-
Notifications
You must be signed in to change notification settings - Fork 8
/
usermacs.tex
1453 lines (1318 loc) · 53.6 KB
/
usermacs.tex
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
958
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
% -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
% This is part of the book TeX for the Impatient.
% Copyright (C) 2003, 2014 Paul W. Abrahams, Kathryn A. Hargreaves, Karl Berry.
% See file fdl.tex for copying conditions.
\input macros
%\chapter{A compendium \linebreak of useful macros}
\chapter{实用宏集概述}
\chapterdef{eplain}
%This section describes |eplain.tex|, a collection of macros and other
%definitions that extend plain \TeX.
%\bix^^|eplain.tex|
%The descriptions of the various macros explain their purposes,
%but usually do not explain how they
%work or provide explicit details on
%how to use them. That information is contained in the source files for
%|eplain.tex| and in the documentation that comes with it.
%See \headcit{Resources}{resources} for how to obtain |eplain.tex|.
这一章描述 |eplain.tex|，一组用于扩展 plain \TeX\ 的宏和其他定义。
\bix^^|eplain.tex|
对各种宏的描述解释了它们的目的，但通常不解释它们的工作原理或给出如何使用它们的详情。
那些信息包含在 |eplain.tex| 源码文件以及它的文档中。
在\headcit{资源}{resources}中介绍了获取 |eplain.tex| 的方法。
%\section{Preliminaries}
\section{预备定义}
%We start with some macros for changing category codes and convenient
%definitions for two of the commonly used ones.
%^^{category codes//useful definitions for}
我们先介绍几个修改类别码及定义两种常用类别码的宏。
^^{类别码//有用的类别码定义}
%\pix^^|\makeactive|
%\pix^^|\letter|
%\pix^^|\other|
%\pix^^|\uncatcodespecials|
\pix^^|\makeactive|
\pix^^|\letter|
\pix^^|\other|
\pix^^|\uncatcodespecials|
\csdisplay
\def\makeactive#1{\catcode`#1 = \active \ignorespaces}%
\chardef\letter = 11 \chardef\other = 12
\def\uncatcodespecials{%
\def\do##1{\catcode`##1 = \other}%
\dospecials}% Defined in plain.
|
%In order to define `|^^M|' as an active character, you need to encase
%the definition in a group and invoke some extra machinery.
%\ttidxref{^^M}
%The \pix^|\letreturn| macro lets you define `|^^M|' without that
%extra machinery (which you can see in the definition below).
为了将 `|^^M|' 定义为活动字符，你需要将定义放在编组中，并借助某些额外机制。
\ccidxref{M}
\pix^|\letreturn| 宏让你无需额外机制就可以定义 `|^^M|'（它的定义在下面可以看到）。
\csdisplay
{\makeactive\^^M \long\gdef\letreturn#1{\let^^M = #1}}%
|
%These macros consume one, two, or three arguments.
这些宏用于吸收一个、两个或三个参量。
%\pix^^|\gobble|
%\pix^^|\gobbletwo|
%\pix^^|\gobblethree|
%\csdisplay
%\def\gobble#1{}\def\gobbletwo#1#2{}%
%\def\gobblethree#1#2#3{}%
%|
\pix^^|\gobble|
\pix^^|\gobbletwo|
\pix^^|\gobblethree|
\csdisplay
\def\gobble#1{}\def\gobbletwo#1#2{}%
\def\gobblethree#1#2#3{}%
|
%Now we establish some conventions for reading the rest of the file.
%Within the file we allow ``private'' control sequences that contain
%`|@|' in their names.
%These control sequences aren't accessible outside of this file (unless
%you change the category code of `|@|' again).
%\xrdef{eplainconv}
现在我们建立一些惯例，用于读取这个文件的其他部分。
在这个文件中我们允许名称带有 `|@|' 的``私有''控制序列。
这些控制序列在这个文件之外无法使用（除非你再次修改 `|@|' 的类别码）。
\xrdef{eplainconv}
\csdisplay
\catcode`@ = \letter % Allow control sequences with @.
