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ambient", "start": 101, "end": 108, "annotation": null}, {"text": "conditions", "start": 109, "end": 119, "annotation": null}, {"text": "by", "start": 120, "end": 122, "annotation": null}, {"text": "denitrifying", "start": 123, "end": 135, "annotation": null}, {"text": "bacteria", "start": 136, "end": 144, "annotation": null}, {"text": "CFMI-1", "start": 145, "end": 151, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 151, "end": 152, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "The", "start": 153, "end": 156, "annotation": null}, {"text": "N", "start": 157, "end": 158, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "element", "start": 159, "end": 166, "annotation": null}, {"text": "can", "start": 167, "end": 170, "annotation": null}, {"text": "be", "start": 171, "end": 173, "annotation": null}, {"text": "effectively", "start": 174, "end": 185, "annotation": null}, {"text": "introduced", "start": 186, "end": 196, "annotation": null}, {"text": "into", "start": 197, "end": 201, "annotation": null}, {"text": "graphene", "start": 202, "end": 210, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "and", "start": 211, "end": 214, "annotation": null}, {"text": "8.2", "start": 215, "end": 218, "annotation": "DOPMODQ"}, {"text": "%", "start": 218, "end": 219, "annotation": "DOPMODQ"}, {"text": "(", "start": 220, "end": 221, "annotation": null}, {"text": "atom", "start": 221, "end": 225, "annotation": null}, {"text": "%", "start": 226, "end": 227, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 227, "end": 228, "annotation": null}, {"text": "N", "start": 229, "end": 230, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "doping", "start": 231, "end": 237, "annotation": null}, {"text": "level", "start": 238, "end": 243, "annotation": null}, {"text": "can", "start": 244, "end": 247, "annotation": null}, {"text": "be", "start": 248, "end": 250, "annotation": null}, {"text": "achieved", "start": 251, "end": 259, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 259, "end": 260, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "N", "start": 261, "end": 262, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 262, "end": 263, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 263, "end": 268, "annotation": null}, {"text": "graphene", "start": 269, "end": 277, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "possesses", "start": 278, "end": 287, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 288, "end": 289, "annotation": null}, {"text": "size", "start": 290, "end": 294, "annotation": null}, {"text": "around", "start": 295, "end": 301, "annotation": null}, {"text": "300-600", "start": 302, "end": 309, "annotation": null}, {"text": "nm", "start": 310, "end": 312, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 313, "end": 316, "annotation": null}, {"text": "an", "start": 317, "end": 319, "annotation": null}, {"text": "average", "start": 320, "end": 327, "annotation": null}, {"text": "thickness", "start": 328, "end": 337, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 338, "end": 340, "annotation": null}, {"text": "1-2", "start": 341, "end": 344, "annotation": null}, {"text": "nm", "start": 345, "end": 347, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 347, "end": 348, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "This", "start": 349, "end": 353, "annotation": null}, {"text": "journal", "start": 354, "end": 361, "annotation": null}, {"text": "is", "start": 362, "end": 364, "annotation": null}]], "meta": {"doi": "10.1039/c4ra06552b"}}
+{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "\u00a9 2016 American Chemical Society. We demonstrate the generic value of a rigorous analysis of spike shapes observed in nanoimpact experiments. To this end, we investigate the electrochemical doping of insoluble nanoparticles impacting on a biased electrode surface and develop an analytical model of the doping process is developed that accounts for the diffusion of ions inside nanoparticles as well as a numerical model for the response characteristics of the analogue measurement circuitry. By this means, spike shapes that are experimentally observed in the electrode current are predicted and directly compared with experimental data, while appropriate fitting procedures allow detailed physical insights into the ionic mass transport within the particle. Using the oxidative doping of ferrocene nanoparticles with tetrafluoroborate anions as a paradigm case, we demonstrate that size distributions of particle populations showing excellent agreement with scanning electron microscopy measurements can be extracted from experimental data and ionic diffusion inside the particle can be quantified.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "We", "start": 34, "end": 36, "annotation": null}, {"text": "demonstrate", "start": 37, "end": 48, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 49, "end": 52, "annotation": null}, {"text": "generic", "start": 53, "end": 60, "annotation": null}, {"text": "value", "start": 61, "end": 66, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 67, "end": 69, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 70, "end": 71, "annotation": null}, {"text": "rigorous", "start": 72, "end": 80, "annotation": null}, {"text": "analysis", "start": 81, "end": 89, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 90, 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 {"text": "The substitution of manganese and chromium for 6at.% nickel in Ti1.6V0.4Ni leads the rapid quenching synthesis of quinary icosahedral phase (i-phase) evidenced by the observations of 2-, 3- and 5-fold symmetries. As negative electrode in Ni-MH battery, the quinary Ti\u2013V\u2013Ni\u2013Mn\u2013Cr i-phase can deliver a maximum discharge capacity of 278mAhg\u22121 at 30mAg\u22121, larger than that of Ti1.6V0.4Ni master alloy anode owing to Mn and/or Cr doping. After a preliminary test of 30 consecutive cycles the cycling capacity retention rate (CR%) is 80%. The strong chemisorption of hydrogen shown in cyclic voltammetric (CV) response indicates that the electrocatalytic activity improvement for the i-phase negative electrode is highly demanded.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.matlet.2011.06.059"}, "_input_hash": -628619035, "_task_hash": -2143232196, "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "substitution", "start": 4, "end": 16, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 17, "end": 19, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "manganese", "start": 20, "end": 29, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 30, "end": 33, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "chromium", "start": 34, "end": 42, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "for", "start": 43, "end": 46, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "6at.%", "start": 47, "end": 52, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "nickel", "start": 53, "end": 59, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 60, "end": 62, 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 {"text": "The deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) has been used to investigate the Si-related DX center in heavily doped ion-implanted GaAs. Experimental results reveal the existence of two intrisic levels related to DX center. The activation energies of these two levels are 270 and 315 meV. The implications of these results are discussed.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/0038-1098(95)00322-3"}, "_input_hash": 215423631, "_task_hash": -162148707, "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "deep", "start": 4, "end": 8, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "level", "start": 9, "end": 14, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "transient", "start": 15, "end": 24, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "spectroscopy", "start": 25, "end": 37, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 38, "end": 39, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "DLTS", "start": 40, "end": 44, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 45, "end": 46, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "has", "start": 47, "end": 50, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "been", "start": 51, "end": 55, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "used", "start": 56, "end": 60, "id": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "to", "start": 61, "end": 63, "id": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "investigate", "start": 64, "end": 75, "id": 12, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 76, "end": 79, "id": 13, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Si", "start": 80, "end": 82, "id": 14, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 83, "end": 84, "id": 15, "annotation": null}, {"text": "related", "start": 85, "end": 92, "id": 16, "annotation": null}, {"text": "DX", "start": 93, "end": 95, "id": 17, "annotation": null}, {"text": "center", "start": 96, "end": 102, "id": 18, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 103, "end": 105, "id": 19, "annotation": null}, {"text": "heavily", "start": 106, "end": 113, "id": 20, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 114, "end": 119, "id": 21, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ion", "start": 120, "end": 123, "id": 22, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 124, "end": 125, "id": 23, "annotation": null}, {"text": "implanted", "start": 126, "end": 135, "id": 24, "annotation": null}, {"text": "GaAs", "start": 136, "end": 140, "id": 25, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": ".", "start": 141, "end": 142, "id": 26, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "Experimental", "start": 143, "end": 155, "id": 27, "annotation": null}, {"text": "results", "start": 156, "end": 163, "id": 28, "annotation": null}, {"text": "reveal", "start": 164, "end": 170, "id": 29, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 171, "end": 174, "id": 30, "annotation": null}, {"text": "existence", "start": 175, "end": 184, "id": 31, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 185, "end": 187, "id": 32, "annotation": null}, {"text": "two", "start": 188, "end": 191, "id": 33, "annotation": null}, {"text": "intrisic", "start": 192, "end": 200, "id": 34, "annotation": null}, {"text": "levels", "start": 201, "end": 207, "id": 35, "annotation": null}, {"text": "related", "start": 208, "end": 215, "id": 36, "annotation": null}, {"text": "to", "start": 216, "end": 218, "id": 37, "annotation": null}, {"text": "DX", "start": 219, "end": 221, "id": 38, "annotation": null}, {"text": "center", "start": 222, "end": 228, "id": 39, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 229, "end": 230, "id": 40, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "The", "start": 231, "end": 234, "id": 41, "annotation": null}, {"text": "activation", "start": 235, "end": 245, "id": 42, "annotation": null}, {"text": "energies", "start": 246, "end": 254, "id": 43, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 255, "end": 257, "id": 44, "annotation": null}, {"text": "these", "start": 258, "end": 263, "id": 45, "annotation": null}, {"text": "two", "start": 264, "end": 267, "id": 46, "annotation": null}, {"text": "levels", "start": 268, "end": 274, "id": 47, "annotation": null}, {"text": "are", "start": 275, "end": 278, "id": 48, "annotation": null}, {"text": "270", "start": 279, "end": 282, "id": 49, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 283, "end": 286, "id": 50, "annotation": null}, {"text": "315", "start": 287, "end": 290, "id": 51, "annotation": null}, {"text": "meV.", "start": 291, "end": 295, "id": 52, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "The", "start": 296, "end": 299, "id": 53, "annotation": null}, {"text": "implications", "start": 300, "end": 312, "id": 54, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 313, "end": 315, "id": 55, "annotation": null}, {"text": "these", "start": 316, "end": 321, "id": 56, "annotation": null}, {"text": "results", "start": 322, "end": 329, "id": 57, "annotation": null}, {"text": "are", "start": 330, "end": 333, "id": 58, "annotation": null}, {"text": "discussed", "start": 334, "end": 343, "id": 59, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 344, "end": 345, "id": 60, "annotation": null}]], "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"]}
-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "\u00a9 2018 The Royal Society of Chemistry. Waste from the sugar cane industry and alcohol distilleries is one of the sources of water pollution, and the degradation of this effluent is a very challenging task. Photocatalytic degradation can be an attractive alternative to conventional degradation processes. A vanadium-doped TiO2 (V-TiO2) photocatalyst for the degradation of spent wash and industrial dyes has been studied and reported here. V-doped TiO2 nanoparticles were prepared using a sol-gel method based on aqueous titanium peroxide with titanium isopropoxide as the Ti precursor and V2O5 as the V precursor. In order to observe the effect of the dopant on sol-gel behaviour, physicochemical and structural properties, the concentration of V was varied between 1.0% and 5% by weight. The crystallization temperature and time were optimized to obtain the required phase of V-TiO2. The physicochemical and structural characteristics of the V-doped TiO2 catalyst were determined using Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), X-ray diffraction, FESEM, TEM, TG, FT-IR, Raman, PL and UV-visible spectroscopic techniques. UV-visible analysis showed a red shift in the absorption edge of TiO2 upon doping with V metal, which suggested an increase in the absorption of visible light due to a decrease in the effective band gap. The application potential of the V-TiO2 catalyst was studied via the degradation of sugar industry waste (spent wash) and Jakofix red dye (HE 8BN) under natural sunlight, as well as a standard artificial solar energy source (Xe lamp). The highest activity was observed for a 1% V-TiO2 photocatalyst for the degradation of spent wash and Jakofix red dye under natural sunlight. The degradation of coloured compounds in spent wash was monitored by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), which showed the degradation of high-molecular-weight compounds into low-molecular-weight fractions. The catalyst decomposed 90% of Jakofix red dye (HE 8BN) in 3.5 h and 65% of spent wash in 5 h under irradiation with natural sunlight, whereas Degussa P-25 TiO2 was only able to decompose 35% of the dye and 20% of spent wash under identical reaction conditions. 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+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "\u00a9 2018 The Royal Society of Chemistry. Waste from the sugar cane industry and alcohol distilleries is one of the sources of water pollution, and the degradation of this effluent is a very challenging task. Photocatalytic degradation can be an attractive alternative to conventional degradation processes. A vanadium-doped TiO2 (V-TiO2) photocatalyst for the degradation of spent wash and industrial dyes has been studied and reported here. V-doped TiO2 nanoparticles were prepared using a sol-gel method based on aqueous titanium peroxide with titanium isopropoxide as the Ti precursor and V2O5 as the V precursor. In order to observe the effect of the dopant on sol-gel behaviour, physicochemical and structural properties, the concentration of V was varied between 1.0% and 5% by weight. The crystallization temperature and time were optimized to obtain the required phase of V-TiO2. The physicochemical and structural characteristics of the V-doped TiO2 catalyst were determined using Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), X-ray diffraction, FESEM, TEM, TG, FT-IR, Raman, PL and UV-visible spectroscopic techniques. UV-visible analysis showed a red shift in the absorption edge of TiO2 upon doping with V metal, which suggested an increase in the absorption of visible light due to a decrease in the effective band gap. The application potential of the V-TiO2 catalyst was studied via the degradation of sugar industry waste (spent wash) and Jakofix red dye (HE 8BN) under natural sunlight, as well as a standard artificial solar energy source (Xe lamp). The highest activity was observed for a 1% V-TiO2 photocatalyst for the degradation of spent wash and Jakofix red dye under natural sunlight. The degradation of coloured compounds in spent wash was monitored by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), which showed the degradation of high-molecular-weight compounds into low-molecular-weight fractions. The catalyst decomposed 90% of Jakofix red dye (HE 8BN) in 3.5 h and 65% of spent wash in 5 h under irradiation with natural sunlight, whereas Degussa P-25 TiO2 was only able to decompose 35% of the dye and 20% of spent wash under identical reaction conditions. A cycling stability test showed the high stability and reusability of the photocatalyst for degradation reactions, with a recovery of around 94-96%.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Waste", "start": 39, "end": 44, "annotation": null}, {"text": "from", "start": 45, "end": 49, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 50, "end": 53, "annotation": null}, {"text": "sugar", "start": 54, "end": 59, "annotation": null}, {"text": "cane", "start": 60, "end": 64, "annotation": null}, {"text": "industry", "start": 65, "end": 73, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 74, "end": 77, "annotation": null}, {"text": "alcohol", "start": 78, "end": 85, "annotation": null}, {"text": "distilleries", "start": 86, "end": 98, "annotation": null}, {"text": "is", "start": 99, "end": 101, "annotation": null}, {"text": "one", "start": 102, "end": 105, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 106, "end": 108, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 109, 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 {"text": "Samples of UO2 doped with small amounts of Nb2O5 or La2O3, and having various grain sizes, have been irradiated at 1500\u00b0C to 0.1% FIMA. At this low burn-up, gas release and swelling measurements show no dependence on dopant, but the Booth model prediction of swelling proportional to reciprocal grain size has been verified. Gas release does not fit the simple Booth model at the low releases measured, and shows a dependence on sample density, and hence surface area only. A model has been derived to explain these results. The rare gas diffusion coefficient in UO2 at 1500\u00b0C has been measured to be 1.6 \u00d7 10\u221219 m2/s.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/0022-3115(75)90164-6"}, "_input_hash": -1492423575, "_task_hash": -1814672692, "tokens": [[{"text": "Samples", "start": 0, "end": 7, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 8, "end": 10, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "UO2", "start": 11, "end": 14, "id": 2, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "doped", "start": 15, "end": 20, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 21, "end": 25, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "small", "start": 26, "end": 31, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "amounts", "start": 32, "end": 39, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 40, "end": 42, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Nb2O5", "start": 43, "end": 48, "id": 8, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "or", "start": 49, "end": 51, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "La2O3", "start": 52, "end": 57, "id": 10, 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-{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "Tm3+:LaF3 nanocrystals were synthesized with hydrothermal technique. Local-field effect on the radiative relaxation rate was studied in the system of Tm3+:LaF3 nanocrystals immersed in several liquid media. The fluorescence lifetime was measured. It was found that the fluorescence decay presented the characteristics of second-order exponential decay, for which the contribution from the ions inside the nanocrystal and ions at the interface of the nanocrystal were distinguished. Investigating the experimental results with proposed models, we found that the surface effect had to be eliminated. 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-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "Dysprosium doped di-strontium magnesium di-silicate namely Sr2MgSi2O7:Dy3+ phosphor was prepared by the solid state reaction method. The phase structure, surface morphology, particle size, elemental analysis was analyzed by using XRD, TEM, EDX and FTIR techniques. The EDX and FTIR spectra confirm the present elements in Sr2MgSi2O7:Dy3+ phosphor. The optical properties of Sr2MgSi2O7:Dy3+ phosphor was investigated utilizing thermoluminescence (TL), photoluminescence (PL), long lasting phosphorescence and mechanoluminescence (ML). Under the ultraviolet excitation, the emission spectra of Sr2MgSi2O7:Dy3+ phosphor are composed of a broad band and the characteristic emission of Dy3+ peaking at 470nm (blue), 575nm (yellow) and 678nm (red), originating from the transitions of 4F9/2 \u2192 6H15/2, 4F9/2 \u2192 6H13/2 and 4F9/2 \u2192 6H11/2. CIE color coordinates of Sr2MgSi2O7:Dy3+ are suitable as white light emitting phosphor. Decay graph indicate that this phosphor also contains fast decay and slow decay process. The peak of ML intensity increases linearly with increasing impact velocity of the moving piston. The possible mechanism of this white light emitting long lasting phosphor is also investigated.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Dysprosium", "start": 0, "end": 10, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "doped", "start": 11, "end": 16, "annotation": null}, {"text": "di-strontium", "start": 17, "end": 29, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "magnesium", "start": 30, "end": 39, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "di-silicate", "start": 40, "end": 51, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "namely", "start": 52, "end": 58, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Sr2MgSi2O7", "start": 59, "end": 69, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": ":", "start": 69, "end": 70, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Dy3+", "start": 70, "end": 74, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "phosphor", "start": 75, "end": 83, "annotation": null}, {"text": "was", "start": 84, "end": 87, "annotation": null}, {"text": "prepared", "start": 88, "end": 96, "annotation": null}, {"text": "by", "start": 97, "end": 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-{"text": "Recently p-type Cu\u2013Ti\u2013O nanotubes have been explored in water-splitting photoelectrochemical pn-junction diodes to significantly improve the photoconversion efficiency. We reported on the growth and characterization of Cu\u2013Ti\u2013O nanotube arrays by anodizing directly Cu\u2013Ti (30:70wt%) alloy substrate. As-anodized hierarchical Cu\u2013Ti\u2013O nanotube arrays consist of two distinct Ti-rich and Cu-rich nanotube regions. It was found that mechanical stresses induced by copper doping resulted in the difference in the microstructure evolution of Cu-rich and Ti-rich regions. The oxygen vacancies induced by the high concentration Cu dopant into the Cu\u2013Ti\u2013O nanotube play a crucial role in determining the phase stabilization of anatase phase. The absorption edge of TiO2 nanotube arrays was extended into the visible region by Cu doping. In degrading Methyl orange (MO), 21.2% MO was removed using Cu\u2013Ti\u2013O nanotube arrays after 240min UV illumination. This result indicates the photocatalytic activity of Cu\u2013Ti\u2013O nanotube arrays to MO is reasonably high.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.jallcom.2010.04.099"}, "_input_hash": -688211843, "_task_hash": 15686230, "tokens": [[{"text": "Recently", "start": 0, "end": 8, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "p", "start": 9, "end": 10, "id": 1, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 11, "end": 12, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "type", "start": 13, "end": 17, "id": 3, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "Cu", "start": 18, "end": 20, "id": 4, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "\u2013", "start": 21, "end": 22, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Ti", "start": 23, "end": 25, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "\u2013", "start": 26, "end": 27, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "O", "start": 28, "end": 29, "id": 8, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "nanotubes", "start": 30, "end": 39, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "have", "start": 40, "end": 44, "id": 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+{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "Tm3+:LaF3 nanocrystals were synthesized with hydrothermal technique. Local-field effect on the radiative relaxation rate was studied in the system of Tm3+:LaF3 nanocrystals immersed in several liquid media. The fluorescence lifetime was measured. It was found that the fluorescence decay presented the characteristics of second-order exponential decay, for which the contribution from the ions inside the nanocrystal and ions at the interface of the nanocrystal were distinguished. Investigating the experimental results with proposed models, we found that the surface effect had to be eliminated. For rare earth doped LaF3 nanocrystals, real-cavity model well explains the influence of surrounding medium on the fluorescence relaxation rate. \u00a9 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Tm3+", "start": 0, "end": 4, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": ":", "start": 4, "end": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "LaF3", "start": 5, "end": 9, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "nanocrystals", "start": 10, "end": 22, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "were", "start": 23, "end": 27, "annotation": null}, {"text": "synthesized", "start": 28, "end": 39, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 40, "end": 44, "annotation": null}, {"text": "hydrothermal", "start": 45, "end": 57, "annotation": null}, {"text": "technique", "start": 58, "end": 67, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 67, "end": 68, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "Local", "start": 69, "end": 74, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 74, "end": 75, 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+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "Dysprosium doped di-strontium magnesium di-silicate namely Sr2MgSi2O7:Dy3+ phosphor was prepared by the solid state reaction method. The phase structure, surface morphology, particle size, elemental analysis was analyzed by using XRD, TEM, EDX and FTIR techniques. The EDX and FTIR spectra confirm the present elements in Sr2MgSi2O7:Dy3+ phosphor. The optical properties of Sr2MgSi2O7:Dy3+ phosphor was investigated utilizing thermoluminescence (TL), photoluminescence (PL), long lasting phosphorescence and mechanoluminescence (ML). Under the ultraviolet excitation, the emission spectra of Sr2MgSi2O7:Dy3+ phosphor are composed of a broad band and the characteristic emission of Dy3+ peaking at 470nm (blue), 575nm (yellow) and 678nm (red), originating from the transitions of 4F9/2 \u2192 6H15/2, 4F9/2 \u2192 6H13/2 and 4F9/2 \u2192 6H11/2. CIE color coordinates of Sr2MgSi2O7:Dy3+ are suitable as white light emitting phosphor. Decay graph indicate that this phosphor also contains fast decay and slow decay process. The peak of ML intensity increases linearly with increasing impact velocity of the moving piston. The possible mechanism of this white light emitting long lasting phosphor is also investigated.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Dysprosium", "start": 0, "end": 10, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "doped", "start": 11, "end": 16, "annotation": null}, {"text": "di-strontium", "start": 17, "end": 29, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "magnesium", "start": 30, "end": 39, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "di-silicate", "start": 40, "end": 51, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "namely", "start": 52, "end": 58, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Sr2MgSi2O7", "start": 59, "end": 69, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": ":", "start": 69, "end": 70, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Dy3+", "start": 70, "end": 74, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "phosphor", "start": 75, "end": 83, "annotation": null}, {"text": "was", "start": 84, "end": 87, "annotation": null}, {"text": "prepared", "start": 88, "end": 96, "annotation": null}, {"text": "by", "start": 97, "end": 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+{"text": "Recently p-type Cu\u2013Ti\u2013O nanotubes have been explored in water-splitting photoelectrochemical pn-junction diodes to significantly improve the photoconversion efficiency. We reported on the growth and characterization of Cu\u2013Ti\u2013O nanotube arrays by anodizing directly Cu\u2013Ti (30:70wt%) alloy substrate. As-anodized hierarchical Cu\u2013Ti\u2013O nanotube arrays consist of two distinct Ti-rich and Cu-rich nanotube regions. It was found that mechanical stresses induced by copper doping resulted in the difference in the microstructure evolution of Cu-rich and Ti-rich regions. The oxygen vacancies induced by the high concentration Cu dopant into the Cu\u2013Ti\u2013O nanotube play a crucial role in determining the phase stabilization of anatase phase. The absorption edge of TiO2 nanotube arrays was extended into the visible region by Cu doping. In degrading Methyl orange (MO), 21.2% MO was removed using Cu\u2013Ti\u2013O nanotube arrays after 240min UV illumination. 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 {"text": "This paper presents an n-i-p type solar cell structure consisting of polycrystalline silicon thin film as an absorber of incident radiation and a ZnO thin film for optical improvement. The characteristics of Si layers (thickness and doping level) are designed to assure a high value of collection efficiency for photogenerated carriers. The thin films of polycrystalline silicon are obtained by CVD at a temperature of around 620\u00b0C. ZnO thin film is prepared by thermal decomposition of Zn-acetylacetonate [Zn(C5H7O2)2] in a vertical reactor. It is used as AR coating and as contact electrode due to its properties of high transparency (90%) and high conductivity (3\u00d710\u22124 \u03a9cm). Polycrystalline silicon and ZnO films have been investigated in terms of surface morphology and grain size by AFM and XRD.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/S0927-0248(01)00169-6"}, "_input_hash": -1514004990, "_task_hash": -2043632791, "tokens": [[{"text": "This", "start": 0, "end": 4, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "paper", "start": 5, "end": 10, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "presents", "start": 11, "end": 19, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "an", "start": 20, "end": 22, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "n", "start": 23, "end": 24, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 25, "end": 26, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "i", "start": 27, "end": 28, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 29, "end": 30, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "p", "start": 31, "end": 32, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "type", "start": 33, "end": 37, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "solar", "start": 38, "end": 43, "id": 10, 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 {"text": "Exploration of sustainable electrocatalysts toward oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) with high catalytic activity remains a key challenge in the development of metal\u2013air batteries and fuel cells. In this work, a hybrid electrocatalyst composed of cobalt (Co/CoOx) nanoparticles encapsulated in Co/N-doped mesoporous graphene (Co/CoOx@Co/N-graphene) is reported for efficient ORR catalysis. The catalyst is rationally designed and synthesized via a facile combination of spontaneous one-pot polymerization of dopamine in the presence of graphene oxide (GO) and Co2+ ions and the subsequent carbonization process. The morphology, doping nature and ORR activity of the as-prepared catalyst are systematically investigated. It is found that there are abundant Co/N active sites and Co/CoOx nanoparticles in this hybrid catalyst, leading to a synergistic enhancement effect for improved ORR activity. In an alkaline environment, this Co/CoOx@Co/N-graphene catalyst displays Pt/C-comparable ORR activity in terms of half-wave potential and four-electron reduction selectivity, and higher limiting current density, better methanol tolerant ability and long-term durability. When being evaluated in a Zn\u2013air battery, it demonstrates superior performance to the commercial Pt/C catalyst.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1039/C7NR03897F"}, "_input_hash": 1714264524, "_task_hash": -1363557261, "tokens": [[{"text": "Exploration", "start": 0, "end": 11, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 12, "end": 14, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "sustainable", "start": 15, "end": 26, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electrocatalysts", "start": 27, "end": 43, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "toward", "start": 44, "end": 50, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "oxygen", "start": 51, "end": 57, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "reduction", "start": 58, "end": 67, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "reaction", "start": 68, "end": 76, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 77, "end": 78, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ORR", "start": 79, "end": 82, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 83, "end": 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 {"text": "Preparation of LuBa2Cu3O y (Lu-123) thin films by a pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique was studied. Thin films with c-axis orientation were successfully obtained on SrTiO3(100) substrates at a relatively low temperatures of 600\u2013660 \u00b0C. These films exhibited a T c(zero) of 82 K. We fabricated interface-modified ramp-edge Josephson junctions using the Lu-123 and La-doped Y-123 for counter and base electrodes, respectively. The Lu-123 electrode was deposited at 635 \u00b0C. The obtained junctions exhibited RCSJ-type current\u2013voltage characteristics. The Lu-123 electrode without a ground plane showed moderately low sheet inductance of 3 pH/\u25a1.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.physc.2003.12.106"}, "_input_hash": -1335086088, "_task_hash": -1868449368, "tokens": [[{"text": "Preparation", "start": 0, "end": 11, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 12, "end": 14, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "LuBa2Cu3O", "start": 15, "end": 24, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "y", "start": 25, "end": 26, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 27, "end": 28, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Lu-123", "start": 29, "end": 35, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 36, "end": 37, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "thin", "start": 38, "end": 42, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "films", "start": 43, "end": 48, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "by", "start": 49, "end": 51, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 52, "end": 53, "id": 10, "annotation": null}, 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 {"text": "The local structures of Ti doped NaAlH4 were investigated with extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) and X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) using Ti(OBu)4 and TiCl3 precursors. The local structures were linked to literature data on hydrogen desorption and absorption kinetics. In the Ti(OBu)4 doped NaAlH4, butoxide or decomposition products thereof (C, O atoms) was bonded to Ti after ball-milling, inhibiting the performance of the Ti catalyst. Upon heating, the C and O atoms were removed and Ti\u2013Al species were formed. The thermodynamical most stable specie, TiAl3, was not formed at T<300\u00b0C, contrarily to TiCl3 doped NaAlH4. Probably the initially present butoxide group gave rise to inhibition of its formation. Besides that, the butoxide or decompostion products thereof (C, O atoms) are also suspected to interfere with the hydrogen uptake of a desorbed NaAlH4.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.jallcom.2006.12.009"}, "_input_hash": 937398570, "_task_hash": -1315940022, "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "local", "start": 4, "end": 9, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "structures", "start": 10, "end": 20, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 21, "end": 23, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Ti", "start": 24, "end": 26, "id": 4, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "doped", "start": 27, "end": 32, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "NaAlH4", "start": 33, "end": 39, "id": 6, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "were", "start": 40, "end": 44, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "investigated", "start": 45, "end": 57, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 58, "end": 62, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, 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 {"text": "In this paper, we report results concerning tunable light emission and color temperature in cerium-doped low-silica-calcium-alumino-silicate (LSCAS) glass for smart white-light devices. Spectroscopic results, analyzed using the CIE 1931 x\u2013y chromatic diagram, show that this glass presents two broad emission bands centered at 475 and 540nm, whose intensities can be tuned by the excitation wavelength. Moreover, the same emission can be achieved from a color temperature range from 3200 to 10,000K, with a color-rendering index (CRI) of around 75% obtained by changing the optical path length of the sample. Our new phosphor LSCAS glass, which is a unique system that exhibits tunable yellow emission, combines all qualities for white-light devices.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.jallcom.2011.08.053"}, "_input_hash": 828589338, "_task_hash": -471027391, "tokens": [[{"text": "In", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "this", "start": 3, "end": 7, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "paper", "start": 8, "end": 13, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 14, "end": 15, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "we", "start": 16, "end": 18, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "report", "start": 19, "end": 25, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "results", "start": 26, "end": 33, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "concerning", "start": 34, "end": 44, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "tunable", "start": 45, "end": 52, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "light", "start": 53, "end": 58, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "emission", 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-{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "We analyze the effect of the laser annealing on the crystallization of Er3+ doped amorphous Al2O3 thin films deposited on the silica-on-silicon substrate. These thin films were prepared by the microwave electron cyclotron resonance plasma source and were annealed by pulse CO2 laser. The Gauss intensity distribution of laser beam was mended at 3\u00d7 f position in the collimation system. Strong crystallization occurred in Al2O3 thin films and liquid phase crystallization was proposed to appear with the increase of laser powers. Photoluminescence intensity enhancement by a factor of 47 around 1.53\u03bcm has been realized by laser annealing process and Raman spectra study has suggested that Er3+ emission centers excited by Si nanocrystal (Si-nc) were formed in the Al2O3\u2013SiO2 materials. The dual wavelength energy transfer mechanism between 800nm and 980nm is proposed in Er-doped Si-nc in Al2O3\u2013SiO2 thin films.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "We", "start": 0, "end": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "analyze", "start": 3, "end": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 11, "end": 14, "annotation": null}, {"text": "effect", "start": 15, "end": 21, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 22, "end": 24, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 25, "end": 28, "annotation": null}, {"text": "laser", "start": 29, "end": 34, "annotation": null}, {"text": "annealing", "start": 35, "end": 44, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 45, "end": 47, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 48, "end": 51, "annotation": null}, {"text": "crystallization", "start": 52, "end": 67, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 68, "end": 70, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Er3+", "start": 71, "end": 75, "annotation": 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+{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "We analyze the effect of the laser annealing on the crystallization of Er3+ doped amorphous Al2O3 thin films deposited on the silica-on-silicon substrate. These thin films were prepared by the microwave electron cyclotron resonance plasma source and were annealed by pulse CO2 laser. The Gauss intensity distribution of laser beam was mended at 3\u00d7 f position in the collimation system. Strong crystallization occurred in Al2O3 thin films and liquid phase crystallization was proposed to appear with the increase of laser powers. Photoluminescence intensity enhancement by a factor of 47 around 1.53\u03bcm has been realized by laser annealing process and Raman spectra study has suggested that Er3+ emission centers excited by Si nanocrystal (Si-nc) were formed in the Al2O3\u2013SiO2 materials. The dual wavelength energy transfer mechanism between 800nm and 980nm is proposed in Er-doped Si-nc in Al2O3\u2013SiO2 thin films.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "We", "start": 0, "end": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "analyze", "start": 3, "end": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 11, "end": 14, "annotation": null}, {"text": "effect", "start": 15, "end": 21, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 22, "end": 24, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 25, "end": 28, "annotation": null}, {"text": "laser", "start": 29, "end": 34, "annotation": null}, {"text": "annealing", "start": 35, "end": 44, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 45, "end": 47, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 48, "end": 51, "annotation": null}, {"text": "crystallization", "start": 52, "end": 67, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 68, "end": 70, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Er3+", "start": 71, "end": 75, "annotation": 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"annotation": null}, {"text": "Si", "start": 722, "end": 724, "annotation": null}, {"text": "nanocrystal", "start": 725, "end": 736, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 737, "end": 738, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Si-nc", "start": 738, "end": 743, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 743, "end": 744, "annotation": null}, {"text": "were", "start": 745, "end": 749, "annotation": null}, {"text": "formed", "start": 750, "end": 756, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 757, "end": 759, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 760, "end": 763, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Al2O3", "start": 764, "end": 769, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "\u2013", "start": 769, "end": 770, "annotation": null}, {"text": "SiO2", "start": 770, "end": 774, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "materials", "start": 775, "end": 784, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 784, "end": 785, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "The", "start": 786, "end": 789, "annotation": null}, 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 {"text": "Properties of two luminescence centers, which are observed in anthracene-doped fluorene crystal as concentration increases, have been investigated to clarify their origin. Excitation spectra and concentration dependence of absorption spectra were measured and two types of luminescence are attributed to anthracene molecule pair centers with weak and strong interaction. Dipole\u2013dipole interactions between two anthracence molecules of various configurations are estimated and possible configuration for two types of luminescence is proposed.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.jlumin.2009.04.040"}, "_input_hash": 113064353, "_task_hash": 1080642379, "tokens": [[{"text": "Properties", "start": 0, "end": 10, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 11, "end": 13, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "two", "start": 14, "end": 17, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "luminescence", "start": 18, "end": 30, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "centers", "start": 31, "end": 38, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 39, "end": 40, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "which", "start": 41, "end": 46, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "are", "start": 47, "end": 50, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "observed", "start": 51, "end": 59, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 60, "end": 62, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "anthracene", "start": 63, "end": 73, "id": 10, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 74, "end": 75, "id": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 76, "end": 81, "id": 12, "annotation": null}, {"text": "fluorene", "start": 82, "end": 90, "id": 13, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "crystal", "start": 91, "end": 98, "id": 14, "annotation": null}, {"text": "as", "start": 99, "end": 101, "id": 15, "annotation": null}, {"text": "concentration", "start": 102, "end": 115, "id": 16, "annotation": null}, {"text": "increases", "start": 116, "end": 125, "id": 17, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 126, "end": 127, "id": 18, "annotation": null}, {"text": "have", "start": 128, "end": 132, "id": 19, "annotation": null}, {"text": "been", "start": 133, "end": 137, "id": 20, "annotation": null}, {"text": "investigated", "start": 138, "end": 150, "id": 21, "annotation": null}, {"text": "to", "start": 151, "end": 153, "id": 22, "annotation": 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 {"text": "We herein report a novel, high performance ternary nanocomposite composed of Graphene doped with nano Copper Sulphide and Zinc Oxide nanotubes (GCZ) for photodegradation of organic pollutants. Investigations were made to estimate and compare the Methyl Orange dye (MO) degradation using GCZ, synthesized pristine Graphene (Gr) and Graphene\u2013ZnO hybrid nanocomposite (GZ) under UV light irradiations. The synthesis of nanocomposites involves the simple ultra-sonication and mixing methods. The nanocomposites were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, UV\u2013vis absorption spectroscopy and Brunauer\u2013Emmett\u2013Teller (BET) surface area method. The as synthesized GCZ shows better surface area, porosity and band gap energy than as synthesized Gr and GZ. The photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange dye follows as Gr <<< GCZ >> GZ due to the stronger adsorbability, large number of photo induced electrons and highest inhibition of charge carrier's recombination of GCZ. The kinetic investigation demonstrates that dye degradation exhibit the pseudo first order kinetic model with rate constant 0.1322, 0.049 and0.0109 min\u22121 corresponding to GCZ, GZ and Gr. The mechanism of dye degradation in presence of photocatalyst is also discussed. This study confirms that GCZ is a more promising material for high performance catalytic applications especially in the dye waste water purification.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.matchemphys.2015.10.041"}, "_input_hash": -505098032, "_task_hash": -1905818555, "tokens": [[{"text": "We", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "herein", "start": 3, "end": 9, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "report", "start": 10, "end": 16, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 17, "end": 18, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "novel", "start": 19, "end": 24, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 25, "end": 26, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "high", "start": 27, "end": 31, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "performance", "start": 32, "end": 43, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ternary", "start": 44, "end": 51, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "nanocomposite", "start": 52, "end": 65, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, 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-{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "We report on a graphite electrode onto which polypyrrole was electrodeposited and then doped with chromate ion. This electrode can serve as a Cr(VI)-selective solid-state electrode. Electropolymerization of pyrrole was performed potentiostatically at 0.80V (vs. SCE) using battery graphite as the working electrode in a solution containing 0.10M of pyrrole and 20mM of chromate. A platinum wire was used as an auxiliary electrode. The new electrode displays high selectivity, a very wide dynamic range, a sufficiently fast response time and a good shelf lifetime. It shows a linear Nernstian response over 1.0\u00d710\u22126 to 1.0\u00d710\u22121M concentration range (with a slope of 26.55\u00b10.20mV per log of concentration). The detection limit is 0.5\u03bcM, and the pH optimum is 7.0. FigureA highly selective solid state Cr(VI) ion-selective electrode based on polypyrrole conducting polymer was prepared. The introduced Cr(VI) micro sensor electrode exhibited linear response over a wide working concentration range with a high regression coefficient and a near Nernstian slope. 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-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "\u00a9 2016 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. We report on chiral-nematic mixtures containing viscous chiral dopants, composed of rigid rod-like chiral molecules, in order to solve the problem of backflow in the middle layers of the liquid crystal cells. During the study, the viscoelastic properties of the liquid crystal compositions have been optimised, as well as the helical twisting power of the chiral compounds, the anchoring energy and the pre-tilt angle of alignment materials, the ratio between the cell gap and the helical pitch (d/P0). After optimisation, we prepared test cells with low operating voltage\u2013from 1.5 till 5.0V, fast response time (\u03c4on + \u03c4off)\u2013less than 1ms, wide operating temperature range from \u221240\u00b0C till +100\u00b0C, and good thermal stability. It should be noted that the response time of the new electro-optical mode does not strongly depend on the cell gap, which is in contrast to other known operating modes. We have achieved rather linear than quadratic dependence of the response time when changing the thickness of the cell.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "We", "start": 62, "end": 64, "annotation": null}, {"text": "report", "start": 65, "end": 71, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 72, "end": 74, "annotation": null}, {"text": "chiral", "start": 75, "end": 81, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 81, "end": 82, "annotation": null}, {"text": "nematic", "start": 82, "end": 89, "annotation": null}, {"text": "mixtures", "start": 90, "end": 98, "annotation": null}, {"text": "containing", "start": 99, "end": 109, "annotation": null}, {"text": "viscous", "start": 110, "end": 117, "annotation": null}, {"text": "chiral", "start": 118, "end": 124, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "dopants", "start": 125, "end": 132, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 132, "end": 133, "annotation": null}, {"text": "composed", "start": 134, "end": 142, 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-{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "Holmium-doped lanthanum aluminate (LaAlO3) powder phosphors have been prepared at furnace temperatures as low as 500\u00b0C by using the combustion route without further calcining treatment. Powder X-ray diffraction and Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry measurements were used to characterize the prepared combustion products, while the optical properties were studied using UV\u2013vis\u2013NIR and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The Judd\u2013Ofelt (J-O) model was applied to obtain the oscillator strengths (f) and three phenomenological intensity parameters. Using J-O parameters (\u03a92, \u03a94 and \u03a96) the radiative transition probabilities (Aab), radiative lifetimes (\u03c4R) and branching ratios have been calculated for certain excited states of Ho3+. Using the Fuchtbauer\u2013Ladenberg formula, the stimulated emission cross-sections (\u03c3emi) for some interesting transitions, such as 5S2\u21925I8 and 5F5\u21925I8 of Ho3+ in LaAlO3, were determined and discussed.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Holmium", "start": 0, "end": 7, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 7, "end": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 8, "end": 13, "annotation": null}, {"text": "lanthanum", "start": 14, "end": 23, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "aluminate", "start": 24, "end": 33, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "(", "start": 34, "end": 35, "annotation": null}, {"text": "LaAlO3", "start": 35, "end": 41, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": ")", "start": 41, "end": 42, "annotation": null}, {"text": "powder", "start": 43, "end": 49, "annotation": null}, {"text": "phosphors", "start": 50, "end": 59, "annotation": null}, {"text": "have", "start": 60, "end": 64, "annotation": null}, {"text": 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+{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "We report on a graphite electrode onto which polypyrrole was electrodeposited and then doped with chromate ion. This electrode can serve as a Cr(VI)-selective solid-state electrode. Electropolymerization of pyrrole was performed potentiostatically at 0.80V (vs. SCE) using battery graphite as the working electrode in a solution containing 0.10M of pyrrole and 20mM of chromate. A platinum wire was used as an auxiliary electrode. The new electrode displays high selectivity, a very wide dynamic range, a sufficiently fast response time and a good shelf lifetime. It shows a linear Nernstian response over 1.0\u00d710\u22126 to 1.0\u00d710\u22121M concentration range (with a slope of 26.55\u00b10.20mV per log of concentration). The detection limit is 0.5\u03bcM, and the pH optimum is 7.0. FigureA highly selective solid state Cr(VI) ion-selective electrode based on polypyrrole conducting polymer was prepared. The introduced Cr(VI) micro sensor electrode exhibited linear response over a wide working concentration range with a high regression coefficient and a near Nernstian slope. The SEM image of PPy/CrO4 thin film shows unevenly distributed nanoparticles.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "We", "start": 0, "end": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "report", "start": 3, "end": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 10, "end": 12, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 13, "end": 14, "annotation": null}, {"text": "graphite", "start": 15, "end": 23, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electrode", "start": 24, "end": 33, "annotation": null}, {"text": "onto", "start": 34, "end": 38, "annotation": null}, {"text": "which", "start": 39, "end": 44, "annotation": null}, {"text": "polypyrrole", "start": 45, "end": 56, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "was", "start": 57, "end": 60, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electrodeposited", "start": 61, "end": 77, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 78, "end": 81, "annotation": null}, {"text": "then", "start": 82, "end": 86, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 87, 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+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "\u00a9 2016 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group. We report on chiral-nematic mixtures containing viscous chiral dopants, composed of rigid rod-like chiral molecules, in order to solve the problem of backflow in the middle layers of the liquid crystal cells. During the study, the viscoelastic properties of the liquid crystal compositions have been optimised, as well as the helical twisting power of the chiral compounds, the anchoring energy and the pre-tilt angle of alignment materials, the ratio between the cell gap and the helical pitch (d/P0). After optimisation, we prepared test cells with low operating voltage\u2013from 1.5 till 5.0V, fast response time (\u03c4on + \u03c4off)\u2013less than 1ms, wide operating temperature range from \u221240\u00b0C till +100\u00b0C, and good thermal stability. It should be noted that the response time of the new electro-optical mode does not strongly depend on the cell gap, which is in contrast to other known operating modes. We have achieved rather linear than quadratic dependence of the response time when changing the thickness of the cell.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "We", "start": 62, "end": 64, "annotation": null}, {"text": "report", "start": 65, "end": 71, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 72, "end": 74, "annotation": null}, {"text": "chiral", "start": 75, "end": 81, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 81, "end": 82, "annotation": null}, {"text": "nematic", "start": 82, "end": 89, "annotation": null}, {"text": "mixtures", "start": 90, "end": 98, "annotation": null}, {"text": "containing", "start": 99, "end": 109, "annotation": null}, {"text": "viscous", "start": 110, "end": 117, "annotation": null}, {"text": "chiral", "start": 118, "end": 124, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "dopants", "start": 125, "end": 132, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 132, "end": 133, "annotation": null}, {"text": "composed", "start": 134, "end": 142, 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+{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "Holmium-doped lanthanum aluminate (LaAlO3) powder phosphors have been prepared at furnace temperatures as low as 500\u00b0C by using the combustion route without further calcining treatment. Powder X-ray diffraction and Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry measurements were used to characterize the prepared combustion products, while the optical properties were studied using UV\u2013vis\u2013NIR and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The Judd\u2013Ofelt (J-O) model was applied to obtain the oscillator strengths (f) and three phenomenological intensity parameters. Using J-O parameters (\u03a92, \u03a94 and \u03a96) the radiative transition probabilities (Aab), radiative lifetimes (\u03c4R) and branching ratios have been calculated for certain excited states of Ho3+. Using the Fuchtbauer\u2013Ladenberg formula, the stimulated emission cross-sections (\u03c3emi) for some interesting transitions, such as 5S2\u21925I8 and 5F5\u21925I8 of Ho3+ in LaAlO3, were determined and discussed.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Holmium", "start": 0, "end": 7, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 7, "end": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 8, "end": 13, "annotation": null}, {"text": "lanthanum", "start": 14, "end": 23, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "aluminate", "start": 24, "end": 33, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "(", "start": 34, "end": 35, "annotation": null}, {"text": "LaAlO3", "start": 35, "end": 41, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": ")", "start": 41, "end": 42, "annotation": null}, {"text": "powder", "start": 43, "end": 49, "annotation": null}, {"text": "phosphors", "start": 50, "end": 59, "annotation": null}, {"text": "have", "start": 60, "end": 64, "annotation": null}, {"text": 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 {"text": "New details of the photoluminescence spectrum of Si doped with the interetitial donor Li are reported. The spectrum is found to be very different from that of Si doped with substitutional donors, and these differences are interpreted in terms of the shell model of the structure of bound multiexciton complexes.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/0038-1098(78)90412-X"}, "_input_hash": -965824224, "_task_hash": -1094377511, "tokens": [[{"text": "New", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "details", "start": 4, "end": 11, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 12, "end": 14, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 15, "end": 18, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "photoluminescence", "start": 19, "end": 36, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "spectrum", "start": 37, "end": 45, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 46, "end": 48, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Si", "start": 49, "end": 51, "id": 7, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "doped", "start": 52, "end": 57, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 58, "end": 62, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 63, "end": 66, "id": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "interetitial", "start": 67, "end": 79, "id": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "donor", "start": 80, "end": 85, "id": 12, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Li", "start": 86, "end": 88, "id": 13, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "are", "start": 89, "end": 92, "id": 14, "annotation": null}, {"text": "reported", "start": 93, "end": 101, "id": 15, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 102, "end": 103, "id": 16, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "The", "start": 104, "end": 107, "id": 17, "annotation": null}, {"text": "spectrum", "start": 108, "end": 116, "id": 18, "annotation": null}, {"text": "is", "start": 117, "end": 119, "id": 19, "annotation": null}, {"text": "found", "start": 120, "end": 125, "id": 20, "annotation": null}, {"text": "to", "start": 126, "end": 128, "id": 21, "annotation": null}, {"text": "be", "start": 129, "end": 131, "id": 22, "annotation": null}, {"text": "very", "start": 132, "end": 136, "id": 23, "annotation": null}, {"text": "different", "start": 137, "end": 146, "id": 24, "annotation": null}, {"text": "from", "start": 147, "end": 151, "id": 25, "annotation": null}, {"text": "that", "start": 152, "end": 156, "id": 26, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 157, "end": 159, "id": 27, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Si", "start": 160, "end": 162, "id": 28, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "doped", "start": 163, "end": 168, "id": 29, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 169, "end": 173, "id": 30, "annotation": null}, {"text": "substitutional", "start": 174, "end": 188, "id": 31, "annotation": null}, {"text": "donors", "start": 189, "end": 195, "id": 32, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": ",", "start": 196, "end": 197, "id": 33, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 198, "end": 201, "id": 34, "annotation": null}, {"text": "these", "start": 202, "end": 207, "id": 35, "annotation": null}, {"text": "differences", "start": 208, "end": 219, "id": 36, "annotation": null}, {"text": "are", "start": 220, "end": 223, "id": 37, "annotation": null}, {"text": "interpreted", "start": 224, "end": 235, "id": 38, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 236, "end": 238, "id": 39, "annotation": null}, {"text": "terms", "start": 239, "end": 244, "id": 40, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 245, "end": 247, "id": 41, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 248, "end": 251, "id": 42, "annotation": null}, {"text": "shell", "start": 252, "end": 257, "id": 43, "annotation": null}, {"text": "model", "start": 258, "end": 263, "id": 44, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 264, "end": 266, "id": 45, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 267, "end": 270, "id": 46, "annotation": null}, {"text": "structure", "start": 271, "end": 280, "id": 47, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 281, "end": 283, "id": 48, "annotation": null}, {"text": "bound", "start": 284, "end": 289, "id": 49, "annotation": null}, {"text": "multiexciton", "start": 290, "end": 302, "id": 50, "annotation": null}, {"text": "complexes", "start": 303, "end": 312, "id": 51, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 313, "end": 314, "id": 52, "annotation": null}]], "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"]}
-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "A novel electrochemical sensor based on the use of boron doped CeO2 nanocubes modified glassy carbon microspheres paste electrode (B-CeO2NCs/GCPE) was prepared and applied for selective and sensitive determination of xanthine (XA) and hypoxanthine (HXA) individually and simultaneously. The morphology, composition and structural properties of the undoped and B doped CeO2 nanocubes were characterized by X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersed X-ray spectrometry (EDS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Electrochemical activities and the surface analysis of the modified electrode were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). From the B-CeO2NCs/GCPE, well oxidation peaks and enhanced peak currents of XA and HXA were observed owing to the excellent catalytic activity of B-CeO2NCs. For individual detection, the linear responses of XA and HXA were in the concentration range of 5.42 \u00d7 10\u22128\u20131.31 \u00d7 10\u22125 M and 3.98 \u00d7 10\u22127\u20136.01\u00d710\u22125 M with detection limits of 3.02 and 6.17nM, respectively. For simultaneous detection by synchronous change of the concentration of XA and HXA, the linear ranges were 1.98 \u00d7 10\u22127\u20139.45 \u00d7 10\u22126 M and 3.98 \u00d7 10\u22127\u20131.28 \u00d7 10\u22125 M with detection limits of 3.65 and 8.17nM, respectively. The practical application of the modified electrode was demonstrated by simultaneously determining the concentrations of XA and HXA in human biological fluids and in fish meat samples with satisfactory results.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "A", "start": 0, "end": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "novel", "start": 2, "end": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electrochemical", "start": 8, "end": 23, "annotation": null}, {"text": "sensor", "start": 24, "end": 30, "annotation": null}, {"text": "based", "start": 31, "end": 36, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 37, "end": 39, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 40, "end": 43, "annotation": null}, {"text": "use", "start": 44, "end": 47, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 48, "end": 50, "annotation": null}, {"text": "boron", "start": 51, "end": 56, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "doped", "start": 57, "end": 62, "annotation": null}, {"text": "CeO2", "start": 63, "end": 67, 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-{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "Hall effect, electrical conductivity, carrier mobility, and magnetoresistance of Cu\u2010doped n\u2010ZnSe bulk crystals are studied in the temperature range 2 to 300 K. Compensating Cu impurity amplifies the random impurity potential, modulates the band edges, and leads to electron localization in the potential wells of the conduction band bottom in slightly doped, highly compensated crystals (K = 0.82 to 0.97). High\u2010temperature hopping conductivity through the localized states of such type observed in the range 100 to 200 K and accompanied by negative magnetoresistance is first investigated in n\u2010ZnSe. Copyright \u00a9 1995 WILEY\u2010VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. 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-{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "We have successfully grown antimony-doped Si 1-xGe x epi-films with different doping level and a boron-doped one on Si (001) substrate. Using these samples, we have investigated the effect of these impurities in Si 1-xGe x epifilm on dislocation velocity. Although dislocation velocities in the B-doped SiGe film were comparable to those in the undoped one because of the low concentration of B, those in Sb-doped samples are remarkably enhanced, which is qualitatively similar to the effects in bulk Si. The reduction of the activation energy of dislocation motion depended on the doping level of Sb and the amount of the reduction was 1.0 eV in the highest Sb-concentration film. This value is significantly larger than those reported in bulk Si. The velocities in the lowest Sb-concentration samples are also enhanced though the samples are thought to be electrically intrinsic at the temperatures where dislocation velocities were measured. Therefore, the large activation energy reduction is possibly attributed to multiple effects of the Fermi level change and other characteristic effects of the SiGe epifilm. \u00a9 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "We", "start": 0, "end": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "have", "start": 3, "end": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "successfully", "start": 8, "end": 20, "annotation": null}, {"text": "grown", "start": 21, "end": 26, "annotation": null}, {"text": "antimony", "start": 27, "end": 35, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 35, "end": 36, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 36, "end": 41, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Si", "start": 42, "end": 44, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "1-xGe", "start": 45, "end": 50, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "x", "start": 51, "end": 52, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "epi-films", "start": 53, "end": 62, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 63, "end": 67, "annotation": null}, {"text": "different", "start": 68, "end": 77, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doping", "start": 78, "end": 84, "annotation": null}, {"text": "level", "start": 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+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "A novel electrochemical sensor based on the use of boron doped CeO2 nanocubes modified glassy carbon microspheres paste electrode (B-CeO2NCs/GCPE) was prepared and applied for selective and sensitive determination of xanthine (XA) and hypoxanthine (HXA) individually and simultaneously. The morphology, composition and structural properties of the undoped and B doped CeO2 nanocubes were characterized by X-ray diffraction, energy-dispersed X-ray spectrometry (EDS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Electrochemical activities and the surface analysis of the modified electrode were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). From the B-CeO2NCs/GCPE, well oxidation peaks and enhanced peak currents of XA and HXA were observed owing to the excellent catalytic activity of B-CeO2NCs. For individual detection, the linear responses of XA and HXA were in the concentration range of 5.42 \u00d7 10\u22128\u20131.31 \u00d7 10\u22125 M and 3.98 \u00d7 10\u22127\u20136.01\u00d710\u22125 M with detection limits of 3.02 and 6.17nM, respectively. For simultaneous detection by synchronous change of the concentration of XA and HXA, the linear ranges were 1.98 \u00d7 10\u22127\u20139.45 \u00d7 10\u22126 M and 3.98 \u00d7 10\u22127\u20131.28 \u00d7 10\u22125 M with detection limits of 3.65 and 8.17nM, respectively. The practical application of the modified electrode was demonstrated by simultaneously determining the concentrations of XA and HXA in human biological fluids and in fish meat samples with satisfactory results.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "A", "start": 0, "end": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "novel", "start": 2, "end": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electrochemical", "start": 8, "end": 23, "annotation": null}, {"text": "sensor", "start": 24, "end": 30, "annotation": null}, {"text": "based", "start": 31, "end": 36, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 37, "end": 39, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 40, "end": 43, "annotation": null}, {"text": "use", "start": 44, "end": 47, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 48, "end": 50, "annotation": null}, {"text": "boron", "start": 51, "end": 56, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "doped", "start": 57, "end": 62, "annotation": null}, {"text": "CeO2", "start": 63, "end": 67, 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+{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "Hall effect, electrical conductivity, carrier mobility, and magnetoresistance of Cu\u2010doped n\u2010ZnSe bulk crystals are studied in the temperature range 2 to 300 K. Compensating Cu impurity amplifies the random impurity potential, modulates the band edges, and leads to electron localization in the potential wells of the conduction band bottom in slightly doped, highly compensated crystals (K = 0.82 to 0.97). High\u2010temperature hopping conductivity through the localized states of such type observed in the range 100 to 200 K and accompanied by negative magnetoresistance is first investigated in n\u2010ZnSe. Copyright \u00a9 1995 WILEY\u2010VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Hall", "start": 0, "end": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "effect", "start": 5, "end": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 11, "end": 12, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electrical", "start": 13, "end": 23, "annotation": null}, {"text": "conductivity", "start": 24, "end": 36, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 36, "end": 37, "annotation": null}, {"text": "carrier", "start": 38, "end": 45, "annotation": null}, {"text": "mobility", "start": 46, "end": 54, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 54, "end": 55, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 56, "end": 59, "annotation": null}, {"text": "magnetoresistance", "start": 60, "end": 77, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 78, "end": 80, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Cu\u2010doped", "start": 81, "end": 89, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "n\u2010ZnSe", "start": 90, "end": 96, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "bulk", 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+{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "We have successfully grown antimony-doped Si 1-xGe x epi-films with different doping level and a boron-doped one on Si (001) substrate. Using these samples, we have investigated the effect of these impurities in Si 1-xGe x epifilm on dislocation velocity. Although dislocation velocities in the B-doped SiGe film were comparable to those in the undoped one because of the low concentration of B, those in Sb-doped samples are remarkably enhanced, which is qualitatively similar to the effects in bulk Si. The reduction of the activation energy of dislocation motion depended on the doping level of Sb and the amount of the reduction was 1.0 eV in the highest Sb-concentration film. This value is significantly larger than those reported in bulk Si. The velocities in the lowest Sb-concentration samples are also enhanced though the samples are thought to be electrically intrinsic at the temperatures where dislocation velocities were measured. Therefore, the large activation energy reduction is possibly attributed to multiple effects of the Fermi level change and other characteristic effects of the SiGe epifilm. \u00a9 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "We", "start": 0, "end": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "have", "start": 3, "end": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "successfully", "start": 8, "end": 20, "annotation": null}, {"text": "grown", "start": 21, "end": 26, "annotation": null}, {"text": "antimony", "start": 27, "end": 35, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 35, "end": 36, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 36, "end": 41, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Si", "start": 42, "end": 44, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "1-xGe", "start": 45, "end": 50, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "x", "start": 51, "end": 52, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "epi-films", "start": 53, "end": 62, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 63, "end": 67, "annotation": null}, {"text": "different", "start": 68, "end": 77, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doping", "start": 78, "end": 84, "annotation": null}, {"text": "level", "start": 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 {"text": "A study of poly(pyrrolium tosylate) by cyclic voltammetry in the presence of bromide and chloride ions has facilitated the determination of the oxidation potential of pyrrole on mercury. Elemental analysis and scanning electron microscope examination of a large film produced in the presence of potassium bromide indicate that any mercury formed by the anodic oxidation is removed as crystalline mercurous bromide, while about one-eighth of the tosylate dopant is replaced by bromide ions.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/0032-3861(91)90577-6"}, "_input_hash": -1015015320, "_task_hash": 831667544, "tokens": [[{"text": "A", "start": 0, "end": 1, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "study", "start": 2, "end": 7, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 8, "end": 10, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "poly(pyrrolium", "start": 11, "end": 25, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "tosylate", "start": 26, "end": 34, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 35, "end": 36, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "by", "start": 37, "end": 39, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "cyclic", "start": 40, "end": 46, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": 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 {"text": "La3+ and K+ co-doped nanoporous TiO2\u201310mol% SnO2 thin films have been prepared by sol\u2013gel method with Pluronic P123 as the organic template on alumina substrates, and their humidity sensing properties have been investigated. It was found that the addition of rare earth ion La3+, alkali ion K+ and tri-block copolymer Pluronic P123 is beneficial for improving the humidity sensitive properties of the samples. The sensing behaviors of thin films were inspected at different sintering temperatures by constructing a humidity-impedance measuring system. It is found that nanoporous TiO2\u2013SnO2 doped with 0.3mol% La3+ and 50mol% K+ sintered at 500\u00b0C for 4h shows the best humidity sensing properties. This thin film achieves a high sensitivity with the impedance changed five orders of magnitude from 109 \u03a9 to 104 \u03a9 with excellent linearity in the relative humidity (RH) range of 11\u201395% at 25\u00b0C. The response and recovery time of this thin film are about 11 and 18s, respectively. High sensitivity, narrow hysteresis loop, rapid response and recovery, prominent stability and good reproducibility are obtained. The effects of dopant content on humidity sensitivity have also been discussed in terms of segregation of rare earth ions at grain boundaries and granularity of crystals, and influence of K+ on the decrease in the intrinsic resistance of the materials and direct contribution to the conduction.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.snb.2011.07.037"}, "_input_hash": -1317248387, "_task_hash": 2005476364, "tokens": [[{"text": "La3", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "+", "start": 4, "end": 5, "id": 1, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "and", "start": 6, "end": 9, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "K+", "start": 10, "end": 12, "id": 3, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "co", "start": 13, "end": 15, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 16, "end": 17, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 18, "end": 23, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "nanoporous", "start": 24, "end": 34, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": 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 {"text": "Electrical conductivity \u03c3 and thermopower \u03b1 were studied at temperature 1150\u20131350 K and in the PO2 range between 2\u00d710-11-2\u00d7104 Pa. Both \u03c3 and \u03b1 data are well consistent, n- and p-type conductivity ranges were found at low and high PO2 values, respectively. The power of PO2 dependence for Cu-doped BaTiO3 vary the oxide composition. This effect is discussed in term of the defect structure of BaTiO3 and its solutions with CuO.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/0167-2738(86)90034-2"}, "_input_hash": -937633400, "_task_hash": -1116293281, "tokens": [[{"text": "Electrical", "start": 0, "end": 10, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "conductivity", "start": 11, "end": 23, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "\u03c3", "start": 24, "end": 25, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 26, "end": 29, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "thermopower", "start": 30, "end": 41, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "\u03b1", "start": 42, "end": 43, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "were", "start": 44, "end": 48, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "studied", "start": 49, "end": 56, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "at", "start": 57, "end": 59, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 60, "end": 71, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "1150\u20131350", "start": 72, "end": 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 {"text": "Dielectric oxides are traditionally used to fabricate resistive surface humidity-sensing devices, as well as capacitive sandwich-structured sensors. In the present work, relative humidity (RH) sensors were fabricated by employing vertically aligned TiO2 nanotubes array (TNA) film produced using electro-chemical anodization of Ti foil followed by a nitrogen-doping process, simultaneously showing resistive and capacitive humidity-sensing properties in the range of 11.3-93.6%. For the sample formed at optimized experimental conditions, the capacitance (CS) and resistance (RS) of the as-fabricated RH sensors made from nitrogen-doped TiO2 nanotubes film could be simultaneously obtained. Both the resistive and capacitive sensitivity (KR and KC) of the as-fabricated TiO 2 nanotube RH sensors show distinct dependence on the frequency of alternating current (AC) voltage signal and RH. At higher water coverage, water-water interaction will result in lowering of the water dissociation barrier, leading to an increase of conductance. With the increase of RH, the polarization of as-adsorbed water molecules will also occur, causing a sharp increase of capacitance. For an explanation of the frequency response of both CS and RS, ionic transport, as well as the polarization effect, should be comprehensively considered. The changes of capacitance and resistance at different temperatures are plausibly caused by thermal expansion and surface state modification by adsorption and desorption of oxygen and water.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1088/0957-4484/22/2/025501"}, "_input_hash": 1879130051, "_task_hash": 320134758, "tokens": [[{"text": "Dielectric", "start": 0, "end": 10, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "oxides", "start": 11, "end": 17, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "are", "start": 18, "end": 21, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "traditionally", "start": 22, "end": 35, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "used", "start": 36, "end": 40, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "to", "start": 41, "end": 43, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "fabricate", "start": 44, "end": 53, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "resistive", "start": 54, "end": 63, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "surface", "start": 64, "end": 71, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "humidity", 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-{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "Electrical resistivity and Hall measurements have been performed, on strained B-heavily doped Si0.8Ge0.2 epilayers grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) technique, in the temperature range 80\u2013350 K. In-plane Hall mobility and concentration of the free holes were extracted and discussed taking into account the high doping level effects, scattering mechanisms as well as previous drift mobility results.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Electrical", "start": 0, "end": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "resistivity", "start": 11, "end": 22, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 23, "end": 26, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Hall", "start": 27, "end": 31, "annotation": null}, {"text": "measurements", "start": 32, "end": 44, "annotation": null}, {"text": "have", "start": 45, "end": 49, "annotation": null}, {"text": "been", "start": 50, "end": 54, "annotation": null}, {"text": "performed", "start": 55, "end": 64, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 64, "end": 65, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 66, "end": 68, "annotation": null}, {"text": "strained", "start": 69, "end": 77, "annotation": null}, {"text": "B-heavily", "start": 78, "end": 87, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "doped", "start": 88, "end": 93, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Si0.8Ge0.2", "start": 94, "end": 104, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "epilayers", "start": 105, "end": 114, "annotation": null}, {"text": "grown", "start": 115, "end": 120, "annotation": null}, {"text": "by", "start": 121, "end": 123, "annotation": null}, {"text": "molecular", "start": 124, "end": 133, "annotation": null}, {"text": "beam", "start": 134, "end": 138, "annotation": null}, {"text": "epitaxy", "start": 139, "end": 146, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 147, "end": 148, "annotation": null}, {"text": "MBE", "start": 148, "end": 151, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 151, "end": 152, "annotation": null}, {"text": "technique", "start": 153, "end": 162, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 162, "end": 163, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 164, "end": 166, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 167, "end": 170, "annotation": null}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 171, "end": 182, "annotation": null}, {"text": "range", "start": 183, "end": 188, "annotation": null}, {"text": "80", "start": 189, "end": 191, "annotation": null}, {"text": "\u2013", "start": 191, "end": 192, "annotation": null}, {"text": "350", "start": 192, "end": 195, "annotation": null}, {"text": "K", "start": 196, "end": 197, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 197, "end": 198, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "In-plane", "start": 199, "end": 207, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Hall", "start": 208, "end": 212, "annotation": null}, {"text": "mobility", "start": 213, "end": 221, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 222, "end": 225, "annotation": null}, {"text": "concentration", "start": 226, "end": 239, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 240, "end": 242, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 243, "end": 246, "annotation": null}, {"text": "free", "start": 247, "end": 251, "annotation": null}, {"text": "holes", "start": 252, "end": 257, "annotation": null}, {"text": "were", "start": 258, "end": 262, "annotation": null}, {"text": "extracted", "start": 263, "end": 272, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 273, "end": 276, "annotation": null}, {"text": "discussed", "start": 277, "end": 286, "annotation": null}, {"text": "taking", "start": 287, "end": 293, "annotation": null}, {"text": "into", "start": 294, "end": 298, "annotation": null}, {"text": "account", "start": 299, "end": 306, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 307, "end": 310, "annotation": null}, {"text": "high", "start": 311, "end": 315, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doping", "start": 316, "end": 322, "annotation": null}, {"text": "level", "start": 323, "end": 328, "annotation": null}, {"text": "effects", "start": 329, "end": 336, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 336, "end": 337, "annotation": null}, {"text": "scattering", "start": 338, "end": 348, "annotation": null}, {"text": "mechanisms", "start": 349, "end": 359, "annotation": null}, {"text": "as", "start": 360, "end": 362, "annotation": null}, {"text": "well", "start": 363, "end": 367, "annotation": null}, {"text": "as", "start": 368, "end": 370, "annotation": null}, {"text": "previous", "start": 371, "end": 379, "annotation": null}, {"text": "drift", "start": 380, "end": 385, "annotation": null}, {"text": "mobility", "start": 386, "end": 394, "annotation": null}, {"text": "results", "start": 395, "end": 402, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 402, "end": 403, "annotation": null}]]}
-{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "The effects of AlN fillers on the thermal and mechanical properties of vitrified bond and vitrified cubic boron nitride (CBN) composites were systematically investigated. The basic vitrified bond (B2O3\u2013Al2O3\u2013SiO2\u2013Li2O\u2013Na2O\u2013ZnO) and AlN fillers make up the vitrified bond, and then constitute the vitrified CBN composites consists together with CBN grains. When the adding amount of AlN rises from 0wt% to 8wt%, the thermal conductivity of the vitrified bond increases from 0.74W/mK to 1.44W/mK. 6wt% AlN-doped-vitrified bond presents the minimum coefficient of thermal expansion and bending strength of 66.35MPa. The substantial improvement of thermal conductivity may be attributed to the formation of thermal conductive path and new crystalline phase\u2014\u03b1-tridymite in the vitrified bond. Microstructure characterization indicates that the main crack deflection and divergency are the primary strengthening mechanisms. Such vitrified CBN composites with good thermal conductivity and mechanical strength might be promising in grinding materials for reducing burn.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "effects", "start": 4, "end": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 12, "end": 14, "annotation": null}, {"text": "AlN", "start": 15, "end": 18, "annotation": null}, {"text": "fillers", "start": 19, "end": 26, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 27, "end": 29, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 30, "end": 33, "annotation": null}, {"text": "thermal", "start": 34, "end": 41, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 42, "end": 45, "annotation": null}, {"text": "mechanical", "start": 46, "end": 56, "annotation": null}, {"text": "properties", "start": 57, "end": 67, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 68, "end": 70, "annotation": null}, {"text": "vitrified", "start": 71, "end": 80, 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+{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "Electrical resistivity and Hall measurements have been performed, on strained B-heavily doped Si0.8Ge0.2 epilayers grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) technique, in the temperature range 80\u2013350 K. In-plane Hall mobility and concentration of the free holes were extracted and discussed taking into account the high doping level effects, scattering mechanisms as well as previous drift mobility results.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Electrical", "start": 0, "end": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "resistivity", "start": 11, "end": 22, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 23, "end": 26, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Hall", "start": 27, "end": 31, "annotation": null}, {"text": "measurements", "start": 32, "end": 44, "annotation": null}, {"text": "have", "start": 45, "end": 49, "annotation": null}, {"text": "been", "start": 50, "end": 54, "annotation": null}, {"text": "performed", "start": 55, "end": 64, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 64, "end": 65, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 66, "end": 68, "annotation": null}, {"text": "strained", "start": 69, "end": 77, "annotation": null}, {"text": "B-heavily", "start": 78, "end": 87, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "doped", "start": 88, "end": 93, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Si0.8Ge0.2", "start": 94, "end": 104, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "epilayers", "start": 105, "end": 114, "annotation": null}, {"text": "grown", "start": 115, "end": 120, "annotation": null}, {"text": "by", "start": 121, "end": 123, "annotation": null}, {"text": "molecular", "start": 124, "end": 133, "annotation": null}, {"text": "beam", "start": 134, "end": 138, "annotation": null}, {"text": "epitaxy", "start": 139, "end": 146, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 147, "end": 148, "annotation": null}, {"text": "MBE", "start": 148, "end": 151, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 151, "end": 152, "annotation": null}, {"text": "technique", "start": 153, "end": 162, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 162, "end": 163, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 164, "end": 166, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 167, "end": 170, "annotation": null}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 171, "end": 182, "annotation": null}, {"text": "range", "start": 183, "end": 188, "annotation": null}, {"text": "80", "start": 189, "end": 191, "annotation": null}, {"text": "\u2013", "start": 191, "end": 192, "annotation": null}, {"text": "350", "start": 192, "end": 195, "annotation": null}, {"text": "K", "start": 196, "end": 197, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 197, "end": 198, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "In-plane", "start": 199, "end": 207, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Hall", "start": 208, "end": 212, "annotation": null}, {"text": "mobility", "start": 213, "end": 221, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 222, "end": 225, "annotation": null}, {"text": "concentration", "start": 226, "end": 239, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 240, "end": 242, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 243, "end": 246, "annotation": null}, {"text": "free", "start": 247, "end": 251, "annotation": null}, {"text": "holes", "start": 252, "end": 257, "annotation": null}, {"text": "were", "start": 258, "end": 262, "annotation": null}, {"text": "extracted", "start": 263, "end": 272, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 273, "end": 276, "annotation": null}, {"text": "discussed", "start": 277, "end": 286, "annotation": null}, {"text": "taking", "start": 287, "end": 293, "annotation": null}, {"text": "into", "start": 294, "end": 298, "annotation": null}, {"text": "account", "start": 299, "end": 306, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 307, "end": 310, "annotation": null}, {"text": "high", "start": 311, "end": 315, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doping", "start": 316, "end": 322, "annotation": null}, {"text": "level", "start": 323, "end": 328, "annotation": null}, {"text": "effects", "start": 329, "end": 336, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 336, "end": 337, "annotation": null}, {"text": "scattering", "start": 338, "end": 348, "annotation": null}, {"text": "mechanisms", "start": 349, "end": 359, "annotation": null}, {"text": "as", "start": 360, "end": 362, "annotation": null}, {"text": "well", "start": 363, "end": 367, "annotation": null}, {"text": "as", "start": 368, "end": 370, "annotation": null}, {"text": "previous", "start": 371, "end": 379, "annotation": null}, {"text": "drift", "start": 380, "end": 385, "annotation": null}, {"text": "mobility", "start": 386, "end": 394, "annotation": null}, {"text": "results", "start": 395, "end": 402, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 402, "end": 403, "annotation": null}]], "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/S0921-5107(01)00859-5"}}
+{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "The effects of AlN fillers on the thermal and mechanical properties of vitrified bond and vitrified cubic boron nitride (CBN) composites were systematically investigated. The basic vitrified bond (B2O3\u2013Al2O3\u2013SiO2\u2013Li2O\u2013Na2O\u2013ZnO) and AlN fillers make up the vitrified bond, and then constitute the vitrified CBN composites consists together with CBN grains. When the adding amount of AlN rises from 0wt% to 8wt%, the thermal conductivity of the vitrified bond increases from 0.74W/mK to 1.44W/mK. 6wt% AlN-doped-vitrified bond presents the minimum coefficient of thermal expansion and bending strength of 66.35MPa. The substantial improvement of thermal conductivity may be attributed to the formation of thermal conductive path and new crystalline phase\u2014\u03b1-tridymite in the vitrified bond. Microstructure characterization indicates that the main crack deflection and divergency are the primary strengthening mechanisms. Such vitrified CBN composites with good thermal conductivity and mechanical strength might be promising in grinding materials for reducing burn.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "effects", "start": 4, "end": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 12, "end": 14, "annotation": null}, {"text": "AlN", "start": 15, "end": 18, "annotation": null}, {"text": "fillers", "start": 19, "end": 26, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 27, "end": 29, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 30, "end": 33, "annotation": null}, {"text": "thermal", "start": 34, "end": 41, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 42, "end": 45, "annotation": null}, {"text": "mechanical", "start": 46, "end": 56, "annotation": null}, {"text": "properties", "start": 57, "end": 67, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 68, "end": 70, "annotation": null}, {"text": "vitrified", "start": 71, "end": 80, 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1061, "end": 1062, "annotation": null}]], "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.ceramint.2014.04.129"}}
 {"text": "The defect structures produced in Si surface layers by low energy (3.0 kV), high dose (1016\u20131018 ions cm\u22122) carbon ion doping have been studied by the electron spin resonance (ESR) method. The ESR analysis of substrates after annealing at 1200\u00b0C revealed the presence of three paramagnetic defects, which are (1) Si dangling bonds with a g value of 2.0060 (\u0394Hpp=6.3Oe), (20 Si dangling bonds with C atom neighbors (g=2.0035; \u0394Hpp=2.6) and (3) ESR centers with a g value of 2.0027 (\u0394Hpp=1.9 Oe), which is assigned to a C dangling bond with C atom neighbors. The presence of the ESR center with a g value of 2.0027 implies the formation of diamond nuclei in the high dose carbon-doped Si surface layer.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/0040-6090(93)90617-X"}, "_input_hash": -1352698918, "_task_hash": -1505965623, "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "defect", "start": 4, "end": 10, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "structures", "start": 11, "end": 21, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "produced", "start": 22, "end": 30, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 31, "end": 33, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Si", "start": 34, "end": 36, "id": 5, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "surface", "start": 37, "end": 44, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "layers", "start": 45, "end": 51, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "by", "start": 52, "end": 54, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "low", "start": 55, "end": 58, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": 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-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "Macroporous Al2O3\u2013SiO2 glasses doped with Sm2+ have been prepared from a sol\u2013gel system containing aluminum sec-butoxide, tetramethoxysilane, samarium chloride hexahydrate, poly(ethylene oxide), nitric acid, and water. Monolithic gels having interconnected macropores and skeletons are formed by inducing the phase separation parallel to the gelation. The use of aluminum sec-butoxide preheated at 80\u00b0C as the starting material enables the incorporation of Al3+ into the gel skeleton up to 20mol% in cation ratio. The maximum amount of Al3+, i.e., 20mol%, is twice as large as that reported in our previous study, where aluminum sec-butoxide was diluted with sec-butanol prior to the hydrolysis. Heat-treatment of Sm3+-doped 20AlO3/2\u00b780SiO2 macroporous glass under the reducing atmosphere converts Sm3+ to Sm2+, which is confirmed by the appearance of intense emission peaks attributed to 4f\u20134f transitions of Sm2+.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Macroporous", "start": 0, "end": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Al2O3", "start": 12, "end": 17, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "\u2013", "start": 17, "end": 18, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "SiO2", "start": 18, "end": 22, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "glasses", "start": 23, "end": 30, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 31, "end": 36, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 37, "end": 41, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Sm2+", "start": 42, "end": 46, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "have", "start": 47, "end": 51, "annotation": null}, {"text": "been", "start": 52, "end": 56, "annotation": null}, {"text": "prepared", "start": 57, "end": 65, "annotation": 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-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "Nitrogen and sulfur co-doped and N-doped TiO2 anatase TKP 102 (Tayca) were prepared by manual grinding with thiourea and urea, respectively, and annealing at 400\u00b0C. Both materials showed visible-light absorption as measured by Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (DRS). Interstitial N-doping, anionic and cationic S-doping was found when the TiO2 was doped with thiourea while TiO2 doped with urea showed only the presence of interstitial N-doping as measured by X-ray Photo-electron Spectroscopy (XPS). The N content on the surface of N-doped TKP 102 photocatalyst was 2.85at.% and higher than the N content in the N, S co-doped TiO2 photocatalyst (0.6at.%). The photocatalytic activity of the doped catalysts was tested using phenol and Escherichia coli as chemical and biological targets, respectively, using N, S co-doped, N-doped TiO2, undoped Degussa P-25 and undoped TKP 102 powders under simulated solar light. It was found that undoped Degussa P-25 was the photocatalyst with the highest photocatalytic activity towards phenol oxidation and E. coli inactivation. N, S co-doped powders showed almost the same photocatalytic activity as undoped TKP 102 while N-doped TKP 102 was the less active photocatalyst probably due the N impurities on the TiO2 acting as recombination centers.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Nitrogen", "start": 0, "end": 8, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "and", "start": 9, "end": 12, "annotation": null}, {"text": "sulfur", "start": 13, "end": 19, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "co-doped", "start": 20, "end": 28, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 29, "end": 32, "annotation": null}, {"text": "N", "start": 33, "end": 34, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 34, "end": 35, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 35, "end": 40, "annotation": null}, {"text": "TiO2", "start": 41, "end": 45, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "anatase", "start": 46, "end": 53, "annotation": null}, {"text": "TKP", "start": 54, "end": 57, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "102", 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+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "Macroporous Al2O3\u2013SiO2 glasses doped with Sm2+ have been prepared from a sol\u2013gel system containing aluminum sec-butoxide, tetramethoxysilane, samarium chloride hexahydrate, poly(ethylene oxide), nitric acid, and water. Monolithic gels having interconnected macropores and skeletons are formed by inducing the phase separation parallel to the gelation. The use of aluminum sec-butoxide preheated at 80\u00b0C as the starting material enables the incorporation of Al3+ into the gel skeleton up to 20mol% in cation ratio. The maximum amount of Al3+, i.e., 20mol%, is twice as large as that reported in our previous study, where aluminum sec-butoxide was diluted with sec-butanol prior to the hydrolysis. Heat-treatment of Sm3+-doped 20AlO3/2\u00b780SiO2 macroporous glass under the reducing atmosphere converts Sm3+ to Sm2+, which is confirmed by the appearance of intense emission peaks attributed to 4f\u20134f transitions of Sm2+.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Macroporous", "start": 0, "end": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Al2O3", "start": 12, "end": 17, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "\u2013", "start": 17, "end": 18, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "SiO2", "start": 18, "end": 22, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "glasses", "start": 23, "end": 30, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 31, "end": 36, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 37, "end": 41, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Sm2+", "start": 42, "end": 46, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "have", "start": 47, "end": 51, "annotation": null}, {"text": "been", "start": 52, "end": 56, "annotation": null}, {"text": "prepared", "start": 57, "end": 65, "annotation": 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+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "Nitrogen and sulfur co-doped and N-doped TiO2 anatase TKP 102 (Tayca) were prepared by manual grinding with thiourea and urea, respectively, and annealing at 400\u00b0C. Both materials showed visible-light absorption as measured by Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (DRS). Interstitial N-doping, anionic and cationic S-doping was found when the TiO2 was doped with thiourea while TiO2 doped with urea showed only the presence of interstitial N-doping as measured by X-ray Photo-electron Spectroscopy (XPS). The N content on the surface of N-doped TKP 102 photocatalyst was 2.85at.% and higher than the N content in the N, S co-doped TiO2 photocatalyst (0.6at.%). The photocatalytic activity of the doped catalysts was tested using phenol and Escherichia coli as chemical and biological targets, respectively, using N, S co-doped, N-doped TiO2, undoped Degussa P-25 and undoped TKP 102 powders under simulated solar light. It was found that undoped Degussa P-25 was the photocatalyst with the highest photocatalytic activity towards phenol oxidation and E. coli inactivation. N, S co-doped powders showed almost the same photocatalytic activity as undoped TKP 102 while N-doped TKP 102 was the less active photocatalyst probably due the N impurities on the TiO2 acting as recombination centers.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Nitrogen", "start": 0, "end": 8, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "and", "start": 9, "end": 12, "annotation": null}, {"text": "sulfur", "start": 13, "end": 19, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "co-doped", "start": 20, "end": 28, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 29, "end": 32, "annotation": null}, {"text": "N", "start": 33, "end": 34, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 34, "end": 35, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 35, "end": 40, "annotation": null}, {"text": "TiO2", "start": 41, "end": 45, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "anatase", "start": 46, "end": 53, "annotation": null}, {"text": "TKP", "start": 54, "end": 57, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "102", 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 {"text": "Uniform resistive switching properties were observed in fully transparent indium-tin-oxide (ITO)/TiO2 film/F-doped SnO2 (FTO) devices where the TiO2 films were fabricated by chemical solution deposition method. In addition to high transmittance of above 70% for visible light, good resistive switching parameters, such as centralized reset and set voltages, stable resistance values at high and low resistance states (read at 0.2 V), and good retention data (up to 10000 s) also presented in the transparent memory devices. The dominant conducting mechanisms were Ohmic behavior and Schottky emission at low resistance state and high resistance state. The resistive switching phenomenon was explained by formation and rupture of the filaments, in which oxygen ions migration and current-induced thermal effect play important roles. Our results show the potential application of the ITO/TiO2/FTO cell in transparent electronics devices.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.10.009"}, "_input_hash": -197106179, "_task_hash": 255166379, "tokens": [[{"text": "Uniform", "start": 0, "end": 7, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "resistive", "start": 8, "end": 17, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "switching", "start": 18, "end": 27, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "properties", "start": 28, "end": 38, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "were", "start": 39, "end": 43, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "observed", "start": 44, "end": 52, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 53, "end": 55, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "fully", "start": 56, "end": 61, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "transparent", "start": 62, "end": 73, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "indium", "start": 74, "end": 80, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 81, "end": 82, 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-{"text": "The concentration dependent up-conversion luminescence of 0.1; 0.2; 0.5; 1; 1.5; 2; 3; 4 and 5% Ho3+ and 20% Yb3+ co-doped \u03b2-NaYF4 colloidal nanocrystals have been studied. The obtained nanocrystals were homogenous in size and shape, as well as the crystallographic structure was pure. The absorption spectra, upconversion lifetimes, up-conversion emission and Quantum Yield power dependence have been measured to estimate the optimum doping concentration of Ho3+ ions. The experimental results were supported by the calculations based on Judd-Ofelt theory, in order to quantify the oscillator strengths in absorption and luminescence, excited-state radiative lifetimes, energy-transfer probabilities, and to estimate the quantum efficiencies of this interesting material. We have observed evident trend in rise- and luminescence decay profiles with rising Ho3+ activator concentration, and the 1\u20132% Ho3+ ions doping was found to be the most efficient nanophosphors.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.jlumin.2016.10.016"}, "_input_hash": 589303736, "_task_hash": -219418013, "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "concentration", "start": 4, "end": 17, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "dependent", "start": 18, "end": 27, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "up", "start": 28, "end": 30, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 31, "end": 32, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "conversion", "start": 33, "end": 43, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "luminescence", "start": 44, "end": 56, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 57, "end": 59, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "0.1", "start": 60, "end": 63, "id": 8, "annotation": "DOPMODQ"}, {"text": ";", "start": 64, 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+{"text": "The concentration dependent up-conversion luminescence of 0.1; 0.2; 0.5; 1; 1.5; 2; 3; 4 and 5% Ho3+ and 20% Yb3+ co-doped \u03b2-NaYF4 colloidal nanocrystals have been studied. The obtained nanocrystals were homogenous in size and shape, as well as the crystallographic structure was pure. The absorption spectra, upconversion lifetimes, up-conversion emission and Quantum Yield power dependence have been measured to estimate the optimum doping concentration of Ho3+ ions. The experimental results were supported by the calculations based on Judd-Ofelt theory, in order to quantify the oscillator strengths in absorption and luminescence, excited-state radiative lifetimes, energy-transfer probabilities, and to estimate the quantum efficiencies of this interesting material. We have observed evident trend in rise- and luminescence decay profiles with rising Ho3+ activator concentration, and the 1\u20132% Ho3+ ions doping was found to be the most efficient nanophosphors.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.jlumin.2016.10.016"}, "_input_hash": 589303736, "_task_hash": -219418013, "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "concentration", "start": 4, "end": 17, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "dependent", "start": 18, "end": 27, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "up", "start": 28, "end": 30, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 31, "end": 32, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "conversion", "start": 33, "end": 43, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "luminescence", "start": 44, "end": 56, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 57, "end": 59, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "0.1", "start": 60, "end": 63, "id": 8, "annotation": "DOPMODQ"}, {"text": ";", "start": 64, 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 {"text": "Filter characteristics of long-period fiber gratings are externally controlled by deforming the fiber axis with a Nd-Fe-B permanent magnet. The loss amplitude is tuned from 0 to 15 dB by moving the magnet under the fiber. The loss peak wavelength is changed over a range of 200 nm by stretching the coil spring over the fiber. We apply this device to flatten the amplified spontaneous emission of an Er3+-doped fiber (EDF). We also demonstrate the tunable EDF laser that oscillates from 1532 to 1566 nm.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1002/mop.28250"}, "_input_hash": -1500126319, "_task_hash": -72440712, "tokens": [[{"text": "Filter", "start": 0, "end": 6, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "characteristics", "start": 7, "end": 22, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 23, "end": 25, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "long", "start": 26, "end": 30, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 31, "end": 32, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "period", "start": 33, "end": 39, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "fiber", "start": 40, "end": 45, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "gratings", "start": 46, "end": 54, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "are", "start": 55, "end": 58, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "externally", "start": 59, "end": 69, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "controlled", "start": 70, "end": 80, "id": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": 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-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "Electroluminescence is observed during porous etching of n-type GaP single crystals at strongly positive potential. The emission spectra, which include a supra-bandgap contribution, are markedly different from the spectra observed under optical excitation or minority carrier injection. The current density and electroluminescence intensity show a strong potential dependence and a similar hysteresis. The spectral characteristics of the luminescence suggest that both thermalised and hot charge carriers, generated by impact ionisation, are involved in light emission.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Electroluminescence", "start": 0, "end": 19, "annotation": null}, {"text": "is", "start": 20, "end": 22, "annotation": null}, {"text": "observed", "start": 23, "end": 31, "annotation": null}, {"text": "during", "start": 32, "end": 38, "annotation": null}, {"text": "porous", "start": 39, "end": 45, "annotation": null}, {"text": "etching", "start": 46, "end": 53, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 54, "end": 56, "annotation": null}, {"text": "n", "start": 57, "end": 58, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 58, "end": 59, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "type", "start": 59, "end": 63, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "GaP", "start": 64, "end": 67, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "single", "start": 68, "end": 74, "annotation": 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-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "Designing the low cost, long durability and high efficient substitutes for platinum (Pt) electrocatalyst to facilitate ORR is significant for the large-scale commercial application of fuel cells. In this work, single Pd atoms supported on graphitic carbon nitride (i.e., Pd/g-C3N4) with different Pd coverages acting as electrocatalyst for ORR is investigated by using the density functional theory calculations. Our study shows that the doping of Pd atoms can effectively decompose H2O2, leading to a four-electron mechanism via the sequential hydrogenation of *O2 giving *O+*H2O on Pdx/g-C3N4 (x=1\u20134). With the increase of Pd coverages, the energy barriers increase in the rate determining step, which are 0.39eV, 0.63eV, 0.68eV and 2.61eV for Pdx/g-C3N4 (x=1\u20134), respectively. This implies that Pdx/g-C3N4 (x=1\u20133) have lower energy barrier than Pt (calculated value 0.80eV), showing high ORR activity compared with Pt. The oxidized Pd2/g-C3N4 (i.e., Pd2/g-C3N4\u2212O) shows similar ORR activity to Pd2/g-C3N4, but with different rate determining step. The working potentials are also discussed for the studied catalysts. Especially, the working potential for Pd2/g-C3N4 is up to 0.60V, comparable to calculated value 0.73V for Pt/Cu(100).", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Designing", "start": 0, "end": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 10, "end": 13, "annotation": null}, {"text": "low", "start": 14, "end": 17, "annotation": null}, {"text": "cost", "start": 18, "end": 22, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 22, "end": 23, "annotation": null}, {"text": "long", "start": 24, "end": 28, "annotation": null}, {"text": "durability", "start": 29, "end": 39, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 40, "end": 43, "annotation": null}, {"text": "high", "start": 44, "end": 48, "annotation": null}, {"text": "efficient", "start": 49, "end": 58, "annotation": null}, {"text": "substitutes", "start": 59, "end": 70, "annotation": null}, {"text": "for", "start": 71, "end": 74, "annotation": null}, {"text": "platinum", "start": 75, "end": 83, "annotation": null}, 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+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "Electroluminescence is observed during porous etching of n-type GaP single crystals at strongly positive potential. The emission spectra, which include a supra-bandgap contribution, are markedly different from the spectra observed under optical excitation or minority carrier injection. The current density and electroluminescence intensity show a strong potential dependence and a similar hysteresis. The spectral characteristics of the luminescence suggest that both thermalised and hot charge carriers, generated by impact ionisation, are involved in light emission.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Electroluminescence", "start": 0, "end": 19, "annotation": null}, {"text": "is", "start": 20, "end": 22, "annotation": null}, {"text": "observed", "start": 23, "end": 31, "annotation": null}, {"text": "during", "start": 32, "end": 38, "annotation": null}, {"text": "porous", "start": 39, "end": 45, "annotation": null}, {"text": "etching", "start": 46, "end": 53, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 54, "end": 56, "annotation": null}, {"text": "n", "start": 57, "end": 58, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 58, "end": 59, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "type", "start": 59, "end": 63, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "GaP", "start": 64, "end": 67, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "single", "start": 68, "end": 74, "annotation": 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+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "Designing the low cost, long durability and high efficient substitutes for platinum (Pt) electrocatalyst to facilitate ORR is significant for the large-scale commercial application of fuel cells. In this work, single Pd atoms supported on graphitic carbon nitride (i.e., Pd/g-C3N4) with different Pd coverages acting as electrocatalyst for ORR is investigated by using the density functional theory calculations. Our study shows that the doping of Pd atoms can effectively decompose H2O2, leading to a four-electron mechanism via the sequential hydrogenation of *O2 giving *O+*H2O on Pdx/g-C3N4 (x=1\u20134). With the increase of Pd coverages, the energy barriers increase in the rate determining step, which are 0.39eV, 0.63eV, 0.68eV and 2.61eV for Pdx/g-C3N4 (x=1\u20134), respectively. This implies that Pdx/g-C3N4 (x=1\u20133) have lower energy barrier than Pt (calculated value 0.80eV), showing high ORR activity compared with Pt. The oxidized Pd2/g-C3N4 (i.e., Pd2/g-C3N4\u2212O) shows similar ORR activity to Pd2/g-C3N4, but with different rate determining step. The working potentials are also discussed for the studied catalysts. Especially, the working potential for Pd2/g-C3N4 is up to 0.60V, comparable to calculated value 0.73V for Pt/Cu(100).", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Designing", "start": 0, "end": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 10, "end": 13, "annotation": null}, {"text": "low", "start": 14, "end": 17, "annotation": null}, {"text": "cost", "start": 18, "end": 22, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 22, "end": 23, "annotation": null}, {"text": "long", "start": 24, "end": 28, "annotation": null}, {"text": "durability", "start": 29, "end": 39, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 40, "end": 43, "annotation": null}, {"text": "high", "start": 44, "end": 48, "annotation": null}, {"text": "efficient", "start": 49, "end": 58, "annotation": null}, {"text": "substitutes", "start": 59, "end": 70, "annotation": null}, {"text": "for", "start": 71, "end": 74, "annotation": null}, {"text": "platinum", "start": 75, "end": 83, "annotation": null}, 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 {"text": "In this work, we present photoluminescence characterization of rare earth ion doped nanoporous aluminum oxide synthesized by anodization process in different aqueous electrolyte solutions. We found that the luminescence of doped aluminum oxide strongly depends on the synthesis medium. When synthesized in inorganic acid only rare earth ions fluorescence is present, whereas nanoporous aluminum oxide synthesized in organic solvent presents two strong unexpected luminescence emission lines, one at 429nm and the other at 491nm, with quite long decay time when excited with long wavelength ultraviolet light. Theses results suggest that light simulation of primary colors and chromaticity control of the emitted light can be achieved by carefully doping aluminum oxide nanoporous with a combination of different rare earth ions.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.mseb.2004.05.039"}, "_input_hash": -515582764, "_task_hash": 370682389, "tokens": [[{"text": "In", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "this", "start": 3, "end": 7, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "work", "start": 8, "end": 12, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 13, "end": 14, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "we", "start": 15, "end": 17, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "present", "start": 18, "end": 25, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "photoluminescence", "start": 26, "end": 43, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "characterization", "start": 44, "end": 60, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 61, "end": 63, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": 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-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "Er3+/Yb3+ co-doped transparent glass ceramics containing Na3.6Y1.8(PO4)3 crystals were prepared by high-temperature melting and subsequent heat treatment the precursor glass, and their up-conversion luminescent properties were investigated. The optimum heat treatment condition of glass at 630 \u00b0C for 2 h were determined by a series of experimental results, and confirmed the existence of Na3.6Y1.8(PO4)3 crystals in glass ceramics. The up-conversion luminescence spectra of the glass ceramic samples under pulsed excitation at 980 nm revealed luminescence bands corresponding to Er3+ ion transitions in the green (4F7/2-4I15/2, 2H12/2-4I15/2,4S3/2-4I15/2) and red (4F9/2 - 4I15/2) spectral regions. The fluorescence spectra reaches a maximum when the molar ratio of Er2O3 to Yb2O3 is 1:7. Luminescence quantum yield of the samples was measured by using an integrating sphere. The transmission spectra proved that the glass ceramics sample still maintained a high transparency up to 83% in the visible region.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Er3+", "start": 0, "end": 4, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "/", "start": 4, "end": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Yb3+", "start": 5, "end": 9, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "co-doped", "start": 10, "end": 18, "annotation": null}, {"text": "transparent", "start": 19, "end": 30, "annotation": null}, {"text": "glass", "start": 31, "end": 36, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ceramics", "start": 37, "end": 45, "annotation": null}, {"text": "containing", "start": 46, "end": 56, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Na3.6Y1.8(PO4)3", "start": 57, "end": 72, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "crystals", "start": 73, "end": 81, "annotation": null}, {"text": "were", "start": 82, "end": 86, "annotation": null}, {"text": "prepared", "start": 87, "end": 95, "annotation": null}, {"text": "by", 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-{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "The energy subbands in pseudomorphic p-type Si/Si1\u2212 xGe x /Si quantum wells are calculated within the multiband effective-mass approximation that describes the heavy, light and split-off hole valence bands. We examine the intersubband transitions in this system and the selection rules are obtained for a light polarization vector parallel or perpendicular to the growth direction. Comparison is made with other theories and experiment.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "energy", "start": 4, "end": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "subbands", "start": 11, "end": 19, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 20, "end": 22, "annotation": null}, {"text": "pseudomorphic", "start": 23, "end": 36, "annotation": null}, {"text": "p", "start": 37, "end": 38, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 38, "end": 39, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "type", "start": 39, "end": 43, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "Si", "start": 44, "end": 46, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "/", "start": 46, "end": 47, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "Si1\u2212", "start": 47, "end": 51, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "xGe", "start": 52, "end": 55, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "x", "start": 56, "end": 57, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "/", "start": 58, "end": 59, 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-{"text": "The carrier concentration dependence of Hg0.6Cd0.4Te on annealing temperature for the Hg and Te saturation condi-tions is presented in this paper. At low annealing tempera-tures, TA < 350\u2021 C, residual donor impurities apparently limit the carrier concentration. In contrast, at higher annealing temperatures, 350\u2021 C < T < 700\u2021 C, the stoichio-metric acceptor density is increased such that the residual donors are compensated and the material is converted to p-type with an acceptor density as large as 1017 cm\u22123 . An empirical expression describing this dependence of the acceptors on annealing temperature is given for both the Hg and Te saturation condition: P (Hg saturation) = 1.46 \u00d7 1022 exp (\u22120.84/kTA), P (Te saturation) = 1.90 \u00d7 1018 exp (\u22120.15/kTA).", "meta": {"doi": "10.1007/BF02656021"}, "_input_hash": 1121439279, "_task_hash": -1075342173, "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "carrier", "start": 4, "end": 11, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "concentration", "start": 12, "end": 25, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "dependence", "start": 26, "end": 36, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 37, "end": 39, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Hg0.6Cd0.4Te", "start": 40, "end": 52, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 53, "end": 55, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "annealing", "start": 56, "end": 65, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 66, 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+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "Er3+/Yb3+ co-doped transparent glass ceramics containing Na3.6Y1.8(PO4)3 crystals were prepared by high-temperature melting and subsequent heat treatment the precursor glass, and their up-conversion luminescent properties were investigated. The optimum heat treatment condition of glass at 630 \u00b0C for 2 h were determined by a series of experimental results, and confirmed the existence of Na3.6Y1.8(PO4)3 crystals in glass ceramics. The up-conversion luminescence spectra of the glass ceramic samples under pulsed excitation at 980 nm revealed luminescence bands corresponding to Er3+ ion transitions in the green (4F7/2-4I15/2, 2H12/2-4I15/2,4S3/2-4I15/2) and red (4F9/2 - 4I15/2) spectral regions. The fluorescence spectra reaches a maximum when the molar ratio of Er2O3 to Yb2O3 is 1:7. Luminescence quantum yield of the samples was measured by using an integrating sphere. The transmission spectra proved that the glass ceramics sample still maintained a high transparency up to 83% in the visible region.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Er3+", "start": 0, "end": 4, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "/", "start": 4, "end": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Yb3+", "start": 5, "end": 9, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "co-doped", "start": 10, "end": 18, "annotation": null}, {"text": "transparent", "start": 19, "end": 30, "annotation": null}, {"text": "glass", "start": 31, "end": 36, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ceramics", "start": 37, "end": 45, "annotation": null}, {"text": "containing", "start": 46, "end": 56, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Na3.6Y1.8(PO4)3", "start": 57, "end": 72, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "crystals", "start": 73, "end": 81, "annotation": null}, {"text": "were", "start": 82, "end": 86, "annotation": null}, {"text": "prepared", "start": 87, "end": 95, "annotation": null}, {"text": "by", 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+{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "The energy subbands in pseudomorphic p-type Si/Si1\u2212 xGe x /Si quantum wells are calculated within the multiband effective-mass approximation that describes the heavy, light and split-off hole valence bands. We examine the intersubband transitions in this system and the selection rules are obtained for a light polarization vector parallel or perpendicular to the growth direction. Comparison is made with other theories and experiment.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "energy", "start": 4, "end": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "subbands", "start": 11, "end": 19, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 20, "end": 22, "annotation": null}, {"text": "pseudomorphic", "start": 23, "end": 36, "annotation": null}, {"text": "p", "start": 37, "end": 38, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 38, "end": 39, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "type", "start": 39, "end": 43, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "Si", "start": 44, "end": 46, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "/", "start": 46, "end": 47, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "Si1\u2212", "start": 47, "end": 51, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "xGe", "start": 52, "end": 55, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "x", "start": 56, "end": 57, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "/", "start": 58, "end": 59, 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+{"text": "The carrier concentration dependence of Hg0.6Cd0.4Te on annealing temperature for the Hg and Te saturation condi-tions is presented in this paper. At low annealing tempera-tures, TA < 350\u2021 C, residual donor impurities apparently limit the carrier concentration. In contrast, at higher annealing temperatures, 350\u2021 C < T < 700\u2021 C, the stoichio-metric acceptor density is increased such that the residual donors are compensated and the material is converted to p-type with an acceptor density as large as 1017 cm\u22123 . An empirical expression describing this dependence of the acceptors on annealing temperature is given for both the Hg and Te saturation condition: P (Hg saturation) = 1.46 \u00d7 1022 exp (\u22120.84/kTA), P (Te saturation) = 1.90 \u00d7 1018 exp (\u22120.15/kTA).", "meta": {"doi": "10.1007/BF02656021"}, "_input_hash": 1121439279, "_task_hash": -1075342173, "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "carrier", "start": 4, "end": 11, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "concentration", "start": 12, "end": 25, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "dependence", "start": 26, "end": 36, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 37, "end": 39, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Hg0.6Cd0.4Te", "start": 40, "end": 52, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 53, "end": 55, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "annealing", "start": 56, "end": 65, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 66, 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 {"text": "In both light emitting devices such as light emitting diodes (LEDs), and light absorbing devices such as solar cells (also photodetectors), which are gaining considerable interest for their energy saving and energy production capability, respectively, a compromise must be struck between the need to increase the light emitting/absorbing area/potential and the need for low series resistance of the metal contact grid. This undesirable compromise can be mitigated by using transparent conducting oxides (TCOs), which heretofore have been dominated by ITO (indium tin oxide\u2014an In-rich alloy of indium oxide and tin oxide). Due to the expected scarcity of Indium used in ITO, efforts are underway to develop indium-free TCOs for the above-mentioned devices as well as flat panel displays. ZnO heavily doped with Ga or Al (GZO or AZO) is becoming a very attractive candidate for future generation TCOs. GZO and AZO as well as multilayer TCOs consisting of two TCO layers with a thin metal layer in between have been widely investigated for LEDs and solar cells to enhance device performance. This article succinctly reviews the latest developments in and properties of TCOs, particularly in relation to thin film transparent electrode applications for LEDs and solar cells. Pertinent critical issues and possible solutions are provided as well.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.spmi.2010.08.011"}, "_input_hash": -1747012537, "_task_hash": -1464765875, "tokens": [[{"text": "In", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "both", "start": 3, "end": 7, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "light", "start": 8, "end": 13, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "emitting", "start": 14, "end": 22, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "devices", "start": 23, "end": 30, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "such", "start": 31, "end": 35, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "as", "start": 36, "end": 38, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "light", "start": 39, "end": 44, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "emitting", "start": 45, "end": 53, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "diodes", "start": 54, "end": 60, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 61, "end": 62, "id": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "LEDs", "start": 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However, these lasers are only quasi-CW: their intensity fluctuates strongly on short time scales. Here the framework of the complex Ginzburg-Landau equations, which are well known as an efficient model of mode-locked fiber lasers, is applied for the description of quasi-CW fiber lasers. 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However, these lasers are only quasi-CW: their intensity fluctuates strongly on short time scales. Here the framework of the complex Ginzburg-Landau equations, which are well known as an efficient model of mode-locked fiber lasers, is applied for the description of quasi-CW fiber lasers. 