\let\@plainwlog = \wlog % Don't log register allocations.
\let\wlog = \gobble
\newlinechar = `^^J
|
%The next two macros provide convenient forms of diagnostic output.
%\pix^|\loggingall| turns on all tracing, but causes the trace
%output to appear only in the log file and not at your terminal.
%\pix^|\tracingboxes| causes boxes to be displayed completely when
%they're traced. (\TeX\ normally shows only three levels of boxing
%and five items within each box.)
接下来两个宏提供了诊断输出的便捷方式。
\pix^|\loggingall| 打开所有追踪，
但让追踪输出仅写在日志文件中，而不在终端上显示。
\pix^|\tracingboxes| 使得盒子被追踪时其内容完全显示。%
（\TeX\ 通常只显示嵌套到三层的盒子，每个盒子显示五个项目。）
\csdisplay
\def\loggingall{\tracingcommands\tw@\tracingstats\tw@
\tracingpages\@ne\tracingoutput\@ne
\tracinglostchars\@ne\tracingmacros\tw@
\tracingparagraphs\@ne\tracingrestores\@ne
\showboxbreadth\maxdimen\showboxdepth\maxdimen}%
\def\tracingboxes{\showboxbreadth = \maxdimen
\showboxdepth = \maxdimen}%
|
%The default thickness of rules is $0.4$\pt.
%You can produce rules of any default thickness you choose by redefining
%|\vruledefaultwidth|, |\hruledefaultheight|, and |\hruledefaultdepth|
%and then using
%\pix^^|\ehrule|
%|\eh!-rule|
%and \pix^|\evrule|
%instead of |\hrule| and |\vrule|. (The `e' stands for
%``eplain''.)
%^^{rules//thickness of}
%If you give an explicit
%dimension (e.g., |\ehrule height 16pt|), \TeX\ will use it.
标线的默认厚度为 $0.4$\pt 。
要生成默认厚度为任何值的标线，
你可以重新定义 |\vruledefaultwidth|、|\hruledefaultheight| 及 |\hrule!-defaultdepth|，
并将 |\hrule| 和 |\vrule| 换为 \pix^|\ehrule| 和 \pix^|\evrule|。%
（名称中的 `e' 代表 ``eplain''。）%
^^{标线//标线的厚度}
如果你显式给出尺寸（比如 |\ehrule height 16pt|），\TeX\ 将使用它。
\csdisplay
\newdimen\hruledefaultheight \hruledefaultheight = 0.4pt
\newdimen\hruledefaultdepth \hruledefaultdepth = 0.0pt
\newdimen\vruledefaultwidth \vruledefaultwidth = 0.4pt
\def\ehrule{\hrule height\hruledefaultheight
depth\hruledefaultdepth}%
\def\evrule{\vrule width\vruledefaultwidth}%
|
%The |\%| convention for writing a `|%|' character doesn't work when you
%want to include that character in the token list of |\write|.
%^^|\write//writing \b\tt\%\e\ with|
%^^|%//writing out|
%You can use ^|\percentchar| to achieve this.
%We also redefine ^|^^L| to be nonouter so that you can use it in a
%macro definition or argument.
|\%| 通常用于写出 `|%|' 字符，但它无法包含在 |\write| 的记号列中。
^^|\write//用它写出 \b\tt\%\e|
\chidxref{\%//写出该字符}
你可以用 ^|\percentchar| 达到此目的。
我们还将 |^^L| \ccidxref{L} 重新定义为非外部宏，因此你可以在宏定义或者参量中使用它。
\csdisplay
{\catcode`\% = \other \gdef\percentchar{%}}%
\def^^L{\par
}%
|
%\pix^|\tokstostring| converts its argument into a list of ^{character
%tokens}.
%It uses only expansions that are handled in \TeX's gullet.
%This property is necessary
%for it to work with |\edef|. It is used by the cross-referencing
%macros (\xref{xrefs}).
\pix^|\tokstostring| 将它的参量转换为一列^{字符记号}。
它仅用到在 \TeX\ 的食道中处理的展开。
此特性是和 |\edef| 一起使用时所必需的。它用于宏的交叉引用（\xref{xrefs}）。
%In order to split the argument up at spaces, we have to use two
%subsidiary macros. |\@ttsA| finds the spaces, and |\@ttsB| handles a
%token sequence without any spaces. Each space is replaced by the
%expansion of \pix^|\spacesub|.
为了将参量在空格处分开，我们要用到两个子宏。
|\@ttsA| 用于寻找空格，而 |\@ttsB| 用于处理不带空格的控制序列。
每个空格都被替换为 \pix^|\spacesub| 的展开。
\csdisplay
\def\tokstostring#1{\@ttsA#1 \ttsmarkA}%
\def\@ttsA#1 #2\ttsmarkA{\ifempty{#1}\else
\@ttsB #1\@ttsmarkB
\ifempty{#2}\else
\spacesub\@ttsA#2\ttsmarkA\fi\fi}%
\def\@ttsB#1{\ifx #1\@ttsmarkB\else
\string #1%
\expandafter\@ttsB\fi}%
\def\@ttsmarkB{\@ttsmarkB}% should never be expanded
\def\spacesub{+}%
|
%\noindent
%\pix^|\ifempty| tests if its argument is empty.
\noindent
\pix^|\ifempty| 检测它的参量是否为空。
\csdisplay
\def\ifempty#1{\@ifempty #1\@emptymarkA\@emptymarkB}%
\def\@ifempty#1#2\@emptymarkB{\ifx #1\@emptymarkA}%
\def\@emptymarkA{\@emptymarkA}%
|
%The ^|\for| macro implements a \TeX\ version of the ^{for loop} in
%traditional programming languages. These macros come directly from
%\LaTeX.
^|\for| 宏实现了其他传统编程语言中的^{for循环}的 \TeX\ 版本。
这些宏直接取自 \LaTeX 。
\csdisplay
\def\for#1:=#2\do#3{\edef\@fortmp{#2}%
\ifx\@fortmp\empty \else
\expandafter\@forloop#2,\@nil,\@nil\@@#1{#3}\fi}%
\def\@nnil{\@nil}%
\def\@fornoop#1\@@#2#3{}%
\def\@forloop#1,#2,#3\@@#4#5{\def#4{#1}\ifx #4\@nnil
\else #5\def#4{#2} ifx #4\@nnil \else
#5\@iforloop #3\@@#4{#5}\fi\fi}%
\def\@iforloop#1,#2\@@#3#4{\def#3{#1}\ifx #3\@nnil
\let\@nextwhile=\@fornoop \else #4\relax
\let\@nextwhile=\@iforloop\fi
\@nextwhile#2\@@#3{#4}}%
|
%\pix^|\obeywhitespace| is useful for reproducing line breaks, blank lines,
%and spaces in your input. It combines the effects of |\obey!-lines| and
%|\obey!-spaces|,
%^^|\obeylines| ^^|\obeyspaces|
%and also causes spaces at the start of a line to
%be printed. Tab characters are not affected by this; they still produce
%normal glue.
%\xrdef{ewhitesp}
%^^{space characters}
%^^|\fontdimen|
%^^|\font|
%^^|\letreturn|
\pix^|\obeywhitespace| 用于重新生成你的输入中的换行、空行和空格。
它结合了|\obey!-lines| 和 |\obey!-spaces| 的效果，
^^|\obeylines| ^^|\obeyspaces|
并把行首的空格也打印出来。制表符不受它影响；它们仍然生成正常的粘连。
\xrdef{ewhitesp}
^^{空格符}
^^|\fontdimen|
^^|\font|
^^|\letreturn|
\csdisplay
\def\alwaysspace{\hglue\fontdimen2\the\font \relax}%
{\makeactive\^^M \makeactive\ %
\gdef\obeywhitespace{%
\makeactive\^^M\def^^M{\par\indent}%
\aftergroup\@removebox% Kill extra paragraph at end.