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 {"text": "Mesoporous nanocrystalline Cd-doped titania was firstly prepared at low temperature by a modified sol-gel method, using dodecylamine as a template. The template could be easily removed by refluxing samples in nitric acid ethanol solution. The Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR), low-angle and wideangle X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2 adsorption-desorption, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS), and UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy were used for the characterization of catalysts. The characteristic results clearly showed that Cd2+ ions were doped into the titania lattice, and the mesoporous architecture of Cd-doped TiO2 was composed of mixed-phase crystal textures of anatase and brookite. The samples displayed high visible-light photocatalytic activity for photodegradating 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) solution. 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 {"text": "We have designed and synthesized NaGdF4:Nd3+, Yb3+, Tm3+ magnetic nanophosphors with combined dual-mode downconversion (DC) and upconversion (UC) photoluminescence upon 800 nm excitation. Hexagonal-phase NaGdF4:Nd3+, Yb3+, Tm3+ nanocrystals (NCs) with an average size of 21 nm were synthesized using a solvothermal approach. Nd3+, Yb3+, Tm3+ triple-doped NaGdF4 NCs exhibit a broad range of photoluminescence peaks covering a near infrared first/second window (860\u2013900, 1,000, and 1,060 nm), and visible emission including blue (475 nm), green (520 and 542 nm) and yellow (587 nm) after excitation at 800 nm. A mechanism involving circulation of energy over Gd3+ sublattices as bridge ions and final trapping by the initial activator ions (Nd3+) has been proposed. Penetration depth studies indicate that NIR emission is easily detected even at a large tissue thickness of 10 mm. These paramagnetic nanophosphors demonstrate a large magnetization value of 1.88 emu/g at 20 kOe and longitudinal relaxivity value of 1.2537 mM\u22121\u00b7S\u22121 as a T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent. These NaGdF4:Nd3+, Yb3+, Tm3+ NCs are promising for applications in biological and magnetic resonance imaging.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1007/s12274-014-0548-2"}, "_input_hash": -1512274997, "_task_hash": 1736917806, "tokens": [[{"text": "We", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "have", "start": 3, "end": 7, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "designed", "start": 8, "end": 16, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 17, "end": 20, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "synthesized", "start": 21, "end": 32, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "NaGdF4", "start": 33, "end": 39, "id": 5, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": ":", "start": 40, "end": 41, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Nd3", "start": 42, "end": 45, "id": 7, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "+", "start": 46, "end": 47, "id": 8, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": ",", "start": 48, "end": 49, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Yb3", "start": 50, "end": 53, "id": 10, 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-{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "Bi3.25La0.75Ti3O12 (BLT) is one of the prospective candidate materials for data storage devices application. In order to understand the leakage current conduction mechanism in BLT we have studied Mn doped Bi3.25La0.75Ti3O12 (BLT) thin films with varying concentration of Mn. These films were prepared by chemical solution deposition technique. The structure and phase analysis of these films was performed at room temperature by X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscope was used to investigate the surface morphology. Different leakage current conduction mechanisms, e.g., Schottky emission, Modified Schottky, Poole\u2013Frenkel emission and space charge limited (Lampert\u2019s theory) conduction were examined to explain the true nature of charge transport phenomena in BLT and Mn doped BLT thin films. It was found that BLT and Mn doped BLT thin films leakage current conduction mechanism follows the Lampert\u2019s theory of space charge limited conduction in an insulator with traps.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Bi3.25La0.75Ti3O12", "start": 0, "end": 18, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 19, "end": 20, "annotation": null}, {"text": "BLT", "start": 20, "end": 23, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 23, "end": 24, "annotation": null}, {"text": "is", "start": 25, "end": 27, "annotation": null}, {"text": "one", "start": 28, "end": 31, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 32, "end": 34, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 35, "end": 38, "annotation": null}, {"text": "prospective", "start": 39, "end": 50, "annotation": null}, {"text": "candidate", "start": 51, "end": 60, "annotation": null}, {"text": "materials", "start": 61, "end": 70, "annotation": null}, {"text": "for", "start": 71, "end": 74, "annotation": 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-{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "Dislocation-free p-type float-zone (FZ), magnetic Czochralski (MCZ), and Czochralski (CZ) silicon wafers with resistivity of ~50 \u03a9-cm were investigated before and after oxidation. Prior to any heat-treatment, FZ material showed highest minority-carrier lifetime (\u03c4r) with lifetimes approaching 5 ms. Lifetime in as-grown FZ material appears to be limited primarily by point defects generated due to thermal gradient and temperature fluctuation. As-grown CZ material showed lowest lifetimes of the order of 550 \u00b5s because of high concentration of point defects and residual impurities. This paper demonstrates for the first time that, unlike CZ, crucible-grown MCZ material of resistivity as low as 30\u201360 \u03a9-cm can have a lifetime as high as 2.5 ms. MCZ lifetime is limited by the residual impurities from the crucible and poly, even though the melt convection is reduced considerably. With the starting materials of comparable quality, the MCZ lifetime could be better than FZ because it has fewer defects due to stable liquid/solid interface. After oxidation, both FZ and MCZ samples gave a lifetime of ~550 \u00b5s which could not be explained on the basis of oxidation-induced point defects, because lifetime was limited by impurities diffused-in during high-temperature processing. Unlike FZ and MCZ, CZ material gave a postoxidation lifetime of only 100 \u00b5s due to high density of decorated defects, even though the impurity diffused-in concentration was the same. \u00a9 1990, The Electrochemical Society, Inc. All rights reserved.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Dislocation", "start": 0, "end": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 11, "end": 12, "annotation": null}, {"text": "free", "start": 12, "end": 16, "annotation": null}, {"text": "p", "start": 17, "end": 18, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 18, "end": 19, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "type", "start": 19, "end": 23, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "float", "start": 24, "end": 29, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 29, "end": 30, "annotation": null}, {"text": "zone", "start": 30, "end": 34, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 35, "end": 36, "annotation": null}, {"text": "FZ", "start": 36, "end": 38, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 38, "end": 39, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 39, "end": 40, "annotation": null}, {"text": "magnetic", "start": 41, "end": 49, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Czochralski", "start": 50, "end": 61, 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+{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "Bi3.25La0.75Ti3O12 (BLT) is one of the prospective candidate materials for data storage devices application. In order to understand the leakage current conduction mechanism in BLT we have studied Mn doped Bi3.25La0.75Ti3O12 (BLT) thin films with varying concentration of Mn. These films were prepared by chemical solution deposition technique. The structure and phase analysis of these films was performed at room temperature by X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscope was used to investigate the surface morphology. Different leakage current conduction mechanisms, e.g., Schottky emission, Modified Schottky, Poole\u2013Frenkel emission and space charge limited (Lampert\u2019s theory) conduction were examined to explain the true nature of charge transport phenomena in BLT and Mn doped BLT thin films. It was found that BLT and Mn doped BLT thin films leakage current conduction mechanism follows the Lampert\u2019s theory of space charge limited conduction in an insulator with traps.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Bi3.25La0.75Ti3O12", "start": 0, "end": 18, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 19, "end": 20, "annotation": null}, {"text": "BLT", "start": 20, "end": 23, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 23, "end": 24, "annotation": null}, {"text": "is", "start": 25, "end": 27, "annotation": null}, {"text": "one", "start": 28, "end": 31, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 32, "end": 34, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 35, "end": 38, "annotation": null}, {"text": "prospective", "start": 39, "end": 50, "annotation": null}, {"text": "candidate", "start": 51, "end": 60, "annotation": null}, {"text": "materials", "start": 61, "end": 70, "annotation": null}, {"text": "for", "start": 71, "end": 74, "annotation": 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+{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "Dislocation-free p-type float-zone (FZ), magnetic Czochralski (MCZ), and Czochralski (CZ) silicon wafers with resistivity of ~50 \u03a9-cm were investigated before and after oxidation. Prior to any heat-treatment, FZ material showed highest minority-carrier lifetime (\u03c4r) with lifetimes approaching 5 ms. Lifetime in as-grown FZ material appears to be limited primarily by point defects generated due to thermal gradient and temperature fluctuation. As-grown CZ material showed lowest lifetimes of the order of 550 \u00b5s because of high concentration of point defects and residual impurities. This paper demonstrates for the first time that, unlike CZ, crucible-grown MCZ material of resistivity as low as 30\u201360 \u03a9-cm can have a lifetime as high as 2.5 ms. MCZ lifetime is limited by the residual impurities from the crucible and poly, even though the melt convection is reduced considerably. With the starting materials of comparable quality, the MCZ lifetime could be better than FZ because it has fewer defects due to stable liquid/solid interface. After oxidation, both FZ and MCZ samples gave a lifetime of ~550 \u00b5s which could not be explained on the basis of oxidation-induced point defects, because lifetime was limited by impurities diffused-in during high-temperature processing. Unlike FZ and MCZ, CZ material gave a postoxidation lifetime of only 100 \u00b5s due to high density of decorated defects, even though the impurity diffused-in concentration was the same. \u00a9 1990, The Electrochemical Society, Inc. All rights reserved.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Dislocation", "start": 0, "end": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 11, "end": 12, "annotation": null}, {"text": "free", "start": 12, "end": 16, "annotation": null}, {"text": "p", "start": 17, "end": 18, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 18, "end": 19, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "type", "start": 19, "end": 23, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "float", "start": 24, "end": 29, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 29, "end": 30, "annotation": null}, {"text": "zone", "start": 30, "end": 34, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 35, "end": 36, "annotation": null}, {"text": "FZ", "start": 36, "end": 38, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 38, "end": 39, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 39, "end": 40, "annotation": null}, {"text": "magnetic", "start": 41, "end": 49, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Czochralski", "start": 50, "end": 61, 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 {"text": "An orange-emitting phosphor was obtained via efficient Ce3+\u2013Mn2+ and Eu2+\u2013Mn2+ energy transfers in La9.33(SiO4)6O2, and has been developed for solid state UV/near-UV white lighting applications. The luminescence properties and energy transfer from Ce3+ to Mn2+ and Eu2+ to Mn2+ are investigated. The La9.33(SiO4)6O2:Ce3+, Mn2+ phosphor shows a blue emission centered at 380 and an orange emission peaking at 590 nm, which could be ascribed to the allowed 5d \u2192 4f transition of the Ce3+ ion and the 4T1g(4G) \u2192 6A1g(6S) transition of the Mn2+ ion, respectively. Upon excitation at 365 nm, the Eu2+, Mn2+ co-doped La9.33(SiO4)6O2 phosphor exhibits the Eu2+ green emission band and the Mn2+ orange emission band. Non-radiative transitions between the Ce3+/Eu2+ and Mn2+ ions in the La9.33(SiO4)6O2 host are both demonstrated to be attributable to dipole\u2013quadrupole interactions. The intensity ratio of the Mn2+ emission bands can be enhanced through the increase of the Mn2+ content, which is attributed to the efficient energy transfer from Ce3+/Eu2+ to Mn2+, and the corresponding chromaticity coordinates (0.50, 0.38), (0.51, 0.46) were obtained with the La9.33(SiO4)6O2:Ce3+, Mn2+ and La9.33(SiO4)6O2:Eu2+, Mn2+ samples. Results indicated that the as-prepared phosphors might have promising applications in white-light LEDs as an orange-emitting phosphor.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1039/C3NJ00758H"}, "_input_hash": 1133881733, "_task_hash": 597787295, "tokens": [[{"text": "An", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "orange", "start": 3, "end": 9, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 10, "end": 11, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "emitting", "start": 12, "end": 20, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "phosphor", "start": 21, "end": 29, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "was", "start": 30, "end": 33, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "obtained", "start": 34, "end": 42, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "via", "start": 43, "end": 46, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "efficient", "start": 47, "end": 56, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Ce3+\u2013Mn2", "start": 57, "end": 65, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "+", "start": 66, "end": 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-{"text": "Mapping of iron concentration is obtained in p-type monocrystalline and multicrystalline silicon by means of contactless lifetime measurements. The recombination rate induced by interstitial iron (Fei ) and iron boron pairs (FeB), which is very sensitive to injection level, is appreciated thanks to comparison between deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) and lifetime measurement by the micro-wave phase-shift technique (\u03bcW-PS). Calibration is given for samples doped in the range 5\u00d71013\u20133\u00d71016 cm\u22123.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/S0921-5107(01)00998-9"}, "_input_hash": 1190900745, "_task_hash": 1586262563, "tokens": [[{"text": "Mapping", "start": 0, "end": 7, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 8, "end": 10, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "iron", "start": 11, "end": 15, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "concentration", "start": 16, "end": 29, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "is", "start": 30, "end": 32, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "obtained", "start": 33, "end": 41, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 42, "end": 44, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "p", "start": 45, "end": 46, "id": 7, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 47, "end": 48, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "type", "start": 49, "end": 53, "id": 9, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "monocrystalline", "start": 54, "end": 69, "id": 10, 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-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "Undoped and 3mol% Zn-doped barium strontium titanate thin films were deposited on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrates using a sol\u2013gel method. The microstructure and morphology of the films were characterized by X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy. It showed that both films are polycrystalline with a perovskite structure and smaller grains were observed for the Zn-doped thin films. Dielectric measurements showed that the dielectric loss at 500kHz was reduced from 0.042 to 0.019 by Zn doping, which was accompanied by a slight decrease of the dielectric constant from 303 to 273. At an applied electric field of 60kV/cm, the leakage current density of the Zn-doped Ba0.7Sr0.3TiO3 thin films was 2.5\u00d710\u22128 A/cm2, which was by two orders of magnitude lower than that of the undoped films. The leakage current characteristics also indicated that the Ohmic conduction region of barium strontium titanate thin films was extended by Zn dopant. 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+{"text": "Mapping of iron concentration is obtained in p-type monocrystalline and multicrystalline silicon by means of contactless lifetime measurements. The recombination rate induced by interstitial iron (Fei ) and iron boron pairs (FeB), which is very sensitive to injection level, is appreciated thanks to comparison between deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) and lifetime measurement by the micro-wave phase-shift technique (\u03bcW-PS). Calibration is given for samples doped in the range 5\u00d71013\u20133\u00d71016 cm\u22123.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/S0921-5107(01)00998-9"}, "_input_hash": 1190900745, "_task_hash": 1586262563, "tokens": [[{"text": "Mapping", "start": 0, "end": 7, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 8, "end": 10, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "iron", "start": 11, "end": 15, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "concentration", "start": 16, "end": 29, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "is", "start": 30, "end": 32, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "obtained", "start": 33, "end": 41, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 42, "end": 44, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "p", "start": 45, "end": 46, "id": 7, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 47, "end": 48, "id": 8, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "type", "start": 49, "end": 53, "id": 9, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "monocrystalline", "start": 54, "end": 69, "id": 10, 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+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "Undoped and 3mol% Zn-doped barium strontium titanate thin films were deposited on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrates using a sol\u2013gel method. The microstructure and morphology of the films were characterized by X-ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy. It showed that both films are polycrystalline with a perovskite structure and smaller grains were observed for the Zn-doped thin films. Dielectric measurements showed that the dielectric loss at 500kHz was reduced from 0.042 to 0.019 by Zn doping, which was accompanied by a slight decrease of the dielectric constant from 303 to 273. At an applied electric field of 60kV/cm, the leakage current density of the Zn-doped Ba0.7Sr0.3TiO3 thin films was 2.5\u00d710\u22128 A/cm2, which was by two orders of magnitude lower than that of the undoped films. The leakage current characteristics also indicated that the Ohmic conduction region of barium strontium titanate thin films was extended by Zn dopant. 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 {"text": "Equilibrium phase diagram of ruthenium-zirconium oxide (Ru-Zr-O) was calculated by a combination of ab initio density functional theory and thermodynamic calculations. The phase diagrams suggest that the solubility between ruthenium oxide and zirconium oxide is very low under normal experimental conditions, in good agreement with the prior reports in literature. Also provided is the theoretical support for the reported phenomenon that doping or amorphization of Ru-Zr-O might suppress phase separation of the oxide. To study the spinodal decomposition of Ru-Zr-O, we successfully prepared an amorphous Ru0.48Zr0.52O2 film of a solid solution phase by a thermal decomposition at a low temperature (563 K). In situ transmission electron microscopy was utilized to witness the spinodal decomposition of the amorphous Ru0.48Zr0.52O2 solid solution by electron-beam annealing. The present fundamental study of the phase behavior of Ru-Zr-O provides a guideline for the phase and microstructure design of Ru-based mixed oxides for various important applications.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1021/jp308310y"}, "_input_hash": 1845534727, "_task_hash": -104436030, "tokens": [[{"text": "Equilibrium", "start": 0, "end": 11, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "phase", "start": 12, "end": 17, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "diagram", "start": 18, "end": 25, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 26, "end": 28, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ruthenium", "start": 29, "end": 38, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 39, "end": 40, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "zirconium", "start": 41, "end": 50, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "oxide", "start": 51, "end": 56, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 57, "end": 58, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Ru", "start": 59, "end": 61, "id": 9, 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 {"text": "The effects of La- and Co-doping into SrTiO3 perovskite oxides on their phase structure, electrical conductivity, ionic conductivity and oxygen vacancy concentration have been investigated. The solid solution limits of La in La x Sr1\u2212 x TiO3\u2212 \u03b4 and Co in La0.3Sr0.7Co y Ti1\u2212 y O3\u2212 \u03b4 are about 40mol% and 7mol%, respectively, at 1500\u00b0C. The incorporation of La decreases the band gap and thus increases the electrical conductivity of SrTiO3 remarkably. La0.3Sr0.7TiO3\u2212 \u03b4 shows an electrical conductivity of 247S/cm at 700\u00b0C. Co-doping into La0.3Sr0.7TiO3\u2212 \u03b4 increases the oxygen vacancy concentration and decreases the migration energy for oxygen ions, leading to a significant increase in ionic conductivity but at the expense of some electrical conductivity. The electrical and ionic conductivities of La0.3Sr0.7Co0.07Ti0.93O3\u2212 \u03b4 are 63S/cm and 6\u00d710\u22123 S/cm, respectively, at 700\u00b0C. Both La0.3Sr0.7TiO3\u2212 \u03b4 and La0.3Sr0.7Co0.07Ti0.93O3\u2212 \u03b4 show relatively stable electrical conductivities under oxygen partial pressure of 10\u221214\u201310\u221219 atm at 800\u00b0C. These properties make La0.3Sr0.7Co0.07Ti0.93O3\u2212 \u03b4 a promising anode candidate for solid oxide fuel cells.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.05.079"}, "_input_hash": -682917347, "_task_hash": -2015774679, "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "effects", "start": 4, "end": 11, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 12, "end": 14, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "La-", "start": 15, "end": 18, "id": 3, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "and", "start": 19, "end": 22, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Co", "start": 23, "end": 25, "id": 5, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 26, "end": 27, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doping", "start": 28, "end": 34, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "into", "start": 35, "end": 39, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "SrTiO3", "start": 40, "end": 46, "id": 9, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "perovskite", "start": 47, "end": 57, 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 {"text": "Well-dispersed, uniform Lu2O3 hollow microspheres have been successfully fabricated via a urea-based precipitation method in the presence of colloidal PS microspheres as templates, followed by subsequent heat treatment. The structure, morphology, formation process, and fluorescent properties are well investigated using various techniques. The results indicate that the hollow microspheres can be well indexed to the cubic Lu2O3 phase. The hollow Lu2O3 microspheres with a uniform diameter of about 2.2 \u03bcm maintain the spherical morphology and good dispersion of the PS spheres template. The shell of the hollow microspheres consists of numerous nanocrystals with the thickness of approximately 20 nm. Moreover, the possible formation mechanism of evolution from the PS spheres to the amorphous precursor and to the final hollow Lu2O3 microspheres has also been proposed. Under 980 nm laser diode excitation, Lu2O3:Yb3+/Tm3+, Lu2O3:Er3+ and Lu2O3:Yb3+/Er3+ products are mainly dominated by blue, green and red light emissions, respectively. The ratio of the intensity of green luminescence to that of red luminescence decreases with an increase of the concentration of Yb3+ in Lu2O3:Er3+ samples. Furthermore, the UC white light was successfully obtained in the Lu2O3:Yb3+/Er3+/Tm3+ system by adjusting the relative doping concentration of Yb3+, Er3+ and Tm3+. The obtained UC white light has CIE-x = 0.3478 and CIE-y = 0.3143, which are very close to the standard equal energy white light illuminate (x = 0.33, y = 0.33). Because of abundant luminescent colors from RGB to white in Lu2O3:Yb3+/Er3+/Tm3+ samples under 980 nm laser diode (LD) excitation, they can potentially be used as fluorophores in the fields of color displays, backlights, UC lasers, photonics, and biomedicine.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1039/C3NJ00913K"}, "_input_hash": -2010449521, "_task_hash": 804588924, "tokens": [[{"text": "Well", "start": 0, "end": 4, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 5, "end": 6, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "dispersed", "start": 7, "end": 16, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 17, "end": 18, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "uniform", "start": 19, "end": 26, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Lu2O3", "start": 27, "end": 32, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "hollow", "start": 33, "end": 39, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "microspheres", "start": 40, "end": 52, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "have", "start": 53, "end": 57, "id": 8, 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 {"text": "In recent years, intensive research efforts around the world have been devoted to lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles because of their promising application in biological imaging. However, the overheating issue caused upon 980 nm laser irradiation in conventional Yb3+-based nanoparticles is needed to be addressed, and thus Nd3+/Yb3+-based upconversion nanoparticles with 808 nm excitation are investigated as promising alternatives because they can significantly decrease the optical absorption of water. Due to the cascade sensitization process, Nd3+/Yb3+-based upconversion nanoparticles, however, always suffer from the intrinsic low luminescence efficiency. To solve this problem, here we proposed the active-core/active-shell nanostructured design as an effective strategy for upconversion improvement of Nd3+/Yb3+-based upconversion nanoparticles. We found that after growing an optimized active-shell containing both Nd3+ and Yb3+ ions, a maximum 522-fold enhancement in upconversion luminescence was realized upon excitation at 808 nm. These findings would be of great importance to the community developing high-performance upconversion nanoparticles for bioimaging applications.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1039/C5TC01438G"}, "_input_hash": -683224048, "_task_hash": 279255908, "tokens": [[{"text": "In", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "recent", "start": 3, "end": 9, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "years", "start": 10, "end": 15, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 16, "end": 17, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "intensive", "start": 18, "end": 27, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "research", "start": 28, "end": 36, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "efforts", "start": 37, "end": 44, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "around", "start": 45, "end": 51, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 52, "end": 55, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "world", "start": 56, "end": 61, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "have", "start": 62, 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 {"text": "Microstructural changes associated with chemical and structural evolution from gels to Fex\u2013ZrSiO4 solid solutions are reported. Mineralizer-free Fex\u2013ZrSiO4 gels in the compositional range 0\u2264x\u22640.15 were prepared by sol\u2013gel liquid-phase route from mixtures of alkoxides of silicon and zirconium, and iron (III) acetylacetonate, and annealed at different temperatures and/or times. The first step on the whole process to the final Fex\u2013ZrSiO4 solid solutions was the formation of aggregated of tetragonal Fe-doped ZrO2 nanocrystals with diameters smaller than 50nm. At this stage the tetragonal Fe\u2013ZrO2 were embedded in amorphous silica resulting nanocomposite materials. The formation of the final Fex\u2013ZrSiO4 solid solution nanocrystals at around 1100\u00b0C occurred almost simultaneously to the Fe\u2013ZrO2 solid solution phase transformation from the tetragonal to the monoclinic form. The microstructural examination of specimens after annealing at 1200\u00b0C revealed the development of Fe-doped zircon nanoparticles smaller than 100nm.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2011.08.014"}, "_input_hash": -1473080418, "_task_hash": -722849665, "tokens": [[{"text": "Microstructural", "start": 0, "end": 15, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "changes", "start": 16, "end": 23, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "associated", "start": 24, "end": 34, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 35, "end": 39, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "chemical", "start": 40, "end": 48, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 49, "end": 52, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "structural", "start": 53, "end": 63, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "evolution", "start": 64, "end": 73, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "from", "start": 74, "end": 78, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "gels", "start": 79, "end": 83, "id": 9, 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 {"text": "The dependence of sensitivity of SnO2 gas sensors on indium concentration has been studied. Undoped and indium-doped SnO2 gas sensors have been prepared by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) using SnCl4 as precursor solution without or with InCl3 as doping solution, respectively. The response of the sensors is observed to increase significantly with 20wt.% InCl3 content towards 1000ppm hydrogen, methanol, and carbon monoxide. Indium-doped SnO2 gas sensors with sensitivity as high as 17%, four times higher than that of undoped sensor, are obtained for 1000ppm methanol. Above an amount of 20wt.% InCl3, the sensitivity of the sensors decreases drastically. A concentration of 40wt.% InCl3 decreases the response of the sensors down to the sensitivity value of the undoped sensor. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to investigate the morphology and pore structure of the undoped and indium-doped sensing films with variations in indium concentration. Further, the sensing films were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) to identify the changes in their crystallographic structures. The relation between structure of the films and gas sensitivity is discussed. It is observed that structure of the sensors changes as the doping concentration increases.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/S0925-4005(02)00460-4"}, "_input_hash": -1395935233, "_task_hash": -169349184, "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "dependence", "start": 4, "end": 14, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 15, "end": 17, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "sensitivity", "start": 18, "end": 29, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 30, "end": 32, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "SnO2", "start": 33, "end": 37, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "gas", "start": 38, "end": 41, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "sensors", "start": 42, "end": 49, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 50, "end": 52, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "indium", "start": 53, "end": 59, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "concentration", "start": 60, "end": 73, "id": 10, "annotation": 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 {"text": "A unique heteronetwork consisting of crystalline tin-doped zinc oxide nanorod arrays and rutile tin oxide nanowires (SZO/SnO2) was fabricated for the first time using a two-step solution immersion method at a low temperature and immersion time (2h) for humidity sensing applications. The average diameter and thickness of the SZO are approximately 95 and 730nm, respectively. The diameter of the SnO2 nanowires ranges from 60nm to 120nm, and the length of the nanowire is approximately 10\u00b5m. The SZO/SnO2-based humidity sensor exhibits high stability and superior humidity sensing performance compared with the SZO-, SnO2-, and ZnO/SnO2-based sensors with a sensitivity of 67.8. Results demonstrate that the unique architecture of SZO/SnO2 heteronetwork can enhance the humidity sensing capabilities of the nanowires.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.matlet.2017.09.040"}, "_input_hash": -179308696, "_task_hash": 671427026, "tokens": [[{"text": "A", "start": 0, "end": 1, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "unique", "start": 2, "end": 8, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "heteronetwork", "start": 9, "end": 22, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "consisting", "start": 23, "end": 33, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 34, "end": 36, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "crystalline", "start": 37, "end": 48, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "tin", "start": 49, "end": 52, "id": 6, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 53, "end": 54, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 55, "end": 60, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "zinc", "start": 61, "end": 65, "id": 9, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": 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-{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting to its constituents, hydrogen and oxygen, is a promising approach to producing chemical fuels. The preparation of metal oxides on a conductive substrate with a well-defined structure has been an important issue for improving the efficiency of PEC water splitting. In this study, we have developed a facile synthetic process for the manufacture of WO3 nanocrystals with full coverage on a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate. The preparation of WO3 as a continuous film on the FTO substrate is indispensable to study charge separation processes in its composite structure. Typically, various ratios of WO3/BiVO4 composite structures were prepared with the WO3 held constant to investigate charge separation processes in WO3 and BiVO4 for efficient PEC water oxidation. The photocurrent initially drops and then rises with growing BiVO4 molar ratios. We attribute this initial decrease in photocurrent to electron-hole recombination at the semiconductor-semiconductor interface. On the other hand, an improved photocurrent is attributed to enhanced charge separation of BiVO4 on the WO3 electrode. 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+{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting to its constituents, hydrogen and oxygen, is a promising approach to producing chemical fuels. The preparation of metal oxides on a conductive substrate with a well-defined structure has been an important issue for improving the efficiency of PEC water splitting. In this study, we have developed a facile synthetic process for the manufacture of WO3 nanocrystals with full coverage on a fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) substrate. The preparation of WO3 as a continuous film on the FTO substrate is indispensable to study charge separation processes in its composite structure. Typically, various ratios of WO3/BiVO4 composite structures were prepared with the WO3 held constant to investigate charge separation processes in WO3 and BiVO4 for efficient PEC water oxidation. The photocurrent initially drops and then rises with growing BiVO4 molar ratios. We attribute this initial decrease in photocurrent to electron-hole recombination at the semiconductor-semiconductor interface. On the other hand, an improved photocurrent is attributed to enhanced charge separation of BiVO4 on the WO3 electrode. 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 {"text": "In this paper, Ag-based paste was screen-printed on the polished as well as on the textured p-type (100) single crystalline silicon wafers. Three types of baking processes were studied: the tube furnace, the belt furnace and the hot plate baking. The effective contact areas of Ag/Si system were measured with a novel method, namely metal insulator semiconductor structure measurement. The results show that after baking on the hot plate at 400\u00b0C for 5min, the size and number of pores in the Ag film layer as well as at the interface between silver layer and silicon decreases significantly, the effective contact area also increases about 20%, particularly on the textured silicon substrate.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.solmat.2004.04.012"}, "_input_hash": 177998329, "_task_hash": -2081845576, "tokens": [[{"text": "In", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "this", "start": 3, "end": 7, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "paper", "start": 8, "end": 13, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 14, "end": 15, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Ag", "start": 16, "end": 18, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 19, "end": 20, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "based", "start": 21, "end": 26, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "paste", "start": 27, "end": 32, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "was", 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-{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "Tb3+ doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (Tb: YAG) is a very promising optical material. This article reports synthesis of Tb doped YAG polycrystalline powder by sol\u2013gel method. The sample was heat treated at different temperatures for characterization purpose. The powder was characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Photoluminescence (PL) studies and Raman Spectroscopy. 5D4\u21927Fj transitions were observed due to presence of Tb3+ in the YAG structure. Phonon band and few inter manifold transitions in 7F6 and 7F5 have been observed. Raman active A1g, Eg, T2g modes have been successfully identified in the phonon band at room temperature Raman measurements.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Tb3+", "start": 0, "end": 4, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "doped", "start": 5, "end": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Yttrium", "start": 11, "end": 18, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "Aluminum", "start": 19, "end": 27, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "Garnet", "start": 28, "end": 34, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "(", "start": 35, "end": 36, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Tb", "start": 36, "end": 38, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": ":", "start": 38, "end": 39, "annotation": null}, {"text": "YAG", "start": 40, "end": 43, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": ")", "start": 43, "end": 44, "annotation": null}, {"text": "is", "start": 45, "end": 47, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 48, "end": 49, "annotation": null}, {"text": "very", "start": 50, "end": 54, "annotation": 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-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "The parent skeleton of BN heterocoronene with three BN units and C3 symmetry was synthesized as a model compound of BN-doped graphene. Further investigation of this graphene-type molecule revealed the important role of BN doping in opening the bandgap and modulating the electronic properties.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "parent", "start": 4, "end": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "skeleton", "start": 11, "end": 19, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 20, "end": 22, "annotation": null}, {"text": "BN", "start": 23, "end": 25, "annotation": null}, {"text": "heterocoronene", "start": 26, "end": 40, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 41, "end": 45, "annotation": null}, {"text": "three", "start": 46, "end": 51, "annotation": null}, {"text": "BN", "start": 52, "end": 54, "annotation": null}, {"text": "units", "start": 55, "end": 60, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 61, "end": 64, "annotation": null}, {"text": "C3", "start": 65, "end": 67, "annotation": null}, {"text": "symmetry", "start": 68, "end": 76, "annotation": null}, {"text": "was", "start": 77, "end": 80, "annotation": null}, {"text": "synthesized", "start": 81, "end": 92, "annotation": null}, {"text": "as", "start": 93, "end": 95, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 96, "end": 97, "annotation": null}, {"text": "model", "start": 98, "end": 103, "annotation": null}, {"text": "compound", "start": 104, "end": 112, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 113, "end": 115, "annotation": null}, {"text": "BN", "start": 116, "end": 118, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 118, "end": 119, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 119, "end": 124, "annotation": null}, {"text": "graphene", "start": 125, "end": 133, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": ".", "start": 133, "end": 134, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "Further", "start": 135, "end": 142, "annotation": null}, {"text": "investigation", "start": 143, "end": 156, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 157, "end": 159, "annotation": null}, {"text": "this", "start": 160, "end": 164, "annotation": null}, {"text": "graphene", "start": 165, "end": 173, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 173, "end": 174, "annotation": null}, {"text": "type", "start": 174, "end": 178, "annotation": null}, {"text": "molecule", "start": 179, "end": 187, "annotation": null}, {"text": "revealed", "start": 188, "end": 196, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 197, "end": 200, "annotation": null}, {"text": "important", "start": 201, "end": 210, "annotation": null}, {"text": "role", "start": 211, "end": 215, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 216, "end": 218, "annotation": null}, {"text": "BN", "start": 219, "end": 221, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "doping", "start": 222, "end": 228, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 229, "end": 231, "annotation": null}, {"text": "opening", "start": 232, "end": 239, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 240, "end": 243, "annotation": null}, {"text": "bandgap", "start": 244, "end": 251, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 252, "end": 255, "annotation": null}, {"text": "modulating", "start": 256, "end": 266, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 267, "end": 270, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electronic", "start": 271, "end": 281, "annotation": null}, {"text": "properties", "start": 282, "end": 292, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 292, "end": 293, "annotation": null}]]}
+{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "Tb3+ doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (Tb: YAG) is a very promising optical material. This article reports synthesis of Tb doped YAG polycrystalline powder by sol\u2013gel method. The sample was heat treated at different temperatures for characterization purpose. The powder was characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Photoluminescence (PL) studies and Raman Spectroscopy. 5D4\u21927Fj transitions were observed due to presence of Tb3+ in the YAG structure. Phonon band and few inter manifold transitions in 7F6 and 7F5 have been observed. 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+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "The parent skeleton of BN heterocoronene with three BN units and C3 symmetry was synthesized as a model compound of BN-doped graphene. Further investigation of this graphene-type molecule revealed the important role of BN doping in opening the bandgap and modulating the electronic properties.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "parent", "start": 4, "end": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "skeleton", "start": 11, "end": 19, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 20, "end": 22, "annotation": null}, {"text": "BN", "start": 23, "end": 25, "annotation": null}, {"text": "heterocoronene", "start": 26, "end": 40, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 41, "end": 45, "annotation": null}, {"text": "three", "start": 46, "end": 51, "annotation": null}, {"text": "BN", "start": 52, "end": 54, "annotation": null}, {"text": "units", "start": 55, "end": 60, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 61, "end": 64, "annotation": null}, {"text": "C3", "start": 65, "end": 67, "annotation": null}, {"text": "symmetry", "start": 68, "end": 76, "annotation": null}, {"text": "was", "start": 77, "end": 80, "annotation": null}, {"text": "synthesized", "start": 81, "end": 92, "annotation": null}, {"text": "as", "start": 93, "end": 95, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 96, "end": 97, "annotation": null}, {"text": "model", "start": 98, "end": 103, "annotation": null}, {"text": "compound", "start": 104, "end": 112, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 113, "end": 115, "annotation": null}, {"text": "BN", "start": 116, "end": 118, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 118, "end": 119, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 119, "end": 124, "annotation": null}, {"text": "graphene", "start": 125, "end": 133, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": ".", "start": 133, "end": 134, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "Further", "start": 135, "end": 142, "annotation": null}, {"text": "investigation", "start": 143, "end": 156, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 157, "end": 159, "annotation": null}, {"text": "this", "start": 160, "end": 164, "annotation": null}, {"text": "graphene", "start": 165, "end": 173, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 173, "end": 174, "annotation": null}, {"text": "type", "start": 174, "end": 178, "annotation": null}, {"text": "molecule", "start": 179, "end": 187, "annotation": null}, {"text": "revealed", "start": 188, "end": 196, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 197, "end": 200, "annotation": null}, {"text": "important", "start": 201, "end": 210, "annotation": null}, {"text": "role", "start": 211, "end": 215, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 216, "end": 218, "annotation": null}, {"text": "BN", "start": 219, "end": 221, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "doping", "start": 222, "end": 228, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 229, "end": 231, "annotation": null}, {"text": "opening", "start": 232, "end": 239, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 240, "end": 243, "annotation": null}, {"text": "bandgap", "start": 244, "end": 251, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 252, "end": 255, "annotation": null}, {"text": "modulating", "start": 256, "end": 266, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 267, "end": 270, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electronic", "start": 271, "end": 281, "annotation": null}, {"text": "properties", "start": 282, "end": 292, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 292, "end": 293, "annotation": null}]], "meta": {"doi": "10.1039/C4CC10105G"}}
 {"text": "The garnet-type Nb-doped cubic lithium ion-conducting solid Li6.75-xLa3Zr1.75Nb0.25O12\u20130.5x (LLZ-Nb) was prepared with 0.46 wt% Al2O3 using a sol-gel precursor. LLZ-Nb sintered at 1,150\u00b0C for 36 h exhibited a bulk conductivity of 6.13 \u00d7 10\u22124 S cm\u22121 and a grain boundary conductivity of 7.76 \u00d7 10\u22123 S cm\u22121 at 25\u00b0C. The cell resistance of Li/LLZ-Nb/Li was gradually increased with storage time over 5 months. The increase in cell resistance was attributed to both the grain boundary and interfacial resistance between LLZ-Nb and the lithium electrode. The Li/LLZ-Nb/Li cell showed a short-circuit for 280 s polarization at 0.5 mA cm\u22122 and no short-circuit for 41 h polarization at 0.1 mA cm\u22122. LLZ-Nb was stable in saturated LiOH and LiCl aqueous solution.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1149/2.036310jes"}, "_input_hash": 1350900040, "_task_hash": 1156751378, "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "garnet", "start": 4, "end": 10, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 11, "end": 12, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "type", "start": 13, "end": 17, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Nb", "start": 18, "end": 20, "id": 4, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 21, "end": 22, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 23, "end": 28, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "cubic", "start": 29, "end": 34, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "lithium", "start": 35, "end": 42, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ion", "start": 43, "end": 46, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 47, "end": 48, "id": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "conducting", "start": 49, "end": 59, "id": 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 {"text": "Design parameters for the heterojunction-based strained layer superlattice (SLS) long-wave infrared (LWIR) detector are investigated so that it operates at a lower bias voltage with lower dark current and higher photo response. At typical operating temperatures (T\u223c77K), the dark current of GaSb/InAs SLS LWIR detectors is dominated by the Shockley\u2013Read\u2013Hall (SRH) generation\u2013recombination (g\u2013r) process in the space-charge (depletion) region. In order to suppress this dark current, a wide bandgap region next to the absorber layer has been included in recent SLS designs. A series of heterojunction-based LWIR SLS detectors with various doping and barrier profiles have been designed and characterized. The significance of the doping profile and thickness of the wide-bandgap layer in optimization of the heterojunction-based SLS detector performance are exhibited from the modeling and experimental results of these devices.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.infrared.2012.12.003"}, "_input_hash": -541598246, "_task_hash": 1851928, "tokens": [[{"text": "Design", "start": 0, "end": 6, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "parameters", "start": 7, "end": 17, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "for", "start": 18, "end": 21, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 22, "end": 25, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "heterojunction", "start": 26, "end": 40, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 41, "end": 42, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "based", "start": 43, "end": 48, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "strained", "start": 49, "end": 57, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "layer", "start": 58, "end": 63, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, 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 {"text": "Multiferroic ceramics based on BiFeO3 and Sr-doped BiFeO3 have been processed by high energetic milling and later thermal treatments at reduced temperatures to synthesize the perovskite structure. Single phase materials are obtained at 800\u00b0C, reducing the temperature needed to complete the reaction in solid state method. Ceramics with densities higher than 94% were obtained at 1000\u00b0C, and up to 98% at 1050\u00b0C. All the ceramics were obtained in a single thermal treatment, where synthesis, grain growth and densification take place. The addition of Sr stabilizes the BiFeO3 perovskite structure, avoiding its decomposition. Ceramics with higher dielectric permittivity and conductivity than non-doped materials are obtained, due to the increase of the amount of oxygen vacancies. It is shown for the first time that the grain boundary conductivity is increased in BiFeO3 by doping with Sr.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.jallcom.2011.03.132"}, "_input_hash": -389874625, "_task_hash": -1206075725, "tokens": [[{"text": "Multiferroic", "start": 0, "end": 12, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ceramics", "start": 13, "end": 21, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "based", "start": 22, "end": 27, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 28, "end": 30, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "BiFeO3", "start": 31, "end": 37, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 38, "end": 41, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Sr", "start": 42, "end": 44, "id": 6, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 45, "end": 46, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 47, "end": 52, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "BiFeO3", "start": 53, "end": 59, "id": 9, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "have", "start": 60, "end": 64, 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 {"text": "ZnS:Gd, ZnS: Cu, Gd and ZnS: Mn, Gd phosphors have been prepared by firing the samples in argon atmosphere. Spectral distributions in these phosphors are discussed with appropriate mechanism. ZnS:Cu, Gd and ZnS:Mn, Gd are found to be examples of multiple band phosphors. Enhancement and quenching of the emission band intensities of all these phosphors have been studied in pel emission. It is observed that Gd3+ ions play an important role in transferring their excitation energy to other centres. The voltage and frequency variation of el brightness are in agreement with collision excitation mechanism in Schottky barrier at the metal semiconductor interface. Studies in phosphorescence and thermoluminescence of these phosphors have also been carried out. It is observed that trap-depth changes slowly with temperature and dopant concentration. The values of trapping parameters have been evaluated. The irregular variation of the life-time of electrons in the traps. with temperature shows the existence of retrapping in these phosphors.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1007/BF02847209"}, "_input_hash": 703971832, "_task_hash": 789535302, "tokens": [[{"text": "ZnS", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": ":", "start": 4, "end": 5, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Gd", "start": 6, "end": 8, "id": 2, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": ",", "start": 9, "end": 10, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ZnS", "start": 11, "end": 14, "id": 4, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": ":", "start": 15, "end": 16, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Cu", "start": 17, "end": 19, "id": 6, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": ",", "start": 20, "end": 21, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Gd", "start": 22, "end": 24, "id": 8, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "and", "start": 25, "end": 28, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ZnS", "start": 29, "end": 32, "id": 10, 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 {"text": "N-doped TiO2 nanoparticles were prepared by using 1\u00b0 and 2\u00b0 alkyl and alcohol amines [n-propylamine (nPRYL), ethanolamine (ETOH), propanolamine (PROH), diethylamine (DETYL), dipropylamine (DPRYL), diethanolamine (DETOH), and ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH)] as nitrogen sources through microwave and hydrothermal growth (HT) methods. Characterization of the nanoparticles was done by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, ultraviolet\u2013visible absorption spectra, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and BET analysis techniques. Nitrogen species in TiO2 lattice were interstitial impurities. Nitrogen content of the particles depended on the preparation conditions and structural differences of nitrogen sources. Photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue was carried out under Xenon lamp irradiation. N-doped TiO2 nanoparticles exhibited higher photocatalytic activity, compared to undoped ones. Acidity differences of amine sources and irradiation differences of synthetic conditions had an effect on photocatalytic activity. Although N doping into TiO2 lattice was the least effective in the particle prepared by the use of nPRYL as the amine source and HT as the synthetic condition, its photocatalytic activity was slightly better compared to others.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.energy.2010.11.020"}, "_input_hash": 42789780, "_task_hash": -1009744101, "tokens": [[{"text": "N", "start": 0, "end": 1, "id": 0, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 2, "end": 3, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 4, "end": 9, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "TiO2", "start": 10, "end": 14, "id": 3, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "nanoparticles", "start": 15, "end": 28, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "were", "start": 29, "end": 33, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "prepared", "start": 34, "end": 42, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "by", "start": 43, "end": 45, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "using", "start": 46, "end": 51, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": 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-{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "The feasibility of optical amplification solutions for extended reach next generation access networks in C + L bands is studied. Amplification schemes based on Raman fiber amplifier and their combination with remotely pumped erbium-doped fiber amplifiers are assessed and optimized. The results concerning a ring with 80 km for rural scenario demonstrate gain equalization over a bandwidth of 50 nm. The survey was complemented with experimental results. \u00a9 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "feasibility", "start": 4, "end": 15, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 16, "end": 18, "annotation": null}, {"text": "optical", "start": 19, "end": 26, "annotation": null}, {"text": "amplification", "start": 27, "end": 40, "annotation": null}, {"text": "solutions", "start": 41, "end": 50, "annotation": null}, {"text": "for", "start": 51, "end": 54, "annotation": null}, {"text": "extended", "start": 55, "end": 63, "annotation": null}, {"text": "reach", "start": 64, "end": 69, "annotation": null}, {"text": "next", "start": 70, "end": 74, "annotation": null}, {"text": "generation", "start": 75, "end": 85, "annotation": null}, {"text": "access", "start": 86, "end": 92, "annotation": null}, {"text": "networks", "start": 93, "end": 101, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 102, "end": 104, "annotation": null}, {"text": "C", "start": 105, "end": 106, "annotation": null}, {"text": "+", "start": 107, "end": 108, "annotation": null}, {"text": "L", "start": 109, "end": 110, "annotation": null}, {"text": "bands", "start": 111, "end": 116, "annotation": null}, {"text": "is", "start": 117, "end": 119, "annotation": null}, {"text": "studied", "start": 120, "end": 127, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 127, "end": 128, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "Amplification", "start": 129, "end": 142, "annotation": null}, {"text": "schemes", "start": 143, "end": 150, "annotation": null}, {"text": "based", "start": 151, "end": 156, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 157, "end": 159, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Raman", "start": 160, "end": 165, "annotation": null}, {"text": "fiber", "start": 166, "end": 171, "annotation": null}, {"text": "amplifier", "start": 172, "end": 181, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 182, "end": 185, "annotation": null}, {"text": "their", "start": 186, "end": 191, "annotation": null}, {"text": "combination", "start": 192, "end": 203, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 204, "end": 208, "annotation": null}, {"text": "remotely", "start": 209, "end": 217, "annotation": null}, {"text": "pumped", "start": 218, "end": 224, "annotation": null}, {"text": "erbium", "start": 225, "end": 231, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 231, "end": 232, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 232, "end": 237, "annotation": null}, {"text": "fiber", "start": 238, "end": 243, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "amplifiers", "start": 244, "end": 254, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "are", "start": 255, "end": 258, "annotation": null}, {"text": "assessed", "start": 259, "end": 267, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 268, "end": 271, "annotation": null}, {"text": "optimized", "start": 272, "end": 281, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 281, "end": 282, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "The", "start": 283, "end": 286, "annotation": null}, {"text": "results", "start": 287, "end": 294, "annotation": null}, {"text": "concerning", "start": 295, "end": 305, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 306, "end": 307, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ring", "start": 308, "end": 312, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 313, "end": 317, "annotation": null}, {"text": "80", "start": 318, "end": 320, "annotation": null}, {"text": "km", "start": 321, "end": 323, "annotation": null}, {"text": "for", "start": 324, "end": 327, "annotation": null}, {"text": "rural", "start": 328, "end": 333, "annotation": null}, {"text": "scenario", "start": 334, "end": 342, "annotation": null}, {"text": "demonstrate", "start": 343, "end": 354, "annotation": null}, {"text": "gain", "start": 355, "end": 359, "annotation": null}, {"text": "equalization", "start": 360, "end": 372, "annotation": null}, {"text": "over", "start": 373, "end": 377, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 378, "end": 379, "annotation": null}, {"text": "bandwidth", "start": 380, "end": 389, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 390, "end": 392, "annotation": null}, {"text": "50", "start": 393, "end": 395, "annotation": null}, {"text": "nm", "start": 396, "end": 398, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 398, "end": 399, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "The", "start": 400, "end": 403, "annotation": null}, {"text": "survey", "start": 404, "end": 410, "annotation": null}, {"text": "was", "start": 411, "end": 414, "annotation": null}, {"text": "complemented", "start": 415, "end": 427, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 428, "end": 432, "annotation": null}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 433, "end": 445, "annotation": null}, {"text": "results", "start": 446, "end": 453, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 453, "end": 454, "annotation": null}]]}
-{"text": "Ferroelectric properties of Bi doped (Ba1\u2212xCax)0.925Bi0.05TiO3 (Bi\u2013BCT, 0.10<x<0.30) ceramic prepared by the solid-state technique have been studied. An interesting double-like hysteresis (P\u2013E) loop at room temperature (300 K) with the remarkable linear dielectric response was observed over a certain electric field range. Room temperature P\u2013E loops before and after de-aging, as well as those at different values of field cycling, could exclude the possibility that the double P\u2013E loops might result from the antiferroelectric components and the electric field induced paraelectric\u2013ferroelectric (PE\u2013FE) transition near Curie temperature (Tc) in Bi\u2013BCT, and verify that there exists a diffusional aging effect in Bi\u2013BCT. A symmetry-conforming short-range ordering (SC-SRO) of point defects is suggested to be responsible for the observations of the interesting double-like P\u2013E loop in Bi\u2013BCT.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.matlet.2009.06.004"}, "_input_hash": 862102791, "_task_hash": -605846874, "tokens": [[{"text": "Ferroelectric", "start": 0, "end": 13, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "properties", "start": 14, "end": 24, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 25, "end": 27, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Bi", "start": 28, "end": 30, "id": 3, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "doped", "start": 31, "end": 36, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 37, "end": 38, "id": 5, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "Ba1\u2212xCax)0.925Bi0.05TiO3", "start": 39, "end": 63, "id": 6, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "(", "start": 64, "end": 65, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Bi", "start": 66, "end": 68, "id": 8, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "\u2013", 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-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "Atomic and electronic structures of intrinsic point defects in yttrium oxysulfides (Y2O2S) are studied by first-principles total-energy calculations based on density-functional theory combined with normconserving pseudopotentials. Energetics of all the intrinsic point defects are determined for a variety of charge states. From the energetics, the concentrations of the anion vacancies and the interstitial anions are found to be larger than those of the yttrium vacancy and the interstitial yttrium atom under practical conditions. It is also found that the oxygen vacancy, the sulfur vacancy, and the interstitial sulfur atom induce relatively deep levels in the energy gap, whereas the interstitial oxygen atom induces relatively shallow acceptor levels. These findings are consistent with observed broad-band blue luminescence in undoped yttrium oxysulfide, existence of shallow acceptor levels in oxysulfides, and are presumably related to persistent phosphorescence and energy storage phenomena in Eu-doped oxysulfides. Furthermore, negative-U characters are found in the oxygen vacancy and the interstitial sulfur. These behaviors of the defects can be explained from the viewpoint of the covalent bonds newly appearing around the defects in the ionic host material. \u00a9 1999 The American Physical Society.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Atomic", "start": 0, "end": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 7, "end": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electronic", "start": 11, "end": 21, "annotation": null}, {"text": "structures", "start": 22, "end": 32, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 33, "end": 35, "annotation": null}, {"text": "intrinsic", "start": 36, "end": 45, "annotation": null}, {"text": "point", "start": 46, "end": 51, "annotation": null}, {"text": "defects", "start": 52, "end": 59, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 60, "end": 62, "annotation": null}, {"text": "yttrium", "start": 63, "end": 70, "annotation": null}, {"text": "oxysulfides", "start": 71, "end": 82, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 83, "end": 84, 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+{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "The feasibility of optical amplification solutions for extended reach next generation access networks in C + L bands is studied. Amplification schemes based on Raman fiber amplifier and their combination with remotely pumped erbium-doped fiber amplifiers are assessed and optimized. The results concerning a ring with 80 km for rural scenario demonstrate gain equalization over a bandwidth of 50 nm. The survey was complemented with experimental results. \u00a9 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "feasibility", "start": 4, "end": 15, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 16, "end": 18, "annotation": null}, {"text": "optical", "start": 19, "end": 26, "annotation": null}, {"text": "amplification", "start": 27, "end": 40, "annotation": null}, {"text": "solutions", "start": 41, "end": 50, "annotation": null}, {"text": "for", "start": 51, "end": 54, "annotation": null}, {"text": "extended", "start": 55, "end": 63, "annotation": null}, {"text": "reach", "start": 64, "end": 69, "annotation": null}, {"text": "next", "start": 70, "end": 74, "annotation": null}, {"text": "generation", "start": 75, "end": 85, "annotation": null}, {"text": "access", "start": 86, "end": 92, "annotation": null}, {"text": "networks", "start": 93, "end": 101, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 102, "end": 104, "annotation": null}, {"text": "C", "start": 105, "end": 106, "annotation": null}, {"text": "+", "start": 107, "end": 108, "annotation": null}, {"text": "L", "start": 109, "end": 110, "annotation": null}, {"text": "bands", "start": 111, "end": 116, "annotation": null}, {"text": "is", "start": 117, "end": 119, "annotation": null}, {"text": "studied", "start": 120, "end": 127, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 127, "end": 128, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "Amplification", "start": 129, "end": 142, "annotation": null}, {"text": "schemes", "start": 143, "end": 150, "annotation": null}, {"text": "based", "start": 151, "end": 156, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 157, "end": 159, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Raman", "start": 160, "end": 165, "annotation": null}, {"text": "fiber", "start": 166, "end": 171, "annotation": null}, {"text": "amplifier", "start": 172, "end": 181, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 182, "end": 185, "annotation": null}, {"text": "their", "start": 186, "end": 191, "annotation": null}, {"text": "combination", "start": 192, "end": 203, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 204, "end": 208, "annotation": null}, {"text": "remotely", "start": 209, "end": 217, "annotation": null}, {"text": "pumped", "start": 218, "end": 224, "annotation": null}, {"text": "erbium", "start": 225, "end": 231, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 231, "end": 232, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 232, "end": 237, "annotation": null}, {"text": "fiber", "start": 238, "end": 243, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "amplifiers", "start": 244, "end": 254, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "are", "start": 255, "end": 258, "annotation": null}, {"text": "assessed", "start": 259, "end": 267, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 268, "end": 271, "annotation": null}, {"text": "optimized", "start": 272, "end": 281, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 281, "end": 282, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "The", "start": 283, "end": 286, "annotation": null}, {"text": "results", "start": 287, "end": 294, "annotation": null}, {"text": "concerning", "start": 295, "end": 305, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 306, "end": 307, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ring", "start": 308, "end": 312, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 313, "end": 317, "annotation": null}, {"text": "80", "start": 318, "end": 320, "annotation": null}, {"text": "km", "start": 321, "end": 323, "annotation": null}, {"text": "for", "start": 324, "end": 327, "annotation": null}, {"text": "rural", "start": 328, "end": 333, "annotation": null}, {"text": "scenario", "start": 334, "end": 342, "annotation": null}, {"text": "demonstrate", "start": 343, "end": 354, "annotation": null}, {"text": "gain", "start": 355, "end": 359, "annotation": null}, {"text": "equalization", "start": 360, "end": 372, "annotation": null}, {"text": "over", "start": 373, "end": 377, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 378, "end": 379, "annotation": null}, {"text": "bandwidth", "start": 380, "end": 389, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 390, "end": 392, "annotation": null}, {"text": "50", "start": 393, "end": 395, "annotation": null}, {"text": "nm", "start": 396, "end": 398, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 398, "end": 399, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "The", "start": 400, "end": 403, "annotation": null}, {"text": "survey", "start": 404, "end": 410, "annotation": null}, {"text": "was", "start": 411, "end": 414, "annotation": null}, {"text": "complemented", "start": 415, "end": 427, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 428, "end": 432, "annotation": null}, {"text": "experimental", "start": 433, "end": 445, "annotation": null}, {"text": "results", "start": 446, "end": 453, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 453, "end": 454, "annotation": null}]], "meta": {"doi": "10.1002/mop.26251"}}