\makeactive\ \let =\alwaysspace}}%
\def\@removebox{\setbox0=\lastbox}
|
%\pix^|\frac| is a good way to print fractions in text when you don't
%want to use |\over| and
%``1/2'' just doesn't look right. This macro is the answer to
%\knuth{Exercise~11.6}.^^{fractions//slashed form}
当你不想用 |\over|，而 ``1/2'' 看来又不够好时，
你最好用 \pix^|\frac| 在正文中打印分式。
这个宏是\knuth{练习~11.6}的答案。^^{分式//斜线形式}
\csdisplay
\def\frac#1/#2{\leavevmode
\kern.1em \raise .5ex \hbox{\the\scriptfont0 #1}%
\kern-.1em $/$%
\kern-.15em \lower .25ex \hbox{\the\scriptfont0 #2}}%
|
%The following macros produce logos that are useful in the \TeX\ world.
%The \AMSTeX\ logo is from \knuth{page~420}. The \LaTeX\ logo is
%slightly modified from the one in |latex.tex| (we use a different font
%for the `A'); similarly, the \BibTeX\ logo uses |\sevenrm| instead of a
%true caps-and-small-caps font. The |.mf| source file for the \MF\ logo
%is given in the \MF\ manual:
%\smallskip
%{\narrower\noindent
%^{Knuth, Donald E.},{\sl The {\logosl METAFONT}book}.
% Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1986.\par}
%\smallskip
%\pix^^|\LaTeX|
%\pix^^|\AMSTeX|
%\pix^^|\BibTeX|
%\pix^^|\MF|
下面这些宏生成 \TeX\ 圈中常用的标识。
\AMSTeX\ 标识取自 \knuth{第~420~页}。
\LaTeX\ 标识取自 |latex.tex| 并稍作修改（我们修改了 `A' 的字体）；
类似地，\BibTeX\ 标识用 |\sevenrm| 字体代替真正的小型大写字体。
\MF\ 标识的 |.mf| 源文件出现在 \MF\ 手册中：
\smallskip
{\narrower\noindent
^{Knuth, Donald E.},{\sl The {\logosl METAFONT}book}.
Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1986.\par}
\smallskip
\pix^^|\LaTeX|
\pix^^|\AMSTeX|
\pix^^|\BibTeX|
\pix^^|\MF|
\csdisplay
\def\LaTeX{L\kern-.26em \raise.6ex\hbox{\fiverm A}%
\kern-.15em TeX}%
\def\AMSTeX{$\cal A\kern-.1667em \lower.5ex\hbox{$\cal M$}%
\kern-.125em S$-\TeX}%
\def\BibTeX{{\rm B\kern-.05em {\sevenrm I\kern-.025em B}%
\kern-.08em T\kern-.1667em \lower.7ex\hbox{E}%
\kern-.125emX}}%
\font\mflogo = logo10
\def\MF{{\mflogo META}{\tenrm \-}{\mflogo FONT}}%
|
%The next two macros produce boxes. \pix^|\blackbox| produces a ``square
%bullet'', used in the list macros (\xref{listmacs}).
%\pix^|\makeblankbox| (from \knuth{page~311}) produces an unfilled
%rectangle, with the thickness of the border rules given by the
%arguments.