+{"text": "Ferroelectric properties of Bi doped (Ba1\u2212xCax)0.925Bi0.05TiO3 (Bi\u2013BCT, 0.10<x<0.30) ceramic prepared by the solid-state technique have been studied. An interesting double-like hysteresis (P\u2013E) loop at room temperature (300 K) with the remarkable linear dielectric response was observed over a certain electric field range. Room temperature P\u2013E loops before and after de-aging, as well as those at different values of field cycling, could exclude the possibility that the double P\u2013E loops might result from the antiferroelectric components and the electric field induced paraelectric\u2013ferroelectric (PE\u2013FE) transition near Curie temperature (Tc) in Bi\u2013BCT, and verify that there exists a diffusional aging effect in Bi\u2013BCT. 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+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "Atomic and electronic structures of intrinsic point defects in yttrium oxysulfides (Y2O2S) are studied by first-principles total-energy calculations based on density-functional theory combined with normconserving pseudopotentials. Energetics of all the intrinsic point defects are determined for a variety of charge states. From the energetics, the concentrations of the anion vacancies and the interstitial anions are found to be larger than those of the yttrium vacancy and the interstitial yttrium atom under practical conditions. It is also found that the oxygen vacancy, the sulfur vacancy, and the interstitial sulfur atom induce relatively deep levels in the energy gap, whereas the interstitial oxygen atom induces relatively shallow acceptor levels. These findings are consistent with observed broad-band blue luminescence in undoped yttrium oxysulfide, existence of shallow acceptor levels in oxysulfides, and are presumably related to persistent phosphorescence and energy storage phenomena in Eu-doped oxysulfides. Furthermore, negative-U characters are found in the oxygen vacancy and the interstitial sulfur. These behaviors of the defects can be explained from the viewpoint of the covalent bonds newly appearing around the defects in the ionic host material. \u00a9 1999 The American Physical Society.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Atomic", "start": 0, "end": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 7, "end": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electronic", "start": 11, "end": 21, "annotation": null}, {"text": "structures", "start": 22, "end": 32, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 33, "end": 35, "annotation": null}, {"text": "intrinsic", "start": 36, "end": 45, "annotation": null}, {"text": "point", "start": 46, "end": 51, "annotation": null}, {"text": "defects", "start": 52, "end": 59, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 60, "end": 62, "annotation": null}, {"text": "yttrium", "start": 63, "end": 70, "annotation": null}, {"text": "oxysulfides", "start": 71, "end": 82, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 83, "end": 84, 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 {"text": "The characteristics of self-pulsing in a large mode area, end-pumped, double-clad Yb-doped fiber laser are presented. The laser operates in a self-pulsing regime, either by using one or two perpendicularly cleaved ends as the feedback mirrors, while it transforms in a broadband amplified spontaneous emission source when both ends are angle cleaved. In the pulsed regime, up to 2 \u03bcs full width at half maximum pulse widths and repetition rates of the order of hundreds of kHz are generated.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1088/1054-660X/24/10/105107"}, "_input_hash": -2043225713, "_task_hash": -1016099365, "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 18, "end": 21, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "characteristics", "start": 22, "end": 37, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 38, "end": 40, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "self", "start": 41, "end": 45, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 46, "end": 47, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "pulsing", "start": 48, "end": 55, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 56, "end": 58, "id": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 59, "end": 60, "id": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "large", "start": 61, "end": 66, "id": 12, "annotation": null}, {"text": "mode", "start": 67, "end": 71, "id": 13, "annotation": null}, {"text": "area", 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-{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "NASICON dense ceramics were obtained from solid state reaction between SiO2, Na3PO4\u00b712H2O and two different types of zirconia: monoclinic ZrO2 and the yttria-doped tetragonal phase (ZrO2)0.97(Y2O3)0.03. Higher temperatures were needed to obtain dense samples of the yttrium free composition (1265 \u00b0C). The electrical conductivity, at room temperature, of the yttria-doped samples sintered at 1230 \u00b0C (0.20 S/m) is significantly higher than the value obtained with the material prepared from pure ZrO2. The impedance spectra show that the differences in conductivity are predominantly due to the higher grain boundary resistance of the undoped ceramics, probably due to formation of monoclinic zirconia and glassy phases along the grain boundary. Further improvement of the electrical conductivity could be achieved after optimization of the grain size and density of grain boundaries. A maximum conductivity value of about 0.27 S/m at room temperature was obtained with the yttria-doped samples sintered at 1220 \u00b0C for 40 h. Yttria-doped and undoped ceramics were tested as Na+ potentiometric sensors. The detection limit of the yttria-doped sample (10\u22124 mol/l) was one order of magnitude lower than the obtained with the undoped material.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "NASICON", "start": 0, "end": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "dense", "start": 8, "end": 13, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ceramics", "start": 14, "end": 22, "annotation": null}, {"text": "were", "start": 23, "end": 27, "annotation": null}, {"text": "obtained", "start": 28, "end": 36, "annotation": null}, {"text": "from", "start": 37, "end": 41, "annotation": null}, {"text": "solid", "start": 42, "end": 47, "annotation": null}, {"text": "state", "start": 48, "end": 53, "annotation": null}, {"text": "reaction", "start": 54, "end": 62, "annotation": null}, {"text": "between", "start": 63, "end": 70, "annotation": null}, {"text": "SiO2", "start": 71, "end": 75, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 75, "end": 76, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Na3PO4\u00b712H2O", "start": 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-{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "Superionic conductors were prepared by admixing metallic oxides (alumina and titania) with cadmium iodide in different proportions using direct mixing method. The synthesized materials were characterized by various qualitative techniques such as XRD (X-ray diffraction), DSC (differential scanning calorimetry) and SEM (scanning electron microscopy). Pure CdI2 shows the standard pattern which corresponds to \u03b2-phase stable at room temperature, however, the diffractograms of the mixtures shows two phase nature of the materials with no effect of the second phase on the peak positions of the first, i.e. CdI2. DSC curves also confirmed the formation of composite. SEM micrographs show the presence of great number of space charge regions which are very important in creating a great number of surfaces which in turn act as additional sources of point defects. It was also found that the conductivity of CdI2 increases with mole fractions of dopants till x=0.5 for alumina and x=0.3 for titania. Arrhenius equation was used to study the temperature dependence of electrical conductivity and the activation energy of pure cadmium iodide was found to be 0.792eV.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Superionic", "start": 0, "end": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "conductors", "start": 11, "end": 21, "annotation": null}, {"text": "were", "start": 22, "end": 26, "annotation": null}, {"text": "prepared", "start": 27, "end": 35, "annotation": null}, {"text": "by", "start": 36, "end": 38, "annotation": null}, {"text": "admixing", "start": 39, "end": 47, "annotation": null}, {"text": "metallic", "start": 48, "end": 56, "annotation": null}, {"text": "oxides", "start": 57, "end": 63, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 64, "end": 65, "annotation": null}, {"text": "alumina", "start": 65, "end": 72, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "and", "start": 73, "end": 76, "annotation": null}, {"text": "titania", "start": 77, "end": 84, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, 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+{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "NASICON dense ceramics were obtained from solid state reaction between SiO2, Na3PO4\u00b712H2O and two different types of zirconia: monoclinic ZrO2 and the yttria-doped tetragonal phase (ZrO2)0.97(Y2O3)0.03. Higher temperatures were needed to obtain dense samples of the yttrium free composition (1265 \u00b0C). The electrical conductivity, at room temperature, of the yttria-doped samples sintered at 1230 \u00b0C (0.20 S/m) is significantly higher than the value obtained with the material prepared from pure ZrO2. The impedance spectra show that the differences in conductivity are predominantly due to the higher grain boundary resistance of the undoped ceramics, probably due to formation of monoclinic zirconia and glassy phases along the grain boundary. Further improvement of the electrical conductivity could be achieved after optimization of the grain size and density of grain boundaries. A maximum conductivity value of about 0.27 S/m at room temperature was obtained with the yttria-doped samples sintered at 1220 \u00b0C for 40 h. Yttria-doped and undoped ceramics were tested as Na+ potentiometric sensors. The detection limit of the yttria-doped sample (10\u22124 mol/l) was one order of magnitude lower than the obtained with the undoped material.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "NASICON", "start": 0, "end": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "dense", "start": 8, "end": 13, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ceramics", "start": 14, "end": 22, "annotation": null}, {"text": "were", "start": 23, "end": 27, "annotation": null}, {"text": "obtained", "start": 28, "end": 36, "annotation": null}, {"text": "from", "start": 37, "end": 41, "annotation": null}, {"text": "solid", "start": 42, "end": 47, "annotation": null}, {"text": "state", "start": 48, "end": 53, "annotation": null}, {"text": "reaction", "start": 54, "end": 62, "annotation": null}, {"text": "between", "start": 63, "end": 70, "annotation": null}, {"text": "SiO2", "start": 71, "end": 75, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 75, "end": 76, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Na3PO4\u00b712H2O", "start": 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+{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "Superionic conductors were prepared by admixing metallic oxides (alumina and titania) with cadmium iodide in different proportions using direct mixing method. The synthesized materials were characterized by various qualitative techniques such as XRD (X-ray diffraction), DSC (differential scanning calorimetry) and SEM (scanning electron microscopy). Pure CdI2 shows the standard pattern which corresponds to \u03b2-phase stable at room temperature, however, the diffractograms of the mixtures shows two phase nature of the materials with no effect of the second phase on the peak positions of the first, i.e. CdI2. DSC curves also confirmed the formation of composite. SEM micrographs show the presence of great number of space charge regions which are very important in creating a great number of surfaces which in turn act as additional sources of point defects. It was also found that the conductivity of CdI2 increases with mole fractions of dopants till x=0.5 for alumina and x=0.3 for titania. Arrhenius equation was used to study the temperature dependence of electrical conductivity and the activation energy of pure cadmium iodide was found to be 0.792eV.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Superionic", "start": 0, "end": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "conductors", "start": 11, "end": 21, "annotation": null}, {"text": "were", "start": 22, "end": 26, "annotation": null}, {"text": "prepared", "start": 27, "end": 35, "annotation": null}, {"text": "by", "start": 36, "end": 38, "annotation": null}, {"text": "admixing", "start": 39, "end": 47, "annotation": null}, {"text": "metallic", "start": 48, "end": 56, "annotation": null}, {"text": "oxides", "start": 57, "end": 63, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 64, "end": 65, "annotation": null}, {"text": "alumina", "start": 65, "end": 72, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "and", "start": 73, "end": 76, "annotation": null}, {"text": "titania", "start": 77, "end": 84, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, 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 {"text": "Be-doped p+ -GaAs epitaxial thin layers were grown on {001} GaAs substrates by molecular layer epitaxy using an intermittent supply of AsH3 and triethylgallium (TEG) in an ultra high vacuum. Bismethylcyclopentadienyl-beryllium [Be(MeCp)2] was used as the source gas for acceptor doping. The surface stoichiometry was controlled by changing the gas supply sequences and supply time before the introduction of the impurity precursor. It was shown that the incorporation of Be is extremely enhanced when the layer is exposed to Be(MeCp)2 after TEG supply. Doping characteristics in GaAs:Be layer have shown strong dependences on surface stoichiometry.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2004.11.136"}, "_input_hash": -1144348718, "_task_hash": 549594186, "tokens": [[{"text": "Be", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 3, "end": 4, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 5, "end": 10, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "p+", "start": 11, "end": 13, "id": 3, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-GaAs", "start": 14, "end": 19, "id": 4, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "epitaxial", "start": 20, "end": 29, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "thin", "start": 30, "end": 34, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "layers", "start": 35, "end": 41, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "were", "start": 42, "end": 46, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "grown", "start": 47, "end": 52, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 53, "end": 55, "id": 10, "annotation": 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-{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "We have investigated the nitrogen doping effect on phase transition characteristics and electrical property of nitrogen-doped GeSb (N-doped GS) thin films. The nitrogen gas flow rate changed from 0sccm (GS(0)) to 6sccm (GS(6)) during the deposition. The sheet resistance of crystalline state was increased from 2.6 to 5.1k\u03a9/\u25a1 and thermal stability of amorphous was increased as nitrogen gas flow rate increased due to nitrogen doping effect. Moreover, the average grain size was decreased from 9.7 to 6.6nm at 400\u00b0C as nitrogen gas flow rate increased. However, the crystallization threshold time and laser power of GS(6) were shorter and lower than GS(0) caused by lower optical reflectivity. Nitrogen-doped GeSb showed the possibility of low RESET power and high speed PRAM operation.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "We", "start": 0, "end": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "have", "start": 3, "end": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "investigated", "start": 8, "end": 20, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 21, "end": 24, "annotation": null}, {"text": "nitrogen", "start": 25, "end": 33, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "doping", "start": 34, "end": 40, "annotation": null}, {"text": "effect", "start": 41, "end": 47, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 48, "end": 50, "annotation": null}, {"text": "phase", "start": 51, "end": 56, "annotation": null}, {"text": "transition", "start": 57, "end": 67, "annotation": null}, {"text": "characteristics", "start": 68, "end": 83, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 84, "end": 87, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electrical", "start": 88, "end": 98, "annotation": null}, {"text": 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"annotation": null}, {"text": "increased", "start": 542, "end": 551, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 551, "end": 552, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "However", "start": 553, "end": 560, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 560, "end": 561, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 562, "end": 565, "annotation": null}, {"text": "crystallization", "start": 566, "end": 581, "annotation": null}, {"text": "threshold", "start": 582, "end": 591, "annotation": null}, {"text": "time", "start": 592, "end": 596, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 597, "end": 600, "annotation": null}, {"text": "laser", "start": 601, "end": 606, "annotation": null}, {"text": "power", "start": 607, "end": 612, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 613, "end": 615, "annotation": null}, {"text": "GS(6)", "start": 616, "end": 621, "annotation": null}, {"text": "were", "start": 622, "end": 626, "annotation": null}, {"text": "shorter", "start": 627, "end": 634, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 635, "end": 638, "annotation": null}, {"text": "lower", "start": 639, "end": 644, "annotation": null}, {"text": "than", "start": 645, "end": 649, "annotation": null}, {"text": "GS(0)", "start": 650, "end": 655, "annotation": null}, {"text": "caused", "start": 656, "end": 662, "annotation": null}, {"text": "by", "start": 663, "end": 665, "annotation": null}, {"text": "lower", "start": 666, "end": 671, "annotation": null}, {"text": "optical", "start": 672, "end": 679, "annotation": null}, {"text": "reflectivity", "start": 680, "end": 692, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 692, "end": 693, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "Nitrogen", "start": 694, "end": 702, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 702, "end": 703, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 703, "end": 708, "annotation": null}, {"text": "GeSb", "start": 709, "end": 713, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "showed", "start": 714, "end": 720, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 721, "end": 724, "annotation": null}, {"text": "possibility", "start": 725, "end": 736, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 737, "end": 739, "annotation": null}, {"text": "low", "start": 740, "end": 743, "annotation": null}, {"text": "RESET", "start": 744, "end": 749, "annotation": null}, {"text": "power", "start": 750, "end": 755, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 756, "end": 759, "annotation": null}, {"text": "high", "start": 760, "end": 764, "annotation": null}, {"text": "speed", "start": 765, "end": 770, "annotation": null}, {"text": "PRAM", "start": 771, "end": 775, "annotation": null}, {"text": "operation", "start": 776, "end": 785, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 785, "end": 786, "annotation": null}]]}
-{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "Thermally stimulated depolarization current (TSDC) studies have been performed on solution grown cellulose acetate films doped with different concentrations of acrylic acid (AA) prepared at the poling temperatures (40\u201375\u00b0C) with poling fields (10\u201350 kV/cm). The TSDC spectra of pure and AA doped CA films reveal two relaxation peaks at 80\u00b0C and 180 \u00b12\u00b0C, having activation energies centred around 0.25 and 0.55 eV. The phenomena of the existence of these current maxima have been analyzed and discussed in terms of the molecular motion of the polar side groups and release of the remaining part of the frozen dipoles by their cooperative motion with adjoining segments of the main polymer chain. The peak currents, released charge and activation energies associated with the peaks are affected by AA doping. The effect of doping with acrylic acid on the discharge current indicates the formation of molecular aggregates", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Thermally", "start": 0, "end": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "stimulated", "start": 10, "end": 20, "annotation": null}, {"text": "depolarization", "start": 21, "end": 35, "annotation": null}, {"text": "current", "start": 36, "end": 43, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 44, "end": 45, "annotation": null}, {"text": "TSDC", "start": 45, "end": 49, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 49, "end": 50, "annotation": null}, {"text": "studies", "start": 51, "end": 58, "annotation": null}, {"text": "have", "start": 59, "end": 63, "annotation": null}, {"text": "been", "start": 64, "end": 68, "annotation": null}, {"text": "performed", "start": 69, "end": 78, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 79, "end": 81, "annotation": null}, {"text": "solution", "start": 82, "end": 90, "annotation": 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"doping", "start": 800, "end": 806, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 806, "end": 807, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "The", "start": 808, "end": 811, "annotation": null}, {"text": "effect", "start": 812, "end": 818, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 819, "end": 821, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doping", "start": 822, "end": 828, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 829, "end": 833, "annotation": null}, {"text": "acrylic", "start": 834, "end": 841, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "acid", "start": 842, "end": 846, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "on", "start": 847, "end": 849, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 850, "end": 853, "annotation": null}, {"text": "discharge", "start": 854, "end": 863, "annotation": null}, {"text": "current", "start": 864, "end": 871, "annotation": null}, {"text": "indicates", "start": 872, "end": 881, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 882, "end": 885, "annotation": null}, {"text": "formation", "start": 886, "end": 895, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 896, "end": 898, "annotation": null}, {"text": "molecular", "start": 899, "end": 908, "annotation": null}, {"text": "aggregates", "start": 909, "end": 919, "annotation": null}]]}
+{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "We have investigated the nitrogen doping effect on phase transition characteristics and electrical property of nitrogen-doped GeSb (N-doped GS) thin films. The nitrogen gas flow rate changed from 0sccm (GS(0)) to 6sccm (GS(6)) during the deposition. The sheet resistance of crystalline state was increased from 2.6 to 5.1k\u03a9/\u25a1 and thermal stability of amorphous was increased as nitrogen gas flow rate increased due to nitrogen doping effect. Moreover, the average grain size was decreased from 9.7 to 6.6nm at 400\u00b0C as nitrogen gas flow rate increased. However, the crystallization threshold time and laser power of GS(6) were shorter and lower than GS(0) caused by lower optical reflectivity. Nitrogen-doped GeSb showed the possibility of low RESET power and high speed PRAM operation.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "We", "start": 0, "end": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "have", "start": 3, "end": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "investigated", "start": 8, "end": 20, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 21, "end": 24, "annotation": null}, {"text": "nitrogen", "start": 25, "end": 33, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "doping", "start": 34, "end": 40, "annotation": null}, {"text": "effect", "start": 41, "end": 47, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 48, "end": 50, "annotation": null}, {"text": "phase", "start": 51, "end": 56, "annotation": null}, {"text": "transition", "start": 57, "end": 67, "annotation": null}, {"text": "characteristics", "start": 68, "end": 83, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 84, "end": 87, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electrical", "start": 88, "end": 98, "annotation": null}, {"text": "property", "start": 99, "end": 107, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 108, "end": 110, "annotation": null}, {"text": "nitrogen", "start": 111, "end": 119, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 119, "end": 120, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 120, "end": 125, "annotation": null}, {"text": "GeSb", "start": 126, "end": 130, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "(", "start": 131, "end": 132, "annotation": null}, {"text": "N", "start": 132, "end": 133, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 133, "end": 134, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "doped", "start": 134, "end": 139, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "GS", "start": 140, "end": 142, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": ")", "start": 142, "end": 143, "annotation": null}, {"text": "thin", "start": 144, "end": 148, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "films", "start": 149, "end": 154, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": ".", "start": 154, "end": 155, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "The", "start": 156, "end": 159, "annotation": null}, {"text": "nitrogen", "start": 160, "end": 168, "annotation": null}, {"text": "gas", "start": 169, "end": 172, "annotation": null}, {"text": "flow", "start": 173, "end": 177, "annotation": null}, {"text": "rate", "start": 178, "end": 182, "annotation": null}, {"text": "changed", "start": 183, "end": 190, "annotation": null}, {"text": "from", "start": 191, "end": 195, "annotation": null}, {"text": "0", "start": 196, "end": 197, "annotation": null}, {"text": "sccm", "start": 197, "end": 201, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 202, "end": 203, "annotation": null}, {"text": "GS(0)", "start": 203, "end": 208, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 208, "end": 209, "annotation": null}, {"text": "to", "start": 210, "end": 212, "annotation": null}, {"text": "6", "start": 213, "end": 214, "annotation": null}, {"text": "sccm", "start": 214, "end": 218, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 219, "end": 220, "annotation": null}, {"text": "GS(6)", "start": 220, "end": 225, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 225, "end": 226, "annotation": null}, {"text": "during", "start": 227, "end": 233, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 234, "end": 237, "annotation": null}, {"text": "deposition", "start": 238, "end": 248, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 248, "end": 249, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "The", "start": 250, "end": 253, "annotation": null}, {"text": "sheet", "start": 254, "end": 259, "annotation": null}, {"text": "resistance", "start": 260, "end": 270, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 271, "end": 273, "annotation": null}, {"text": "crystalline", "start": 274, "end": 285, "annotation": null}, {"text": "state", "start": 286, "end": 291, "annotation": null}, {"text": "was", "start": 292, "end": 295, "annotation": null}, {"text": "increased", "start": 296, "end": 305, "annotation": null}, {"text": "from", "start": 306, "end": 310, "annotation": null}, {"text": "2.6", 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+{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "Thermally stimulated depolarization current (TSDC) studies have been performed on solution grown cellulose acetate films doped with different concentrations of acrylic acid (AA) prepared at the poling temperatures (40\u201375\u00b0C) with poling fields (10\u201350 kV/cm). The TSDC spectra of pure and AA doped CA films reveal two relaxation peaks at 80\u00b0C and 180 \u00b12\u00b0C, having activation energies centred around 0.25 and 0.55 eV. The phenomena of the existence of these current maxima have been analyzed and discussed in terms of the molecular motion of the polar side groups and release of the remaining part of the frozen dipoles by their cooperative motion with adjoining segments of the main polymer chain. The peak currents, released charge and activation energies associated with the peaks are affected by AA doping. The effect of doping with acrylic acid on the discharge current indicates the formation of molecular aggregates", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Thermally", "start": 0, "end": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "stimulated", "start": 10, "end": 20, "annotation": null}, {"text": "depolarization", "start": 21, "end": 35, "annotation": null}, {"text": "current", "start": 36, "end": 43, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 44, "end": 45, "annotation": null}, {"text": "TSDC", "start": 45, "end": 49, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 49, "end": 50, "annotation": null}, {"text": "studies", "start": 51, "end": 58, "annotation": null}, {"text": "have", "start": 59, "end": 63, "annotation": null}, {"text": "been", "start": 64, "end": 68, "annotation": null}, {"text": "performed", "start": 69, "end": 78, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 79, "end": 81, "annotation": null}, {"text": "solution", "start": 82, "end": 90, "annotation": 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 {"text": "We have successfully fabricated diamond soft-X-ray (SXR) detectors with interdigitated surface electrodes that significantly improve the low-voltage performance using high-quality chemical-vapour-deposited (CVD) diamond films homoepitaxially grown on high-pressure/high-temperature-synthesised (HPHT) diamond Ib substrates. In the present study, the collection efficiencies of photon-excited carriers were evaluated using monochromatised SXRs at applied voltages \u226412V for two types of diamond detectors with different stacking structures of the CVD layers. We found that the diamond detectors with an electrically floating B-doped layer sandwiched between two undoped CVD layers yield significantly larger carrier collection efficiencies compared to those without an inserted B-doped layer, even under the no-applied-voltage condition; moreover, the carrier collection efficiencies only slightly increase with increases in applied voltages below 12V. This result indicates that the inserted B-doped layer can work independently (without electrical connection to any external circuit) as a potential barrier against carrier diffusions to a HPHT diamond substrate with much poorer quality than CVD diamond film of a photon absorption layer. The detector performances are discussed relative to the potential distribution formed in the active undoped diamond layer and the crystalline quality, which is based on the cathodoluminescence intensity of exciton emissions at room temperature.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.nima.2010.04.031"}, "_input_hash": 895999043, "_task_hash": -1139222719, "tokens": [[{"text": "We", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "have", "start": 3, "end": 7, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "successfully", "start": 8, "end": 20, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "fabricated", "start": 21, "end": 31, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "diamond", "start": 32, "end": 39, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "soft", "start": 40, "end": 44, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 45, "end": 46, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "X", "start": 47, "end": 48, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 49, "end": 50, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, 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 {"text": "Dysprosium doped strontium calcium magnesium di-silicate phosphor namely: SrCaMgSi2O7:Dy3+ was prepared by the solid state reaction method. The crystal structure of the prepared phosphor was an akermanite type structure, which belongs to the tetragonal crystallography with space group P 42 \u203e1m. From field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), agglomerations of particles were observed due to the high temperature synthesis process. The chemical composition of the sintered SrCaMgSi2O7:Dy3+ phosphor was confirmed by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Under the ultra-violet (UV) excitation, the characteristic emission of Dy3+ ions peaking at 478, 580 and 674nm, originating from the transitions of 4F9/2 \u2192 6H15/2, 4F9/2 \u2192 6H13/2 and 4F9/2 \u2192 6H11/2 in the 4f9 configuration of Dy3+. Commission International de I\u2019Eclairage (CIE) color coordinates of SrCaMgSi2O7:Dy3+ are suitable as white light emitting phosphor. Decay graph indicate that this phosphor contains fast decay and slow decay process. The mechanoluminescence (ML) intensity of SrCaMgSi2O7:Dy3+ phosphor increases linearly with increasing impact velocity of the moving piston, which suggests that this phosphor can be used as sensors to detect the stress of an object. Thus the present investigation indicates that the piezo-electrically induced de-trapping model is responsible to produce ML in SrCaMgSi2O7:Dy3+ phosphor. The possible mechanism of white light emitting long lasting phosphor is also investigated.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.displa.2015.03.002"}, "_input_hash": -659017904, "_task_hash": -1803034700, "tokens": [[{"text": "Dysprosium", "start": 0, "end": 10, "id": 0, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "doped", "start": 11, "end": 16, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "strontium", "start": 17, "end": 26, "id": 2, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "calcium", "start": 27, "end": 34, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "magnesium", "start": 35, "end": 44, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "di", "start": 45, "end": 47, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 48, "end": 49, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "silicate", "start": 50, "end": 58, "id": 7, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "phosphor", "start": 59, "end": 67, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "namely", "start": 68, "end": 74, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": ":", "start": 75, "end": 76, "id": 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 {"text": "The photoluminescence (PL) spectrum of silicon lightly doped with copper and rapidly quenched from 1100\u00b0C to room temperature is dominated by a vibronic band with five zero phonon lines in the region of 943 meV. We report the results of a uniaxial stress study on the two lowest energy lines in the spectrum. The behaviour is found to be consistent with T to A transitions occurring at a defect with Td symmetry. The lowest energy line has a J = 1 excited state and the ground state is non-paramagnetic. The results suggest a singly charged positive interstitial copper atom as a possible candidate for the centre.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/0921-5107(89)90255-9"}, "_input_hash": 738138143, "_task_hash": -253203547, "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "photoluminescence", "start": 4, "end": 21, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 22, "end": 23, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "PL", "start": 24, "end": 26, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 27, "end": 28, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "spectrum", "start": 29, "end": 37, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 38, "end": 40, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "silicon", "start": 41, "end": 48, "id": 7, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "lightly", "start": 49, "end": 56, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 57, "end": 62, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 63, "end": 67, "id": 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 {"text": "Polycrystalline Gd5Si3O12N: RE (RE = Pr, Sm, Eu, Tb and Dy) phosphors have been synthesized via a solid-state reaction method at high temperature, and their photoluminescence properties were studied. The absorption peak at about 230 nm is attributed to the host absorption. For the Pr3+-doped sample, the typical excitation lines located at 273 nm originating from the 8S7/2 \u2192 6IJ (J = 5/2, 7/2) transitions of the Gd3+ ions were observed in the excitation spectra. Upon excitation at 227 nm UV light, the 4f15d \u2192 4f2 emission band (350\u2013450 nm) and typical 4f2 \u2192 4f2 emission lines (450\u2013700 nm) assigned to Pr3+ were observed. The Sm3+-doped sample exhibits a bright red emission owing to the 4G5/2 \u2192 6HJ (J = 5/2, 7/2 and 9/2) transitions. However, the charge transfer band of Sm3+ was not observed in the excitation spectrum. There is a broad band from 200 to 350 nm originating from the charge transfer transition (CT) of the Eu3+ (O2\u2212/N3\u2212 \u2192 Eu3+) in the excitation spectra, and the strongest peak in the emission spectra located at 615 nm is due to the electric-dipole 5D0 \u2192 7F2 transition of Eu3+. For the Tb3+-doped sample, it shows 5D3 \u21927FJ (J = 5, 4, 3, 2) blue line emissions and 5D4 \u2192 7FJ (J = 6, 5, 4, 3) green line emissions under the excitation of Tb3+. The Dy3+-activated sample upon excitation at 349 and 386 nm UV light shows blue-green and orange-red emission lines originating from 4F9/2 \u2192 6HJ (J = 15/2, 13/2) transitions. In addition, the energy transfer from the host lattice to the luminescence activators (i.e. Pr3+, Sm3+, Eu3+, Tb3+, Dy3+) has been confirmed. In addition, the energy level diagram including the 4f and 5d energy levels of all Ln2+ and Ln3+ ions relative to the valence and conduction band of Gd5Si3O12N were constructed and discussed.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2017.08.015"}, "_input_hash": -875956449, "_task_hash": -866467410, "tokens": [[{"text": "Polycrystalline", "start": 0, "end": 15, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Gd5Si3O12N", "start": 16, "end": 26, "id": 1, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": ":", "start": 27, "end": 28, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "RE", "start": 29, "end": 31, "id": 3, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "(", "start": 32, "end": 33, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "RE", "start": 34, "end": 36, "id": 5, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "=", "start": 37, "end": 38, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Pr", "start": 39, "end": 41, "id": 7, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": ",", "start": 42, "end": 43, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Sm", "start": 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-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "We studied the electrosynthesis of poly(3-methylthiophene) films in different electrolytes, i.e. 0.1 M quaternary ammonium salt solutions in acetonitrile. The analysis of the different results enabled us to explain the role of the cations and the anions of the electrolyte (doping agents) in the electrochemical synthesis and film properties. The films obtained with tetramethylammonium hexafluorophosphate (TMAPF6) are more electroactive than those prepared using tetramethylammonium tetrafluoroborate (TMABF4). This unexpected difference of behavior is due to the difference of hygroscopic properties of the two salts. We then characterized the films by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. This technique, used to investigate the electrochemical properties, allowed us to virtually design identical electricalequivalent circuits for the two types of film (prepared either with TMAPF6 or with TMABF4). We noted dissimilarities in the values of the components of those equivalent circuits. The different components were separately studied and their differences were explained by the salt effects. \u00a9 Iranian Chemical Society 2012.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "We", "start": 0, "end": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "studied", "start": 3, "end": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 11, "end": 14, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electrosynthesis", "start": 15, "end": 31, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 32, "end": 34, "annotation": null}, {"text": "poly(3-methylthiophene)", "start": 35, "end": 58, "annotation": null}, {"text": "films", "start": 59, "end": 64, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 65, "end": 67, "annotation": null}, {"text": "different", "start": 68, "end": 77, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electrolytes", "start": 78, "end": 90, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 90, "end": 91, "annotation": null}, {"text": "i.e.", "start": 92, "end": 96, "annotation": null}, {"text": "0.1", 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+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "We studied the electrosynthesis of poly(3-methylthiophene) films in different electrolytes, i.e. 0.1 M quaternary ammonium salt solutions in acetonitrile. The analysis of the different results enabled us to explain the role of the cations and the anions of the electrolyte (doping agents) in the electrochemical synthesis and film properties. The films obtained with tetramethylammonium hexafluorophosphate (TMAPF6) are more electroactive than those prepared using tetramethylammonium tetrafluoroborate (TMABF4). This unexpected difference of behavior is due to the difference of hygroscopic properties of the two salts. We then characterized the films by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. This technique, used to investigate the electrochemical properties, allowed us to virtually design identical electricalequivalent circuits for the two types of film (prepared either with TMAPF6 or with TMABF4). We noted dissimilarities in the values of the components of those equivalent circuits. The different components were separately studied and their differences were explained by the salt effects. \u00a9 Iranian Chemical Society 2012.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "We", "start": 0, "end": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "studied", "start": 3, "end": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 11, "end": 14, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electrosynthesis", "start": 15, "end": 31, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 32, "end": 34, "annotation": null}, {"text": "poly(3-methylthiophene)", "start": 35, "end": 58, "annotation": null}, {"text": "films", "start": 59, "end": 64, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 65, "end": 67, "annotation": null}, {"text": "different", "start": 68, "end": 77, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electrolytes", "start": 78, "end": 90, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 90, "end": 91, "annotation": null}, {"text": "i.e.", "start": 92, "end": 96, "annotation": null}, {"text": "0.1", 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 {"text": "The surfaces of boron doped synthetic and natural diamonds have been investigated by scanning tunneling (STM) and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) before and after irradiation with 40Ar(25 MeV), 84Kr(210 MeV), 129Xe(124 MeV) ions. 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 {"text": "To prepare biologically available Zn-based NCs in aqueous solution, we herein reported the synthesis of aqueous Cu:ZnSe/ZnS NCs with internally doped aqueous Cu:ZnSe NCs as the core template. Due to the dual protection of Cu impurities by the ZnSe core and ZnS shells, the as-prepared Cu:ZnSe/ZnS NCs show excellent stability in the open air, which overcomes the intrinsic instability of traditional aqueous Cu:ZnSe NCs. The as-prepared Cu:ZnSe/ZnS NCs possess extremely good stability, good biocompatibility and lower cytotoxicity, and thus can be used as a promising candidate for fluorescent NC-based biological applications.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1088/0957-4484/22/27/275605"}, "_input_hash": 104136008, "_task_hash": -1020377688, "tokens": [[{"text": "To", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "prepare", "start": 3, "end": 10, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "biologically", "start": 11, "end": 23, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "available", "start": 24, "end": 33, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Zn", "start": 34, "end": 36, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 37, "end": 38, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "based", "start": 39, "end": 44, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "NCs", "start": 45, "end": 48, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 49, "end": 51, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "aqueous", "start": 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-{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "Phosphoric acid (PA)-doped m-polybenzimidazole (PBI) membranes used in high temperature fuel cells and hydrogen pumps were prepared by a conventional imbibing process and a sol-gel fabrication process. A comparative study was conducted to investigate the critical properties of PA doping levels, ionic conductivities, mechanical properties, and molecular ordering. This systematic study found that sol-gel PA-doped m-PBI membranes were able to absorb higher acid doping levels and to achieve higher ionic conductivities than conventionally imbibed membranes when treated in an equivalent manner. Even at similar acid loadings, the sol-gel membranes exhibited higher ionic conductivities. Heat treatment of conventionally imbibed membranes with \u226429 wt % solids caused a significant reduction in mechanical properties; conversely, sol-gel membranes exhibited an enhancement in mechanical properties. From X-ray structural studies and atomistic simulations, both conventionally imbibed and sol-gel membranes exhibited d-spacings of 3.5 and 4.6 \u00c5, which were tentatively attributed to parallel ring stacking and staggered side-to-side packing, respectively, of the imidazole rings in these aromatic heterocyclic polymers. An anisotropic staggered side-to-side chain packing present in the conventional membranes may be related to the reduction in mechanical properties. \u00a9 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Phosphoric", "start": 0, "end": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "acid", "start": 11, "end": 15, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(PA)-doped", "start": 16, "end": 26, "annotation": null}, {"text": "m-polybenzimidazole", "start": 27, "end": 46, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 47, "end": 48, "annotation": null}, {"text": "PBI", "start": 48, "end": 51, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 51, "end": 52, "annotation": null}, {"text": "membranes", "start": 53, "end": 62, "annotation": null}, {"text": "used", "start": 63, "end": 67, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 68, "end": 70, "annotation": null}, {"text": "high", "start": 71, "end": 75, "annotation": null}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 76, "end": 87, 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-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "A comparative analysis of dielectric polarization processes in undoped and Bi-doped layers of modified As2Se3 has been performed. It is established that both the similarity and difference in polarization phenomena are due to specific features of the internal structure of studied materials. The mechanism of the observed effects is discussed.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "A", "start": 0, "end": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "comparative", "start": 2, "end": 13, "annotation": null}, {"text": "analysis", "start": 14, "end": 22, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 23, "end": 25, "annotation": null}, {"text": "dielectric", "start": 26, "end": 36, "annotation": null}, {"text": "polarization", "start": 37, "end": 49, "annotation": null}, {"text": "processes", "start": 50, "end": 59, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 60, "end": 62, "annotation": null}, {"text": "undoped", "start": 63, "end": 70, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 71, "end": 74, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Bi-doped", "start": 75, "end": 83, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "layers", "start": 84, "end": 90, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 91, "end": 93, "annotation": null}, {"text": "modified", "start": 94, "end": 102, "annotation": null}, {"text": "As2Se3", "start": 103, "end": 109, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "has", "start": 110, "end": 113, "annotation": null}, {"text": "been", "start": 114, "end": 118, "annotation": null}, {"text": "performed", "start": 119, "end": 128, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 128, "end": 129, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "It", "start": 130, "end": 132, "annotation": null}, {"text": "is", "start": 133, "end": 135, "annotation": null}, {"text": "established", "start": 136, "end": 147, "annotation": null}, {"text": "that", "start": 148, "end": 152, "annotation": null}, {"text": "both", "start": 153, "end": 157, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 158, "end": 161, "annotation": null}, {"text": "similarity", "start": 162, "end": 172, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 173, "end": 176, "annotation": null}, {"text": "difference", "start": 177, "end": 187, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 188, "end": 190, "annotation": null}, {"text": "polarization", "start": 191, "end": 203, "annotation": null}, {"text": "phenomena", "start": 204, "end": 213, "annotation": null}, {"text": "are", "start": 214, "end": 217, "annotation": null}, {"text": "due", "start": 218, "end": 221, "annotation": null}, {"text": "to", "start": 222, "end": 224, "annotation": null}, {"text": "specific", "start": 225, "end": 233, "annotation": null}, {"text": "features", "start": 234, "end": 242, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 243, "end": 245, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 246, "end": 249, "annotation": null}, {"text": "internal", "start": 250, "end": 258, "annotation": null}, {"text": "structure", "start": 259, "end": 268, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 269, "end": 271, "annotation": null}, {"text": "studied", "start": 272, "end": 279, "annotation": null}, {"text": "materials", "start": 280, "end": 289, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 289, "end": 290, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "The", "start": 291, "end": 294, "annotation": null}, {"text": "mechanism", "start": 295, "end": 304, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 305, "end": 307, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 308, "end": 311, "annotation": null}, {"text": "observed", "start": 312, "end": 320, "annotation": null}, {"text": "effects", "start": 321, "end": 328, "annotation": null}, {"text": "is", "start": 329, "end": 331, "annotation": null}, {"text": "discussed", "start": 332, "end": 341, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 341, "end": 342, "annotation": null}]]}
+{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "Phosphoric acid (PA)-doped m-polybenzimidazole (PBI) membranes used in high temperature fuel cells and hydrogen pumps were prepared by a conventional imbibing process and a sol-gel fabrication process. A comparative study was conducted to investigate the critical properties of PA doping levels, ionic conductivities, mechanical properties, and molecular ordering. This systematic study found that sol-gel PA-doped m-PBI membranes were able to absorb higher acid doping levels and to achieve higher ionic conductivities than conventionally imbibed membranes when treated in an equivalent manner. Even at similar acid loadings, the sol-gel membranes exhibited higher ionic conductivities. Heat treatment of conventionally imbibed membranes with \u226429 wt % solids caused a significant reduction in mechanical properties; conversely, sol-gel membranes exhibited an enhancement in mechanical properties. From X-ray structural studies and atomistic simulations, both conventionally imbibed and sol-gel membranes exhibited d-spacings of 3.5 and 4.6 \u00c5, which were tentatively attributed to parallel ring stacking and staggered side-to-side packing, respectively, of the imidazole rings in these aromatic heterocyclic polymers. An anisotropic staggered side-to-side chain packing present in the conventional membranes may be related to the reduction in mechanical properties. \u00a9 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Phosphoric", "start": 0, "end": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "acid", "start": 11, "end": 15, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(PA)-doped", "start": 16, "end": 26, "annotation": null}, {"text": "m-polybenzimidazole", "start": 27, "end": 46, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 47, "end": 48, "annotation": null}, {"text": "PBI", "start": 48, "end": 51, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 51, "end": 52, "annotation": null}, {"text": "membranes", "start": 53, "end": 62, "annotation": null}, {"text": "used", "start": 63, "end": 67, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 68, "end": 70, "annotation": null}, {"text": "high", "start": 71, "end": 75, "annotation": null}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 76, "end": 87, 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 {"text": "The mechanisms of thermal, ultraviolet and vacuum ultraviolet radiation degradation behaviors of the Eu2+,Mn2+ co-doped BaMgAl10O17 phosphors were investigated comparatively. The result indicated that the Mn2+ ions which replaced the Mg2+ sites in the sample were stable and negligibly influenced by treatments. The oxidation and migration of Eu2+ ions primarily caused the thermal degradation of the sample. The vacuum ultraviolet radiation degradation was primarily because of the migration of Eu2+. The ultraviolet radiation increased traps which trended the Eu2+r to be in a metastable state, leading to the ultraviolet radiation degradation of the sample. The vacuum ultraviolet excited luminous loss of samples after ultraviolet radiation partly originated from the interruption of energy transfer from the host to activators by traps.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1007/s11433-012-4799-1"}, "_input_hash": 14857733, "_task_hash": -1783518157, "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "mechanisms", "start": 4, "end": 14, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 15, "end": 17, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "thermal", "start": 18, "end": 25, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 26, "end": 27, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ultraviolet", "start": 28, "end": 39, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 40, "end": 43, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "vacuum", "start": 44, "end": 50, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ultraviolet", "start": 51, "end": 62, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "radiation", "start": 63, "end": 72, "id": 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 {"text": "In this work, investigations of Li and Sb for growth behavior of alkali niobate synthesized by hydrothermal method were conducted. The results of XRD and Raman analysis show excessive dopants in A sites (Li) are helpful for the formation of NaNbO3. The microstructure of alkali niobate superfine particles (SPs) is carefully studied through transmission electron microscopy (TEM) as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and rod-like KNN SPs with preferred growth in [010] direction are clearly investigated due to the modification of Sb in B sites while NaNbO3 presents layer and spiral growth. Growth behavior and associated morphology of alkali niobate are well explained by the model of periodic bond chain (PBC). Besides, ferroelectric properties of as-sintered ceramics are enhanced, and ferroelectric-ferroelectric phase transition temperature (TR-O and TO-T) changes obviously, which provides a possibility to construct polymorphic phase boundary to improve properties of KNN materials.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.matdes.2016.07.116"}, "_input_hash": 940245613, "_task_hash": 271664131, "tokens": [[{"text": "In", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "this", "start": 3, "end": 7, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "work", "start": 8, "end": 12, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 13, "end": 14, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "investigations", "start": 15, "end": 29, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 30, "end": 32, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Li", "start": 33, "end": 35, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 36, "end": 39, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Sb", "start": 40, "end": 42, "id": 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 {"text": "Properties of particles whose dimensions are of the nanoscale can be quite different from those of bigger dimension particles. We investigate here the effects of doping Sb5+ ions into ZnO nanorods (NR's) on the formation of magnetic moments. The pure ZnO and Sb-doped ZnO NR's were grown by the hydrothermal process. The fabricated nanorods were then studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet\u2013visible light spectroscopy (UV\u2013vis), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Photoluminescence (PL) Spectrometer and Vibrating Sample Magnetometer (VSM) spectrometry. Substitution of Sb into the ZnO leads to the formation of a defect (SbZn+2VZn) complex state which can capture the oxygen p-orbital electrons of the oxygen atoms and form a spin polarized state. The PL was used to monitor the defect formation in the ZnO NR's when the Sb is doped in. As more Sb was doped in, the visible blue portion of the PL spectrum decreased while the visible red portion increased. Magnetization measurements (VSM) showed that the pure ZnO NR's possessed a magnetic moment which initially increased as Sb is doped in but decreased as more Sb was doped in. We obtain a value of 1.015memu/g for the saturation magnetization of the pure ZnO nanorod.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.jmmm.2015.08.002"}, "_input_hash": -674275172, "_task_hash": 2012703958, "tokens": [[{"text": "Properties", "start": 0, "end": 10, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 11, "end": 13, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "particles", "start": 14, "end": 23, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "whose", "start": 24, "end": 29, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "dimensions", "start": 30, "end": 40, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "are", "start": 41, "end": 44, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 45, "end": 47, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 48, "end": 51, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "nanoscale", "start": 52, "end": 61, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "can", "start": 62, "end": 65, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "be", "start": 66, "end": 68, "id": 10, "annotation": null}, 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-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "The thermoelectric properties of perovskite-type Sr1\u2212xLaxSnO3 ceramics with x=0.01\u20130.05 were evaluated from the Seebeck coefficient S, electrical conductivity \u03c3, and thermal conductivity \u03ba measured at high temperatures. The La-doped ceramics were n-type semiconductors exhibiting thermally activated electrical conduction behaviors in the temperature range of 473\u20131073K. Eelectron carriers were introduced into the conduction band from doped La atoms up to x=0.03, which was the solubility limit of La at Sr site. The temperature dependence of the \u03ba values for the ceramics was unaffected by both the La content and the microstructures. Estimations of the electronic thermal conductivities by the Wiedemann-Franz law revealed that the phonon thermal conductivities were dominant for all ceramics. The dimensionless figure of merit ZT increased with increasing temperature for all ceramics and reached 0.02\u20130.05 at 1073K. In contrast to cubic Ba1\u2212xLaxSnO3 ceramics, bending of the Sn\u2013O\u2013Sn bonds due to octahedral tilting distortion in Sr1\u2212xLaxSnO3 lowered the electron mobility, decreasing the power factor S2\u03c3 and ZT values, although it effectively reduced the phonon mean free path, decreasing the \u03ba values.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "thermoelectric", "start": 4, "end": 18, "annotation": null}, {"text": "properties", "start": 19, "end": 29, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 30, "end": 32, "annotation": null}, {"text": "perovskite", "start": 33, "end": 43, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 43, "end": 44, "annotation": null}, {"text": "type", "start": 44, "end": 48, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Sr1\u2212xLaxSnO3", "start": 49, "end": 61, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "ceramics", "start": 62, "end": 70, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 71, 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-{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "Boron-doped graphite (3.5% B in C (S2508, Carbon Lorraine), 20% B in C (GB120, Toyo Tanso)) and titanium-doped graphite (2.1% Ti in C (RGTi, supplied by Efremov Institute, St. Petersburg)) have been tested in TEXTOR as a single main limiter for typically 20\u201340 discharges. Convective power loads up to about 30 MW/m2 led to maximum surface temperatures between 2400\u20132800\u00b0C. Severe cracking has occurred on the 20% boron-doped graphite material showing that it is not applicable as plasma facing material under high heat loads. Some large cracks have also been observed on the RGTi limiter, probably caused by the strong anisotropy of the material. The 3.5% boron-doped material shows similar thermomechanical properties as a usual fine-grain graphite (EK98). Large thermal sublimation of boron and titanium has been observed starting at surface temperatures of about 2000\u00b0C and 1800\u00b0C, respectively. Very thick layers of redeposited boron or titanium (> 1 \u03bcm) were formed near the areas of high sublimation. Besides the doping species (boron, titanium) these materials sublime various (metallic) impurities at elevated temperatures. No significant increase of the emitted carbon flux has been observed below surface temperatures of 2000\u00b0C showing that radiation enhanced sublimation (RES) is significantly reduced under these conditions compared with expected values extrapolated from beam experiments.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Boron", "start": 0, "end": 5, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 5, "end": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 6, "end": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "graphite", "start": 12, "end": 20, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "(", "start": 21, "end": 22, "annotation": null}, {"text": "3.5", "start": 22, "end": 25, "annotation": "DOPMODQ"}, {"text": "%", "start": 25, "end": 26, "annotation": "DOPMODQ"}, {"text": "B", "start": 27, "end": 28, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "in", "start": 29, "end": 31, "annotation": null}, {"text": "C", "start": 32, "end": 33, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "(", "start": 34, "end": 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-{"text": "A series of Pr3+/Yb3+ co-doped transparent tellurate glass samples were prepared by high-temperature melting method. The optical properties and energy transfer process from Pr3+ to Yb3+ were investigated. On excitation of Pr3+ ions with a blue visible photon at 449nm, a near infrared emission at 1001nm were observed in the Pr3+/Yb3+ co-doped tellurate glass, which is attributed to 2 F 2 / 5 \u2192 2 F 2 / 7 transition of Yb3+ ions. The feeding of Yb3+ ions is shown to be two step energy transfer from Pr3+ through 1 G 4 multiplet by excitation and emission spectra. The maximum total quantum efficiency reaches 136.7% when the co-doped Yb3+ mole concentration is 5%. The efficient down-conversion near infrared emission of Pr3+/Yb3+ co-doped tellurate glass has potential application in enhancing the conversion efficiency of crystalline silicon based solar cells.