接下来的两个宏用于生成盒子。
\pix^|\blackbox| 生成一个方块，它用在列表宏中（\xref{listmacs}）。
\pix^|\makeblankbox|（取自\knuth{第~311~页}）生成一个空心矩形，
它的边框厚度由参量指定。
\csdisplay
\def\blackbox{\vrule height .8ex width .6ex depth -.2ex}%
\def\makeblankbox#1#2{%
\hbox{\lower\dp0\vbox{\hidehrule{#1}{#2}%
\kern -#1% overlap rules
\hbox to \wd0{\hidevrule{#1}{#2}%
\raise\ht0\vbox to #1{}% vrule height
\lower\dp0\vtop to #1{}% vrule depth
\hfil\hidevrule{#2}{#1}}%
\kern-#1\hidehrule{#2}{#1}}}}%
\def\hidehrule#1#2{\kern-#1\hrule height#1 depth#2
\kern-#2}%
\def\hidevrule#1#2{\kern-#1{\dimen0 = #1
\advance\dimen0 by #2 \vrule width\dimen0}\kern-#2}%
|
%\pix^|\numbername| produces the written-out form of a number. (If the
%number is greater than ten, the macro just reproduces the numerals
%of its argument.)
\pix^|\numbername| 从数字生成其书面名称%
（若数字大于十，这个宏仅重新生成参量的数值。）
\csdisplay
\def\numbername#1{\ifcase#1%
zero\or one\or two\or three\or four\or five%
\or six\or seven\or eight\or nine\or ten\or #1\fi}%
|
%\pix^|\testfileexistence| determines whether a file |\jobname.#1| is
%non\-empty and sets |\if!-fileexists| appropriately.
%^^{files//testing for existence of}
%The file name in the argument need not end in a space token since
%the macro provides the space token.
\pix^|\testfileexistence| 判定文件 |\jobname.#1| 是否非空，
并相应地设定 |\if!-fileexists| 的值。
^^{文件//检测文件是否存在}
参量中的文件名无需以空格记号结尾，因为这个宏已经提供了空格记号。
\csdisplay
\newif\iffileexists
\def\testfileexistence#1{\begingroup
\immediate\openin0 = \jobname.#1\space
\ifeof 0\global\fileexistsfalse
\else \global\fileexiststrue\fi
\immediate\closein0
\endgroup}%
|
%\section Displays
\section 陈列公式
%By default, \TeX\ centers displayed material (the material between
%|$$|'s). ^^{displays, formatting} \pix^|\leftdisplays| causes displays
%to be left-justified by default. You can return to centered displays
%with \pix^|\centereddisplays|.
\TeX\ 默认将陈列公式（放在 |$$| 之间的公式）居中显示。
^^{陈列公式//显示形式}\pix^|\leftdisplays| 让陈列公式默认为左对齐显示。
你也可以用 \pix^|\centereddisplays| 命令恢复居中显示。
%The macros here are more general than they need to be just for doing
%left-justified displays. For every display,
%\pix^|\ifeqno| will be true if an |\eqno| occurred in the display.
%\pix^|\ifleqno| will be true if an |\leqno| occurred. If either
%kind of equation number occurred, \pix^|\eqn| produces the text of the
%equation number. \pix^|\eq| always produces the text of the
%equation itself.
这些宏提供让陈列公式左对齐显示之外的更多功能。
对每个陈列公式，若 |\eqno| 存在则 \pix^|\ifeqno| 为真，
若 |\leqno| 存在则 \pix^|\ifleqno| 为真。
如果其中一种公式编号存在，\pix^|\eqn| 将排印公式编号的内容。
而 \pix^|\eq| 始终排印公式本身的内容。
%These macros are based on the code on \knuth{page~376}.
这些宏基于\knuth{第~376~页}中的代码。
\csdisplay
\newif\ifeqno \newif\ifleqno
\newtoks\@eqtoks \newtoks\@eqnotoks
\def\eq{\the\@eqtoks}\def\eqn{\the\@eqnotoks}%
\def\displaysetup#1$${%
\@displaytest#1\eqno\eqno\@displaytest}%
\def\@displaytest#1\eqno#2\eqno#3\@displaytest{%
\if !#3!% No \eqno, check for \leqno:
\@ldisplaytest#1\leqno\leqno\@ldisplaytest
\else
\eqnotrue \leqnofalse % Have \eqno, not \leqno.
\@eqnotoks = {#2}\@eqtoks = {#1}%
\fi
\generaldisplay$$}%
\def\@ldisplaytest#1\leqno#2\leqno#3\@ldisplaytest{%
\@eqtoks = {#1}%
\if !#3!%
\eqnofalse % No \leqno; we're done.
\else
\eqnotrue \leqnotrue % Have \leqno.
\@eqnotoks = {#2}%
\fi}%
|
%You can format displays differently by defining your own macro,
%analogous to \pix^|\leftdisplays|.
%The macro definition must
%place a call on |\display!-setup| in |\every!-display| ^^|\everydisplay|
%so as to ensure
%that |\dis!-play!-setup| ^^|\displaysetup| is called at the start of
%every display. The macro definition must also include a definition of
%^|\generaldisplay|.
通过自己定义类似 \pix^|\leftdisplays| 的宏，你可以给陈列公式设定不同的形式。
这个宏定义中必须在 |\every!-display| ^^|\everydisplay|中调用 |\display!-setup|，
以确保 |\dis!-play!-setup| ^^|\displaysetup|在每个陈列公式开始都被调用。
这个宏定义必须也包含 ^|\generaldisplay| 的定义。
\csdisplay
\newtoks\previouseverydisplay
\def\leftdisplays{%
\previouseverydisplay = \everydisplay
\everydisplay =
{\the\previouseverydisplay \displaysetup}%
\def\generaldisplay{%
\leftline{%
\strut \indent \hskip\leftskip
\dimen0 = \parindent
\advance\dimen0 by \leftskip
\advance\displaywidth by -\dimen0
\@redefinealignmentdisplays
\ifeqno \ifleqno
\kern-\dimen0
\rlap{$\displaystyle\eqn$}%
\kern\dimen0
\fi\fi
$\displaystyle{\eq}$%
\ifeqno \ifleqno\else
\hfill $\displaystyle{\eqn}$%
\fi\fi}}}%
\def\centereddisplays{\let\displaysetup = \relax}%
|
%\filbreak
%\pix^|\leftdisplays| must go to some pains to make sure that
%|\dis!-play!-lines|, ^^|\displaylines|
%^|\eqalignno|, and ^|\leqalignno| still work properly.
%|\eq| is typeset in math mode,
%and |\halign| is illegal in math mode.
%^^|\halign//illegal in math mode|
%We use ^|\vcenter| to change the context so that |\halign| becomes
%legal again. We also remove the |\hfil| commands at the left of the template
%to obtain the flush left formatting. Other than those changes, the macros
%are the same as in |plain.tex|.
%\filbreak
\pix^|\leftdisplays| 必须历经辛苦地确保 |\dis!-play!-lines|^^|\displaylines|、
^|\eqalignno| 和 ^|\leqalignno| 还能正常使用。
|\eq| 在数学模式中排版，而 |\halign| 在数学模式中是不合法的。
^^|\halign//在数学模式中不合法|
我们用 ^|\vcenter| 改变环境，以让 |\halign| 重新变成合法的。
我们还去掉模板左边的 |\hfil| 命令以得到左对齐格式。
除这些改变之外，这些宏与 |plain.tex| 中的相同。
\csdisplay
\def\@redefinealignmentdisplays{%
\def\displaylines##1{\displ@y
\vcenter{\halign{\hbox to\displaywidth{$\@lign
\displaystyle####\hfil$}\crcr##1\crcr}}}%
\def\eqalignno##1{\displ@y
\vcenter{\halign to\displaywidth{%
$\@lign\displaystyle{####}$\tabskip\z@skip
&$\@lign\displaystyle{{}####}$
\hfil\tabskip\centering
&\llap{$\@lign####$}\tabskip\z@skip\crcr
##1\crcr}}}%
\def\leqalignno##1{\displ@y
\vcenter{\halign to\displaywidth{%
$\@lign\displaystyle{####}$\tabskip\z@skip
&$\@lign\displaystyle{{}####}
$\hfil\tabskip\centering
&\kern-\displaywidth
\rlap{\kern-\parindent\kern-\leftskip$
\@lign####$}%
\tabskip\displaywidth\crcr
##1\crcr}}}}%
|
%\section Time of day
\section 日期时间
%When \TeX\ starts up, it sets the values of the
%^|\time|, ^|\day|, ^|\month|, and ^|\year| parameters.