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.optmat.2012.10.012"}, "_input_hash": -1874277177, "_task_hash": -1866424394, "tokens": [[{"text": "A", "start": 0, "end": 1, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "series", "start": 2, "end": 8, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 9, "end": 11, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Pr3+/Yb3", "start": 12, "end": 20, "id": 3, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "+", "start": 21, "end": 22, "id": 4, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "co", "start": 23, "end": 25, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 26, "end": 27, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 28, "end": 33, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "transparent", "start": 34, "end": 45, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "tellurate", "start": 46, "end": 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-{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "A microwave absorption technique based on cavity perturbation theory is shown to be applicable for electrical conductivity measurements of both a small, single-crystal particle and finely divided powder samples when\u03c3 values fall in either the low (\u03c3<0.1 \u03a9\u22121 cm\u22121) or the intermediate (0.1 \u2264\u03c3\u2264 100 \u03a9\u22121 cm\u22121) conductivity region. The results here pertain to semiconductors in the latter region. If the skin depth of the material becomes significantly smaller than the sample dimension parallel to theE-field, an appreciable error can be introduced into the calculated conductivity values; however, this discrepancy is eliminated by correcting for the field attenuation associated with the penetration depth of the microwaves. A modification of this approach utilizing the skin depth allows a first-order correction to be applied to powder samples which results in the accurate measurement of absolute\u03c3 values, and results with doped Si powders are compared to\u03c3 values obtained from one small single particle using this microwave technique as well as reported DC\u03c3 values determined with single crystals. The use of this microwave absorption technique with small particles having high surface/volume ratios, such as catalyst supports and oxide catalysts, under controlled environments can provide fundamental information about adsorption and catalytic processes on such semiconductor surfaces. An application to a ZnO powder demonstrates this capability.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "A", "start": 0, "end": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "microwave", "start": 2, "end": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "absorption", "start": 12, "end": 22, "annotation": null}, {"text": "technique", "start": 23, "end": 32, "annotation": null}, {"text": "based", "start": 33, "end": 38, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 39, "end": 41, "annotation": null}, {"text": "cavity", "start": 42, "end": 48, "annotation": null}, {"text": "perturbation", "start": 49, "end": 61, "annotation": null}, {"text": "theory", "start": 62, "end": 68, "annotation": null}, {"text": "is", "start": 69, "end": 71, "annotation": null}, {"text": "shown", "start": 72, "end": 77, "annotation": null}, {"text": "to", "start": 78, "end": 80, "annotation": null}, {"text": "be", "start": 81, "end": 83, "annotation": null}, {"text": "applicable", "start": 84, "end": 94, 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+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "The thermoelectric properties of perovskite-type Sr1\u2212xLaxSnO3 ceramics with x=0.01\u20130.05 were evaluated from the Seebeck coefficient S, electrical conductivity \u03c3, and thermal conductivity \u03ba measured at high temperatures. The La-doped ceramics were n-type semiconductors exhibiting thermally activated electrical conduction behaviors in the temperature range of 473\u20131073K. Eelectron carriers were introduced into the conduction band from doped La atoms up to x=0.03, which was the solubility limit of La at Sr site. The temperature dependence of the \u03ba values for the ceramics was unaffected by both the La content and the microstructures. Estimations of the electronic thermal conductivities by the Wiedemann-Franz law revealed that the phonon thermal conductivities were dominant for all ceramics. The dimensionless figure of merit ZT increased with increasing temperature for all ceramics and reached 0.02\u20130.05 at 1073K. In contrast to cubic Ba1\u2212xLaxSnO3 ceramics, bending of the Sn\u2013O\u2013Sn bonds due to octahedral tilting distortion in Sr1\u2212xLaxSnO3 lowered the electron mobility, decreasing the power factor S2\u03c3 and ZT values, although it effectively reduced the phonon mean free path, decreasing the \u03ba values.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "thermoelectric", "start": 4, "end": 18, "annotation": null}, {"text": "properties", "start": 19, "end": 29, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 30, "end": 32, "annotation": null}, {"text": "perovskite", "start": 33, "end": 43, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 43, "end": 44, "annotation": null}, {"text": "type", "start": 44, "end": 48, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Sr1\u2212xLaxSnO3", "start": 49, "end": 61, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "ceramics", "start": 62, "end": 70, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 71, 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+{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "Boron-doped graphite (3.5% B in C (S2508, Carbon Lorraine), 20% B in C (GB120, Toyo Tanso)) and titanium-doped graphite (2.1% Ti in C (RGTi, supplied by Efremov Institute, St. Petersburg)) have been tested in TEXTOR as a single main limiter for typically 20\u201340 discharges. Convective power loads up to about 30 MW/m2 led to maximum surface temperatures between 2400\u20132800\u00b0C. Severe cracking has occurred on the 20% boron-doped graphite material showing that it is not applicable as plasma facing material under high heat loads. Some large cracks have also been observed on the RGTi limiter, probably caused by the strong anisotropy of the material. The 3.5% boron-doped material shows similar thermomechanical properties as a usual fine-grain graphite (EK98). Large thermal sublimation of boron and titanium has been observed starting at surface temperatures of about 2000\u00b0C and 1800\u00b0C, respectively. Very thick layers of redeposited boron or titanium (> 1 \u03bcm) were formed near the areas of high sublimation. Besides the doping species (boron, titanium) these materials sublime various (metallic) impurities at elevated temperatures. No significant increase of the emitted carbon flux has been observed below surface temperatures of 2000\u00b0C showing that radiation enhanced sublimation (RES) is significantly reduced under these conditions compared with expected values extrapolated from beam experiments.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Boron", "start": 0, "end": 5, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 5, "end": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 6, "end": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "graphite", "start": 12, "end": 20, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "(", "start": 21, "end": 22, "annotation": null}, {"text": "3.5", "start": 22, "end": 25, "annotation": "DOPMODQ"}, {"text": "%", "start": 25, "end": 26, "annotation": "DOPMODQ"}, {"text": "B", "start": 27, "end": 28, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "in", "start": 29, "end": 31, "annotation": null}, {"text": "C", "start": 32, "end": 33, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "(", "start": 34, "end": 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+{"text": "A series of Pr3+/Yb3+ co-doped transparent tellurate glass samples were prepared by high-temperature melting method. The optical properties and energy transfer process from Pr3+ to Yb3+ were investigated. On excitation of Pr3+ ions with a blue visible photon at 449nm, a near infrared emission at 1001nm were observed in the Pr3+/Yb3+ co-doped tellurate glass, which is attributed to 2 F 2 / 5 \u2192 2 F 2 / 7 transition of Yb3+ ions. The feeding of Yb3+ ions is shown to be two step energy transfer from Pr3+ through 1 G 4 multiplet by excitation and emission spectra. The maximum total quantum efficiency reaches 136.7% when the co-doped Yb3+ mole concentration is 5%. The efficient down-conversion near infrared emission of Pr3+/Yb3+ co-doped tellurate glass has potential application in enhancing the conversion efficiency of crystalline silicon based solar cells.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.optmat.2012.10.012"}, "_input_hash": -1874277177, "_task_hash": -1866424394, "tokens": [[{"text": "A", "start": 0, "end": 1, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "series", "start": 2, "end": 8, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 9, "end": 11, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Pr3+/Yb3", "start": 12, "end": 20, "id": 3, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "+", "start": 21, "end": 22, "id": 4, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "co", "start": 23, "end": 25, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 26, "end": 27, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 28, "end": 33, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "transparent", "start": 34, "end": 45, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "tellurate", "start": 46, "end": 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+{"remark": "doping_annt3", "text": "A microwave absorption technique based on cavity perturbation theory is shown to be applicable for electrical conductivity measurements of both a small, single-crystal particle and finely divided powder samples when\u03c3 values fall in either the low (\u03c3<0.1 \u03a9\u22121 cm\u22121) or the intermediate (0.1 \u2264\u03c3\u2264 100 \u03a9\u22121 cm\u22121) conductivity region. The results here pertain to semiconductors in the latter region. If the skin depth of the material becomes significantly smaller than the sample dimension parallel to theE-field, an appreciable error can be introduced into the calculated conductivity values; however, this discrepancy is eliminated by correcting for the field attenuation associated with the penetration depth of the microwaves. A modification of this approach utilizing the skin depth allows a first-order correction to be applied to powder samples which results in the accurate measurement of absolute\u03c3 values, and results with doped Si powders are compared to\u03c3 values obtained from one small single particle using this microwave technique as well as reported DC\u03c3 values determined with single crystals. The use of this microwave absorption technique with small particles having high surface/volume ratios, such as catalyst supports and oxide catalysts, under controlled environments can provide fundamental information about adsorption and catalytic processes on such semiconductor surfaces. An application to a ZnO powder demonstrates this capability.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "A", "start": 0, "end": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "microwave", "start": 2, "end": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "absorption", "start": 12, "end": 22, "annotation": null}, {"text": "technique", "start": 23, "end": 32, "annotation": null}, {"text": "based", "start": 33, "end": 38, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 39, "end": 41, "annotation": null}, {"text": "cavity", "start": 42, "end": 48, "annotation": null}, {"text": "perturbation", "start": 49, "end": 61, "annotation": null}, {"text": "theory", "start": 62, "end": 68, "annotation": null}, {"text": "is", "start": 69, "end": 71, "annotation": null}, {"text": "shown", "start": 72, "end": 77, "annotation": null}, {"text": "to", "start": 78, "end": 80, "annotation": null}, {"text": "be", "start": 81, "end": 83, "annotation": null}, {"text": "applicable", "start": 84, "end": 94, 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 {"text": "Manganese doped ZnS nanoparticles were synthesized via a simple chemical reaction method at room temperature and annealed at four different temperatures. The nanostructures of the prepared Mn2+ doped ZnS nanoparticles have been analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Photoluminescence (PL) studies. The phase transformation from cubic to wurtzite structure has been studied and the size of the particles is found to increase from 14nm to 31nm with increasing annealing temperature whereas the strain values were found to decrease. From the room-temperature photoluminescence spectrum of as prepared samples, it is seen that Mn2+ doped ZnS emit in the yellow-orange region at 585nm due to Mn2+ 4T1\u20136A1 transition under excitation of a UV light at 345nm. PLE intensity significantly increases with the increase of annealing temperature and shows a maximum when temperature is 600\u00b0C. If temperature continued to increase, namely more than 600\u00b0C, the PLE intensity would decrease.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.matlet.2013.06.004"}, "_input_hash": 720606229, "_task_hash": -252860540, "tokens": [[{"text": "Manganese", "start": 0, "end": 9, "id": 0, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "doped", "start": 10, "end": 15, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ZnS", "start": 16, "end": 19, "id": 2, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "nanoparticles", "start": 20, "end": 33, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "were", "start": 34, "end": 38, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "synthesized", "start": 39, "end": 50, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "via", "start": 51, "end": 54, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 55, "end": 56, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "simple", "start": 57, "end": 63, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "chemical", "start": 64, "end": 72, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "reaction", "start": 73, "end": 81, 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 {"text": "The magnetic response expected from a state characterized by rotating antiferromagnetism in a neutron-scattering experiment is calculated. We predict the occurrence of a peak at the frequency of the rotation of the rotating antiferromagnetic order parameter. The doping dependence trends of this frequency are very similar to those of the frequency of the magnetic resonance observed in neutron-scattering experiments for the hole-doped high- T C cuprates. This leads us to propose the rotating antiferromagnetism as a possible mechanism for this magnetic resonance. Also, the interpretation of the rotating order parameter as a probability for a spin flip process to occur allows us to argue that the unusual zero momentum antiferromagnetic order observed by Fauqu\u00e9 et al. is equivalent to the rotating antiferromagnetism phenomenon. We conclude that while the magnitude of the rotating antiferromagnetic order parameter was previously proposed to be responsible for the pseudogap and the unusual thermodynamic and transport properties, the phase of the rotating order parameter is proposed here to be responsible for the unusual magnetic properties of the high- T C cuprate superconductors.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.physc.2014.11.001"}, "_input_hash": -591947155, "_task_hash": 831683661, "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "magnetic", "start": 4, "end": 12, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "response", "start": 13, "end": 21, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "expected", "start": 22, "end": 30, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "from", "start": 31, "end": 35, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 36, "end": 37, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "state", "start": 38, "end": 43, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "characterized", 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-{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "Pore growth on n-type InP(100) can be electrochemically initiated in HCl and HF solutions by polarizing the material anodic to a critical potential value\u2014the pore formation potential (PFP). At surface defects however, the PFP is significantly lower (shifted cathodically). This is evident from simple scratch experiments as well as experiments using focused ion beam (FIB) implantation of Si2+ to write defined surface damage/implant patterns into n-type InP(100) substrates. These implant sites represent initiation sites for the onset of dissolution processes. Selective pore formation within the implant patterns is achieved if polarization of the n-type material is carried out anodic to the PFP corresponding to defects but cathodic to the PFP of the unimplanted surface. Furthermore, it is shown that the pore morphology depends strongly on the type of halogen acid present in the electrolyte. 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-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "Coulometric determination of arsenic was made to evaluate the stoichiometry of undoped semi-insulating GaAs crystals grown by liquid-encapsulated Czochralski technique. The measurement was made by using the stoichiometric reaction of arsenious acid with electrogenerated iodine. The pretreatment procedures such as the reduction to As(III) and the improvement in recovery were investigated in detail. The typical standard deviation based on this work is about 0.001 in terms of arsenic atom fraction. The measured value of As atom fraction was found to increase with increase in the As atom fraction in the melts depending on the melt composition. It was also found that standard deviation \u00f8f the measured values in each crystal increases as the melt composition becomes Ga-rich. This fact suggests that the scatter in the measured values reflects an actual inhomogeneity in GaAs such as Ga precipitates. \u00a9 1987, The Electrochemical Society, Inc. All rights reserved.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Coulometric", "start": 0, "end": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "determination", "start": 12, "end": 25, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 26, "end": 28, "annotation": null}, {"text": "arsenic", "start": 29, "end": 36, "annotation": null}, {"text": "was", "start": 37, "end": 40, "annotation": null}, {"text": "made", "start": 41, "end": 45, "annotation": null}, {"text": "to", "start": 46, "end": 48, "annotation": null}, {"text": "evaluate", "start": 49, "end": 57, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 58, "end": 61, "annotation": null}, {"text": "stoichiometry", "start": 62, "end": 75, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 76, "end": 78, "annotation": null}, {"text": "undoped", "start": 79, "end": 86, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "semi-insulating", "start": 87, "end": 102, "annotation": null}, {"text": "GaAs", "start": 103, "end": 107, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, 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+{"remark": "doping_annt2", "text": "Pore growth on n-type InP(100) can be electrochemically initiated in HCl and HF solutions by polarizing the material anodic to a critical potential value\u2014the pore formation potential (PFP). At surface defects however, the PFP is significantly lower (shifted cathodically). This is evident from simple scratch experiments as well as experiments using focused ion beam (FIB) implantation of Si2+ to write defined surface damage/implant patterns into n-type InP(100) substrates. These implant sites represent initiation sites for the onset of dissolution processes. Selective pore formation within the implant patterns is achieved if polarization of the n-type material is carried out anodic to the PFP corresponding to defects but cathodic to the PFP of the unimplanted surface. Furthermore, it is shown that the pore morphology depends strongly on the type of halogen acid present in the electrolyte. Scanning AES images show that the composition of the porous layers is strongly altered from the bulk composition.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Pore", "start": 0, "end": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "growth", "start": 5, "end": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 12, "end": 14, "annotation": null}, {"text": "n", "start": 15, "end": 16, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 16, "end": 17, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "type", "start": 17, "end": 21, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "InP(100)", "start": 22, "end": 30, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "can", "start": 31, "end": 34, "annotation": null}, {"text": "be", "start": 35, "end": 37, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electrochemically", "start": 38, "end": 55, "annotation": null}, {"text": "initiated", "start": 56, "end": 65, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 66, "end": 68, "annotation": null}, {"text": "HCl", "start": 69, "end": 72, "annotation": 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+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "Coulometric determination of arsenic was made to evaluate the stoichiometry of undoped semi-insulating GaAs crystals grown by liquid-encapsulated Czochralski technique. The measurement was made by using the stoichiometric reaction of arsenious acid with electrogenerated iodine. The pretreatment procedures such as the reduction to As(III) and the improvement in recovery were investigated in detail. The typical standard deviation based on this work is about 0.001 in terms of arsenic atom fraction. The measured value of As atom fraction was found to increase with increase in the As atom fraction in the melts depending on the melt composition. It was also found that standard deviation \u00f8f the measured values in each crystal increases as the melt composition becomes Ga-rich. This fact suggests that the scatter in the measured values reflects an actual inhomogeneity in GaAs such as Ga precipitates. \u00a9 1987, The Electrochemical Society, Inc. 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 {"text": "Zn0.98Cu0.02O and Zn0.95Cu0.02Co0.03O powders were synthesized by sol\u2013gel method, and the effects of Co codoping on the structure, optical and magnetic properties of the Zn0.98Cu0.02O powders were studied in detail. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurement shows the Zn0.98Cu0.02O and Zn0.95Cu0.02Co0.03O powders were single phase with the ZnO wurtzite structure, and there was no ferromagnetic-related secondary phase in these powders. Moreover, these powders exhibited ferromagnetism at the room temperature investigated by the magnetic measurement, and the ferromagnetism of the Zn0.98Cu0.02O and Zn0.95Cu0.02Co0.03O samples were originated from the fact that the Cu ions and Co, Cu ions doped into the ZnO lattices, respectively. 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 {"text": "Europium-doped barium and strontium iodide crystals are high light yield scintillator materials with excellent energy resolution. In this communication, BaI2:Eu and SrI2:Eu single crystals with space groups of Pnma ( D 2 h 16 ) and Pbca ( D 2 h 15 ) respectively were grown from the vertical Bridgman method. The crystals were investigated with polarized Raman spectroscopy at temperatures varied from 77 to 300 K. The observed Raman-active modes for each crystal were assigned with the help of group theory analysis. It is found that the absence of the site symmetry leads to splitting of a spectral line in Pnma structure into two lines in the Pbca structure. Structural defects including dark spots formed during crystal growth and new species produced from hydration were characterized.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.ssc.2010.12.041"}, "_input_hash": 1909617294, "_task_hash": 760261153, "tokens": [[{"text": "Europium", "start": 0, "end": 8, "id": 0, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 9, "end": 10, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 11, "end": 16, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "barium", "start": 17, "end": 23, "id": 3, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "and", "start": 24, "end": 27, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "strontium", "start": 28, "end": 37, "id": 5, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "iodide", "start": 38, "end": 44, "id": 6, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "crystals", "start": 45, "end": 53, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "are", "start": 54, "end": 57, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "high", "start": 58, "end": 62, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "light", 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"annotation": null}, {"text": "symmetry", "start": 571, "end": 579, "id": 104, "annotation": null}, {"text": "leads", "start": 580, "end": 585, "id": 105, "annotation": null}, {"text": "to", "start": 586, "end": 588, "id": 106, "annotation": null}, {"text": "splitting", "start": 589, "end": 598, "id": 107, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 599, "end": 601, "id": 108, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 602, "end": 603, "id": 109, "annotation": null}, {"text": "spectral", "start": 604, "end": 612, "id": 110, "annotation": null}, {"text": "line", "start": 613, "end": 617, "id": 111, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 618, "end": 620, "id": 112, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Pnma", "start": 621, "end": 625, "id": 113, "annotation": null}, {"text": "structure", "start": 626, "end": 635, "id": 114, "annotation": null}, {"text": "into", "start": 636, "end": 640, "id": 115, "annotation": null}, {"text": "two", "start": 641, "end": 644, "id": 116, "annotation": 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 {"text": "Zinc oxide (ZnO) thin films with co-doped Ga and F were deposited using atomic layer deposition. Structural, electrical, and optical properties of the ZnO thin films were analyzed for different F doping amounts under the condition that the Ga doping amount remained fixed. From the X-ray diffraction analysis results, it was confirmed that the preferred orientation changed from (002) to (100) with changing F amounts. The electrical properties, i.e., carrier concentration and mobility of these co-doped ZnO thin films improved with the F doping amount, resulting in a decrease in the electrical resistivity. The reason for this improved resistivity is that Ga and F atoms replace Zn and O in the lattice sites, respectively, despite a slight decrease in the mobility. An increase in the carrier concentration widened the optical bandgap of ZnO thin films by the Moss-Burstein effect.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.tsf.2018.02.030"}, "_input_hash": 375548441, "_task_hash": -2044623921, "tokens": [[{"text": "Zinc", "start": 0, "end": 4, "id": 0, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "oxide", "start": 5, "end": 10, "id": 1, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "(", "start": 11, "end": 12, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ZnO", "start": 13, "end": 16, "id": 3, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": ")", "start": 17, "end": 18, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "thin", "start": 19, "end": 23, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "films", "start": 24, "end": 29, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 30, "end": 34, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "co", "start": 35, "end": 37, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 38, "end": 39, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 40, "end": 45, "id": 10, 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-{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "Molecular organic light-emitting devices (MOLED) and polymer devices (POLED) were fabricated using a novel iridium complex bis[2-(4\u2032-tert-butylphenyl)-1-phenyl-1H-benzoimidazole-N,C2\u2032] iridium (III) (acetylacetonate) phosphor as an emissive dye doped in two different host materials. Electroluminescent (EL) property, current density\u2013voltage\u2013luminance, and current efficiency characteristics of two kinds of devices were measured. The results showed that MOLED has a maximum current efficiency of 22.9cd/A at a luminance of 163cd/m2, which is higher than that of 7.6cd/A at 371cd/m2 for POLED. MOLED and POLED exhibited a maximum luminance of 13,500 and 4181cd/m2, respectively, with a full width at half-maximum of MOLED spectra is 68nm, which is much narrower than 116nm of POLED spectra.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Molecular", "start": 0, "end": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "organic", "start": 10, "end": 17, "annotation": null}, {"text": "light", "start": 18, "end": 23, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 23, "end": 24, "annotation": null}, {"text": "emitting", "start": 24, "end": 32, "annotation": null}, {"text": "devices", "start": 33, "end": 40, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 41, "end": 42, "annotation": null}, {"text": "MOLED", "start": 42, "end": 47, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 47, "end": 48, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 49, "end": 52, "annotation": null}, {"text": "polymer", "start": 53, "end": 60, "annotation": null}, {"text": "devices", "start": 61, "end": 68, 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-{"text": "The steady-state photoelectrochemical responses of p-GaP photoelectrodes immersed in aqueous electrolytes and sensitized separately by six triphenylmethane dyes (rose bengal, rhodamine B, crystal violet, ethyl violet, fast green fcf, and brilliant green) have been analyzed. Impedance measurements indicated that these p-GaP(100) photoelectrodes operated under depletion conditions with an electric field of \u223c8.5 \u00d7 10 5 V cm -1 at the p-GaP/solution interface. The set of collected wavelength-dependent quantum yield responses were consistent with sensitization occurring specifically from adsorbed triphenylmethane dyes. At high concentrations of dissolved dye, the measured steady-state photocurrent- potential responses collected at sub-bandgap wavelengths suggested unexpectedly high (>0.1) net internal quantum yields for sensitized hole injection. Separate measurements performed with rose bengal adsorbed on p-GaP surfaces pretreated with (NH 4 ) 2 S verified efficient sensitized hole injection. A modified version of wxAMPS, a finite-difference software package, was utilized to assess key operational features of the sensitized p-GaP photocathodes. The net analysis showed that the high internal quantum yield values inferred from the experimental data were most likely afforded by the internal electric field present within p-GaP, effectively sweeping injected holes away from the interface and minimizing their participation in deleterious pathways that could limit the net collection yield. These simulations defined effective threshold values for the charge carrier mobilities (\u226510 -6 cm 2 V -1 s -1 and \u226510 -1 cm 2 V -1 s -1 at dopant densities of 10 18 and 10 13 cm -3 , respectively), hole injection rate constants (\u226510 12 s -1 ), and surface trap densities (10 12 cm -2 ) needed to attain efficient hole collection with the quality of p-GaP materials used here. The cumulative experimental and modeling data thus provide insight on design strategies for assembling new types of dye-sensitized photocathodes that operate under depletion conditions.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1021/ja304019n"}, "_input_hash": 183975697, "_task_hash": 1851337495, "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "steady", "start": 4, "end": 10, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 11, "end": 12, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "state", "start": 13, "end": 18, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "photoelectrochemical", "start": 19, "end": 39, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "responses", "start": 40, "end": 49, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 50, "end": 52, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "p", "start": 53, "end": 54, "id": 7, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 55, "end": 56, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "GaP", "start": 57, "end": 60, "id": 9, 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+{"remark": "doping_annt1", "text": "Molecular organic light-emitting devices (MOLED) and polymer devices (POLED) were fabricated using a novel iridium complex bis[2-(4\u2032-tert-butylphenyl)-1-phenyl-1H-benzoimidazole-N,C2\u2032] iridium (III) (acetylacetonate) phosphor as an emissive dye doped in two different host materials. Electroluminescent (EL) property, current density\u2013voltage\u2013luminance, and current efficiency characteristics of two kinds of devices were measured. The results showed that MOLED has a maximum current efficiency of 22.9cd/A at a luminance of 163cd/m2, which is higher than that of 7.6cd/A at 371cd/m2 for POLED. MOLED and POLED exhibited a maximum luminance of 13,500 and 4181cd/m2, respectively, with a full width at half-maximum of MOLED spectra is 68nm, which is much narrower than 116nm of POLED spectra.", "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"], "tokens": [[{"text": "Molecular", "start": 0, "end": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "organic", "start": 10, "end": 17, "annotation": null}, {"text": "light", "start": 18, "end": 23, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 23, "end": 24, "annotation": null}, {"text": "emitting", "start": 24, "end": 32, "annotation": null}, {"text": "devices", "start": 33, "end": 40, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 41, "end": 42, "annotation": null}, {"text": "MOLED", "start": 42, "end": 47, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 47, "end": 48, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 49, "end": 52, "annotation": null}, {"text": "polymer", "start": 53, "end": 60, "annotation": null}, {"text": "devices", "start": 61, "end": 68, 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+{"text": "The steady-state photoelectrochemical responses of p-GaP photoelectrodes immersed in aqueous electrolytes and sensitized separately by six triphenylmethane dyes (rose bengal, rhodamine B, crystal violet, ethyl violet, fast green fcf, and brilliant green) have been analyzed. Impedance measurements indicated that these p-GaP(100) photoelectrodes operated under depletion conditions with an electric field of \u223c8.5 \u00d7 10 5 V cm -1 at the p-GaP/solution interface. The set of collected wavelength-dependent quantum yield responses were consistent with sensitization occurring specifically from adsorbed triphenylmethane dyes. At high concentrations of dissolved dye, the measured steady-state photocurrent- potential responses collected at sub-bandgap wavelengths suggested unexpectedly high (>0.1) net internal quantum yields for sensitized hole injection. Separate measurements performed with rose bengal adsorbed on p-GaP surfaces pretreated with (NH 4 ) 2 S verified efficient sensitized hole injection. A modified version of wxAMPS, a finite-difference software package, was utilized to assess key operational features of the sensitized p-GaP photocathodes. The net analysis showed that the high internal quantum yield values inferred from the experimental data were most likely afforded by the internal electric field present within p-GaP, effectively sweeping injected holes away from the interface and minimizing their participation in deleterious pathways that could limit the net collection yield. These simulations defined effective threshold values for the charge carrier mobilities (\u226510 -6 cm 2 V -1 s -1 and \u226510 -1 cm 2 V -1 s -1 at dopant densities of 10 18 and 10 13 cm -3 , respectively), hole injection rate constants (\u226510 12 s -1 ), and surface trap densities (10 12 cm -2 ) needed to attain efficient hole collection with the quality of p-GaP materials used here. The cumulative experimental and modeling data thus provide insight on design strategies for assembling new types of dye-sensitized photocathodes that operate under depletion conditions.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1021/ja304019n"}, "_input_hash": 183975697, "_task_hash": 1851337495, "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "steady", "start": 4, "end": 10, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 11, "end": 12, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "state", "start": 13, "end": 18, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "photoelectrochemical", "start": 19, "end": 39, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "responses", "start": 40, "end": 49, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 50, "end": 52, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "p", "start": 53, "end": 54, "id": 7, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 55, "end": 56, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "GaP", "start": 57, "end": 60, "id": 9, 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 {"text": "ZnSe nanocrystals (NCs) were synthesized using a microwave activated method. Synthesized NCs were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV\u2013visible (UV\u2013vis) optical spectroscopy and photoluminescence (PL). XRD analysis demonstrated cubic zinc blende NCs. TEM image indicated round shape NCs and most of the particles had diameters of about 3nm. Band gap of the NCs was obtained about 3.15eV and PL spectra indicates a broad emission with two peaks located about 415 and 500nm related to band edge and trap state respectively. For ZnSe:Cu NCs, PL intensity of band gap emission of ZnSe NCs at 415nm decreased gradually with the increase in the concentration of Cu dopant ions and for precursor ratio of Cu:Zn 1% band gap emission at 415nm disappeared completely. At the same conditions, PL QY was obtained about 2% and 8% for ZnSe and ZnSe:Cu (1%) NCs, respectively.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.apsusc.2014.08.091"}, "_input_hash": -41883280, "_task_hash": 1574098374, "tokens": [[{"text": "ZnSe", "start": 0, "end": 4, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "nanocrystals", "start": 5, "end": 17, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 18, "end": 19, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "NCs", "start": 20, "end": 23, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 24, "end": 25, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "were", "start": 26, "end": 30, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "synthesized", "start": 31, "end": 42, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "using", "start": 43, "end": 48, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 49, "end": 50, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "microwave", "start": 51, "end": 60, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "activated", "start": 61, "end": 70, "id": 10, 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 {"text": "Two chemically inequivalent V4+ ions with unequal populations were detected by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) in vanadium-doped KTiOPO4 crystals grown by a flux method. The EPR spectra of these two kinds of V4+ ions exhibit axial symmetry, with the symmetry axis almost coincident with the direction of the shortest Ti-O bond, namely, the Ti to a titanyl oxygen bond. These results allow one to identify the occupation sites of the doped V4+ ions and to conclude that the doped V4+ ions form two kinds of covalent bonds with the two chemically inequivalent titanyl oxygens, resulting in two chemically inequivalent VO2+ ions. The EPR linewidths of these two VO2+ ions doped into KTiOPO4 are narrow at room temperature. Moreover, superhyperfine structures due to phosphorus nuclei can be detected at room temperature. These characteristics make the VO2+ ions an excellent EPR spin probe for quality control of KTiOPO4 single crystals.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/0022-3697(94)90202-X"}, "_input_hash": 1032327304, "_task_hash": 1267433474, "tokens": [[{"text": "Two", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "chemically", "start": 4, "end": 14, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "inequivalent", "start": 15, "end": 27, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "V4", "start": 28, "end": 30, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "+", "start": 31, "end": 32, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ions", "start": 33, "end": 37, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 38, "end": 42, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "unequal", "start": 43, "end": 50, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "populations", "start": 51, "end": 62, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "were", "start": 63, "end": 67, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "detected", "start": 68, "end": 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 {"text": "Rare earth doped pervoskites, such as Yb\u2013SrCeO3, show remarkable electrical conducting properties, depending upon the temperature and the surrounding gaseous atmosphere. These materials are well known for their protonic conduction within a certain intermediate temperature range, provided they are subjected to an atmosphere containing sufficient amounts of hydrogen or water vapour. At a temperature, which is relatively lower, in an atmosphere containing water vapour and sufficient oxygen, these perovskites acquire hydroxyl ionic conduction. At elevated temperatures when the partial pressure of oxygen is very low, even in the presence of hydrogen and/or water vapour, the mode of conduction is purely by oxygen ions. On the other hand, when the partial pressure of hydrogen is low but that of oxygen is high, electronic conduction is observed. Experimental results to demonstrate the various modes of conduction, including mixed mode conductions at the boundaries are presented.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.jallcom.2004.12.081"}, "_input_hash": -364655088, "_task_hash": -175105288, "tokens": [[{"text": "Rare", "start": 0, "end": 4, "id": 0, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "earth", "start": 5, "end": 10, "id": 1, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "doped", "start": 11, "end": 16, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "pervoskites", "start": 17, "end": 28, "id": 3, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": ",", "start": 29, "end": 30, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "such", "start": 31, "end": 35, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "as", "start": 36, "end": 38, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Yb", "start": 39, "end": 41, "id": 7, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "\u2013", "start": 42, "end": 43, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "SrCeO3", "start": 44, "end": 50, "id": 9, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": ",", 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-{"text": "TiO2 (rutile and anatase) thin films was first prepared using reactive sputtering, in an Ar+O2 plasma. In the 2nd stage of the experiment, various amounts (3, 7, and 10 at. %) of Ag was doped into the rutile film in order to form TiO2-Ag thin films. These films were annealed for one hour in Ar atmosphere, at 300, 400, and 500 \u00b0C. The films' structures were then examined using X-ray diffractometry. FESEM (field-emission scaning electron microscopy) was used to investigate the surface emergence of Ag particles. As for the examination of optical band gaps and absorption of these films, UV-Vis-NIR photometer was used. The results show that, in as-deposited condition, the addition of Ag might disrupt the growth of crystalline structure and cause the formation of amorphous films. After annealing, it is found that the structure tends to become anatase phase which is a metastable phase between amorphous titanium oxide and rutile. More importantly, the absorption of the Ag-doped films would be enhanced in the visible-light range. Some of the enhancement is clearly due to plasmon resonance effect. The Ag-doped samples have shown some antibacterial effect in dark. When irradiated with light, the samples show a synergistic behavior combining the bactericidal effect of Ag ions and photocatalytic effect of TiO2.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1088/1742-6596/339/1/012012"}, "_input_hash": -2084153193, "_task_hash": 950580147, "tokens": [[{"text": "TiO2", "start": 0, "end": 4, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 5, "end": 6, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "rutile", "start": 7, "end": 13, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 14, "end": 17, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "anatase", "start": 18, "end": 25, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 26, "end": 27, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "thin", "start": 28, "end": 32, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "films", "start": 33, "end": 38, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "was", "start": 39, "end": 42, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "first", "start": 43, "end": 48, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "prepared", "start": 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+{"text": "TiO2 (rutile and anatase) thin films was first prepared using reactive sputtering, in an Ar+O2 plasma. In the 2nd stage of the experiment, various amounts (3, 7, and 10 at. %) of Ag was doped into the rutile film in order to form TiO2-Ag thin films. These films were annealed for one hour in Ar atmosphere, at 300, 400, and 500 \u00b0C. The films' structures were then examined using X-ray diffractometry. FESEM (field-emission scaning electron microscopy) was used to investigate the surface emergence of Ag particles. As for the examination of optical band gaps and absorption of these films, UV-Vis-NIR photometer was used. The results show that, in as-deposited condition, the addition of Ag might disrupt the growth of crystalline structure and cause the formation of amorphous films. After annealing, it is found that the structure tends to become anatase phase which is a metastable phase between amorphous titanium oxide and rutile. More importantly, the absorption of the Ag-doped films would be enhanced in the visible-light range. Some of the enhancement is clearly due to plasmon resonance effect. The Ag-doped samples have shown some antibacterial effect in dark. When irradiated with light, the samples show a synergistic behavior combining the bactericidal effect of Ag ions and photocatalytic effect of TiO2.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1088/1742-6596/339/1/012012"}, "_input_hash": -2084153193, "_task_hash": 950580147, "tokens": [[{"text": "TiO2", "start": 0, "end": 4, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 5, "end": 6, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "rutile", "start": 7, "end": 13, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 14, "end": 17, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "anatase", "start": 18, "end": 25, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 26, "end": 27, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "thin", "start": 28, "end": 32, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "films", "start": 33, "end": 38, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "was", "start": 39, "end": 42, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "first", "start": 43, "end": 48, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "prepared", "start": 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 {"text": "A combined treatment based on electrochemical oxidation on boron-doped diamond (BDD) anodes and UV-C irradiation was used to degrade the emerging contaminant coumarin, an ingredient of many personal care products. The efficiency of the process was assessed by monitoring the coumarin concentration decay and the total organic carbon (TOC). The effect of chloride was evaluated and the occurrence of inorganic chlorinated products was quantified. The photo-assisted electrochemical degradation resulted in a faster removal and mineralization of the pollutant, compared to the treatment without UV irradiation. The observed synergistic effect was mainly ascribed to the ability of UV light to activate the peroxides electrogenerated during the electrolysis on BDD. An additional contribution was due to the photolysis of electrogenerated hypochlorite/hypochlorous acid in the presence of chloride. UV irradiation reduced the amount of residual active chlorine but not of chlorates. TOC analysis showed that mineralization occurred together with coumarin removal from the solution, indicating that no persistent organic by-products were formed during the treatment. The possibility of reducing the energy consumption of the process by shortening the exposure time of the solution to UV light was also investigated.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.cej.2017.04.129"}, "_input_hash": -1270469061, "_task_hash": 830072929, "tokens": [[{"text": "A", "start": 0, "end": 1, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "combined", "start": 2, "end": 10, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "treatment", "start": 11, "end": 20, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "based", "start": 21, "end": 26, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 27, "end": 29, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electrochemical", "start": 30, "end": 45, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "oxidation", "start": 46, "end": 55, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 56, "end": 58, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "boron", "start": 59, "end": 64, "id": 8, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 65, "end": 66, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": 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 {"text": "The structural, electronic and magnetic properties of Li, Be, B and F-doped carbon nitrides with \u03b2-C3N4, defect zinc-blende and tetragonal structure are studied by using first-principle's method. The investigation was done using the (FPLAPW) method where the exchange-correlation potential was calculated with the frame of GGA by Perdew et\u00a0al. (Phys. Rev. Lett. 77 (1996) 3865). The possibility of half-metallic ferromagnetism in Li, Be, B and F-doped C3N4 were analyzed by electronic band structure and density of states calculations. We found that FC5N8 monoclinic and BeC5N8 tetragonal phase exhibits a complete half-metallic characteristic with a total spin moment of 1.00\u03bc B and 3.00\u03bc B, and energy band gap of (Eg \u2193\u00a0=\u00a00.5eV) and (Eg \u2191\u00a0=\u00a02.6\u00a0eV), respectively. These results may be of interest for spintronic applications.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.cocom.2017.08.004"}, "_input_hash": 911901082, "_task_hash": -1701282055, "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "structural", "start": 4, "end": 14, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 15, "end": 16, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electronic", "start": 17, "end": 27, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 28, "end": 31, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "magnetic", "start": 32, "end": 40, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "properties", "start": 41, "end": 51, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 52, "end": 54, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Li", "start": 55, "end": 57, "id": 8, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": ",", "start": 58, "end": 59, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Be", "start": 60, "end": 62, "id": 10, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": ",", "start": 63, 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 {"text": "LaMnx V1\u2212x O4\u2212\u03b4 (0\u2264x\u22641) samples were characterized using thermogravimetry, thermo-dilatometry, high-temperature X-ray diffraction (HTXRD) and temperature-programmed reduction techniques, with an objective to explore the role of substitution on their thermo-physical properties, which may have a direct bearing on their catalytic behavior. Even though the substituted compositions (x0.8) were of a single phase, their reduction occurred in two steps, a lower temperature step corresponding to Mn4+\u2192Mn3+/Mn2+ and another higher temperature one related to V5+\u2192V3+. The dilatometric measurements gave similar values of linear thermal expansion coefficient (\u03b1 1) at temperatures up to 600\u00b0C, both for LaVO4 and substituted samples. A different behavior was, however, observed at higher temperatures, whereas thermal contraction was observed in case of LaVO4 for measurements at temperatures above 700\u00b0C, the value of \u03b1 1 remained almost constant in case of the substituted samples. Furthermore, the HTXRD data revealed expansion in cell volume for all temperatures up to 950\u00b0C, irrespective of the substitution. These results therefore point to a higher degree of sintering in LaVO4 as compared to Mn-doped samples on heating at temperatures above 700\u00b0C. It is inferred that the resistance to sintering and the lowering of the reduction temperature are both responsible to the higher catalytic activity of the substituted samples and their compositional stability during the repeated cycles of reduction\u2013reoxidation, as reported earlier [Appl. Catal. 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 {"text": "X-ray diffraction (XRD), electrical resistivity (\u03c1 ) and thermal measurements of thermopower( S ) , thermal conductivity (\u03ba ), and specific heat(C P)of Pr0.7 Sr0.3 Mn1\u2212x Nbx O3( 0 \u2264 x \u2264 0.05 )manganite samples are reported here. XRD and electrical resistivity measurements have been carried out up to 5% Nb-doping whereas thermal measurements are limited up to 3% Nb-doping as higher doped sample exhibits a large value of electrical resistivity. With Nb-doping the lattice volume increases, which indicates the occupancy of Mn+4 sites by Nb+5 and eventually results in generating more Mn+3 Jahn Teller active (JT) ions. Nb doping also reflects its repercussion in the \u03c1 (T) behavior where the insulator-metal transition temperature of the pristine Pr0.7Sr0.3MnO3 shifts to lower temperatures with increasing doping content. Based on the comparison of electrical resistivity and thermopower data, we establish that the strength of electron\u2013phonon coupling increases with increasing Nb content. Thermal conductivity behavior \u03ba (T) has been viewed in terms of the scattering of phonons by spin fluctuations and such a scenario has been corroborated with the specific heat data.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.ssc.2009.11.041"}, "_input_hash": -1721899067, "_task_hash": 941851809, "tokens": [[{"text": "X", "start": 0, "end": 1, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 2, "end": 3, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ray", "start": 4, "end": 7, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "diffraction", "start": 8, "end": 19, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 20, "end": 21, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "XRD", "start": 22, "end": 25, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 26, "end": 27, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 28, "end": 29, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electrical", "start": 30, "end": 40, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "resistivity", "start": 41, "end": 52, "id": 9, "annotation": 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 {"text": "Single crystal Electron Paramagnetic Resonance studies on Mn(II) doped zinc sodium sulphate hexahydrate are carried out at room temperature. The angular variation spectra of the crystal in the three orthogonal planes show that the paramagnetic impurity Mn(II) has entered the host lattice interstitially. The spin Hamiltonian parameters calculated are: gxx=1.899, gyy=1.944, gzz=2.024; Axx=9.09mT, Ayy=9.01mT, Azz=9.45mT and Dxx=15.25mT, Dyy=4.54mT, Dzz=\u221219.79mT. The probable location for the interstitial site has been identified from the position of various atoms in the lattice. The variable temperature study for polycrystalline sample has been carried out, which indicates no phase transition. The percentage covalency of Mn\u2013O bond has been estimated to be 8.5%.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/S0022-3697(03)00269-5"}, "_input_hash": 1725079904, "_task_hash": -1453477080, "tokens": [[{"text": "Single", "start": 0, "end": 6, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "crystal", "start": 7, "end": 14, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Electron", "start": 15, "end": 23, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Paramagnetic", "start": 24, "end": 36, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Resonance", "start": 37, "end": 46, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "studies", "start": 47, "end": 54, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 55, "end": 57, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Mn(II", "start": 58, "end": 63, "id": 7, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": ")", "start": 64, "end": 65, "id": 8, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "doped", "start": 66, "end": 71, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "zinc", "start": 72, "end": 76, "id": 10, "annotation": 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-{"text": "A suspension stabilizer-coating technique was employed to prepare x mol% Yb2O3 or Gd2O3 (x=1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0) co-stabilized 1.0 or 2.0 mol% Y2O3 doped ZrO2 nanopowders (xYb1Y, xYb2Y, xGd1Y). Fully dense Yb2O3/Gd2O3 and Y2O3 co-doped ZrO2 ceramics were obtained by means of pressureless sintering in air at 1450 \u00b0C. Phase assemblage, microstructure measurements indicated that polycrystalline tetragonal ZrO2 (TZP) was achieved in the 1Yb1\u20132Y and 1Gd1\u20132Y grades, whereas the 4Yb1\u20132Y ceramic was almost fully stabilized cubic ZrO2 (FSZ) and all other investigated stabilizer combinations resulted in partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ). Complex impedance analysis showed that the conductivity of the xGd1Y and xYb1\u20132Y co-doped zirconia ceramics increased with increasing Gd2O3 and Yb2O3 content. The xGd1Y grade had a lower conductivity than the xYb1Y and xYb2Y ceramics. The conductivity behaviour was assessed and explained in terms of the cubic phase content and dopant ionic radius.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.ssi.2008.03.003"}, "_input_hash": 2049536323, "_task_hash": -765663923, "tokens": [[{"text": "A", "start": 0, "end": 1, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "suspension", "start": 2, "end": 12, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "stabilizer", "start": 13, "end": 23, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 24, "end": 25, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "coating", "start": 26, "end": 33, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "technique", "start": 34, "end": 43, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "was", "start": 44, "end": 47, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "employed", "start": 48, "end": 56, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "to", "start": 57, "end": 59, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "prepare", "start": 60, "end": 67, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "x", "start": 68, "end": 69, "id": 10, 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-{"text": "Ho3+- and Yb3+-codoped Sr4La2Ti4Nb6O30 (Sr4La1.94\u2013xHo0.06YbxTi4Nb6O30, abbreviated as SLTN: Ho-Ybx) ceramics have been synthesized, and their structural, up-conversion (UC) photoluminescence, and dielectric properties have been carefully investigated. Through Rietveld structural refinement, SLTN: Ho-Ybx samples are determined as single tetragonal tungsten bronze (TTB) phase with space group P4/mbm in which larger Sr2+ ions fill the A2-sites, relative smaller La3+, Ho3+, and Yb3+ ions occupy the A1-sites, while Ti4+ and Nb4+ ions fill the B-sites. Under 980nm near infrared (NIR) excitation, bright UC green emission, relatively weak red and near-infrared (NIR) emissions, originating from 5F4/5S2\u21925I8, 5F5\u21925I8, and 5F4/5S2\u21925I7 transitions of Ho3+ ions, are confirmed for SLTN: Ho-Ybx. Two-photon energy transfer process is proved through pumping laser power dependence of emission intensity measurement. Furthermore, the influence of Ho3+- and Yb3+- ions on the dielectric properties of SLTN: Ho-Ybx is also investigated and the temperature stability of dielectric permittivity is improved.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.materresbull.2014.12.067"}, "_input_hash": -859735792, "_task_hash": 1414728057, "tokens": [[{"text": "Ho3", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "+", "start": 4, "end": 5, "id": 1, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 6, "end": 7, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 8, "end": 11, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Yb3", "start": 12, "end": 15, "id": 4, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "+", "start": 16, "end": 17, "id": 5, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-codoped", "start": 18, "end": 26, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Sr4La2Ti4Nb6O30", "start": 27, "end": 42, "id": 7, "annotation": "DOPMODQ"}, {"text": "(", "start": 43, "end": 44, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": 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-{"text": "We have investigated the photoluminescence (PL), scintillation and thermally-stimulated luminescence (TSL) dosimeter properties of MgO ceramic doped with C ions (0.001, 0.01 and 0.1%). The samples were synthesized by a Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) technique. The PL emission peaks appeared around 400 and 750\u00a0nm in all the samples. The PL decay time constants at 400\u00a0nm were \u223c10 and \u223c100 ns which were on the typical order of F+ center in the undoped MgO. The scintillation emission peaks were detected at 330, 400 and 750\u00a0nm under X-ray irradiation. The TSL glow curves showed the \u223c250\u00a0\u00b0C peak in 0.1% C-doped sample. The TSL response was confirmed to be linear to the irradiation dose over the dose range from 0.1 to 1000\u00a0mGy. As a result, the sensitivity of MgO was improved by C-doping.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.radmeas.2016.07.004"}, "_input_hash": -1907143485, "_task_hash": 1960784501, "tokens": [[{"text": "We", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "have", "start": 3, "end": 7, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "investigated", "start": 8, "end": 20, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 21, "end": 24, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "photoluminescence", "start": 25, "end": 42, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 43, "end": 44, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "PL", "start": 45, "end": 47, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 48, "end": 49, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 50, "end": 51, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "scintillation", "start": 52, "end": 65, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 66, "end": 69, "id": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "thermally", 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+{"text": "A suspension stabilizer-coating technique was employed to prepare x mol% Yb2O3 or Gd2O3 (x=1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0) co-stabilized 1.0 or 2.0 mol% Y2O3 doped ZrO2 nanopowders (xYb1Y, xYb2Y, xGd1Y). Fully dense Yb2O3/Gd2O3 and Y2O3 co-doped ZrO2 ceramics were obtained by means of pressureless sintering in air at 1450 \u00b0C. Phase assemblage, microstructure measurements indicated that polycrystalline tetragonal ZrO2 (TZP) was achieved in the 1Yb1\u20132Y and 1Gd1\u20132Y grades, whereas the 4Yb1\u20132Y ceramic was almost fully stabilized cubic ZrO2 (FSZ) and all other investigated stabilizer combinations resulted in partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ). Complex impedance analysis showed that the conductivity of the xGd1Y and xYb1\u20132Y co-doped zirconia ceramics increased with increasing Gd2O3 and Yb2O3 content. The xGd1Y grade had a lower conductivity than the xYb1Y and xYb2Y ceramics. The conductivity behaviour was assessed and explained in terms of the cubic phase content and dopant ionic radius.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.ssi.2008.03.003"}, "_input_hash": 2049536323, "_task_hash": -765663923, "tokens": [[{"text": "A", "start": 0, "end": 1, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "suspension", "start": 2, "end": 12, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "stabilizer", "start": 13, "end": 23, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 24, "end": 25, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "coating", "start": 26, "end": 33, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "technique", "start": 34, "end": 43, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "was", "start": 44, "end": 47, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "employed", "start": 48, "end": 56, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "to", "start": 57, "end": 59, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "prepare", "start": 60, "end": 67, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "x", "start": 68, "end": 69, "id": 10, 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+{"text": "Ho3+- and Yb3+-codoped Sr4La2Ti4Nb6O30 (Sr4La1.94\u2013xHo0.06YbxTi4Nb6O30, abbreviated as SLTN: Ho-Ybx) ceramics have been synthesized, and their structural, up-conversion (UC) photoluminescence, and dielectric properties have been carefully investigated. Through Rietveld structural refinement, SLTN: Ho-Ybx samples are determined as single tetragonal tungsten bronze (TTB) phase with space group P4/mbm in which larger Sr2+ ions fill the A2-sites, relative smaller La3+, Ho3+, and Yb3+ ions occupy the A1-sites, while Ti4+ and Nb4+ ions fill the B-sites. Under 980nm near infrared (NIR) excitation, bright UC green emission, relatively weak red and near-infrared (NIR) emissions, originating from 5F4/5S2\u21925I8, 5F5\u21925I8, and 5F4/5S2\u21925I7 transitions of Ho3+ ions, are confirmed for SLTN: Ho-Ybx. Two-photon energy transfer process is proved through pumping laser power dependence of emission intensity measurement. Furthermore, the influence of Ho3+- and Yb3+- ions on the dielectric properties of SLTN: Ho-Ybx is also investigated and the temperature stability of dielectric permittivity is improved.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.materresbull.2014.12.067"}, "_input_hash": -859735792, "_task_hash": 1414728057, "tokens": [[{"text": "Ho3", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "+", "start": 4, "end": 5, "id": 1, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 6, "end": 7, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 8, "end": 11, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Yb3", "start": 12, "end": 15, "id": 4, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "+", "start": 16, "end": 17, "id": 5, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-codoped", "start": 18, "end": 26, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Sr4La2Ti4Nb6O30", "start": 27, "end": 42, "id": 7, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "(", "start": 43, "end": 44, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": 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+{"text": "We have investigated the photoluminescence (PL), scintillation and thermally-stimulated luminescence (TSL) dosimeter properties of MgO ceramic doped with C ions (0.001, 0.01 and 0.1%). The samples were synthesized by a Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) technique. The PL emission peaks appeared around 400 and 750\u00a0nm in all the samples. The PL decay time constants at 400\u00a0nm were \u223c10 and \u223c100 ns which were on the typical order of F+ center in the undoped MgO. The scintillation emission peaks were detected at 330, 400 and 750\u00a0nm under X-ray irradiation. The TSL glow curves showed the \u223c250\u00a0\u00b0C peak in 0.1% C-doped sample. The TSL response was confirmed to be linear to the irradiation dose over the dose range from 0.1 to 1000\u00a0mGy. 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 {"text": "We investigate the growth mechanism of In-doped \u03b2\u2013Ga2O3 nanowires (NWs) deposited using radio frequency powder sputtering. Although the growth sequence of the doped NWs is similar to that of the undoped \u03b2\u2013Ga2O3 NWs, the formation of self-assembled In clusters is more favorable compared to Ga clusters. Clusters of In act as seeds for initiating the growth of In-doped \u03b2\u2013Ga2O3 NWs through a self-catalytic vapor-liquid-solid mechanism, while Ga seeds initiate the growth of undoped \u03b2\u2013Ga2O3 NWs by the same mechanism. We also observed zigzag NWs formed by alternating NW growth directions.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.matlet.2016.04.116"}, "_input_hash": -1209962512, "_task_hash": 1901656387, "tokens": [[{"text": "We", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "investigate", "start": 3, "end": 14, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 15, "end": 18, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "growth", "start": 19, "end": 25, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "mechanism", "start": 26, "end": 35, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 36, "end": 38, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "In", "start": 39, "end": 41, "id": 6, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 42, "end": 43, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 44, "end": 49, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "\u03b2", "start": 50, "end": 51, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "\u2013", "start": 52, "end": 53, "id": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Ga2O3", 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 {"text": "The Ti-doped ZnO (ZnO:Ti) thin films have been deposited on glass substrates by radio frequency (RF) reactive magnetron sputtering technique with different Ti doping concentrations. The effect of Ti contents on the crystalline structure and optical properties of the as-deposited ZnO:Ti films was systematically investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) and fluorescence spectrophotometer. The XRD measurements revealed that all the films had hexagonal wurtzite type structure with a strong (100) preferential orientation and relatively weak (002), (101), and (110) peaks. It was found that the intensity of the (100) diffraction peaks was strongly dependent on the Ti doping concentration. And the full width at half-maximum (FWHM) of (002) diffraction peaks constantly changed at various Ti contents, which decreased first and then increased, reaching a minimum of about 0.378\u00b0 at 1.43 at.% Ti. The morphologies of ZnO:Ti films with 1.43 at.% Ti showed a denser texture and better smooth surface. All the films were found to be highly transparent in the visible wavelength region with an average transmittance over 90%. Compared with Eg=3.219eV for pure ZnO film, all the doping samples exhibited a blue-shift of Eg. It can be attributed to the incorporation of Ti atoms and raising the concentration of carriers. Five emission peaks located at 412, 448, 486, 520, and 550nm were observed from the photoluminescence spectra measured at room temperature and the origin of these emissions was discussed.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.spmi.2012.06.021"}, "_input_hash": 292398991, "_task_hash": -989076376, "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Ti", "start": 4, "end": 6, "id": 1, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 7, "end": 8, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 9, "end": 14, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ZnO", "start": 15, "end": 18, "id": 4, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "(", "start": 19, "end": 20, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ZnO", "start": 21, "end": 24, "id": 6, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": ":", "start": 25, "end": 26, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Ti", "start": 27, "end": 29, "id": 8, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": ")", "start": 30, "end": 31, "id": 9, "annotation": 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 {"text": "Catalytic properties of Pd-Ni catalysts were studied to clarify the mechanism of suppression of carbon deposition on a Pd-Ni catalyst supported on a composite of Ce(Sm)O2 and La(Sr)CrO3, which is a promising anode material for direct oxidation of dry CH4 in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). The catalytic activity of Pd-Ni catalysts for the carbon formation in the decomposition of CH4 was found to be strongly dependent on the support materials. Carbon deposition was remarkably suppressed on Pd-Ni/Ce(Sm)O2 and Pd-Ni/ La(Sr)CrO3 catalysts, whereas Pd-Ni/SiO2 and Pd-Ni/carbon catalysts were very active for the formation of carbon nanofibers. TEM analysis showed the morphology of the Pd-Ni particles and carbon deposit on the Pd-Ni/Ce(Sm)O2 catalyst was quite different from that on the Pd-Ni/C catalyst. XRD and TEM-EDS analysis indicate that Ce and Sm were doped into the Pd-Ni alloy from the Ce(Sm)O 2 supports. High catalytic activity of the Pd-NiVCe(Sm)O2 catalyst for steam reforming indicates that the Pd-Ni catalysts modified with Ce still have high catalytic activity for the activation of CH4. A model for the mechanism of the suppression of the carbon deposition on the Pd-Ni catalyst is proposed focusing on the formation mechanism of the carbon deposit. The high catalytic activity of the Pd-Ni alloy for the activation of CH 4 and the high tolerance to carbon deposition deriving from the doping are suitable for direct utilization of dry CH4 over SOFC anodes.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1021/jp801496v"}, "_input_hash": 929152043, "_task_hash": 324517055, "tokens": [[{"text": "Catalytic", "start": 0, "end": 9, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "properties", "start": 10, "end": 20, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 21, "end": 23, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Pd", "start": 24, "end": 26, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 27, "end": 28, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Ni", "start": 29, "end": 31, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "catalysts", "start": 32, "end": 41, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "were", "start": 42, "end": 46, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "studied", "start": 47, "end": 54, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "to", "start": 55, "end": 57, 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 {"text": "N-doped TiO2 (NDTs) were prepared by sol\u2013gel synthesis at low temperature starting from nanocolloidal TiO2 and triethylamine according to well-known procedures. Diffuse reflectance UV (DRUV) spectroscopy showed a shift of the absorption to the visible range, while diffuse reflectance IRFT (DRIFT) evidenced the presence of a chemisorbed complex involving triethylamine. Powder XRD showed the sole formation of anatase polymorph of TiO2 while XPS indicated successful incorporation of nitrogen. Our data are globally consistent with previous literature results, but emphasize the low thermal and photochemical stability of the nitrogen complex under air. Di-n-butylsulfide photo-oxidation in acetonitrile solution was successfully carried out under irradiation at 420 and 350nm. The reaction rates were slower under visible light and the product distribution was very dependent upon the wavelength. Our results are discussed in parallel with the literature data assuming the favoured formation of singlet oxygen under visible light.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.jphotochem.2010.08.004"}, "_input_hash": -148918466, "_task_hash": 821475771, "tokens": [[{"text": "N", "start": 0, "end": 1, "id": 0, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 2, "end": 3, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 4, "end": 9, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "TiO2", "start": 10, "end": 14, "id": 3, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "(", "start": 15, "end": 16, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "NDTs", "start": 17, "end": 21, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 22, "end": 23, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "were", "start": 24, "end": 28, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "prepared", "start": 29, "end": 37, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "by", "start": 38, "end": 40, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "sol", "start": 41, "end": 44, 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-{"text": "La1-xCaxMnO3 (0\u2264x\u22640.5) with perovskite-type structure has been successfully prepared by sol-gel method as a microwave and infrared multi-functional material. The effects of Ca incorporation on the stucture, electrical conductivity, infrared emissivity and microwave-absorbing properties were investigated in detail by XRD, 4-point probes resistivity measurement system, IR-2 infrared-emissivity analyzer and vector network analyzer. XRD results show that the perovskite structure of LaMnO3 is hardly changed when the doping concentration (x) of Ca2+ is less than or equal to 0.5. The incorporation of Ca in LaMnO3 leads to the decrease of electrical conductivity, while the infrared emissivities are decreased. Moreover, microwave-absorbing properties in the frequency range of 2-18 GHz are sensitive to Ca content. The optimal reflection loss calculated from the measured permittivity and permeability is 42 dB at 10.5 GHz with a thickness of 2.0 mm when the doping amount of Ca2+ is 0.1. It is possible to make Ca-doped lanthanum manganites achieve compatible camouflage capability for radar and infrared wave-band.", "meta": {"doi": "10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.914.96"}, "_input_hash": 682520541, "_task_hash": -126829194, "tokens": [[{"text": "La1-xCaxMnO3", "start": 47, "end": 59, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 60, "end": 61, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "0\u2264x\u22640.5", "start": 62, "end": 69, "id": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 70, "end": 71, "id": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 72, "end": 76, "id": 12, "annotation": null}, {"text": "perovskite", "start": 77, "end": 87, "id": 13, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 88, "end": 89, "id": 14, "annotation": null}, {"text": "type", "start": 90, "end": 94, "id": 15, "annotation": null}, {"text": "structure", "start": 95, "end": 104, "id": 16, "annotation": null}, {"text": "has", "start": 105, "end": 108, "id": 17, "annotation": null}, 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+{"text": "La1-xCaxMnO3 (0\u2264x\u22640.5) with perovskite-type structure has been successfully prepared by sol-gel method as a microwave and infrared multi-functional material. The effects of Ca incorporation on the stucture, electrical conductivity, infrared emissivity and microwave-absorbing properties were investigated in detail by XRD, 4-point probes resistivity measurement system, IR-2 infrared-emissivity analyzer and vector network analyzer. XRD results show that the perovskite structure of LaMnO3 is hardly changed when the doping concentration (x) of Ca2+ is less than or equal to 0.5. The incorporation of Ca in LaMnO3 leads to the decrease of electrical conductivity, while the infrared emissivities are decreased. Moreover, microwave-absorbing properties in the frequency range of 2-18 GHz are sensitive to Ca content. The optimal reflection loss calculated from the measured permittivity and permeability is 42 dB at 10.5 GHz with a thickness of 2.0 mm when the doping amount of Ca2+ is 0.1. It is possible to make Ca-doped lanthanum manganites achieve compatible camouflage capability for radar and infrared wave-band.", "meta": {"doi": "10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.914.96"}, "_input_hash": 682520541, "_task_hash": -126829194, "tokens": [[{"text": "La1-xCaxMnO3", "start": 47, "end": 59, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 60, "end": 61, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "0\u2264x\u22640.5", "start": 62, "end": 69, "id": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 70, "end": 71, "id": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 72, "end": 76, "id": 12, "annotation": null}, {"text": "perovskite", "start": 77, "end": 87, "id": 13, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 88, "end": 89, "id": 14, "annotation": null}, {"text": "type", "start": 90, "end": 94, "id": 15, "annotation": null}, {"text": "structure", "start": 95, "end": 104, "id": 16, "annotation": null}, {"text": "has", "start": 105, "end": 108, "id": 17, "annotation": null}, 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 {"text": "We report the modified optical properties of Sm3+ doped magnesium zinc sulfophosphate glass system with silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) inclusion. Three glass samples were prepared using melt quenching method and characterized. TEM images revealed the nucleation of Ag NPs with average diameter \u224812.50 nm. The UV\u2013Vis\u2013NIR spectra showed thirteen absorption bands. The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band of Ag NPs was manifested at 446 nm. FTIR spectra disclosed the bonding vibrations for P-O bonds, P-O-P linkages, and PO2 units. Ag NPs concentration dependent bonding parameters and Judd-Ofelt (JO) intensity parameters were calculated. The JO parameter \u03a9 2 was reduced with the increase of Ag NPs contents, indicating the ionicity and symmetry enhancement between Sm3+ ions with their surrounding ligands. The emission spectra of all samples under the excitation wavelength of 402 nm exhibited four significant peaks centered at 562, 599, 644 and 702 nm which are allocated to 4G5/2\u21926H5/2, 6H7/2, 6H9/2 and 6H11/2 transitions, respectively. Inclusion of Ag NPs was discerned to augment the luminescence intensity by a factor of two, which was majorly ascribed to the local field effect of Ag NPs and subsequent energy transfer from the NPs to Sm3+ ions.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.optmat.2017.08.021"}, "_input_hash": -1078895330, "_task_hash": -421330052, "tokens": [[{"text": "We", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "report", "start": 3, "end": 9, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 10, "end": 13, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "modified", "start": 14, "end": 22, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "optical", "start": 23, "end": 30, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "properties", "start": 31, "end": 41, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 42, "end": 44, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Sm3", "start": 45, "end": 48, "id": 7, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "+", "start": 49, "end": 50, "id": 8, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "doped", 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 {"text": "We investigated the structural; optical and electrical properties of ZnO thin films as the n-type semiconductor for silicon a-Si:H/Si heterojunction photodiodes. The ZnO film forms the front contact of the super-strata solar cell and has to exhibit good electrical (high conductivity) and optical (high transmittance) properties. In this paper we focused our attention on the influence of doping on device performance. The results show that the X-ray diffraction (XRD) spectra revealed a preferred orientation of the crystallites along c-axis. SEM images show that all films display a granular, polycrystalline morphology and the ZnO:Al exhibits a better grain uniformity. The transmittance of the doped films was found to be higher when compared to undoped ZnO. A low resistivity of the order of 2.8\u00d710\u22124\u03a9cm is obtained for ZnO:Al using 0.4M concentration of zinc acetate. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra exhibit a blue band with two peaks centered at 442nm (2.80eV) and 490nm (2.53eV). It is noted that after doping the ZnO films a shift of the band by 22nm (0.15eV) is recorded and a high luminescence occurs when using Al as a dopant. Dark I\u2013V curves of ZnO/a-Si:H/Si structure showed large difference, which means there is a kind of barrier to current flow between ZnO and a-Si:H layer. Doping films was applied and the turn-on voltages are around 0.6V. Under reverse bias, the current of the ZnO/a-Si:H/Si heterojunction is larger than that of ZnO:Al/a-Si:H/Si. The improvement with ZnO:Al is attributed to a higher number of generated carriers in the nanostructure (due to the higher transmittance and a higher luminescence) that increases the probability of collisions.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.spmi.2012.05.011"}, "_input_hash": 741936334, "_task_hash": 240114456, "tokens": [[{"text": "We", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "investigated", "start": 3, "end": 15, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 16, "end": 19, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "structural", "start": 20, "end": 30, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": ";", "start": 31, "end": 32, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "optical", "start": 33, "end": 40, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 41, "end": 44, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electrical", "start": 45, "end": 55, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "properties", "start": 56, "end": 66, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", 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 {"text": "Sc-substituted La0.6Sr0.4FeO3-\u03b4 (LSFSc) has been synthesized for utilization as an integrated ceramic interconnector of tubular-solid oxide cells (SOCs). Redox stability and electric conductivity of LSFSc were improved by optimizing the scandium (Sc) doping concentration, the pH of the synthetic solutions and the calcination temperature of the organic precursors. The crystalline phases of LSFSc were stable when the pH of the synthetic solution was below 2 and the calcination temperature was over 1200\u00b0C. As the Sc concentration increased, redox stability was improved while the electrical conductivity decreased. To consider the trade-off relationship between electrical conductivity and phase stability, La0.6Sr0.4Fe0.9Sc0.1O3-\u03b4 can be considered as one of the stable compositions for an integrated ceramic interconnector of tubular-SOCs.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.ceramint.2017.03.120"}, "_input_hash": -410950871, "_task_hash": 781729314, "tokens": [[{"text": "Sc", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 3, "end": 4, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "substituted", "start": 5, "end": 16, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "La0.6Sr0.4FeO3-\u03b4", "start": 17, "end": 33, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 34, "end": 35, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "LSFSc", "start": 36, "end": 41, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 42, "end": 43, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "has", "start": 44, "end": 47, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "been", "start": 48, "end": 52, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, 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 {"text": "Pure and Ho-doped In2O3 nanotubes (NTs) and porous nanotubes (PNTs) were successfully synthesized by conventional electrospinning process and the following calcination at different temperatures. X-ray diffractometry (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Raman spectrometer, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy were carefully used to investigate the morphologies, structures and chemical compositions of these samples. Their sensing properties toward ethanol gas were studied. Compared with pure In2O3 NTs (response value is 17), pure In2O3 PNTs (response value is 20) demonstrated enhanced sensing characteristics. What\u2019s more, the response of Ho-doped In2O3 PNTs sensors to 100\u00a0ppm ethanol was up to 60 at 240\u00a0\u00b0C, which increased three times more than that of the pure In2O3 PNTs. Additionally, the minimum concentration for ethanol was 200\u00a0ppb (response value is 2). The increased gas-sensing ability was attributed not only to the hollow and porous structure, but to the Ho dopant. Furthermore, Ho-doped In2O3 PNTs enable sensor to discriminate between ethanol and the other gas distinctly, particularly acetone that is usually indistinguishable from ethanol. Also, by analyzing XRD, TGA and Raman spectrometer, a possible formation mechanism of porous nanotubes and sensing mechanism were put forward.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1007/s10853-017-1796-9"}, "_input_hash": -1580562034, "_task_hash": -327640240, "tokens": [[{"text": "Pure", "start": 0, "end": 4, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 5, "end": 8, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Ho", "start": 9, "end": 11, "id": 2, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 12, "end": 13, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 14, "end": 19, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "In2O3", "start": 20, "end": 25, "id": 5, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "nanotubes", "start": 26, "end": 35, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 36, "end": 37, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "NTs", "start": 38, "end": 41, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 42, "end": 43, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 44, "end": 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 {"text": "Single phase undoped Zn2TiO4 and Zn2TiO4 nanoparticles doped with 0.25\u20131.00mol% Pt were successfully synthesized in a single step by the flame spray pyrolysis (FSP) technique. Zinc naphthenate and titanium tetra isopropoxide (1:1mol%); and platinum (II) acetylacetonate were used as Zn, Ti and Pt precursors respectively dissolved in ethanol. The undoped Zn2TiO4 and Pt-doped Zn2TiO4 nanoparticles were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The BET surface area (SSABET) of the nanoparticles was measured by nitrogen adsorption. The average diameter of the spherical nanoparticles were in the range of 5.7\u20136.9nm under 5/5 (precursor/oxygen) flame conditions. All peaks can be confirmed to correspond to the cubic structure of Zn2TiO4 (JCPDS No. 25-1164).", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.matlet.2011.10.026"}, "_input_hash": -247415335, "_task_hash": 178466135, "tokens": [[{"text": "Single", "start": 0, "end": 6, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "phase", "start": 7, "end": 12, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "undoped", "start": 13, "end": 20, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Zn2TiO4", "start": 21, "end": 28, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 29, "end": 32, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Zn2TiO4", "start": 33, "end": 40, "id": 5, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "nanoparticles", "start": 41, "end": 54, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 55, "end": 60, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 61, "end": 65, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "0.25\u20131.00mol%", "start": 66, "end": 79, "id": 9, "annotation": "DOPMODQ"}, {"text": "Pt", "start": 80, "end": 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-{"text": "We demonstrate a high solubility limit of >9 mol% for MnTe alloying in SnTe. The electrical conductivity of SnTe decreases gradually while the Seebeck coefficient increases remarkably with increasing MnTe content, leading to enhanced power factors. The room-temperature Seebeck coefficients of Mn-doped SnTe are significantly higher than those predicted by theoretical Pisarenko plots for pure SnTe, indicating a modified band structure. The high-temperature Hall data of Sn<inf>1-x</inf>Mn<inf>x</inf>Te show strong temperature dependence, suggestive of a two-valence-band conduction behavior. Moreover, the peak temperature of the Hall plot of Sn<inf>1-x</inf>Mn<inf>x</inf>Te shifts toward lower temperature as MnTe content is increased, which is clear evidence of decreased energy separation (band convergence) between the two valence bands. The first-principles electronic structure calculations based on density functional theory also support this point. The higher doping fraction (>9%) of Mn in comparison with \u223c3% for Cd and Hg in SnTe gives rise to a much better valence band convergence that is responsible for the observed highest Seebeck coefficient of \u223c230 \u03bcV/K at 900 K. The high doping fraction of Mn in SnTe also creates stronger point defect scattering, which when combined with ubiquitous endotaxial MnTe nanostructures when the solubility of Mn is exceeded scatters a wide spectrum of phonons for a low lattice thermal conductivity of 0.9 W m<sup>-1</sup> K<sup>-1</sup> at 800 K. The synergistic role that Mn plays in regulating the electron and phonon transport of SnTe yields a high thermoelectric figure of merit of 1.3 at 900 K.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1021/jacs.5b07284"}, "_input_hash": -2098268170, "_task_hash": 1160568921, "tokens": [[{"text": "We", "start": 35, "end": 37, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "demonstrate", "start": 38, "end": 49, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 50, "end": 51, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "high", "start": 52, "end": 56, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "solubility", "start": 57, "end": 67, "id": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "limit", "start": 68, "end": 73, "id": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 74, "end": 76, "id": 12, "annotation": null}, {"text": ">", "start": 77, "end": 78, "id": 13, "annotation": null}, {"text": "9", "start": 79, "end": 80, "id": 14, "annotation": null}, {"text": "mol%", "start": 81, "end": 85, "id": 15, "annotation": null}, {"text": "for", 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+{"text": "We demonstrate a high solubility limit of >9 mol% for MnTe alloying in SnTe. The electrical conductivity of SnTe decreases gradually while the Seebeck coefficient increases remarkably with increasing MnTe content, leading to enhanced power factors. The room-temperature Seebeck coefficients of Mn-doped SnTe are significantly higher than those predicted by theoretical Pisarenko plots for pure SnTe, indicating a modified band structure. The high-temperature Hall data of Sn<inf>1-x</inf>Mn<inf>x</inf>Te show strong temperature dependence, suggestive of a two-valence-band conduction behavior. Moreover, the peak temperature of the Hall plot of Sn<inf>1-x</inf>Mn<inf>x</inf>Te shifts toward lower temperature as MnTe content is increased, which is clear evidence of decreased energy separation (band convergence) between the two valence bands. The first-principles electronic structure calculations based on density functional theory also support this point. The higher doping fraction (>9%) of Mn in comparison with \u223c3% for Cd and Hg in SnTe gives rise to a much better valence band convergence that is responsible for the observed highest Seebeck coefficient of \u223c230 \u03bcV/K at 900 K. The high doping fraction of Mn in SnTe also creates stronger point defect scattering, which when combined with ubiquitous endotaxial MnTe nanostructures when the solubility of Mn is exceeded scatters a wide spectrum of phonons for a low lattice thermal conductivity of 0.9 W m<sup>-1</sup> K<sup>-1</sup> at 800 K. The synergistic role that Mn plays in regulating the electron and phonon transport of SnTe yields a high thermoelectric figure of merit of 1.3 at 900 K.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1021/jacs.5b07284"}, "_input_hash": -2098268170, "_task_hash": 1160568921, "tokens": [[{"text": "We", "start": 35, "end": 37, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "demonstrate", "start": 38, "end": 49, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 50, "end": 51, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "high", "start": 52, "end": 56, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "solubility", "start": 57, "end": 67, "id": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "limit", "start": 68, "end": 73, "id": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 74, "end": 76, "id": 12, "annotation": null}, {"text": ">", "start": 77, "end": 78, "id": 13, "annotation": null}, {"text": "9", "start": 79, "end": 80, "id": 14, "annotation": null}, {"text": "mol%", "start": 81, "end": 85, "id": 15, "annotation": null}, {"text": "for", 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 {"text": "Nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon (NMC) has been synthesized by sol\u2013gel process using a mixture of phenol and formaldehyde as source of carbon, and melamine as source of nitrogen. The Ludox-AS40 (40wt% SiO2) is employed, for the first time, as hard template to obtain polymeric gel by prolonged heat treatment at 80\u00b0C. The wt% of nitrogen is tuned by varying the weight ratio of melamine to phenol. Stable mesoporous carbon frameworks are obtained by pyrolysis of the dry gel at 800\u00b0C in nitrogen atmosphere and treated with alkali to remove silica. One of the carbon framework samples has 11wt% nitrogen doping and shows pore volume of 0.5cm3g\u22121 and surface area 609m2g\u22121. The other carbon frame work sample has 6wt% nitrogen doping and shows higher pore volume of 1.1cm3g\u22121 and surface area 736m2g\u22121. The later sample exhibits highest electrochemical capacitance of 196Fg\u22121 at 0.5Ag\u22121 while the former shows only 146Fg\u22121 at 0.5Ag\u22121. However, both the NMC electrodes show good cyclic performance (91% of the initial capacitance after 1000 cycles) in an aqueous KOH electrolyte. This study demonstrates that there is an optimum level of nitrogen doping required to keep the meso-structure of carbon network intact, simultaneously maintaining high surface area and sufficient electrical conductivity for electrochemical applications.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.apsusc.2016.11.181"}, "_input_hash": 2087898507, "_task_hash": 176462911, "tokens": [[{"text": "Nitrogen", "start": 0, "end": 8, "id": 0, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 9, "end": 10, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 11, "end": 16, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "mesoporous", "start": 17, "end": 27, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "carbon", "start": 28, "end": 34, "id": 4, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "(", "start": 35, "end": 36, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "NMC", "start": 37, "end": 40, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 41, "end": 42, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "has", "start": 43, "end": 46, "id": 8, 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-{"text": "Undoped and aluminium-doped zinc oxide films have been prepared by thermal evaporation of zinc acetate [Zn(CH3COO)2 2H2O] and aluminium chloride [AlCl3] onto a heated glass substrate. The structural and optoelectrical properties of the films have been studied. The effects of heat treatment for the as-deposited films in air and vaccum are investigated. Highly transparent films with conductivity as low as 2\u00d710\u22123\u03a9cm can be produced by controlling the deposition parameters. The electron carrier densities are in the range 0.2\u20137\u00d71019cm\u22123 with mobilities of 22\u201358cm2V\u22121s\u22121.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/S0927-0248(99)00076-8"}, "_input_hash": -1960756067, "_task_hash": -507615521, "tokens": [[{"text": "Undoped", "start": 0, "end": 7, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 8, "end": 11, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "aluminium", "start": 12, "end": 21, "id": 2, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 22, "end": 23, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 24, "end": 29, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "zinc", "start": 30, "end": 34, "id": 5, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "oxide", "start": 35, "end": 40, "id": 6, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "films", "start": 41, "end": 46, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "have", "start": 47, "end": 51, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "been", "start": 52, "end": 56, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "prepared", 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+{"text": "Undoped and aluminium-doped zinc oxide films have been prepared by thermal evaporation of zinc acetate [Zn(CH3COO)2 2H2O] and aluminium chloride [AlCl3] onto a heated glass substrate. The structural and optoelectrical properties of the films have been studied. The effects of heat treatment for the as-deposited films in air and vaccum are investigated. Highly transparent films with conductivity as low as 2\u00d710\u22123\u03a9cm can be produced by controlling the deposition parameters. The electron carrier densities are in the range 0.2\u20137\u00d71019cm\u22123 with mobilities of 22\u201358cm2V\u22121s\u22121.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/S0927-0248(99)00076-8"}, "_input_hash": -1960756067, "_task_hash": -507615521, "tokens": [[{"text": "Undoped", "start": 0, "end": 7, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 8, "end": 11, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "aluminium", "start": 12, "end": 21, "id": 2, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 22, "end": 23, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 24, "end": 29, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "zinc", "start": 30, "end": 34, "id": 5, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "oxide", "start": 35, "end": 40, "id": 6, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "films", "start": 41, "end": 46, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "have", "start": 47, "end": 51, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "been", "start": 52, "end": 56, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "prepared", 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 {"text": "To improve thermoelectric properties, we attempt to dope Ti into SiC-based composite by transient plastic phase process (TPPP) method. The final result is composed of the functional phase SiC and the reinforcement phases TiC(\u03c7) and TiSi2. The process of doping is the diffusion of Ti in TiC(\u03c7) solid-solution into SiC grain at high temperature. When the initial SiC is \u03b1-type of 5 \u03bcm size, the Seebeck coefficient S is less than 10 \u03bcV/K at room temperature. SEM photograph shows the reason being that doping is very weak. We change the initial SiC to the \u03b2-type of 90 nm size to aid doping. It is observed that S can be significantly improved to 46.3 \u03bcV/K at room temperature. When the temperature rises, the improvement is even greater. Measurements of the lattice parameter of \u03b2-SiC show that the parameter parallel to the Si-C layer is almost unchanged and the parameter perpendicular to the Si-C layer increases by about 0.48%, which demonstrated that Ti has been successfully doped into the SiC grain and exists as interstitial impurities.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/S0217-9849(00)00019-7"}, "_input_hash": 728810207, "_task_hash": -1015183230, "tokens": [[{"text": "To", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "improve", "start": 3, "end": 10, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "thermoelectric", "start": 11, "end": 25, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "properties", "start": 26, "end": 36, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 37, "end": 38, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "we", "start": 39, "end": 41, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "attempt", "start": 42, "end": 49, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "to", "start": 50, "end": 52, "id": 7, "annotation": 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 {"text": "An original selective and quantitative detection method for direct access to reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated in near-neutral aqueous solutions during transient electrochemical experiments is described herein. Several chemiluminescent probes, which were selected for their high selectivity toward ROS were used and the selective electrogenerated chemiluminescence (SECL) method was validated on several electrocatalytic materials known to exhibit different behaviors toward the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR); the examined electrodes consisted of platinum, Au(111), glassy carbon and boron-doped diamond (BDD). We first selected appropriate molecular probes that are suitable for use under electrochemical polarization conditions and that are chemiluminescent in the chosen aqueous solutions. The roles of the concentration, solubility and possible activation of the molecular probes were identified. Then, the information obtained by the simultaneous recording of the amperometric signal was correlated with the chemiluminescence intensity, which was measured with a highly sensitive photomultiplier tube (PMT). The experimental results were interpreted by constructing a potential vs. pH diagram for the oxygenated species. The complementary nature of the information about the mechanistic path of the ongoing mechanism of ORR on the different electrode materials allowed us to propose a unified scheme. A coupled proton electron transfer (CPET) mechanism can be invoked to explain the major differences observed from the identified reactive intermediates in relation to the electrocatalytic activity of the electrode materials.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.electacta.2013.03.190"}, "_input_hash": -501704022, "_task_hash": -1969573332, "tokens": [[{"text": "An", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "original", "start": 3, "end": 11, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "selective", "start": 12, "end": 21, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 22, "end": 25, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "quantitative", "start": 26, "end": 38, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "detection", "start": 39, "end": 48, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "method", "start": 49, "end": 55, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "for", "start": 56, "end": 59, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "direct", "start": 60, "end": 66, "id": 8, "annotation": 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 {"text": "The effect of annealing temperature on the structural, optical and electrical properties of transparent and conducting Bi doped ZnO (BZO) films deposited on glass substrate by spray pyrolysis technique was investigated. The BZO thin films were annealed in the temperature range from 450\u00b0C to 550\u00b0C for 4h in air atmosphere. The grain size of the BZO films increased with increasing annealing temperature. The annealed BZO films were electrically stable and there was a drastic change in the electrical conductivity after annealing. The films annealed at 500\u00b0C showed better conductivity and optical transmittance.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.spmi.2014.07.019"}, "_input_hash": 1287320413, "_task_hash": 549298435, "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "effect", "start": 4, "end": 10, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 11, "end": 13, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "annealing", "start": 14, "end": 23, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 24, "end": 35, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 36, "end": 38, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 39, "end": 42, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "structural", "start": 43, "end": 53, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 54, "end": 55, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "optical", "start": 56, "end": 63, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 64, "end": 67, "id": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": 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{"text": "transmittance", "start": 612, "end": 625, "id": 104, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 626, "end": 627, "id": 105, "annotation": null}]], "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"]}
 {"text": "The thermoluminescence (TL) response of Dy and Li doped 20CaB4O7\u201380CaB2O4 (wt%) glass\u2013ceramic irradiated with ultraviolet (UV) radiation was studied. In order to act as TL activator ions, the Dy and Li ions were included in the matrix during the melting process to increase its TL efficiency. A single crystalline CaB2O4 phase was present in the glass\u2013ceramic as determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The glass\u2013ceramic 20CaB4O7\u201380CaB2O4:Dy,Li wt% (named 20CBO7:Dy,Li) is a newly prepared TL material. Its thermoluminescent dosimetric characteristics have shown a linear response under UV radiation exposure and a good TL signal reproducibility, thus proving to be a promising material for using as an ultraviolet radiation dosimeter.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.nimb.2007.11.002"}, "_input_hash": -484705914, "_task_hash": 803577508, "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "thermoluminescence", "start": 4, "end": 22, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 23, "end": 24, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "TL", "start": 25, "end": 27, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 28, "end": 29, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "response", "start": 30, "end": 38, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 39, "end": 41, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Dy", "start": 42, "end": 44, "id": 7, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "and", "start": 45, "end": 48, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": 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+{"text": "The thermoluminescence (TL) behaviour of solid solutions of lead doped KCl1-xBrx (X = 0.02, 0.35, 0.50, 0.65, 0.85, 1) mixed crystals exposed to gamma radiation at different doses from 60Co is reported. The TL glow curves of KCl1-x Brx:Pb2+ crystal exposed in the range of 0-140 Gy is strongly dependent on composition X. The maximum temperature of the main TL glow peak was found to shift towards lower temperatures as composition X increased and a significant enhancement of the TL efficiency in KCl1-xBrx:Pb2+ was found for X = 0.50 which is attributed to an increase in the vacancy concentration of the mixed halides at middle composition. The participation of the F-centre in the TL phenomenon particularly related to the main TL glow peak observed in mixed samples was also confirmed.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1093/rpd/nci575"}, "_input_hash": -479563399, "_task_hash": -898485444, "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "thermoluminescence", "start": 4, "end": 22, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 23, "end": 24, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "TL", "start": 25, "end": 27, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 28, "end": 29, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "behaviour", "start": 30, "end": 39, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 40, "end": 42, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "solid", "start": 43, "end": 48, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "solutions", "start": 49, "end": 58, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 59, "end": 61, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "lead", "start": 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 {"text": "Using the augmented spherical wave method, the electronic structure and magnetic properties of the rutile SnO2 doped with single and double impurities: Sn1\u2212xMnxO2, Sn1\u2212xWxO2, and Sn1\u22122xMnxWxO2 with x=0.0625, have been studied. The scalar-relativistic implementation with a generalized gradient approximation functional has been used for treating the effects of exchange and correlation. The ground state of Mn-, and W-doped SnO2 systems have a total magnetic moments of 3 and 2\u03bcB, respectively. The half-metallic nature appears in Sn1\u22122xMnxWxO2, which makes them suitable as spintronic systems with total magnetic moment of 5\u03bcB. The advantages of doping SnO2 with double impurities are investigated in this work. The total moment of the system, the local magnetic moments of the impurities, and their oxidation states are also discussed. Since there are two possible couplings between the impurities, we studied both configurations (ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic) for double-impurities-doped SnO2. Magnetic properties and interatomic exchange have been computed for various distances between Mn and W. The indirect exchange between double impurities has similarities with the Zener mechanism in transition metal oxides. Based on the interaction between localized moments, via hybridization between impurities orbitals with the host oxygen, a double exchange mechanism is proposed to explain the ferromagnetism of our system.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.jmmm.2011.06.021"}, "_input_hash": 390328675, "_task_hash": 925084578, "tokens": [[{"text": "Using", "start": 0, "end": 5, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 6, "end": 9, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "augmented", "start": 10, "end": 19, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "spherical", "start": 20, "end": 29, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "wave", "start": 30, "end": 34, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "method", "start": 35, "end": 41, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 42, "end": 43, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 44, "end": 47, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electronic", "start": 48, "end": 58, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "structure", "start": 59, 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 {"text": "In this study we present our preliminary report on the scintillation properties of new Ce-doped Tl2LaBr5 single crystal. Two zones vertical Bridgman technique is used for the growth of this compound. Pure and Ce-doped samples showed maximum emission peaks at 435nm and 415nm, respectively. Best light yield of 43,000\u00b14300ph/MeV with 6.3% (FWHM) energy resolution is obtained for 5% Ce-doped sample under \u03b3-ray excitation. Single exponential decay time constant of 25ns is observed for 5% Ce doped sample. Effective Z-number is found to be 67, therefore efficient detection of X- and \u03b3-ray will be possible. Preliminary results revealed that this compound will be an ideal candidate for the medical imaging techniques. 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 {"text": "We report on the luminescence and scintillation characterizations of cerium doped Cs2LiGdBr6 (CLGB) single crystal. This is a new scintillation material and belongs to elpasolite family. Single crystals of CLGB: Ce3+ with dimensions up to \u220510\u00d75mm3 are successfully grown by the Bridgman technique. Under X-ray excitation, broad emission band between 370 to 478nm wavelengths is obtained. Such emission is attributed to the cerium ion. At 662keV \u03b3-rays CLGB: Ce3+ shows energy resolutions of 7.1%, 9.4%, and 8.6% (FWHM) at 1%, 5%, and 10% Ce-concentrations, respectively. Light yield of CLGB depends on cerium concentration and maximum light yield of ~30,500ph/MeV is measured for 10% Ce sample crystal. Under \u03b3-ray excitation, CLGB: Ce3+ crystals showed three exponential decay time components.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.jlumin.2013.09.047"}, "_input_hash": 1978927496, "_task_hash": -632362730, "tokens": [[{"text": "We", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "report", "start": 3, "end": 9, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 10, "end": 12, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 13, "end": 16, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "luminescence", "start": 17, "end": 29, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 30, "end": 33, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "scintillation", "start": 34, "end": 47, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "characterizations", "start": 48, "end": 65, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 66, "end": 68, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "cerium", "start": 69, "end": 75, "id": 9, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "doped", "start": 76, "end": 81, "id": 10, 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-{"text": "The recent progress in making blue-green semiconductor double-heterostructure (DH) injection lasers has come about directly from advances in p-type doping of ZnSe and related compounds, initially with Li, and more recently with N. This paper focuses on techniques we have used for characterizing these p-type II\u2013VI epilayers. The main electrical characterization technique employed is a small-signal AC admittance measurement as a function of both voltage and frequency. We use this to extract the net doping (NA \u2212 ND) and also to determine the epilayer conductivity as a function of temperature (\u03c3(T)). We use this and the general physical form of the mobility vs temperature to extract information about both the mobility and the compensation for our specific samples. The technique is shown to work well for p-type ZnSe : Li. We obtain the result that all such samples are substantially uncompensated, regardless of the ratio (NA \u2212 ND)/[Li]. From this we conclude that excess Li does not cause compensation, but rather passivation by the formation of Li substitutional- interstitial complexes. We measure the dissociation energy of the complex, which is about 0.7 eV, in good agreement with theory. For ZnSe : Li samples with few complexes, the maximum room-temperature hole mobility was about 36 cm2/V s and the peak mobility was about 155 cm2/V s at about 125 K; for samples with a high concentration of complexes, the transport was degraded. In the case of p-type ZnSe : N, transport results were similar to ZnSe : Li with a high concentration of complexes. This may be due to either complexes or other point defects in the epilayers and offers an explanation of the high turn-on voltage of DH lasers.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/0921-4526(93)90275-B"}, "_input_hash": 1336468911, "_task_hash": 1282802750, "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "recent", "start": 4, "end": 10, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "progress", "start": 11, "end": 19, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 20, "end": 22, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "making", "start": 23, "end": 29, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "blue", "start": 30, "end": 34, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 35, "end": 36, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "green", "start": 37, "end": 42, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "semiconductor", "start": 43, "end": 56, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "double", "start": 57, "end": 63, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", 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+{"text": "The recent progress in making blue-green semiconductor double-heterostructure (DH) injection lasers has come about directly from advances in p-type doping of ZnSe and related compounds, initially with Li, and more recently with N. This paper focuses on techniques we have used for characterizing these p-type II\u2013VI epilayers. The main electrical characterization technique employed is a small-signal AC admittance measurement as a function of both voltage and frequency. We use this to extract the net doping (NA \u2212 ND) and also to determine the epilayer conductivity as a function of temperature (\u03c3(T)). We use this and the general physical form of the mobility vs temperature to extract information about both the mobility and the compensation for our specific samples. The technique is shown to work well for p-type ZnSe : Li. We obtain the result that all such samples are substantially uncompensated, regardless of the ratio (NA \u2212 ND)/[Li]. From this we conclude that excess Li does not cause compensation, but rather passivation by the formation of Li substitutional- interstitial complexes. We measure the dissociation energy of the complex, which is about 0.7 eV, in good agreement with theory. For ZnSe : Li samples with few complexes, the maximum room-temperature hole mobility was about 36 cm2/V s and the peak mobility was about 155 cm2/V s at about 125 K; for samples with a high concentration of complexes, the transport was degraded. In the case of p-type ZnSe : N, transport results were similar to ZnSe : Li with a high concentration of complexes. This may be due to either complexes or other point defects in the epilayers and offers an explanation of the high turn-on voltage of DH lasers.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/0921-4526(93)90275-B"}, "_input_hash": 1336468911, "_task_hash": 1282802750, "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "recent", "start": 4, "end": 10, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "progress", "start": 11, "end": 19, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 20, "end": 22, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "making", "start": 23, "end": 29, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "blue", "start": 30, "end": 34, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 35, "end": 36, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "green", "start": 37, "end": 42, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "semiconductor", "start": 43, "end": 56, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "double", "start": 57, "end": 63, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", 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 {"text": "Temperature quenching (TQ) curves in the temperature range of 80\u2013500\u00a0K have been studied for both the undoped, and doped with RE 3+-ions (RE\u00a0=\u00a0Ce, Eu, Er, Pr, Nd) lanthanum beryllate (BLO) single crystals. Photoluminescence spectra and TQ-curves were recorded upon excitation in the absorption bands of the lattice defects. The reaction rate model has been developed to describe the experimental results. The model includes two competing processes with characteristic temperatures: thermal quenching of intracenter PL (T 1) and thermally stimulated migration of electronic excitations (T 2). The competition between these two processes leads to the observed non-monotonic TQ-curves. The rationalized formulas using three parameters (intensity, activation energy, characteristic temperature), were developed to describe each of these processes. Within the framework of the unified model, all the experimental results were described and the best fit parameters were obtained. Classification of the investigated lanthanum beryllate crystals was carried out in line with the best fit parameters obtained for the TQ-curves.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.radmeas.2015.08.004"}, "_input_hash": -2117867340, "_task_hash": -107865925, "tokens": [[{"text": "Temperature", "start": 0, "end": 11, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "quenching", "start": 12, "end": 21, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 22, "end": 23, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "TQ", "start": 24, "end": 26, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 27, "end": 28, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "curves", "start": 29, "end": 35, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 36, "end": 38, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 39, "end": 42, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 43, "end": 54, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "range", "start": 55, "end": 60, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", 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 {"text": "Tungsten-doped tin oxide (SnO2:W) transparent conductive films were prepared on quartz substrates by pulsed plasma deposition method with a post-annealing. The structure, chemical states, electrical and optical properties of the films have been investigated with tungsten-doping content and annealing temperature. The lowest resistivity of 6.67\u00d710\u22124\u03a9 cm was obtained, with carrier mobility of 65cm2 V\u22121 s\u22121 and carrier concentration of 1.44\u00d71020cm\u22123 in 3wt.% tungsten-doping films annealed at 800\u00b0C in air. The average optical transmittance achieves 86% in the visible region, and approximately 85% in near-infrared region, with the optical band gap ranging from 4.05eV to 4.22eV.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.tsf.2009.07.119"}, "_input_hash": 1704797954, "_task_hash": 496128891, "tokens": [[{"text": "Tungsten", "start": 0, "end": 8, "id": 0, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 9, "end": 10, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 11, "end": 16, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "tin", "start": 17, "end": 20, "id": 3, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "oxide", "start": 21, "end": 26, "id": 4, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "(", "start": 27, "end": 28, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "SnO2", "start": 29, "end": 33, "id": 6, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": ":", "start": 34, "end": 35, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "W", "start": 36, "end": 37, "id": 8, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": ")", "start": 38, "end": 39, "id": 9, "annotation": 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 {"text": "The critical current for the breakdown of the quantum Hall effect at fixed filling factors has been observed to drop by more than a factor of ten when a GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure is subjected to thermal cycling after exposure to a light pulse. Concurrent changes in the transport parameters suggest that the metastable, charged deep defect states in the doped AlGaAs layer, which are also responsible for the persistent photoconductivity effect, tend to increase inhomogeneities of the carrier density with thermal cycling and reduce the effective width for the current path in the quantum Hall regime.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/0038-1098(89)90434-1"}, "_input_hash": 772501034, "_task_hash": 1515289569, "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "critical", "start": 4, "end": 12, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "current", "start": 13, "end": 20, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "for", "start": 21, "end": 24, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 25, "end": 28, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "breakdown", "start": 29, "end": 38, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 39, "end": 41, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 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@@ -398,41 +398,41 @@
 {"text": "The effect of Nb substitution on the crystal structure, ferroelectric, and electric field induced strain properties of Bi0.5(Na82K0.18)0.5TiO3 (BNKT) ceramics has been investigated. The coexistence of rhombohedral and tetragonal phases was found in undoped BNKT ceramics, however, Nb doping induced a phase transition to a pseudocubic phase with high electrostriction coefficients. When 3mol% Nb was substituted on Ti ions, the electric field induced strain was markedly enhanced up to Smax/Emax=641pm/V, which is higher than those previously reported on non-textured lead-free electromechanical ceramics.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.matlet.2010.07.048"}, "_input_hash": -994156741, "_task_hash": 1692262443, "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "effect", "start": 4, "end": 10, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 11, "end": 13, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Nb", "start": 14, "end": 16, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "substitution", "start": 17, "end": 29, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 30, "end": 32, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 33, "end": 36, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "crystal", "start": 37, "end": 44, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "structure", "start": 45, "end": 54, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", 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 {"text": "A systematic investigation on doped barium cerate perovskites on conductivity was performed by means of ac electrochemical impedance spectroscopy technique. BaCe0.85\u2212xZrxY0.15O3\u2212\u03b4 powders (x\u00a0=\u00a00, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4) were prepared by a modified sol-gel Pechini method and sintered at 1,250\u00a0\u00b0C\u20131,450\u00a0\u00b0C, depending on Zr content, to obtain good densities (93\u201397% of the theoretical ones). The measured total conductivities for these solid solutions in three different atmospheres were reported: in dry oxygen, in dry nitrogen and wet (0.5\u00a0bar H2O) hydrogen (5%H2/Ar) atmospheres. Arrhenius plots recorded in dry oxygen as well as in dry nitrogen showed some residual hydration which remained in the specimens upon initial heating. The compositions with x\u00a0=\u00a00.3 and 0.4 gave conductivities close to 10\u22122\u00a0S/cm in 5%H2/Ar/H2O atmosphere at 600\u00a0\u00b0C. The isothermal conductivities values showed a little variation for x from 0.2 to 0.4 between 500 and 800\u00a0\u00b0C.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1007/s10800-009-9932-0"}, "_input_hash": -1017043686, "_task_hash": -2134796850, "tokens": [[{"text": "A", "start": 0, "end": 1, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "systematic", "start": 2, "end": 12, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "investigation", "start": 13, "end": 26, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 27, "end": 29, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 30, "end": 35, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "barium", "start": 36, "end": 42, "id": 5, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "cerate", "start": 43, "end": 49, "id": 6, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "perovskites", "start": 50, "end": 61, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 62, "end": 64, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "conductivity", "start": 65, "end": 77, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "was", 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 {"text": "Lead-free ferroelectric Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 (NBT) and NBT-doped Ln (Ln = Er and Ho) in both bulk and thin films forms were processed via solid-state reaction and solution deposition respectively. SEM investigations showed dense samples with fine-grained and smooth microstructure for thin films. A pure perovskite structure was observed by the X-ray diffraction for all specimens. The frequency dependences of the dielectric constant and loss tangent were investigated at room temperature and revealed a decrease in the dielectric losses with the introduction of the lanthanide element. The energy storage density (W rec ) was calculated using the obtained P\u2013E loops. 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-{"text": "Herein, for the first time we report the synthesis of a series of compositionally tunable Zr-doped novel KNb(Zr)O3 perovskites using green and facile methodology and their superior photocatalytic activities toward photoinduced hydrogen production and dye degradation. The substitutional doping of Zr(IV) in place of Nb(V) leads to a decrease in the electronic band gap by inclusion of a new acceptor level near the valence band. The results on the optimally doped perovskite for the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction reveal that the 20 mol % Zr-doped KNb(Zr)O3 is 13 times more efficient as compared to the pristine KNbO3 in terms of rate of H2 evolution. The same nanocomposite is shown to exhibit 12-fold greater photocatalytic efficiency for degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) (up to 83% after 210 min) than pure KNbO3. Density functional theory calculations are carried out to understand the Zr doping effect on the electronic structure as well as the surface hydrogen evolution reaction. Overall, an optimized combination of morphology vs photophysical features synergizes the photocatalytic activity of these newly developed perovskites.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b11754"}, "_input_hash": -1353356205, "_task_hash": -1001093386, "tokens": [[{"text": "Herein", "start": 35, "end": 41, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 42, "end": 43, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "for", "start": 44, "end": 47, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 48, "end": 51, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "first", "start": 52, "end": 57, "id": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "time", "start": 58, "end": 62, "id": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "we", "start": 63, "end": 65, "id": 12, "annotation": null}, {"text": "report", "start": 66, "end": 72, "id": 13, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 73, "end": 76, "id": 14, "annotation": null}, {"text": "synthesis", "start": 77, "end": 86, "id": 15, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", 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+{"text": "Herein, for the first time we report the synthesis of a series of compositionally tunable Zr-doped novel KNb(Zr)O3 perovskites using green and facile methodology and their superior photocatalytic activities toward photoinduced hydrogen production and dye degradation. The substitutional doping of Zr(IV) in place of Nb(V) leads to a decrease in the electronic band gap by inclusion of a new acceptor level near the valence band. The results on the optimally doped perovskite for the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction reveal that the 20 mol % Zr-doped KNb(Zr)O3 is 13 times more efficient as compared to the pristine KNbO3 in terms of rate of H2 evolution. The same nanocomposite is shown to exhibit 12-fold greater photocatalytic efficiency for degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) (up to 83% after 210 min) than pure KNbO3. Density functional theory calculations are carried out to understand the Zr doping effect on the electronic structure as well as the surface hydrogen evolution reaction. Overall, an optimized combination of morphology vs photophysical features synergizes the photocatalytic activity of these newly developed perovskites.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b11754"}, "_input_hash": -1353356205, "_task_hash": -1001093386, "tokens": [[{"text": "Herein", "start": 35, "end": 41, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 42, "end": 43, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "for", "start": 44, "end": 47, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 48, "end": 51, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "first", "start": 52, "end": 57, "id": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "time", "start": 58, "end": 62, "id": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "we", "start": 63, "end": 65, "id": 12, "annotation": null}, {"text": "report", "start": 66, "end": 72, "id": 13, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 73, "end": 76, "id": 14, "annotation": null}, {"text": "synthesis", "start": 77, "end": 86, "id": 15, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", 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 {"text": "Novel iron-doped aluminogermanate nanotubes were obtained using a single step, aqueous phase synthesis protocol. These nanotubes are isostructural with imogolite, a natural occurring nanofiber, but are obtained by-product free in substantially larger quantities with aluminum substitution levels around 1%. Increasing the Fe concentrations led to higher substitution levels but also to the co-precipitation of Fe (oxy)hydroxides.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1039/c4ra08840a"}, "_input_hash": 1065852413, "_task_hash": -25452772, "tokens": [[{"text": "Novel", "start": 35, "end": 40, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "iron", "start": 41, "end": 45, "id": 7, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 46, "end": 47, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 48, "end": 53, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "aluminogermanate", "start": 54, "end": 70, "id": 10, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "nanotubes", "start": 71, "end": 80, "id": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "were", "start": 81, "end": 85, "id": 12, "annotation": null}, {"text": "obtained", "start": 86, "end": 94, "id": 13, "annotation": null}, {"text": "using", "start": 95, "end": 100, "id": 14, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 101, "end": 102, "id": 15, "annotation": null}, {"text": "single", 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 {"text": "The emission and excitation spectra of Fe-doped Zn2SiO4 (willemite) crystals were measured at temperatures ranging from 10 to 298 K. The luminescence consists of two contributions, both of broadband type: an emission due to the 4T1 (4G) \u2192 6A1 (6S) interconfigurational transition of the d5 Fe3+ ions in sites having approximate tetrahedral coordination and a second emission probably due to lattice defects induced by the requirement of charge compensation. The excitation spectrum of Fe3+ has been assigned on the basis of the ligand field theory, and the energies of the bands have been fitted with the following values of the ligand field parameters: Dq = 743 cm-1, B = 535 cm-1, and C = 3155 cm-1. From these data, it is reasonable to suppose that the Fe3+ ions responsible for the emission are located at the Si4+ distorted tetrahedral sites.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1006/jssc.1995.1240"}, "_input_hash": 1308513887, "_task_hash": -195172984, "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "emission", "start": 4, "end": 12, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 13, "end": 16, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "excitation", "start": 17, "end": 27, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "spectra", "start": 28, "end": 35, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 36, "end": 38, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Fe", "start": 39, "end": 41, "id": 6, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 42, "end": 43, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 44, "end": 49, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Zn2SiO4", "start": 50, "end": 57, "id": 9, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "(", 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 {"text": "A series of Hf:Ho:LiNbO3 crystals with various levels of HfO2 doping were grown by the conventional Czochraski technique. The measurement of the Hf and Ho concentrations in the crystals was carried out with an inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-OE/MS). The infrared (IR) spectrum was measured in order to analyze the defect structure of the crystals. The light-induced scattering was characterized quantitatively via the incident exposure energy. The results showed that the ability to resist the light-induced scattering was improved considerably with the increase in concentration of Hf4+, however, light-induced scattering resistance ability weakened as the concentration of Hf4+ surpasses the concentration to 8mol%. The relationship between the defect structures and the light-induced scattering was discussed.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.optlastec.2012.06.003"}, "_input_hash": -1141481999, "_task_hash": -1478063614, "tokens": [[{"text": "A", "start": 0, "end": 1, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "series", "start": 2, "end": 8, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 9, "end": 11, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Hf", "start": 12, "end": 14, "id": 3, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": ":", "start": 15, "end": 16, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Ho", "start": 17, "end": 19, "id": 5, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": ":", "start": 20, "end": 21, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "LiNbO3", "start": 22, "end": 28, "id": 7, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "crystals", "start": 29, "end": 37, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 38, "end": 42, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "various", "start": 43, "end": 50, "id": 10, "annotation": 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-{"text": "The electrocatalytic activity of nitrogen-doped carbons towards the oxygen reduction reaction is largely determined by the concentration of active nitrogen dopants and the electrochemically accessible surface area. Herein we report a novel, facile route for the preparation of N-doped carbons based on direct pyrolysis of polypyrrole nanosheet precursors synthesized by confining the polymerization on the surface of NaCl crystals using FeCl3 as both the initiator and dopant. In the heating-up process of pyrolysis, a large amount of homogeneously distributed FeCl3 dopant and its derivatives gradually evolved into volatile nanoparticles which helped to generate abundant hierarchical macro- and meso-pores, resulting in honeycomb-like porous carbons with a high content of nitrogen dopants ranging from 7 to 18 at%, a large surface area, and an ORR activity superior to that of commercial Pt/C in alkaline electrolytes. Significantly, by using the best sample that was prepared at 800 \u00b0C (HPC-800) as the air electrode, a Zn\u2013air battery was found to display a specific capacity of 647 mA h g\u22121 at 10 mA cm\u22122 and a negligible loss of voltage even after continuous operation for 110 h, a performance markedly better than that with Pt/C as the air cathode. The results not only highlight the significance of precursor engineering in the synthesis of highly efficient nitrogen-doped carbon catalysts for oxygen electroreduction, but also suggest the high potential of the interfacially confined polymerization method in the scalable preparation of cost-effective, highly porous carbons for electrochemical energy storage and conversion devices.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1039/C6TA03570A"}, "_input_hash": -1108979612, "_task_hash": 339191698, "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electrocatalytic", "start": 4, "end": 20, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "activity", "start": 21, "end": 29, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 30, "end": 32, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "nitrogen", "start": 33, "end": 41, "id": 4, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 42, "end": 43, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 44, "end": 49, "id": 6, "annotation": 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-{"text": "In this work, we report the high temperature solid-state synthesis of red phosphors Sr2MgSi2O7: Eu3+ with various Eu3+ concentrations. Their luminescent properties at room temperature are investigated. The X-ray diffraction patterns indicate that the red phosphors powder conforms to the tetragonal Sr2MgSi2O7. Impurity structure appears when more than 20% Eu3+ is doped. The samples show a strong emission line at 615nm and the intensity increases with the increase of Eu3+ concentration until concentration quenching occurs. Charge compensation assists in the reduction of the impurity structure and vacancies; hence the luminescent intensity is enhanced. The decay measurement indicates that the lifetime of Eu3+ emission is about 2\u20133ms. Some of the Eu3+ can be reduced to Eu2+; this is also discussed.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.optlastec.2011.02.006"}, "_input_hash": -602082859, "_task_hash": -1213916914, "tokens": [[{"text": "In", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "this", "start": 3, "end": 7, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "work", "start": 8, "end": 12, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 13, "end": 14, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "we", "start": 15, "end": 17, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "report", "start": 18, "end": 24, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 25, "end": 28, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "high", "start": 29, "end": 33, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 34, "end": 45, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "solid", "start": 46, "end": 51, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 52, "end": 53, "id": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "state", "start": 54, "end": 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+{"text": "The electrocatalytic activity of nitrogen-doped carbons towards the oxygen reduction reaction is largely determined by the concentration of active nitrogen dopants and the electrochemically accessible surface area. Herein we report a novel, facile route for the preparation of N-doped carbons based on direct pyrolysis of polypyrrole nanosheet precursors synthesized by confining the polymerization on the surface of NaCl crystals using FeCl3 as both the initiator and dopant. In the heating-up process of pyrolysis, a large amount of homogeneously distributed FeCl3 dopant and its derivatives gradually evolved into volatile nanoparticles which helped to generate abundant hierarchical macro- and meso-pores, resulting in honeycomb-like porous carbons with a high content of nitrogen dopants ranging from 7 to 18 at%, a large surface area, and an ORR activity superior to that of commercial Pt/C in alkaline electrolytes. Significantly, by using the best sample that was prepared at 800 \u00b0C (HPC-800) as the air electrode, a Zn\u2013air battery was found to display a specific capacity of 647 mA h g\u22121 at 10 mA cm\u22122 and a negligible loss of voltage even after continuous operation for 110 h, a performance markedly better than that with Pt/C as the air cathode. The results not only highlight the significance of precursor engineering in the synthesis of highly efficient nitrogen-doped carbon catalysts for oxygen electroreduction, but also suggest the high potential of the interfacially confined polymerization method in the scalable preparation of cost-effective, highly porous carbons for electrochemical energy storage and conversion devices.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1039/C6TA03570A"}, "_input_hash": -1108979612, "_task_hash": 339191698, "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electrocatalytic", "start": 4, "end": 20, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "activity", "start": 21, "end": 29, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 30, "end": 32, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "nitrogen", "start": 33, "end": 41, "id": 4, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 42, "end": 43, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 44, "end": 49, "id": 6, "annotation": 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+{"text": "In this work, we report the high temperature solid-state synthesis of red phosphors Sr2MgSi2O7: Eu3+ with various Eu3+ concentrations. Their luminescent properties at room temperature are investigated. The X-ray diffraction patterns indicate that the red phosphors powder conforms to the tetragonal Sr2MgSi2O7. Impurity structure appears when more than 20% Eu3+ is doped. The samples show a strong emission line at 615nm and the intensity increases with the increase of Eu3+ concentration until concentration quenching occurs. Charge compensation assists in the reduction of the impurity structure and vacancies; hence the luminescent intensity is enhanced. The decay measurement indicates that the lifetime of Eu3+ emission is about 2\u20133ms. Some of the Eu3+ can be reduced to Eu2+; this is also discussed.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.optlastec.2011.02.006"}, "_input_hash": -602082859, "_task_hash": -1213916914, "tokens": [[{"text": "In", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "this", "start": 3, "end": 7, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "work", "start": 8, "end": 12, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 13, "end": 14, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "we", "start": 15, "end": 17, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "report", "start": 18, "end": 24, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 25, "end": 28, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "high", "start": 29, "end": 33, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 34, "end": 45, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "solid", "start": 46, "end": 51, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 52, "end": 53, "id": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "state", "start": 54, "end": 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 {"text": "Nb-doped ZnO (NZO) films were prepared on glass substrates at various deposition temperatures by using the radio-frequency magnetron sputtering method. All the NZO films showed a significant dependence on the growth temperature. The optimum growth temperature, which was determined from the figure of merit, for depositing high-quality NZO films was found to be 300 \u00b0C; the NZO thin film formed at this temperature showed a highly-preferential c-axis orientation with a thickness of 1040 nm, a grain size of 65 nm, a bandgap energy of 3.26 eV, an average optical transmittance of 87.9%, and an electrical resistivity of 6.6 \u00d7 10-3 \u03a9\u00b7cm. These results indicate that the growth temperature plays an important role in the fabrication of NZO films and devices.", "meta": {"doi": "10.3938/jkps.64.722"}, "_input_hash": -34923991, "_task_hash": -379818437, "tokens": [[{"text": "Nb", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 3, "end": 4, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 5, "end": 10, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ZnO", "start": 11, "end": 14, "id": 3, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "(", "start": 15, "end": 16, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "NZO", "start": 17, "end": 20, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 21, "end": 22, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "films", "start": 23, "end": 28, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "were", "start": 29, "end": 33, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "prepared", "start": 34, "end": 42, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 43, "end": 45, "id": 10, "annotation": 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 {"text": "Photoluminescence properties of CeCl3 and DyCl3 codoped aluminium oxide films deposited by the ultrasonic spray pyrolysis technique were characterized by excitation, emission and decay time spectroscopy. When excited by ultraviolet radiation the films emit a combination of blue and yellow wavelengths through an efficient energy transfer from Ce3+ to Dy3+ ions (up to around 77%). From spectroscopic data it is inferred that such energy transfer is nonradiative in nature taking place between Ce3+ and Dy3+ clusters through a short-range interaction mechanism. In the Ce3+ doped single film the chromaticity coordinates are in the purplish blue region, whereas that in the cerium and dysprosium codoped films the coordinates move toward the white light emission region.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.optmat.2011.03.023"}, "_input_hash": -1310189726, "_task_hash": 1665539636, "tokens": [[{"text": "Photoluminescence", "start": 0, "end": 17, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "properties", "start": 18, "end": 28, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 29, "end": 31, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "CeCl3", "start": 32, "end": 37, "id": 3, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "and", "start": 38, "end": 41, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "DyCl3", "start": 42, "end": 47, "id": 5, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "codoped", "start": 48, "end": 55, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "aluminium", "start": 56, "end": 65, "id": 7, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "oxide", "start": 66, "end": 71, "id": 8, "annotation": 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-{"text": "The influence of the kind and content of doped impurity on the electrical properties and their stability as well as on the light scattering characteristics and the surface texture formation obtainable by wet-chemical etching was investigated to develop transparent conducting impurity-doped ZnO thin films suitable for transparent electrode applications in thin-film solar cells. Al-, B- and Ga-doped ZnO (AZO, BZO and GZO) thin films were prepared on glass substrates at 200\u00b0C by doping each impurity at an appropriate content to achieve lower resistivity using a pulsed laser deposition and by varying the doped Al or Ga impurity content using r.f. superimposed d.c. magnetron sputtering deposition. The difference in the resulting electrical properties and their stability (air at 85% relative humidity and 85\u00b0C) among the AZO, BZO and GZO thin films is attributed to the content of each impurity rather than the kind of impurity. In evaluations of the light scattering characteristics and the surface texture formation in a 0.1% HCl solution at 25\u00b0C, the difference in the haze value obtainable among the AZO, BZO and GZO thin films is mainly attributed to the content of each impurity doped into the films. The AZO, BZO and GZO films prepared with doped impurity contents below approximately 2at.% are suitable for transparent electrode applications in thin-film solar cells, irrespective of the kind of impurity as well as the deposition method used.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.tsf.2012.07.141"}, "_input_hash": 1001006159, "_task_hash": -1407495589, "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "influence", "start": 4, "end": 13, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 14, "end": 16, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 17, "end": 20, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "kind", "start": 21, "end": 25, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 26, "end": 29, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "content", "start": 30, "end": 37, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 38, "end": 40, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 41, "end": 46, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, 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+{"text": "The influence of the kind and content of doped impurity on the electrical properties and their stability as well as on the light scattering characteristics and the surface texture formation obtainable by wet-chemical etching was investigated to develop transparent conducting impurity-doped ZnO thin films suitable for transparent electrode applications in thin-film solar cells. Al-, B- and Ga-doped ZnO (AZO, BZO and GZO) thin films were prepared on glass substrates at 200\u00b0C by doping each impurity at an appropriate content to achieve lower resistivity using a pulsed laser deposition and by varying the doped Al or Ga impurity content using r.f. superimposed d.c. magnetron sputtering deposition. The difference in the resulting electrical properties and their stability (air at 85% relative humidity and 85\u00b0C) among the AZO, BZO and GZO thin films is attributed to the content of each impurity rather than the kind of impurity. In evaluations of the light scattering characteristics and the surface texture formation in a 0.1% HCl solution at 25\u00b0C, the difference in the haze value obtainable among the AZO, BZO and GZO thin films is mainly attributed to the content of each impurity doped into the films. The AZO, BZO and GZO films prepared with doped impurity contents below approximately 2at.% are suitable for transparent electrode applications in thin-film solar cells, irrespective of the kind of impurity as well as the deposition method used.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.tsf.2012.07.141"}, "_input_hash": 1001006159, "_task_hash": -1407495589, "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "influence", "start": 4, "end": 13, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 14, "end": 16, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 17, "end": 20, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "kind", "start": 21, "end": 25, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 26, "end": 29, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "content", "start": 30, "end": 37, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 38, "end": 40, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 41, "end": 46, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, 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 {"text": "We present theoretical analysis of a diagnostic method for detecting core-shell mixing in laser-fusion experiments, based on measuring the emission and absorption spectrum of a Ti-doped layer embedded within the target shell. The doped target layer is placed away from the shell-fuel interface so that the Ti remains relatively cool throughout the implosion. As a result, only absorption lines are observed, of 1s-2l transitions in ions with an unfilled L shell. However, for a sufficiently strong mixing, some Ti material migrates to the interface region and emits He-and H-like lines. A particular target experiment is simulated and the expected experimental signature calculated and analyzed.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/0022-4073(96)00036-2"}, "_input_hash": 696977600, "_task_hash": -1789891544, "tokens": [[{"text": "We", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "present", "start": 3, "end": 10, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "theoretical", "start": 11, "end": 22, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "analysis", "start": 23, "end": 31, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 32, "end": 34, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 35, "end": 36, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "diagnostic", "start": 37, "end": 47, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "method", "start": 48, "end": 54, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "for", "start": 55, "end": 58, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "detecting", "start": 59, "end": 68, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "core", "start": 69, "end": 73, "id": 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 {"text": "The catalytic conversion of isopropanol was carried out over pure and Li2O-doped (0.75\u20134.5mol%) cobalt ferrite prepared by heating Fe/Co mixed hydroxides at 400 and 600\u00b0C. The techniques employed were XRD, N2 adsorption at \u2212196\u00b0C and conversion of isopropanol at 200\u2013400\u00b0C using a flow method. The results showed that Li2O-doping and increasing the heating temperature of the system investigated from 400 to 600\u00b0C stimulated CoFe2O4 formation also. Pure and variously doped solids were moderately crystallized CoFe2O4 phase having a crystallite size varying between 5 and 15nm. The SBET of various solids was found to decrease by increasing their calcination temperature and also by doping with 4.5mol% Li2O. However, this treatment, resulted in a significant increase in their catalytic activities which much increased by doping. The presence of 1.5mol% Li2O brought about an increase in the catalytic activity, measured at 300\u00b0C, of 97% and 63% for the solids being calcined at 400 and 600\u00b0C, respectively. All solids investigated behaved as dehydrogenation catalysts (having selectivities to acetone formation above 95%). The doping process did not alter the mechanism of dehydrogenation of isopropanol, but increased the concentration of active sites involved in the catalyzed reaction.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.mseb.2007.07.072"}, "_input_hash": -177629494, "_task_hash": 544930139, "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "catalytic", "start": 4, "end": 13, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "conversion", "start": 14, "end": 24, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 25, "end": 27, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "isopropanol", "start": 28, "end": 39, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "was", "start": 40, "end": 43, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "carried", "start": 44, "end": 51, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "out", "start": 52, "end": 55, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "over", "start": 56, "end": 60, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "pure", "start": 61, "end": 65, "id": 9, "annotation": 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-{"text": "The difficulty of achieving p-type conductance has severely limited the application of ZnO to electronic devices. In this work, we propose a simple and effective way to achieving p-type semiconducting ZnO nanowires (NWs) through density functional theory computations. Adsorption of tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) during synthetic procedures leads to lower formation energies, and accordingly higher concentration of p-type defects; after the formation of ZnO NWs and the desorption of TTF, p-type ZnO NWs can be achieved. Also, we present a facile synthesis route on basis of previous experiments, which provides some guidance for the realization of p-type ZnO NWs.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1142/S0219633613500144"}, "_input_hash": 1681283200, "_task_hash": 1690915407, "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "difficulty", "start": 4, "end": 14, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 15, "end": 17, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "achieving", "start": 18, "end": 27, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "p", "start": 28, "end": 29, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 30, "end": 31, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "type", "start": 32, "end": 36, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "conductance", "start": 37, "end": 48, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "has", "start": 49, "end": 52, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "severely", "start": 53, "end": 61, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "limited", 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+{"text": "The difficulty of achieving p-type conductance has severely limited the application of ZnO to electronic devices. In this work, we propose a simple and effective way to achieving p-type semiconducting ZnO nanowires (NWs) through density functional theory computations. Adsorption of tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) during synthetic procedures leads to lower formation energies, and accordingly higher concentration of p-type defects; after the formation of ZnO NWs and the desorption of TTF, p-type ZnO NWs can be achieved. Also, we present a facile synthesis route on basis of previous experiments, which provides some guidance for the realization of p-type ZnO NWs.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1142/S0219633613500144"}, "_input_hash": 1681283200, "_task_hash": 1690915407, "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "difficulty", "start": 4, "end": 14, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 15, "end": 17, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "achieving", "start": 18, "end": 27, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "p", "start": 28, "end": 29, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 30, "end": 31, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "type", "start": 32, "end": 36, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "conductance", "start": 37, "end": 48, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "has", "start": 49, "end": 52, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "severely", "start": 53, "end": 61, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "limited", 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 {"text": "A lattice-matched, 5 at.% Tm, 0.5 at.% Ho-codoped, 5.77 \u03bcm-thick KY0.58Gd0.22Lu0.20(WO4)2 active layer with optimized refractive index contrast is grown by liquid phase epitaxy on the (3 1 0) face of pure KY(WO4)2 substrate. Laser operation at 2051 nm (5I7 \u2192 5I8 transition of the Ho3+ ion) is demonstrated with this waveguide pumped at 794 nm. The maximum continuous wave output power amounts to 1.9 mW at 2051 nm corresponding to a slope efficiency of 10.5%. The laser threshold is as low as 1.5 mW of absorbed pump power. The developed structure is promising for single-transverse-mode channel holmium waveguide lasers. Laser operation in 3 at.% Tm-singly doped 4.41 \u03bcm thick layer grown on the (3 1 0)-oriented substrate is also demonstrated at 1841 nm with a slope efficiency of 31%.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1088/1612-2011/13/9/095801"}, "_input_hash": 1181624354, "_task_hash": -1052324462, "tokens": [[{"text": "A", "start": 18, "end": 19, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "lattice", "start": 20, "end": 27, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 28, "end": 29, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "matched", "start": 30, "end": 37, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 38, "end": 39, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "5", "start": 40, "end": 41, "id": 9, "annotation": "DOPMODQ"}, {"text": "at.%", "start": 42, "end": 46, "id": 10, "annotation": "DOPMODQ"}, {"text": "Tm", "start": 47, "end": 49, "id": 11, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": ",", "start": 50, "end": 51, "id": 12, "annotation": null}, {"text": "0.5", "start": 52, "end": 55, "id": 13, "annotation": 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 {"text": "Nd3+- and Yb3+-doped glasses and highly crystalline transparent glass-ceramics in the Na2O\u2013CaO\u2013SiO2 (NCS) system have been successfully prepared. Compared with Nd3+-doped NCS glass, the Yb3+-doped NCS glass has a stronger crystallization trend. The Nd3+- and Yb3+-doped NCS glass-ceramics contain about 84.35\u00b15vol% of Na6Ca3Si6O18 and 87.03\u00b15vol% of Na4Ca4Si6O18, respectively. The two crystal phases have the same basic structural units composed of 6-membered rings formed by 6 [SiO4] groups but the phase in the Yb3+-doped NCS glass-ceramics has a composition ratio more similar to its parent glass. The transmittance of the Yb3+-doped NCS glass-ceramics is higher than that of Nd3+-doped sample. Strong fluorescence emissions have been observed for the Nd3+-and Yb3+-doped NCS glass-ceramics, which indicates the potential of rare earth ions-doped highly crystalline transparent glass-ceramics for use as laser medium materials.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.ceramint.2013.04.049"}, "_input_hash": 676249740, "_task_hash": -1811059021, "tokens": [[{"text": "Nd3", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "+", "start": 4, "end": 5, "id": 1, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 6, "end": 7, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 8, "end": 11, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Yb3", "start": 12, "end": 15, "id": 4, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "+", "start": 16, "end": 17, "id": 5, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-doped", "start": 18, "end": 24, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "glasses", "start": 25, "end": 32, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 33, "end": 36, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": 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 {"text": "Solid polymer electrolytes based on poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) complexed with potassium periodide (KIO4) salt at different weight percent ratios were prepared using solution-cast technique. X-ray diffraction (XRD) results revealed that the amorphous nature of PVP polymer matrix increased with the increase of KIO4 salt concentration. The complexation of the salt with the polymer was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy studies. The ionic conductivity was found to increase with the increase of temperature as well as dopant concentration. The maximum ionic conductivity (1.421 \u00d7 10\u22124 S cm\u22121) was obtained for 15 wt% KIO4 doped polymer electrolyte at room temperature. The variation of ac conductivity with frequency obeyed Jonscher power law. The dynamical aspects of electrical transport process in the electrolyte were analyzed using complex electrical modulus. The peaks found in the electric modulus plots have been characterized in terms of the stretched exponential parameter. Optical absorption studies were performed in the wavelength range 200\u2013600 nm and the absorption band energies (direct band gap and indirect band gap) values were evaluated. Using these polymer electrolyte films electrochemical cells were fabricated and their discharge characteristics were studied.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.solidstatesciences.2013.02.006"}, "_input_hash": -1015242387, "_task_hash": -622647056, "tokens": [[{"text": "Solid", "start": 0, "end": 5, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "polymer", "start": 6, "end": 13, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electrolytes", "start": 14, "end": 26, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "based", "start": 27, "end": 32, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 33, "end": 35, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "poly(vinyl", "start": 36, "end": 46, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "pyrrolidone", "start": 47, "end": 58, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 59, "end": 60, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 61, "end": 62, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "PVP", "start": 63, "end": 66, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", 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 {"text": "Manipulating basal plane structure of graphene for advanced energy conversion materials design has been research frontier in recent years. By extending size of defects in the basal plane of graphene from atomic scale to nanoscale, graphene with in-plane holes can be synthesized by multiple steps oxidation and reduction of defective graphene oxide at low concentration. These complicated and low yield synthetic methods largely limited research and applications of holey graphene based high performance energy conversion materials. Inspired by graphene in-plane holes formation mechanism, an easy and scalable synthetic approach has been proposed in this work. By oxidizing widely available defective graphite mineral under high concentration, holey graphene oxide has been scalable synthesized. Through simple reduction of holey graphene oxide, nitrogen doped holey graphene with high volumetric capacitance of 439\u00a0F/cm3 was obtained. We believe this breakthrough can provide a feasible synthetic approach for further exploring the properties and performance of holey graphene based materials in variety of fields.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.10.018"}, "_input_hash": 1923056679, "_task_hash": 721447612, "tokens": [[{"text": "Manipulating", "start": 0, "end": 12, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "basal", "start": 13, "end": 18, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "plane", "start": 19, "end": 24, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "structure", "start": 25, "end": 34, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 35, "end": 37, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "graphene", "start": 38, "end": 46, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "for", "start": 47, "end": 50, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "advanced", "start": 51, "end": 59, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "energy", "start": 60, "end": 66, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "conversion", "start": 67, "end": 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 {"text": "Adsorptions of CO on pristine, Fe-, Ru-, Os-, Co-, Rh-, Ir-, Ni-, Pd-, and Pt-doped graphene were investigated, using density functional theory calculation at B3LYP/LanL2DZ theoretical level. This work revealed that the transition metal doped graphenes were more highly sensitive to CO adsorption than that of pristine graphene. The Os- and Fe-doped graphenes displayed the strongest interaction with C and O atoms of CO molecule, respectively.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.spmi.2013.12.025"}, "_input_hash": 117559906, "_task_hash": -1237883147, "tokens": [[{"text": "Adsorptions", "start": 0, "end": 11, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 12, "end": 14, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "CO", "start": 15, "end": 17, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 18, "end": 20, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "pristine", "start": 21, "end": 29, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 30, "end": 31, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Fe-", "start": 32, "end": 35, "id": 6, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": ",", "start": 36, "end": 37, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Ru-", "start": 38, "end": 41, "id": 8, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": ",", "start": 42, "end": 43, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Os-", "start": 44, "end": 47, "id": 10, 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 {"text": "We report measurements of electrical resistivity, thermopower and thermal conductivity for a series of high-textured Ag-doped and Ag-added Ca 3Co4O9+\u03b4 ceramic specimens. The results show that variable range hopping transport behaviour of the system transforms from two-dimensional to quasi-three-dimensional with Ag addition, which is isotropic to a certain extent. The thermoelectric (TE) performance of Ca 3Co4O9+\u03b4 is improved effectively by Ag+ doping or/and Ag addition. The Ca2.7Ag0.3 Co4O9+\u03b4/Ag0.3 composite exhibits quite a respectable room temperature ZT value of 0.1, suggesting that such a composite is a promising candidate for p-type room temperature TE cooling application.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1088/0022-3727/41/4/045406"}, "_input_hash": 327220768, "_task_hash": -2020139022, "tokens": [[{"text": "We", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "report", "start": 3, "end": 9, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "measurements", "start": 10, "end": 22, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 23, "end": 25, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electrical", "start": 26, "end": 36, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "resistivity", "start": 37, "end": 48, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 49, "end": 50, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "thermopower", "start": 51, "end": 62, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 63, "end": 66, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": 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-{"text": "In this study, Al-doped ZnO (AZO) and Ni\u2215AZO films were deposited on p-type GaN films followed by thermal annealing to form ohmic contacts. After thermal annealing, the resistivities of AZO films reduced from 5\u00d710\u22123 to 4\u20136\u00d710\u22124\u03a9cm . Both as-deposited AZO and Ni\u2215AZO contacts on p-GaN displayed a non-ohmic characteristic. Only the 800\u00b0C-annealed Ni\u2215AZO contacts exhibited a linear current\u2013voltage characteristic, showing a specific contact resistance of around 1.2\u00d710\u22122\u03a9cm2 . After undergoing the annealing in nitrogen ambience, the light transmittance of the Ni\u2215AZO films increased from 70% to higher than 90% in the visible range. These results revealed that the Ni\u2215AZO contact can serve as a suitable transparent current spreading layer for the fabrication of GaN-based light-emitting devices.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1149/1.2171817"}, "_input_hash": 365243696, "_task_hash": -1859459316, "tokens": [[{"text": "In", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "this", "start": 3, "end": 7, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "study", "start": 8, "end": 13, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 14, "end": 15, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Al", "start": 16, "end": 18, "id": 4, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 19, "end": 20, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 21, "end": 26, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ZnO", "start": 27, "end": 30, "id": 7, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "(", "start": 31, "end": 32, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "AZO", "start": 33, "end": 36, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 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+{"text": "In this study, Al-doped ZnO (AZO) and Ni\u2215AZO films were deposited on p-type GaN films followed by thermal annealing to form ohmic contacts. After thermal annealing, the resistivities of AZO films reduced from 5\u00d710\u22123 to 4\u20136\u00d710\u22124\u03a9cm . Both as-deposited AZO and Ni\u2215AZO contacts on p-GaN displayed a non-ohmic characteristic. Only the 800\u00b0C-annealed Ni\u2215AZO contacts exhibited a linear current\u2013voltage characteristic, showing a specific contact resistance of around 1.2\u00d710\u22122\u03a9cm2 . After undergoing the annealing in nitrogen ambience, the light transmittance of the Ni\u2215AZO films increased from 70% to higher than 90% in the visible range. These results revealed that the Ni\u2215AZO contact can serve as a suitable transparent current spreading layer for the fabrication of GaN-based light-emitting devices.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1149/1.2171817"}, "_input_hash": 365243696, "_task_hash": -1859459316, "tokens": [[{"text": "In", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "this", "start": 3, "end": 7, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "study", "start": 8, "end": 13, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 14, "end": 15, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Al", "start": 16, "end": 18, "id": 4, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 19, "end": 20, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 21, "end": 26, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ZnO", "start": 27, "end": 30, "id": 7, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "(", "start": 31, "end": 32, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "AZO", "start": 33, "end": 36, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 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 {"text": "NaAlH4 catalyzed by Ce(SO4)2 and LaCl3 have been studied by PCT (Pressure\u2013Content\u2013Temperature) experiment and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) test method. The results show that doping with Ce(SO4)2 and LaCl3 increases markedly the desorption amount of NaAlH4. In the first desorption stage, NaAlH4 doped with LaCl3 display larger amount of hydrogen release than NaAlH4 doped with Ce(SO4)2, while, the desorption rate of the latter is obviously faster than the former. SEM analysis shows that heating could make NaAlH4 form a kind of porous structure. The further study indicates that different dopants have different effects on the microstructure of NaAlH4.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.jallcom.2011.02.159"}, "_input_hash": 1919810471, "_task_hash": -2126917397, "tokens": [[{"text": "NaAlH4", "start": 0, "end": 6, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "catalyzed", "start": 7, "end": 16, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "by", "start": 17, "end": 19, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Ce(SO4)2", "start": 20, "end": 28, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 29, "end": 32, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "LaCl3", "start": 33, "end": 38, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "have", "start": 39, "end": 43, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "been", "start": 44, "end": 48, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "studied", "start": 49, "end": 56, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "by", "start": 57, "end": 59, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "PCT", "start": 60, "end": 63, "id": 10, 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 {"text": "Using first principles calculations based on the density functional theory, we investigated the electronic and magnetic properties of (Fe, In) co-doped ZnO. At first, the magnetic state of Fe doped ZnO was calculated and analyzed. It was found that Fe doped ZnO was anti-ferromagnetic state without other impurity atoms or other defects. Therefore, In atom was considered to made the system transit from anti-ferromagnetic state to the ferromagnetic state. Then, the parameters of electronic structure and the density of states (DOS) were investigated. The results demonstrated that In atom had an important regulatory role in (Fe, In) co-doped ZnO, especially when In atom was away from Fe atoms. Just like Fe doped ZnO, (Fe, In) co-doped ZnO was also spin-polarized and doping Fe and In atoms didn't affect the supercell crystal structure. The magnetic property of (Fe, In) co-doped ZnO came from DMSO-d6 exchange effect. It was a redundant electron provided by In atom that not only enhanced the electronic conductivity of (Fe, In) co-doped ZnO, but also made the system transit from anti-ferromagnetic state to the ferromagnetic state.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.10.279"}, "_input_hash": 1594028975, "_task_hash": 1991186803, "tokens": [[{"text": "Using", "start": 0, "end": 5, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "first", "start": 6, "end": 11, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "principles", "start": 12, "end": 22, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "calculations", "start": 23, "end": 35, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "based", "start": 36, "end": 41, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 42, "end": 44, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 45, "end": 48, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "density", "start": 49, "end": 56, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "functional", "start": 57, "end": 67, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": 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-{"text": "Simultaneous enhancement of the interdependent Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity has been achieved through defect engineering by doping Mg into specific sites of Na 0.8CoO 2. Results from thermoelectric measurement demonstrate that the power factor was substantially increased by 50% at ambient. Experimental and theoretical analyses show that the occupation of divalent Mg in the disordered Na layer immobilizes the Na ions and thus induces a long-range ordering of Na ions. This phenomenon improves the carrier mobility significantly, giving rise to the observed exotic thermoelectric performance. Moreover, it is predicted that other electronically closed-shell dopants in sodium cobaltate play a similar role in enhancing the thermoelectric conversion efficiency.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1021/jp209343v"}, "_input_hash": -994117667, "_task_hash": -292568986, "tokens": [[{"text": "Simultaneous", "start": 0, "end": 12, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "enhancement", "start": 13, "end": 24, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 25, "end": 27, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 28, "end": 31, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "interdependent", "start": 32, "end": 46, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Seebeck", "start": 47, "end": 54, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "coefficient", "start": 55, "end": 66, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 67, "end": 70, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electrical", "start": 71, "end": 81, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "conductivity", "start": 82, "end": 94, 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-{"text": "In this paper, we have investigated the hydrophilic properties of the titania films doped with increasing chromium percentages (from 2.1 at.% till 4.0 at.%). Cr-doping induces an increase in the rutile weight %, a more compact structure, and a significant red shift of the TiO2 absorption edge, the last property being very important in the self cleaning applications. For the chosen Cr concentrations, the films did not show promising hydrophilic properties. To improve them, we have applied a novel surface modification method, reported in literature mainly for powders, namely, surface metallisation. We have observed that, by depositing Pt islands on the film with the highest Cr content, its hydrophilic properties improve for a certain metal coverage area. The explanation was based on FT-IR and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis, performed on the UV irradiated and non-irradiated films, which gives information on the relationship between hydrophilicity and the amount of the adsorbed hydroxyl groups.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1080/14786435.2016.1222085"}, "_input_hash": -518042192, "_task_hash": -1530504591, "tokens": [[{"text": "In", "start": 68, "end": 70, "id": 15, "annotation": null}, {"text": "this", "start": 71, "end": 75, "id": 16, "annotation": null}, {"text": "paper", "start": 76, "end": 81, "id": 17, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 82, "end": 83, "id": 18, "annotation": null}, {"text": "we", "start": 84, "end": 86, "id": 19, "annotation": null}, {"text": "have", "start": 87, "end": 91, "id": 20, "annotation": null}, {"text": "investigated", "start": 92, "end": 104, "id": 21, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 105, "end": 108, "id": 22, "annotation": null}, {"text": "hydrophilic", "start": 109, "end": 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-{"text": "Eu-doped aluminum nitride phosphors were successfully prepared using simple direct nitridation of a metallic aluminum and Eu2O3 powder mixture in flowing ammonia. AlN formed at reaction temperatures >900\u00b0C, and Eu3+ transformed into the secondary oxide phase EuAl2O4 in the nitridation condition. Phase pure AlN was obtained by post-heat treatment of the nitridated product at 1600\u00b0C for 3\u00a0h in a nitrogen atmosphere, with an Eu2+ doping concentration\u00a0<\u00a00.5%. The phosphors exhibited broad green emission centered at 521\u00a0nm under 363\u00a0nm excitation. The luminescence of the phosphor was significantly influenced by the post-heat treatment temperature, which affected the dissolution of Eu2+, phase purity, crystallinity, and particle size of the AlN host.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1002/bio.3282"}, "_input_hash": 1050203337, "_task_hash": 756237190, "tokens": [[{"text": "Eu", "start": 46, "end": 48, "id": 11, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 49, "end": 50, "id": 12, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 51, "end": 56, "id": 13, "annotation": null}, {"text": "aluminum", "start": 57, "end": 65, "id": 14, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "nitride", "start": 66, "end": 73, "id": 15, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "phosphors", "start": 74, "end": 83, "id": 16, "annotation": null}, {"text": "were", "start": 84, "end": 88, "id": 17, "annotation": null}, {"text": "successfully", "start": 89, "end": 101, "id": 18, "annotation": null}, {"text": "prepared", "start": 102, "end": 110, "id": 19, "annotation": null}, 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-{"text": "Dislocation generation in the initial stage of Czochralski-grown Si crystals doped with B in various concentrations was observed by means of X-ray topography. Slip dislocations were generated due to the thermal stress at the dipping stage in the seed and in a crystal doped with B in the concentration lower than 1\u00d71018 cm\u22123. Misfit dislocations were generated and penetrated into the crystal when the difference of B concentration between the seed and crystal was higher than \u22488\u00d71018 cm\u22123.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/S0921-5107(01)00991-6"}, "_input_hash": 858875985, "_task_hash": 2124999163, "tokens": [[{"text": "Dislocation", "start": 0, "end": 11, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "generation", "start": 12, "end": 22, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 23, "end": 25, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 26, "end": 29, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "initial", "start": 30, "end": 37, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "stage", "start": 38, "end": 43, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 44, "end": 46, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Czochralski", "start": 47, "end": 58, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 59, "end": 60, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "grown", "start": 61, "end": 66, "id": 9, 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+{"text": "Simultaneous enhancement of the interdependent Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity has been achieved through defect engineering by doping Mg into specific sites of Na 0.8CoO 2. Results from thermoelectric measurement demonstrate that the power factor was substantially increased by 50% at ambient. Experimental and theoretical analyses show that the occupation of divalent Mg in the disordered Na layer immobilizes the Na ions and thus induces a long-range ordering of Na ions. This phenomenon improves the carrier mobility significantly, giving rise to the observed exotic thermoelectric performance. Moreover, it is predicted that other electronically closed-shell dopants in sodium cobaltate play a similar role in enhancing the thermoelectric conversion efficiency.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1021/jp209343v"}, "_input_hash": -994117667, "_task_hash": -292568986, "tokens": [[{"text": "Simultaneous", "start": 0, "end": 12, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "enhancement", "start": 13, "end": 24, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 25, "end": 27, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 28, "end": 31, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "interdependent", "start": 32, "end": 46, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Seebeck", "start": 47, "end": 54, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "coefficient", "start": 55, "end": 66, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 67, "end": 70, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electrical", "start": 71, "end": 81, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "conductivity", "start": 82, "end": 94, 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+{"text": "In this paper, we have investigated the hydrophilic properties of the titania films doped with increasing chromium percentages (from 2.1 at.% till 4.0 at.%). Cr-doping induces an increase in the rutile weight %, a more compact structure, and a significant red shift of the TiO2 absorption edge, the last property being very important in the self cleaning applications. For the chosen Cr concentrations, the films did not show promising hydrophilic properties. To improve them, we have applied a novel surface modification method, reported in literature mainly for powders, namely, surface metallisation. We have observed that, by depositing Pt islands on the film with the highest Cr content, its hydrophilic properties improve for a certain metal coverage area. The explanation was based on FT-IR and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis, performed on the UV irradiated and non-irradiated films, which gives information on the relationship between hydrophilicity and the amount of the adsorbed hydroxyl groups.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1080/14786435.2016.1222085"}, "_input_hash": -518042192, "_task_hash": -1530504591, "tokens": [[{"text": "In", "start": 68, "end": 70, "id": 15, "annotation": null}, {"text": "this", "start": 71, "end": 75, "id": 16, "annotation": null}, {"text": "paper", "start": 76, "end": 81, "id": 17, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 82, "end": 83, "id": 18, "annotation": null}, {"text": "we", "start": 84, "end": 86, "id": 19, "annotation": null}, {"text": "have", "start": 87, "end": 91, "id": 20, "annotation": null}, {"text": "investigated", "start": 92, "end": 104, "id": 21, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 105, "end": 108, "id": 22, "annotation": null}, {"text": "hydrophilic", "start": 109, "end": 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+{"text": "Eu-doped aluminum nitride phosphors were successfully prepared using simple direct nitridation of a metallic aluminum and Eu2O3 powder mixture in flowing ammonia. AlN formed at reaction temperatures >900\u00b0C, and Eu3+ transformed into the secondary oxide phase EuAl2O4 in the nitridation condition. Phase pure AlN was obtained by post-heat treatment of the nitridated product at 1600\u00b0C for 3\u00a0h in a nitrogen atmosphere, with an Eu2+ doping concentration\u00a0<\u00a00.5%. The phosphors exhibited broad green emission centered at 521\u00a0nm under 363\u00a0nm excitation. The luminescence of the phosphor was significantly influenced by the post-heat treatment temperature, which affected the dissolution of Eu2+, phase purity, crystallinity, and particle size of the AlN host.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1002/bio.3282"}, "_input_hash": 1050203337, "_task_hash": 756237190, "tokens": [[{"text": "Eu", "start": 46, "end": 48, "id": 11, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 49, "end": 50, "id": 12, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 51, "end": 56, "id": 13, "annotation": null}, {"text": "aluminum", "start": 57, "end": 65, "id": 14, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "nitride", "start": 66, "end": 73, "id": 15, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "phosphors", "start": 74, "end": 83, "id": 16, "annotation": null}, {"text": "were", "start": 84, "end": 88, "id": 17, "annotation": null}, {"text": "successfully", "start": 89, "end": 101, "id": 18, "annotation": null}, {"text": "prepared", "start": 102, "end": 110, "id": 19, "annotation": null}, 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+{"text": "Dislocation generation in the initial stage of Czochralski-grown Si crystals doped with B in various concentrations was observed by means of X-ray topography. Slip dislocations were generated due to the thermal stress at the dipping stage in the seed and in a crystal doped with B in the concentration lower than 1\u00d71018 cm\u22123. Misfit dislocations were generated and penetrated into the crystal when the difference of B concentration between the seed and crystal was higher than \u22488\u00d71018 cm\u22123.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/S0921-5107(01)00991-6"}, "_input_hash": 858875985, "_task_hash": 2124999163, "tokens": [[{"text": "Dislocation", "start": 0, "end": 11, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "generation", "start": 12, "end": 22, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 23, "end": 25, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 26, "end": 29, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "initial", "start": 30, "end": 37, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "stage", "start": 38, "end": 43, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 44, "end": 46, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Czochralski", "start": 47, "end": 58, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 59, "end": 60, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "grown", "start": 61, "end": 66, "id": 9, 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 {"text": "We demonstrate the controlled doping of Sn into mesoporous TiO2 thin films, by a facile direct growth on conducting substrates (e.g. Ti) using the ligand-assisted evaporation-induced self-assembly method. The obtained Sn-doped mesoporous TiO2 thin films are polycrystalline with an anatase structure. The mesoporous TiO2 frameworks provide efficient ion transport pathways and structural stability for Li+ insertion. The in situ incorporation of Sn dopants into the mesoporous frameworks improves the charge transfer efficiency and the theoretical Li+ storage capacity of the electrode. In addition, the obtained mesoporous structures on Ti substrates provide close contact between the active material and the current collector, thus reducing the contact resistance and enhancing the charge transfer. As proof-of-concept, lithium-ion battery measurements of the Sn-doped mesoporous TiO2 thin film anodes with different Sn doping ratios show that the specific reversible capacity increases to a maximum with \u223c6% Sn doping ratio (\u223c252.5 mA h g\u22121 at 0.5 C) compared to our best pristine mesoporous TiO2 thin film anodes (100.8 mA h g\u22121 at 0.5 C), and then decreases at higher Sn doping ratios. Moreover, the Sn-doped mesoporous TiO2 thin films exhibit an excellent cycling stability, thus suggesting a potential approach for fabricating mesoporous oxide thin films with controlled doping for stable LIB storage.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1039/C3TA13198J"}, "_input_hash": -2057649722, "_task_hash": 937745443, "tokens": [[{"text": "We", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "demonstrate", "start": 3, "end": 14, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 15, "end": 18, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "controlled", "start": 19, "end": 29, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doping", "start": 30, "end": 36, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 37, "end": 39, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Sn", "start": 40, "end": 42, "id": 6, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "into", "start": 43, "end": 47, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "mesoporous", "start": 48, "end": 58, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "TiO2", 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 {"text": "Nowadays, experiments based on possible controlling of the electrical conductivity of ZnO material as thin film and nano-forms are in progress. To reach especially p-type ZnO remains a principal challenge for many of research teams. Also, there are still problems concerning the stability of the p-type conductivity of this binary oxide. Herein, we reported a first principal explanation under the well known Lattice Compatibility Theory (LCT) to a noticeable n/p shift of 3% vanadium doped ZnO sprayed thin films published recently [1]. This paper gives plausible understanding of this change of ZnO character found by means of ethanol gas sensing. Moreover, the photoluminescence study of V doped ZnO thin films reinforce the change in their electrical character because such doping may behave both as a donor and as an acceptor in ZnO matrix.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.jallcom.2016.08.294"}, "_input_hash": 1532703554, "_task_hash": 1309574454, "tokens": [[{"text": "Nowadays", "start": 0, "end": 8, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 9, "end": 10, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "experiments", "start": 11, "end": 22, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "based", "start": 23, "end": 28, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 29, "end": 31, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "possible", "start": 32, "end": 40, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "controlling", "start": 41, "end": 52, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 53, "end": 55, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 56, "end": 59, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electrical", "start": 60, 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-{"text": "We have measured and analyzed the extended fine structure on the Sn K-shell x-ray absorption spectra of GaAs and Ga0.7Al0.3As doped with \u223c5 x 1018 cm\u22123 Sn. Our results and their implications for the atomic structure of DX centers are discussed.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1007/BF02657409"}, "_input_hash": 187956393, "_task_hash": -1291141229, "tokens": [[{"text": "We", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "have", "start": 3, "end": 7, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "measured", "start": 8, "end": 16, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 17, "end": 20, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "analyzed", "start": 21, "end": 29, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 30, "end": 33, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "extended", "start": 34, "end": 42, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "fine", "start": 43, "end": 47, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "structure", "start": 48, "end": 57, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 58, "end": 60, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 61, "end": 64, "id": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Sn", "start": 65, "end": 67, "id": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "K", "start": 68, "end": 69, "id": 12, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 70, "end": 71, "id": 13, "annotation": null}, {"text": "shell", "start": 72, "end": 77, "id": 14, "annotation": null}, {"text": "x", "start": 78, "end": 79, "id": 15, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 80, "end": 81, "id": 16, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ray", "start": 82, "end": 85, "id": 17, "annotation": null}, {"text": "absorption", "start": 86, "end": 96, "id": 18, "annotation": null}, {"text": "spectra", "start": 97, "end": 104, "id": 19, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 105, "end": 107, "id": 20, "annotation": null}, {"text": "GaAs", "start": 108, "end": 112, "id": 21, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 113, "end": 116, "id": 22, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Ga0.7Al0.3As", "start": 117, "end": 129, "id": 23, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "doped", "start": 130, "end": 135, "id": 24, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 136, "end": 140, "id": 25, "annotation": null}, {"text": "\u223c5", "start": 141, "end": 143, "id": 26, "annotation": "DOPMODQ"}, {"text": "x", "start": 144, "end": 145, "id": 27, "annotation": null}, {"text": "1018", "start": 146, "end": 150, "id": 28, "annotation": null}, {"text": "cm\u22123", "start": 151, "end": 155, "id": 29, "annotation": "DOPMODQ"}, {"text": "Sn", "start": 156, "end": 158, "id": 30, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": ".", "start": 159, "end": 160, "id": 31, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "Our", "start": 161, "end": 164, "id": 32, "annotation": null}, {"text": "results", "start": 165, "end": 172, "id": 33, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 173, "end": 176, "id": 34, "annotation": null}, {"text": "their", "start": 177, "end": 182, "id": 35, "annotation": null}, {"text": "implications", "start": 183, "end": 195, "id": 36, "annotation": null}, {"text": "for", "start": 196, "end": 199, "id": 37, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 200, "end": 203, "id": 38, "annotation": null}, {"text": "atomic", "start": 204, "end": 210, "id": 39, "annotation": null}, {"text": "structure", "start": 211, "end": 220, "id": 40, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 221, "end": 223, "id": 41, "annotation": null}, {"text": "DX", "start": 224, "end": 226, "id": 42, "annotation": null}, {"text": "centers", "start": 227, "end": 234, "id": 43, "annotation": null}, {"text": "are", "start": 235, "end": 238, "id": 44, "annotation": null}, {"text": "discussed", "start": 239, "end": 248, "id": 45, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 249, "end": 250, "id": 46, "annotation": null}]], "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"]}
+{"text": "We have measured and analyzed the extended fine structure on the Sn K-shell x-ray absorption spectra of GaAs and Ga0.7Al0.3As doped with \u223c5 x 1018 cm\u22123 Sn. Our results and their implications for the atomic structure of DX centers are discussed.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1007/BF02657409"}, "_input_hash": 187956393, "_task_hash": -1291141229, "tokens": [[{"text": "We", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "have", "start": 3, "end": 7, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "measured", "start": 8, "end": 16, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 17, "end": 20, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "analyzed", "start": 21, "end": 29, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 30, "end": 33, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "extended", "start": 34, "end": 42, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "fine", "start": 43, "end": 47, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "structure", "start": 48, "end": 57, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 58, "end": 60, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 61, "end": 64, "id": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Sn", "start": 65, "end": 67, "id": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "K", "start": 68, "end": 69, "id": 12, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 70, "end": 71, "id": 13, "annotation": null}, {"text": "shell", "start": 72, "end": 77, "id": 14, "annotation": null}, {"text": "x", "start": 78, "end": 79, "id": 15, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 80, "end": 81, "id": 16, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ray", "start": 82, "end": 85, "id": 17, "annotation": null}, {"text": "absorption", "start": 86, "end": 96, "id": 18, "annotation": null}, {"text": "spectra", "start": 97, "end": 104, "id": 19, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 105, "end": 107, "id": 20, "annotation": null}, {"text": "GaAs", "start": 108, "end": 112, "id": 21, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 113, "end": 116, "id": 22, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Ga0.7Al0.3As", "start": 117, "end": 129, "id": 23, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "doped", "start": 130, "end": 135, "id": 24, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 136, "end": 140, "id": 25, "annotation": null}, {"text": "\u223c5", "start": 141, "end": 143, "id": 26, "annotation": "DOPMODQ"}, {"text": "x", "start": 144, "end": 145, "id": 27, "annotation": "DOPMODQ"}, {"text": "1018", "start": 146, "end": 150, "id": 28, "annotation": "DOPMODQ"}, {"text": "cm\u22123", "start": 151, "end": 155, "id": 29, "annotation": "DOPMODQ"}, {"text": "Sn", "start": 156, "end": 158, "id": 30, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": ".", "start": 159, "end": 160, "id": 31, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "Our", "start": 161, "end": 164, "id": 32, "annotation": null}, {"text": "results", "start": 165, "end": 172, "id": 33, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 173, "end": 176, "id": 34, "annotation": null}, {"text": "their", "start": 177, "end": 182, "id": 35, "annotation": null}, {"text": "implications", "start": 183, "end": 195, "id": 36, "annotation": null}, {"text": "for", "start": 196, "end": 199, "id": 37, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 200, "end": 203, "id": 38, "annotation": null}, {"text": "atomic", "start": 204, "end": 210, "id": 39, "annotation": null}, {"text": "structure", "start": 211, "end": 220, "id": 40, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 221, "end": 223, "id": 41, "annotation": null}, {"text": "DX", "start": 224, "end": 226, "id": 42, "annotation": null}, {"text": "centers", "start": 227, "end": 234, "id": 43, "annotation": null}, {"text": "are", "start": 235, "end": 238, "id": 44, "annotation": null}, {"text": "discussed", "start": 239, "end": 248, "id": 45, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 249, "end": 250, "id": 46, "annotation": null}]], "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"]}
 {"text": "Significant progress in the theoretical description of Mott-Hubbard metal-to-insulator transitions has been made in the last years, especially thanks to the LDA+DMFT approach (local density approximation + dynamical mean field theory). Obviously the main attention has been focused on the transition itself, as, for example, in the textbook case of the Cr-doped V 2O3. As we discuss here, however, also the study of the insulating phase, characterized by the opening of a visible Mott-Hubbard gap in the spectral functions is far from being trivial: Strong-correlation effects make this phase strongly sensitive to small changes of external parameters, much more than one would expect for an insulator. In this situation, requiring a full consistency of the theoretical calculations with data from different spectroscopies may provide the most precise estimate for the local Coulomb interaction U in the LDA+DMFT approach.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1088/1742-6596/200/1/012208"}, "_input_hash": 334284917, "_task_hash": -1454793155, "tokens": [[{"text": "Significant", "start": 0, "end": 11, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "progress", "start": 12, "end": 20, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 21, "end": 23, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 24, "end": 27, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "theoretical", "start": 28, "end": 39, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "description", "start": 40, "end": 51, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 52, "end": 54, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Mott", "start": 55, "end": 59, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 60, "end": 61, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, 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 {"text": "Pure and Al-doped macro-/nanoporous ZnO were synthesized via solution combustion method by using zincacetate dihydrate (Zn(CH3COO)2\u00b72H2O), zinc nitrate hexahydrate (Zn(NO3)26H2O), aluminum nitrate nonahydrate (Al(NO3)3\u00b79H2O), hydrazine hydrate (N2H4\u00b7H2O) and glycine (C2H5NO2) as precursors. The morphology, structure and catalytic properties of the as-synthesized macro-/nanoporous products were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV\u2013Vis spectroscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) nitrogen adsorption-desorption and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), respectively. Pure and Al-doped ZnO have coral-like shape with the pores size ranging from several nanometers to ten micrometers. The walls of the macropores contain smaller nanopores, exhibiting the hierarchically porous morphology. The catalytic activities of the as-synthesized samples were tested by measuring the degradation efficiency of azo dye Congo red (CR) under visible light, UV light and dark light, respectively. The results show excellent removal capacity for organic pollutants CR in wastewater. Macro-/nanoporous Al-ZnO with different contents of Al have better catalytic degradation efficiency than pure ZnO. The experimental results indicate the potential use of macro-/nanoporous Al-ZnO for catalytic degradation of Congo red dye in different environments, which provides a potentially low-cost alternative for the remediation of azo-dye effluents.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.ceramint.2016.09.041"}, "_input_hash": -2008870687, "_task_hash": 1718689474, "tokens": [[{"text": "Pure", "start": 0, "end": 4, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 5, "end": 8, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Al", "start": 9, "end": 11, "id": 2, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 12, "end": 13, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 14, "end": 19, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "macro-/nanoporous", "start": 20, "end": 37, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ZnO", "start": 38, "end": 41, "id": 6, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "were", "start": 42, "end": 46, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "synthesized", "start": 47, "end": 58, "id": 8, 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-{"text": "The enhanced intensity and lengthened lifetime of 1.54 \u03bcm emission were observed for Er:LiNbO3 crystal codoped with Zn2+ ions. The ZnO codoping led to the reduction of the green upconversion emission in Er:LiNbO3 crystals. The decay trace of the 4S 3/2\u21924I15/2 was obviously nonexponential for Er:LiNbO3 codoped with 0 and 3 mol. ZnO, but became exponential for one codoped with 6 mol. ZnO. The OH- absorption spectra showed after codoping with Zn2+ ions, the OH- absorption peaking position shifted from \u223c3495 to 3484 cm-1, and the absorption cross section decreased. These spectroscopic characteristics suggested that the improvement of 1.54 \u03bcm emission was attributed to the reduction of Er 3+ cluster sites.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/S1002-0721(10)60632-1"}, "_input_hash": 1549119873, "_task_hash": 1930904732, "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "enhanced", "start": 4, "end": 12, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "intensity", "start": 13, "end": 22, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 23, "end": 26, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "lengthened", "start": 27, "end": 37, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "lifetime", "start": 38, "end": 46, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 47, "end": 49, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "1.54", "start": 50, "end": 54, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "\u03bcm", "start": 55, "end": 57, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "emission", "start": 58, "end": 66, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, 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-{"text": "Vanadium-doped strontium germanate with rod-shaped morphology and different vanadium contents has been synthesized by a facile hydrothermal process. The obtained vanadium-doped strontium germanate has been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and ultraviolet (UV) diffuse reflectance spectra. The phase of the vanadium-doped strontium germanate depends on the vanadium content. SEM observations show that the vanadium-doped strontium germanate comprises a rod-shaped morphology with diameter and length of nanoscale/microscale size and longer than 10 \u03bcm, respectively. The band gap of the vanadium-doped strontium germanate depends on the vanadium content and increases significantly from 2.74 eV to 3.02 eV with the vanadium content increasing from 1 wt% to 10 wt%. Vanadium-doped strontium germanate shows highly efficient photocatalytic activity for the degradation of methylene blue under sunlight irradiation. The results show that vanadium-doped strontium germanate is very promising for visible-light photocatalytic applications. 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+{"text": "The enhanced intensity and lengthened lifetime of 1.54 \u03bcm emission were observed for Er:LiNbO3 crystal codoped with Zn2+ ions. The ZnO codoping led to the reduction of the green upconversion emission in Er:LiNbO3 crystals. The decay trace of the 4S 3/2\u21924I15/2 was obviously nonexponential for Er:LiNbO3 codoped with 0 and 3 mol. ZnO, but became exponential for one codoped with 6 mol. ZnO. The OH- absorption spectra showed after codoping with Zn2+ ions, the OH- absorption peaking position shifted from \u223c3495 to 3484 cm-1, and the absorption cross section decreased. These spectroscopic characteristics suggested that the improvement of 1.54 \u03bcm emission was attributed to the reduction of Er 3+ cluster sites.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/S1002-0721(10)60632-1"}, "_input_hash": 1549119873, "_task_hash": 1930904732, "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "enhanced", "start": 4, "end": 12, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "intensity", "start": 13, "end": 22, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 23, "end": 26, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "lengthened", "start": 27, "end": 37, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "lifetime", "start": 38, "end": 46, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 47, "end": 49, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "1.54", "start": 50, "end": 54, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "\u03bcm", "start": 55, "end": 57, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "emission", "start": 58, "end": 66, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, 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+{"text": "Vanadium-doped strontium germanate with rod-shaped morphology and different vanadium contents has been synthesized by a facile hydrothermal process. The obtained vanadium-doped strontium germanate has been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and ultraviolet (UV) diffuse reflectance spectra. The phase of the vanadium-doped strontium germanate depends on the vanadium content. SEM observations show that the vanadium-doped strontium germanate comprises a rod-shaped morphology with diameter and length of nanoscale/microscale size and longer than 10 \u03bcm, respectively. The band gap of the vanadium-doped strontium germanate depends on the vanadium content and increases significantly from 2.74 eV to 3.02 eV with the vanadium content increasing from 1 wt% to 10 wt%. Vanadium-doped strontium germanate shows highly efficient photocatalytic activity for the degradation of methylene blue under sunlight irradiation. The results show that vanadium-doped strontium germanate is very promising for visible-light photocatalytic applications. 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-{"text": "This paper investigated resistivity and dielectric properties of magnesium doped BaTiO3. Influence of variable doping concentration and Ba/Ti ratio on densification, microstructure, resistivity and dielectric properties was studied. Ceramics sintered in pure nitrogen had higher apparent density than that of ceramics sintered in air. Second phase occurred when Mg doping concentration was greater than 2\u00a0mol%. Ceramics sintered in pure nitrogen had higher resistivity than ceramics sintered in air when A/B ratio \u22651. When Ba/Ti ratio was equal to 1.01, resistivity of the samples sintered in pure nitrogen increased with doping concentration increasing. Dielectric constant changed little with doping concentration increasing, but leakage conductivity decreased much. 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+{"text": "This paper investigated resistivity and dielectric properties of magnesium doped BaTiO3. Influence of variable doping concentration and Ba/Ti ratio on densification, microstructure, resistivity and dielectric properties was studied. Ceramics sintered in pure nitrogen had higher apparent density than that of ceramics sintered in air. Second phase occurred when Mg doping concentration was greater than 2\u00a0mol%. Ceramics sintered in pure nitrogen had higher resistivity than ceramics sintered in air when A/B ratio \u22651. When Ba/Ti ratio was equal to 1.01, resistivity of the samples sintered in pure nitrogen increased with doping concentration increasing. Dielectric constant changed little with doping concentration increasing, but leakage conductivity decreased much. 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 {"text": "Phosphors based on the Li1+xTa1\u2212xTixO3 solid solutions (0.05\u2264x\u22640.25) as host materials were investigated. The optimal composition of the host for red-light emitting phosphor was found to be Li1.11Ta0.89Ti0.11O3 (x=0.11) when activated with Eu3+. In this work, in order to further enhance the emission intensity, a series of Eu3+- and Sm3+-doped Li1.11Ta0.89Ti0.11O3 phosphors was synthesized by solid-state reaction. The phosphor doped with 2.5wt% Eu2O3 and 0.1wt% Sm2O3 showed the highly efficient red-light emission upon excitation at 399nm, with the internal quantum efficiency being 98%. Its PL intensity was ca. 1.4 times higher than that of the 2.5wt% Eu3+-doped Li1.11Ta0.89Ti0.11O3 phosphor, indicating that the small amount of Sm3+ acted as an effective sensitizer.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.materresbull.2014.09.059"}, "_input_hash": -1419249661, "_task_hash": 1604474560, "tokens": [[{"text": "Phosphors", "start": 0, "end": 9, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "based", "start": 10, "end": 15, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 16, "end": 18, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 19, "end": 22, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Li1+xTa1\u2212xTixO3", "start": 23, "end": 38, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "solid", "start": 39, "end": 44, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "solutions", "start": 45, "end": 54, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 55, "end": 56, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "0.05\u2264x\u22640.25", "start": 57, "end": 68, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", 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 {"text": "Gadolinium doped ceria (GDC) has been investigated as a promising material for application as an electrolyte in intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFC). In this work, 10GDC powders (Gd0.1Ce0.9O1.95) were synthesized by sol\u2013gel combustion and sol\u2013gel synthesis routes using the same complexing agents in both procedures. The thermal behavior of Gd\u2013Ce\u2013O precursor gels was investigated by TG\u2013DSC measurements. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was used for the characterization of phase purity and crystallinity of synthesized samples. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed for the estimation of surface morphological features. Nitrogen adsorption\u2013desorption (BET model) was used for evaluation of specific surface area. The surface composition was determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Electrical properties of synthesized ceramic samples were studied by means of impedance spectroscopy.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.ceramint.2015.11.066"}, "_input_hash": -919786758, "_task_hash": -1892978527, "tokens": [[{"text": "Gadolinium", "start": 0, "end": 10, "id": 0, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "doped", "start": 11, "end": 16, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ceria", "start": 17, "end": 22, "id": 2, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "(", "start": 23, "end": 24, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "GDC", "start": 25, "end": 28, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 29, "end": 30, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "has", "start": 31, "end": 34, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "been", "start": 35, "end": 39, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "investigated", "start": 40, "end": 52, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "as", "start": 53, "end": 55, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 56, "end": 57, "id": 10, 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 {"text": "The hydrogen storage properties of newly designed Sc- and Ti-decorated covalent organic frameworks, (C6H3)2(B2C4H4)3M6 (MSc, Ti), were investigated using density functional theory method. We found that each doped Sc atom can effectively adsorb 4 H2 with the average adsorption energy being in a range from 0.21 to 0.34eV. On the doped Ti atoms, the first H2 is dissociated and other H2 molecules have small, or even negative consecutive adsorption energy. Our calculation results showed that the Sc-decorated (C6H3)2(B2C4H4)3Sc6 covalent organic frameworks can adsorb 24 hydrogen molecules, which give a hydrogen storage capacity of 7.02wt% under ambient condition.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.commatsci.2017.05.017"}, "_input_hash": 989546225, "_task_hash": 219375998, "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "hydrogen", "start": 4, "end": 12, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "storage", "start": 13, "end": 20, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "properties", "start": 21, "end": 31, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 32, "end": 34, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "newly", "start": 35, "end": 40, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "designed", "start": 41, "end": 49, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Sc-", "start": 50, "end": 53, "id": 7, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "and", "start": 54, "end": 57, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Ti", 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@@ -441,11 +441,11 @@
 {"text": "La-doped \u03b3-Al2O3 supported Au catalysts show high activity and selectivity for the PROX reaction under PEMFC operation conditions. The superior performance is attributed to the formation of LaAlO3, which suppresses H2 oxidation and strengthens CO adsorption on Au sites, thereby improving competitive oxidation of CO at elevated temperature.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1039/C3CC49193E"}, "_input_hash": 2006123685, "_task_hash": -1583017209, "tokens": [[{"text": "La", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 3, "end": 4, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 5, "end": 10, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "\u03b3", "start": 11, "end": 12, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 13, "end": 14, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Al2O3", "start": 15, "end": 20, "id": 5, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "supported", "start": 21, "end": 30, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Au", "start": 31, "end": 33, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "catalysts", "start": 34, "end": 43, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "show", "start": 44, "end": 48, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "high", "start": 49, "end": 53, "id": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "activity", "start": 54, "end": 62, "id": 11, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 63, "end": 66, "id": 12, "annotation": null}, {"text": "selectivity", "start": 67, "end": 78, "id": 13, "annotation": null}, {"text": "for", "start": 79, "end": 82, "id": 14, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 83, "end": 86, "id": 15, "annotation": null}, {"text": "PROX", "start": 87, "end": 91, "id": 16, "annotation": null}, {"text": "reaction", "start": 92, "end": 100, "id": 17, "annotation": null}, {"text": "under", "start": 101, "end": 106, "id": 18, "annotation": null}, {"text": "PEMFC", "start": 107, "end": 112, "id": 19, "annotation": null}, {"text": "operation", "start": 113, "end": 122, "id": 20, "annotation": null}, {"text": "conditions", "start": 123, "end": 133, "id": 21, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 134, "end": 135, "id": 22, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "The", "start": 136, "end": 139, "id": 23, "annotation": null}, {"text": "superior", "start": 140, "end": 148, "id": 24, "annotation": null}, {"text": "performance", "start": 149, "end": 160, "id": 25, "annotation": null}, {"text": "is", "start": 161, "end": 163, "id": 26, "annotation": null}, {"text": "attributed", "start": 164, "end": 174, "id": 27, "annotation": null}, {"text": "to", "start": 175, "end": 177, "id": 28, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 178, "end": 181, "id": 29, "annotation": null}, {"text": "formation", "start": 182, "end": 191, "id": 30, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 192, "end": 194, "id": 31, "annotation": null}, {"text": "LaAlO3", "start": 195, "end": 201, "id": 32, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 202, "end": 203, "id": 33, "annotation": null}, {"text": "which", "start": 204, "end": 209, "id": 34, "annotation": null}, {"text": "suppresses", "start": 210, "end": 220, "id": 35, "annotation": null}, {"text": "H2", "start": 221, "end": 223, "id": 36, "annotation": null}, {"text": "oxidation", "start": 224, "end": 233, "id": 37, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 234, "end": 237, "id": 38, "annotation": null}, {"text": "strengthens", "start": 238, "end": 249, "id": 39, "annotation": null}, {"text": "CO", "start": 250, "end": 252, "id": 40, "annotation": null}, {"text": "adsorption", "start": 253, "end": 263, "id": 41, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 264, "end": 266, "id": 42, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Au", "start": 267, "end": 269, "id": 43, "annotation": null}, {"text": "sites", "start": 270, "end": 275, "id": 44, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 276, "end": 277, "id": 45, "annotation": null}, {"text": "thereby", "start": 278, "end": 285, "id": 46, "annotation": null}, {"text": "improving", "start": 286, "end": 295, "id": 47, "annotation": null}, {"text": "competitive", "start": 296, "end": 307, "id": 48, "annotation": null}, {"text": "oxidation", "start": 308, "end": 317, "id": 49, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 318, "end": 320, "id": 50, "annotation": null}, {"text": "CO", "start": 321, "end": 323, "id": 51, "annotation": null}, {"text": "at", "start": 324, "end": 326, "id": 52, "annotation": null}, {"text": "elevated", "start": 327, "end": 335, "id": 53, "annotation": null}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 336, "end": 347, "id": 54, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 348, "end": 349, "id": 55, "annotation": null}]], "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"]}
 {"text": "We have studied the impact of temperature and pressure on the structural and electronic properties of Ge:P layers grown with GeH4+PH3 on thick Ge buffers, themselves on Si(001). The maximum phosphorous atomic concentration [P] exponentially decreased as the growth temperature increased, irrespective of pressure (20Torr, 100Torr or 250Torr). The highest values were however achieved at 100Torr (3.6\u00d71020cm\u22123 at 400\u00b0C, 2.5\u00d71019cm\u22123 at 600\u00b0C and 1019cm\u22123 at 750\u00b0C). P atomic depth profiles, \u201cbox-like\u201d at 400\u00b0C, became trapezoidal at 600\u00b0C and 750\u00b0C, most likely because of surface segregation. The increase at 100Torr of [P] with the PH3 mass-flow, almost linear at 400\u00b0C, saturated quite rapidly at much lower values at 600\u00b0C and 750\u00b0C. Adding PH3 had however almost no impact on the Ge growth rate (be it at 400\u00b0C or 750\u00b0C). A growth temperature of 400\u00b0C yielded Ge:P layers tensily-strained on the Ge buffers underneath, with a very high concentration of substitutional P atoms (5.4\u00d71020cm\u22123). Such layers were however rough and of rather low crystalline quality in X-ray Diffraction. Ge:P layers grown at 600\u00b0C and 750\u00b0C had the same lattice parameter and smooth surface morphology as the Ge:B buffers underneath, most likely because of lower P atomic concentrations (2.5\u00d71019cm\u22123 and 1019cm\u22123, respectively). Four point probe measurements showed that almost all P atoms were electrically active at 600\u00b0C and 750\u00b0C (1/4th at 400\u00b0C). Finally, room temperature photoluminescence measurements confirmed that high temperature Ge:P layers were of high optical quality, with a direct bandgap peak either slightly less intense (750\u00b0C) or more intense (600\u00b0C) than similar thickness intrinsic Ge layers. In contrast, highly phosphorous-doped Ge layers grown at 400\u00b0C were of poor optical quality, in line with structural and electrical results.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2012.03.023"}, "_input_hash": -1606300209, "_task_hash": -1207187679, "tokens": [[{"text": "We", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "have", "start": 3, "end": 7, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "studied", "start": 8, "end": 15, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 16, "end": 19, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "impact", "start": 20, "end": 26, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 27, "end": 29, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "temperature", "start": 30, "end": 41, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 42, "end": 45, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "pressure", "start": 46, "end": 54, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "on", "start": 55, "end": 57, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", 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The origin of the donors in ZnO is discussed by comparing their characteristics found in Mn-doped ZnO with those observed in other ZnO varistor systems.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/S0254-0584(02)00063-9"}, "_input_hash": 683476259, "_task_hash": -1188961009, "tokens": [[{"text": "In", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "a", "start": 3, "end": 4, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "previous", "start": 5, "end": 13, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "work", "start": 14, "end": 18, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 19, "end": 20, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "significant", "start": 21, "end": 32, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "varistor", "start": 33, "end": 41, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "behaviour", "start": 42, "end": 51, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "was", "start": 52, "end": 55, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "found", "start": 56, "end": 61, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": 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-{"text": "By co-sputtering Cu and FePt onto Cr90Mo10 underlayers, the preferred orientation and easy axis of magnetic anisotropy of FePt films were successfully changed from the perpendicular to the in-plane direction. The pure FePt film grown on the Cr90Mo10 underlayer showed a (001) preferred orientation with out-of-plane magnetic anisotropy. As 20 and 40 vol.% Cu were doped, the FePt films showed a (200) preferred orientation with in-plane magnetic anisotropy. The pure FePt film showed a continuous microstructure, while the Cu-doped FePt films showed a mixture of particle-like and continuous microstructures. The change of the preferred orientation in the FePt films by Cu doping might be due to the competition of grain-boundary energy, surface free energy and epitaxial-strain energy. The experimental results suggest that the Cu doping be a promising method for the fabrication of the in-plane oriented FePt films. 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+{"text": "By co-sputtering Cu and FePt onto Cr90Mo10 underlayers, the preferred orientation and easy axis of magnetic anisotropy of FePt films were successfully changed from the perpendicular to the in-plane direction. The pure FePt film grown on the Cr90Mo10 underlayer showed a (001) preferred orientation with out-of-plane magnetic anisotropy. As 20 and 40 vol.% Cu were doped, the FePt films showed a (200) preferred orientation with in-plane magnetic anisotropy. The pure FePt film showed a continuous microstructure, while the Cu-doped FePt films showed a mixture of particle-like and continuous microstructures. The change of the preferred orientation in the FePt films by Cu doping might be due to the competition of grain-boundary energy, surface free energy and epitaxial-strain energy. The experimental results suggest that the Cu doping be a promising method for the fabrication of the in-plane oriented FePt films. The Cu-doped FePt films had a lower Ms than the pure FePt film.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.surfcoat.2004.10.080"}, "_input_hash": -1765082222, "_task_hash": 1817285993, "tokens": [[{"text": "By", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "co", "start": 3, "end": 5, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 6, "end": 7, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "sputtering", "start": 8, "end": 18, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Cu", "start": 19, "end": 21, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 22, "end": 25, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "FePt", "start": 26, "end": 30, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "onto", "start": 31, "end": 35, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Cr90Mo10", "start": 36, "end": 44, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "underlayers", "start": 45, "end": 56, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 57, "end": 58, "id": 10, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 59, "end": 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 {"text": "The present work analyses bimetallic Cu\u2013Fe formulations combined with CeO2 or other structurally related mixed oxides resulting from doping of the former with Gd or Tb, focusing to its possible use as anodes of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) for direct oxidation of methane. The main objective is the characterization of the various formulations at structural level as well as with regard to redox changes taking place in the systems upon interaction with methane, in order to evaluate the effects induced by the presence of the mentioned dopants. In the same sense, an analysis of thermal expansion and electrical properties of the systems as well as their chemical compatibilities with several electrolytic materials is performed, considering its possible implantation in SOFC single cells. For the mentioned purposes, the systems have been analysed by means of CH4-TPR tests subsequently followed by TPO tests, as well as by XRD, Raman and XPS, with the aim of exploring structural and redox changes produced in the systems and the formation of carbon deposits during interaction with methane. The results reveal significant modifications in the structural, catalytic/redox and electrical properties of the systems as a function of the presence of Fe and/or Gd and Tb dopants in the formulation.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.10.042"}, "_input_hash": -725759298, "_task_hash": -800613090, "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "present", "start": 4, "end": 11, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "work", "start": 12, "end": 16, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "analyses", "start": 17, "end": 25, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "bimetallic", "start": 26, "end": 36, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Cu", "start": 37, "end": 39, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "\u2013", "start": 40, "end": 41, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Fe", "start": 42, "end": 44, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "formulations", "start": 45, "end": 57, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "combined", 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-{"text": "Hydroxyapatite (HAp) samples doped with 0, 2 and 4at.% of yttrium (Y) were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy attached with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, antimicrobial activity tests and dielectric studies. The hydroxyl groups observed in FTIR spectra confirmed the formation of HAp phase in the studied samples. The crystallite size, crystallinity degree and lattice parameters of the samples were changed with Y content. The volume of the unit cell was gradually decreased with the addition of Y. Undoped and Y-containing HAp samples were screened to determine their in vitro antimicrobial activities against the standard strains. It was found that no samples have any antimicrobial effect. The relative dielectric permittivity and dielectric loss are affected by Y content. 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+{"text": "Hydroxyapatite (HAp) samples doped with 0, 2 and 4at.% of yttrium (Y) were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy attached with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, antimicrobial activity tests and dielectric studies. The hydroxyl groups observed in FTIR spectra confirmed the formation of HAp phase in the studied samples. The crystallite size, crystallinity degree and lattice parameters of the samples were changed with Y content. The volume of the unit cell was gradually decreased with the addition of Y. Undoped and Y-containing HAp samples were screened to determine their in vitro antimicrobial activities against the standard strains. It was found that no samples have any antimicrobial effect. The relative dielectric permittivity and dielectric loss are affected by Y content. 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 {"text": "Zinc oxide nanocrystals, pure and doped with transition metal ions, have been synthesized using colloidal techniques; after purification and concentration protocols, the ZnO solutions are mixed with monodisperse Au colloidal suspensions and used for thin film depositions. The effect of the dopant ions on the structural, morphological and optical properties of the as-synthesized colloids as well as the nanocomposite thin films has been analyzed and discussed. The dopant presence has been found to affect the CO optical sensing properties of the nanocomposite ZnO\u2013Au films: compared to pure ZnO, an increase in sensitivity up to 80% and 55% has been detected for Co-doped and Mn-doped ZnO respectively, while Ni-doped ZnO films show only minor improvements. This observation has been ascribed to the multiple oxidation states of cobalt and manganese ions that can facilitate electron transfer between the target gas and semiconductive oxide matrix, and also to the lower surface concentration of Ni ions inside ZnO crystals, as compared to Co and Mn. A fast and reversible response after repeated CO exposures has been detected for all tested samples, and a linear response intensity with the order of magnitude of CO concentration has been observed in the 10\u201310,000ppm range, with a lower detection limit of 1\u20132ppm.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.snb.2011.11.011"}, "_input_hash": 1311119326, "_task_hash": -1559096645, "tokens": [[{"text": "Zinc", "start": 0, "end": 4, "id": 0, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "oxide", "start": 5, "end": 10, "id": 1, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "nanocrystals", "start": 11, "end": 23, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 24, "end": 25, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "pure", "start": 26, "end": 30, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 31, "end": 34, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 35, "end": 40, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 41, "end": 45, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "transition", 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 {"text": "The single-phase ZnAl2O4 phosphors with various components of Mn2+ dopant were fabricated by using hydrothermal method. The phosphors has been characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), photoluminescence (PL) spectra and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The results of XRD and TEM measurements showed that the resultant nanoparticles were single crystal with octahedral and hexagonal shape, and after annealed, this shape had change. Green emission was observed from doped zinc aluminate with 427nm excitation. The temperature-dependant PL spectra revealed two emission peaks which exhibited different shifting tendency with a decrease in temperature. The room-temperature hysteresis loops of zinc aluminate nanoparticles showed magnetic behavior, and the magnetism disappeared gradually with the increase of Mn2+ doping contents.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.jpcs.2013.03.012"}, "_input_hash": -1808303082, "_task_hash": -1150166075, "tokens": [[{"text": "The", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "single", "start": 4, "end": 10, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 11, "end": 12, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "phase", "start": 13, "end": 18, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ZnAl2O4", "start": 19, "end": 26, "id": 4, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "phosphors", "start": 27, "end": 36, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 37, "end": 41, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "various", "start": 42, "end": 49, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": "components", "start": 50, "end": 60, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 61, "end": 63, "id": 9, 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 {"text": "ZnO thin films co-doped with boron and fluorine (B, F\u2013ZnO) were deposited by the electrospraying method onto a heated glass substrate. The characteristics of the films were investigated as a function of dopant concentrations in the solution. X-ray diffraction studies revealed that all the prepared films were polycrystalline in nature and exhibited the ZnO hexagonal wurtzite structure with preferential orientation along the (002) crystal plane. In addition, shift in the XRD patterns was observed and the crystal orientation was changed at a certain amount of fluorine (>6at%) in the starting solution. Analyses of X-ray diffraction and X-ray energy dispersive patterns demonstrate that fluorine and boron have been successfully doped into the ZnO thin films. Like these studies, the scanning electron micrographs showed that the grain size tends to decrease by the addition of fluorine. It was also observed that 2at% boron and 6at% fluorine was the optimal amount in order to achieve the minimum resistivity and maximum transmittance. The minimum value of resistivity of about 1.01\u00d710\u22124\u03a9cm and high optical transmittance of 98% in the visible region were obtained for 2at% boron and 6at% fluorine co-doped ZnO films. Moreover, the present values of resistivities are closest to the lowest resistivity values among the doped ZnO films and also closer to the indium tin oxide (ITO) resistivities that were previously reported. We confirmed that the boron and fluorine atoms substitution in the ZnO lattice imparts positive effects in terms of enhancing the free carrier concentration and density of films, which will further improve the electrical and optical properties. The films produced at optimum conditions are suitable for optical and electrical applications owing to their low resistivity and high optical transmittance in the visible range.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2012.08.018"}, "_input_hash": -351720990, "_task_hash": 2007476978, "tokens": [[{"text": "ZnO", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "thin", "start": 4, "end": 8, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "films", "start": 9, "end": 14, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "co", "start": 15, "end": 17, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 18, "end": 19, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 20, "end": 25, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 26, "end": 30, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "boron", "start": 31, "end": 36, "id": 7, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "and", "start": 37, "end": 40, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "fluorine", "start": 41, "end": 49, "id": 9, 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 {"text": "In the present paper, we report the phenomena of the formation of the novel composite nanostructures based on TiO2 nanotubes (NTs) over-grown by thin boron-doped diamond (BDD) film produced in Microwave Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PE MWCVD). The TiO2 nanotube array overgrown by boron-doped diamond immersed in 0.1 M NaNO3 can deliver high specific capacitance of 7.46 mF cm\u22122. The composite electrodes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. The depth-resolved investigations reveal that the primary anatase structure of TiO2 NTs was partially transformed into Ti2O3 and non-stoichiometric TiC fractions. The explanation for this effect is the decomposing of TiO2 NTs in the presence of activated hydrogen and carbon in the plasma leading to enhanced dehydration of NTs and carbon bonding originating from dissociated methane. This phenomena description fits also to processes demonstrated at hydrogenated TiO2 (H-TiO2) nanotube arrays used as electrode material for supercapacitors. Nevertheless, the increase of electrochemical performance can be attributed to several reasons: (1) the unique morphology of titania nanotubes and columnar BDD with intergrain defects and valley increasing specific area of electrode and (2) presence of TiC and Ti2O3 fractions introducing additional capacitance.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1149/2.0551510jes"}, "_input_hash": 1999449449, "_task_hash": -1607884667, "tokens": [[{"text": "In", "start": 0, "end": 2, "id": 0, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 3, "end": 6, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "present", "start": 7, "end": 14, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "paper", "start": 15, "end": 20, "id": 3, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 21, "end": 22, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "we", "start": 23, "end": 25, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "report", "start": 26, "end": 32, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 33, "end": 36, "id": 7, "annotation": null}, {"text": 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-{"text": "Tin-doped NiO thin films (5.0, 7.4, and 9.3at.% Sn) have been prepared by thermal oxidation of vacuum deposited films of pure Ni and Sn elements on glass and silicon substrates. The prepared films were comprehensively characterised by X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, UV\u2013VIS-NIR absorption spectroscopy, and electrical (ac and dc) measurements. Experimental data indicate that Sn4+ doping slightly stress the host NiO crystalline structure and change the optical and electrical properties. The electrical and optical behaviours of the Sn-doped NiO films show that they are wide-band semiconductors with band gap 3.69\u20133.76eV and have insulating properties. The ac and dc electrical measurements show that it is possible to use Sn-doped NiO as an optical-sensitive oxide in metal-oxide-silicon configurations.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2011.09.028"}, "_input_hash": -726403425, "_task_hash": 1265161648, "tokens": [[{"text": "Tin", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 4, "end": 5, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 6, "end": 11, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "NiO", "start": 12, "end": 15, "id": 3, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "thin", "start": 16, "end": 20, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "films", "start": 21, "end": 26, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 27, "end": 28, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "5.0", "start": 29, "end": 32, "id": 7, "annotation": "DOPMODQ"}, {"text": ",", "start": 33, "end": 34, "id": 8, "annotation": null}, {"text": "7.4", "start": 35, "end": 38, "id": 9, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", 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"id": 142, "annotation": null}, {"text": "sensitive", "start": 791, "end": 800, "id": 143, "annotation": null}, {"text": "oxide", "start": 801, "end": 806, "id": 144, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 807, "end": 809, "id": 145, "annotation": null}, {"text": "metal", "start": 810, "end": 815, "id": 146, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 816, "end": 817, "id": 147, "annotation": null}, {"text": "oxide", "start": 818, "end": 823, "id": 148, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 824, "end": 825, "id": 149, "annotation": null}, {"text": "silicon", "start": 826, "end": 833, "id": 150, "annotation": null}, {"text": "configurations", "start": 834, "end": 848, "id": 151, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 849, "end": 850, "id": 152, "annotation": null}]], "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"]}
\ No newline at end of file
+{"text": "Tin-doped NiO thin films (5.0, 7.4, and 9.3at.% Sn) have been prepared by thermal oxidation of vacuum deposited films of pure Ni and Sn elements on glass and silicon substrates. The prepared films were comprehensively characterised by X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, UV\u2013VIS-NIR absorption spectroscopy, and electrical (ac and dc) measurements. Experimental data indicate that Sn4+ doping slightly stress the host NiO crystalline structure and change the optical and electrical properties. The electrical and optical behaviours of the Sn-doped NiO films show that they are wide-band semiconductors with band gap 3.69\u20133.76eV and have insulating properties. The ac and dc electrical measurements show that it is possible to use Sn-doped NiO as an optical-sensitive oxide in metal-oxide-silicon configurations.", "meta": {"doi": "10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2011.09.028"}, "_input_hash": -726403425, "_task_hash": 1265161648, "tokens": [[{"text": "Tin", "start": 0, "end": 3, "id": 0, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 4, "end": 5, "id": 1, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 6, "end": 11, "id": 2, "annotation": null}, {"text": "NiO", "start": 12, "end": 15, "id": 3, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "thin", "start": 16, "end": 20, "id": 4, "annotation": null}, {"text": "films", "start": 21, "end": 26, "id": 5, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 27, "end": 28, "id": 6, "annotation": null}, {"text": "5.0", "start": 29, "end": 32, "id": 7, "annotation": "DOPMODQ"}, {"text": ",", "start": 33, "end": 34, "id": 8, "annotation": "DOPMODQ"}, {"text": "7.4", "start": 35, "end": 38, "id": 9, "annotation": "DOPMODQ"}, {"text": 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[{"text": "The", "start": 185, "end": 188, "id": 37, "annotation": null}, {"text": "prepared", "start": 189, "end": 197, "id": 38, "annotation": null}, {"text": "films", "start": 198, "end": 203, "id": 39, "annotation": null}, {"text": "were", "start": 204, "end": 208, "id": 40, "annotation": null}, {"text": "comprehensively", "start": 209, "end": 224, "id": 41, "annotation": null}, {"text": "characterised", "start": 225, "end": 238, "id": 42, "annotation": null}, {"text": "by", "start": 239, "end": 241, "id": 43, "annotation": null}, {"text": "X", "start": 242, "end": 243, "id": 44, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 244, "end": 245, "id": 45, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ray", "start": 246, "end": 249, "id": 46, "annotation": null}, {"text": "fluorescence", "start": 250, "end": 262, "id": 47, "annotation": null}, {"text": ",", "start": 263, "end": 264, "id": 48, "annotation": null}, {"text": "X", "start": 265, "end": 266, "id": 49, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", 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342, "id": 63, "annotation": null}, {"text": "(", "start": 343, "end": 344, "id": 64, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ac", "start": 345, "end": 347, "id": 65, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 348, "end": 351, "id": 66, "annotation": null}, {"text": "dc", "start": 352, "end": 354, "id": 67, "annotation": null}, {"text": ")", "start": 355, "end": 356, "id": 68, "annotation": null}, {"text": "measurements", "start": 357, "end": 369, "id": 69, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 370, "end": 371, "id": 70, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "Experimental", "start": 372, "end": 384, "id": 71, "annotation": null}, {"text": "data", "start": 385, "end": 389, "id": 72, "annotation": null}, {"text": "indicate", "start": 390, "end": 398, "id": 73, "annotation": null}, {"text": "that", "start": 399, "end": 403, "id": 74, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Sn4", "start": 404, "end": 407, "id": 75, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "+", "start": 408, "end": 409, "id": 76, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "doping", "start": 410, "end": 416, "id": 77, "annotation": null}, {"text": "slightly", "start": 417, "end": 425, "id": 78, "annotation": null}, {"text": "stress", "start": 426, "end": 432, "id": 79, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 433, "end": 436, "id": 80, "annotation": null}, {"text": "host", "start": 437, "end": 441, "id": 81, "annotation": null}, {"text": "NiO", "start": 442, "end": 445, "id": 82, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "crystalline", "start": 446, "end": 457, "id": 83, "annotation": null}, {"text": "structure", "start": 458, "end": 467, "id": 84, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 468, "end": 471, "id": 85, "annotation": null}, {"text": "change", "start": 472, "end": 478, "id": 86, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 479, "end": 482, "id": 87, "annotation": null}, {"text": "optical", "start": 483, "end": 490, "id": 88, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 491, "end": 494, "id": 89, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electrical", "start": 495, "end": 505, "id": 90, "annotation": null}, {"text": "properties", "start": 506, "end": 516, "id": 91, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 517, "end": 518, "id": 92, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "The", "start": 519, "end": 522, "id": 93, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electrical", "start": 523, "end": 533, "id": 94, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 534, "end": 537, "id": 95, "annotation": null}, {"text": "optical", "start": 538, "end": 545, "id": 96, "annotation": null}, {"text": "behaviours", "start": 546, "end": 556, "id": 97, "annotation": null}, {"text": "of", "start": 557, "end": 559, "id": 98, "annotation": null}, {"text": "the", "start": 560, "end": 563, "id": 99, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Sn", "start": 564, "end": 566, "id": 100, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 567, "end": 568, "id": 101, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 569, "end": 574, "id": 102, "annotation": null}, {"text": "NiO", "start": 575, "end": 578, "id": 103, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "films", "start": 579, "end": 584, "id": 104, "annotation": null}, {"text": "show", "start": 585, "end": 589, "id": 105, "annotation": null}, {"text": "that", "start": 590, "end": 594, "id": 106, "annotation": null}, {"text": "they", "start": 595, "end": 599, "id": 107, "annotation": null}, {"text": "are", "start": 600, "end": 603, "id": 108, "annotation": null}, {"text": "wide", "start": 604, "end": 608, "id": 109, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 609, "end": 610, "id": 110, "annotation": null}, {"text": "band", "start": 611, "end": 615, "id": 111, "annotation": null}, {"text": "semiconductors", "start": 616, "end": 630, "id": 112, "annotation": null}, {"text": "with", "start": 631, "end": 635, "id": 113, "annotation": null}, {"text": "band", "start": 636, "end": 640, "id": 114, "annotation": null}, {"text": "gap", "start": 641, "end": 644, "id": 115, "annotation": null}, {"text": "3.69\u20133.76eV", "start": 645, "end": 656, "id": 116, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 657, "end": 660, "id": 117, "annotation": null}, {"text": "have", "start": 661, "end": 665, "id": 118, "annotation": null}, {"text": "insulating", "start": 666, "end": 676, "id": 119, "annotation": null}, {"text": "properties", "start": 677, "end": 687, "id": 120, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 688, "end": 689, "id": 121, "annotation": null}], [{"text": "The", "start": 690, "end": 693, "id": 122, "annotation": null}, {"text": "ac", "start": 694, "end": 696, "id": 123, "annotation": null}, {"text": "and", "start": 697, "end": 700, "id": 124, "annotation": null}, {"text": "dc", "start": 701, "end": 703, "id": 125, "annotation": null}, {"text": "electrical", "start": 704, "end": 714, "id": 126, "annotation": null}, {"text": "measurements", "start": 715, "end": 727, "id": 127, "annotation": null}, {"text": "show", "start": 728, "end": 732, "id": 128, "annotation": null}, {"text": "that", "start": 733, "end": 737, "id": 129, "annotation": null}, {"text": "it", "start": 738, "end": 740, "id": 130, "annotation": null}, {"text": "is", "start": 741, "end": 743, "id": 131, "annotation": null}, {"text": "possible", "start": 744, "end": 752, "id": 132, "annotation": null}, {"text": "to", "start": 753, "end": 755, "id": 133, "annotation": null}, {"text": "use", "start": 756, "end": 759, "id": 134, "annotation": null}, {"text": "Sn", "start": 760, "end": 762, "id": 135, "annotation": "DOPANT"}, {"text": "-", "start": 763, "end": 764, "id": 136, "annotation": null}, {"text": "doped", "start": 765, "end": 770, "id": 137, "annotation": null}, {"text": "NiO", "start": 771, "end": 774, "id": 138, "annotation": "BASEMAT"}, {"text": "as", "start": 775, "end": 777, "id": 139, "annotation": null}, {"text": "an", "start": 778, "end": 780, "id": 140, "annotation": null}, {"text": "optical", "start": 781, "end": 788, "id": 141, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 789, "end": 790, "id": 142, "annotation": null}, {"text": "sensitive", "start": 791, "end": 800, "id": 143, "annotation": null}, {"text": "oxide", "start": 801, "end": 806, "id": 144, "annotation": null}, {"text": "in", "start": 807, "end": 809, "id": 145, "annotation": null}, {"text": "metal", "start": 810, "end": 815, "id": 146, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 816, "end": 817, "id": 147, "annotation": null}, {"text": "oxide", "start": 818, "end": 823, "id": 148, "annotation": null}, {"text": "-", "start": 824, "end": 825, "id": 149, "annotation": null}, {"text": "silicon", "start": 826, "end": 833, "id": 150, "annotation": null}, {"text": "configurations", "start": 834, "end": 848, "id": 151, "annotation": null}, {"text": ".", "start": 849, "end": 850, "id": 152, "annotation": null}]], "labels": ["BASEMAT", "DOPMODQ", "DOPANT"]}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/matbert_ner/models/model_trainer.py b/matbert_ner/models/model_trainer.py
index 6e7f5ca..7dd23e4 100644
--- a/matbert_ner/models/model_trainer.py
+++ b/matbert_ner/models/model_trainer.py
@@ -7,6 +7,18 @@
 from torchtools.optim import RangerLars, Ralamb, Ranger, Novograd, RAdam, Lamb, Lookahead
 from seqeval.scheme import IOB1, IOB2, IOBES
 from seqeval.metrics import accuracy_score, classification_report
+import json
+
+
+class NpEncoder(json.JSONEncoder):
+    def default(self, obj):
+        if isinstance(obj, np.integer):
+            return int(obj)
+        if isinstance(obj, np.floating):
+            return float(obj)
+        if isinstance(obj, np.ndarray):
+            return obj.tolist()
+        return super(NpEncoder, self).default(obj)
 
 
 class StateCacher(object):
@@ -177,7 +189,8 @@ def save_history(self, history_path):
                 None
         '''
         # save epoch metrics
-        torch.save(self.epoch_metrics, history_path)
+        with open(history_path, 'w') as f:
+            f.write(json.dumps(self.epoch_metrics, indent=2, cls=NpEncoder))
     
 
     def load_history(self, history_path):
@@ -189,7 +202,8 @@ def load_history(self, history_path):
                 None
         '''
         # load epoch metrics from path
-        self.epoch_metrics = torch.load(history_path)
+        with open(history_path, 'r') as f:
+            self.epoch_metrics = json.load(f)
         # set past epochs
         self.past_epoch = len(self.epoch_metrics['training'].keys())
 
@@ -441,7 +455,7 @@ def process_summaries(self, annotations):
                             # append joined entity to dictionary
                             entry_entities[sentence[entity_idx[k]]['annotation']].add(' '.join([sentence[u]['text'] for u in range(entity_idx[k], entity_idx[k+1])]))
             # append entry entity dictionary
-            annotation['entities'] = {class_type: list(entry_entities[class_type]) for class_type in class_types}
+            annotation['entities'] = {class_type: sorted(list(set(entry_entities[class_type]))) for class_type in class_types}
         return annotations
     
 
@@ -712,7 +726,8 @@ def test(self, test_iter, test_path=None, state_path=None):
         metrics, test_results = self.train_evaluate_epoch(0, 1, test_iter, 'test')
         # save the test metrics and results
         if test_path is not None:
-            torch.save((metrics, test_results), test_path)
+            with open(test_path, 'w') as f:
+                f.write(json.dumps({'metrics': metrics, 'results': test_results}, indent=2, cls=NpEncoder))
         # return the test metrics and results
         return metrics, test_results
     
@@ -739,15 +754,18 @@ def merge_split_entries(self, prediction_results):
         return merged_prediction_results
     
 
-    def predict(self, predict_iter, original_data=None, predict_path=None, state_path=None):
+    def predict(self, predict_iter, original_data=None, state_path=None, predict_path=None, return_full_dict=False):
         '''
         Predicts classifications for a dataset
             Arguments:
                 predict_iter: Prediction dataloader
-                predict_path: Path to save the predictions to
+                original_data: Original data before pre-processing
                 state_path: Path to load the model state from
+                predict_path: Path to save the predictions to
+                return_full_dict: Toggle for returning full JSON entries or only the detected entities
             Returns:
                 Dictionary of text and annotations by word, sentence, paragraph e.g. [[[{'text': text, 'annotation': annotation},...],...],...]
+                  or dictionary of entity summaries
         '''
         # if state path provided, load state (excluding optimizer)
         if state_path is not None:
@@ -775,6 +793,10 @@ def predict(self, predict_iter, original_data=None, predict_path=None, state_pat
         annotations = self.process_summaries(output_annotations)
         # save annotations
         if predict_path is not None:
-            torch.save(annotations, predict_path)
+            with open(predict_path, 'w') as f:
+                f.write(json.dumps(annotations, indent=2))
         # return the annotations
-        return annotations
+        if return_full_dict:
+            return annotations
+        else:
+            return [annotation['entities'] for annotation in annotations]
diff --git a/matbert_ner/predict.py b/matbert_ner/predict.py
index e21cdee..ce73ba6 100644
--- a/matbert_ner/predict.py
+++ b/matbert_ner/predict.py
@@ -6,15 +6,18 @@
 from matbert_ner.models.model_trainer import NERTrainer
 
 
-def predict(texts, is_file, model_file, state_path, predict_path=None, scheme="IOBES", batch_size=256, device="cpu", seed=None):
+def predict(texts, is_file, model_file, state_path, predict_path=None, return_full_dict=False, scheme="IOBES", batch_size=256, device="cpu", seed=None):
     """
     Predict labels for texts. Please limit input to 512 tokens or less.
 
     Args:
-        texts ([str]): List of string texts to predict labels for. Limit to 512 estimated tokens. Untokenized text will be tokenized interally with
+        texts ([str]): JSON filename, list of JSON entries, or list of string texts to predict labels for. Untokenized text will be tokenized interally with
             the Materials Tokenizer.
+        is_file (bool): Toggle for whether the texts are a JSON file or list of JSON entries/strings
         model_file (str): Path to BERT model file.
         state_path (str): Path to model state for NER task, fine tuned for specific task (e.g., gold nanoparticles).
+        predict_path (str): Name of output file
+        return_full_dict (bool): Toggle for returning the full JSON entry or just the summarized entities detected by the model
         scheme (str): IOBES or IOB2.
         batch_size (int): Number of samples to predict in one batch pass.
         device (str): Select 'cpu', 'gpu', or torch specific logic for running on multiple GPUs.
@@ -49,6 +52,7 @@ def predict(texts, is_file, model_file, state_path, predict_path=None, scheme="I
     bert_ner_trainer = NERTrainer(bert_ner, device)
     annotations = bert_ner_trainer.predict(ner_data.dataloaders['predict'],
                                            original_data=ner_data.data['predict'],
+                                           state_path=state_path,
                                            predict_path=predict_path,
-                                           state_path=state_path)
+                                           return_full_dict=return_full_dict)
     return annotations
diff --git a/matbert_ner/predict_script.py b/matbert_ner/predict_script.py
index 99807cb..815cad1 100644
--- a/matbert_ner/predict_script.py
+++ b/matbert_ner/predict_script.py
@@ -1,13 +1,19 @@
 from predict import predict
+import json
 
 doping_data = '../../datasets/dop_toparse_169828.json'
 aunp_data = '../../datasets/aunp_recipes_characterization_filtered.json'
+example_data = '../../../LBL_NER_DATASETS/example.json'
 model = '../../matbert-base-uncased'
-solid_state_state = './matbert_solid_state_paragraph_iobes_crf_10_lamb_5_1_012_1e-04_2e-03_1e-02_0e+00_exponential_256_100/best.pt'
-doping_state = './matbert_doping_paragraph_iobes_crf_10_lamb_5_1_012_1e-04_2e-03_1e-02_0e+00_exponential_256_100/best.pt'
-aunp6_state = './matbert_aunp6_paragraph_iobes_crf_10_lamb_5_1_012_1e-04_2e-03_1e-02_0e+00_exponential_256_100/best.pt'
+solid_state_state = '../../MatBERT_NER_models/matbert_solid_state_paragraph_iobes_crf_10_lamb_5_1_012_1e-04_2e-03_1e-02_0e+00_exponential_256_100/best.pt'
+doping_state = '../../MatBERT_NER_models/matbert_doping_paragraph_iobes_crf_10_lamb_5_1_012_1e-04_2e-03_1e-02_0e+00_exponential_256_100/best.pt'
+aunp6_state = '../../MatBERT_NER_models/matbert_aunp6_paragraph_iobes_crf_10_lamb_5_1_012_1e-04_2e-03_1e-02_0e+00_exponential_256_100/best.pt'
 
 # predict(doping_data, True, model, solid_state_state, predict_path=solid_state_state.replace('best.pt', 'predict_doping_solid_state_169828.pt'), device='gpu:0')
 # predict(doping_data, True, model, doping_state, predict_path=doping_state.replace('best.pt', 'predict_doping_doping_169828.pt'), device='gpu:0')
 # predict(aunp_data, True, model, solid_state_state, predict_path=solid_state_state.replace('best.pt', 'predict_aunp_solid_state.pt'), device='gpu:0')
-predict(aunp_data, True, model, aunp6_state, predict_path=aunp6_state.replace('best.pt', 'predict_aunp_aunp6.pt'), device='gpu:0')
\ No newline at end of file
+# predict(aunp_data, True, model, aunp6_state, predict_path=aunp6_state.replace('best.pt', 'predict_aunp_aunp6.pt'), device='gpu:0')
+predict_path = solid_state_state.replace('best.pt', 'predict_example.json')
+example_data = json.load(open(example_data, 'r'))
+x = predict(example_data, False, model, solid_state_state, predict_path=predict_path, device='cpu')
+print(json.dumps(x, indent=2))
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/matbert_ner/train.py b/matbert_ner/train.py
index 95a9134..3882629 100644
--- a/matbert_ner/train.py
+++ b/matbert_ner/train.py
@@ -132,7 +132,9 @@ def parse_args():
     # model file dictionary
     model_files = {'bert': 'bert-base-uncased',
                    'scibert': 'allenai/scibert_scivocab_uncased',
-                   'matbert': '../../matbert-base-uncased'}
+                   'matbert': '../../matbert-base-uncased',
+                   'matbert_uncased': '../../matbert-base-uncased',
+                   'matbert_cased': '../../matbert-base-cased'}
     # loop through command line lists
     for seed in seeds:
         for scheme in schemes:
@@ -167,9 +169,10 @@ def parse_args():
                         print('Classes: {}'.format(' '.join(ner_data.classes)))
                         # if test file already exists, skip, otherwise, train
                         succeeded = True
-                        if os.path.exists(save_dir+'history.pt'):
+                        if os.path.exists(save_dir+'history.json'):
                             print('Already trained {}'.format(alias))
-                            history = torch.load(save_dir+'history.pt')
+                            with open(save_dir+'history.json', 'r') as f:
+                                history = json.load(f)
                             if split == 100:
                                 print('{:<10}{:<10}'.format('epoch', 'training'))
                                 for i in range(len(history['training'].keys())):
@@ -192,7 +195,7 @@ def parse_args():
                                                     embedding_unfreeze=embedding_unfreeze, encoder_schedule=encoder_schedule, scheduling_function=scheduling_function,
                                                     save_dir=save_dir, use_cache=use_cache)
                                 # save model history
-                                bert_ner_trainer.save_history(history_path=save_dir+'history.pt')
+                                bert_ner_trainer.save_history(history_path=save_dir+'history.json')
                                 # if cache was used and the model should be kept, the state must be saved directly after loading best parameters
                                 if use_cache:
                                     bert_ner_trainer.load_state_from_cache('best')
@@ -206,14 +209,17 @@ def parse_args():
                         if ner_data.dataloaders['test'] is not None and succeeded:
                             if os.path.exists(save_dir+'best.pt'):
                                 # predict test results
-                                metrics, test_results = bert_ner_trainer.test(ner_data.dataloaders['test'], test_path=save_dir+'test.pt', state_path=save_dir+'best.pt')
+                                metrics, test_results = bert_ner_trainer.test(ner_data.dataloaders['test'], test_path=save_dir+'test.json', state_path=save_dir+'best.pt')
                                 # predict classifications
-                                annotations = bert_ner_trainer.predict(ner_data.dataloaders['test'], original_data=ner_data.data['test'], predict_path=save_dir+'predict.pt', state_path=save_dir+'best.pt')
-                            elif os.path.exists(save_dir+'test.pt'):
+                                annotations = bert_ner_trainer.predict(ner_data.dataloaders['test'], original_data=ner_data.data['test'], predict_path=save_dir+'predict.json', state_path=save_dir+'best.pt', return_full_dict=True)
+                            elif os.path.exists(save_dir+'test.json'):
                                 # retrieve test results
-                                metrics, test_results = torch.load(save_dir+'test.pt')
-                                # retireve classifications
-                                annotations = torch.load(save_dir+'predict.pt')
+                                with open(save_dir+'test.json', 'r') as f:
+                                    test = json.load(f)
+                                    metrics, test_results = test['metrics'], test['results']
+                                # retrieve classifications
+                                with open(save_dir+'predict.json', 'r') as f:
+                                    annotations = json.load(f)
                             # print classification report over test results
                             print(classification_report(test_results['labels'], test_results['predictions'], mode='strict', scheme=bert_ner_trainer.metric_scheme))
                             # save tokens/annotations to text file
diff --git a/matbert_ner/utils/data.py b/matbert_ner/utils/data.py
index 30b0781..f4683ed 100644
--- a/matbert_ner/utils/data.py
+++ b/matbert_ner/utils/data.py
@@ -77,11 +77,11 @@ def filter_data(self, data):
         data_filt = []
         for i, entry in enumerate(tqdm(data, desc='| filtering entries |')):
             try:
-                identifier = entry['meta']['doi']+'/'+str(entry['meta']['par'])+'/'+str(entry['meta']['split'])
-                d = {'meta': {'doi': entry['meta']['doi'], 'par': entry['meta']['par'], 'split': entry['meta']['split']}}
+                identifier = '{}/{}/{}'.format(entry['meta']['doi'], str(entry['meta']['par']), str(entry['meta']['split']))
+                d = {'meta': entry['meta']}
             except:
                 try:
-                    identifier = entry['meta']['doi']+'/'+str(entry['meta']['par'])
+                    identifier = '{}/{}'.format(entry['meta']['doi'], str(entry['meta']['par']))
                     d = {'meta': {'doi': entry['meta']['doi'], 'par': entry['meta']['par'], 'split': 0}}
                 except:
                     try:
@@ -202,14 +202,14 @@ def load_from_file(self, data_file, annotated=True):
         '''
         # open data file
         try:
-            with open(data_file, 'r') as f:
-                content = f.read()
-                entries = json.loads(content)
-        except:
             with open(data_file, 'r') as f:
                 entries = []
                 for l in tqdm(f, desc='| loading entries from file |'):
                     entries.append(json.loads(l))
+        except:
+            with open(data_file, 'r') as f:
+                content = f.read()
+                entries = json.loads(content)
         data_raw = self.load_from_memory(entries, annotated)
         return data_raw