%^^{time of day}^^{date}
%\pix^|\monthname|
%produces the name of the month, abbreviated to three letters.
%\pix^|\timestring| produces the current time, as in ``1:14\thinspace
%p.m.''. \pix^|\timestamp| produces the text of the complete date, as
%in ``23 Apr 1964\quad 1:14\thinspace p.m.''.
\TeX\ 开始运行时设定了 ^|\time|、^|\day|、^|\month| 和 ^|\year| 参数的值。
^^{日期时间}^^{日期}
\pix^|\monthname| 排印月份名称的三字母缩写。
\pix^|\timestring| 排印类似当前时间，类似于 ``1:14\thinspace p.m.''。
\pix^|\timestamp| 排印完整日期文本，类似于 ``23 Apr 1964\quad 1:14\thinspace p.m.''。
\csdisplay
\def\monthname{%
\ifcase\month
\or Jan\or Feb\or Mar\or Apr\or May\or Jun%
\or Jul\or Aug\or Sep\or Oct\or Nov\or Dec%
\fi}%
\def\timestring{\begingroup
\count0 = \time \divide\count0 by 60
\count2 = \count0 % The hour.
\count4 = \time \multiply\count0 by 60
\advance\count4 by -\count0 % The minute.
\ifnum\count4<10 \toks1 = {0}% Get a leading zero.
\else \toks1 = {}%
\fi
\ifnum\count2<12 \toks0 = {a.m.}%
\else \toks0 = {p.m.}%
\advance\count2 by -12
\fi
\ifnum\count2=0 \count2 = 12 \fi % Make midnight `12'.
\number\count2:\the\toks1 \number\count4
\thinspace \the\toks0
\endgroup}%
\def\timestamp{\number\day\space\monthname\space
\number\year\quad\timestring}%
|
%\section Lists
\section 列表
%\null
%\xrdef{listmacs}
%\bix^^{itemized lists}
%\bix^^{enumerations}
%\pix^|\numberedlist| produces numbered lists; |\endnumberedlist| ends
%them.
%\pix^|\unorderedlist| is analogous.
%For either of these, items inside the lists begin
%with \pix^|\li| (``list item''). You can put \pix^|\listcompact|
%at the beginning of a list if
%you don't want any additional space between the items of that list.
%Lists can be nested arbitrarily.
\null
\xrdef{listmacs}
\bix^^{编号列表}
\bix^^{列举}
\pix^|\numberedlist| 排印编号列表；|\endnumberedlist| 结束该列表。
类似地，\pix^|\unorderedlist| 排印无序列表。
这两种列表中的项目以 \pix^|\li|（``list item''）开头。
如果不需要列表项目间的额外间隔，你可以在列表开始处加上 \pix^|\listcompact|。
列表可以任意嵌套。
%You can control the spacing between the items more generally by
%assigning values to the registers listed below. If the items in
%your lists tend to be long, you might want to make |\interitemskip|
%nonzero.
%The left indentation of each list item is given by |\par!-indent| plus
%|\list!-left!-indent|; the right indentation of each list item
%is given by |\list!-right!-indent|.
更一般地，你可以通过改变下列寄存器的值控制列表项目间的间隔。
如果列表项目经常比较长，你也许希望设定非零的 |\interitemskip|。
各列表项目的左缩进量等于 |\par!-indent| 加 |\list!-left!-indent|；
各列表项目的右缩进量等于 |\list!-right!-indent|。
\csdisplay
\newskip\abovelistskip \abovelistskip = .5\baselineskip
\newskip\interitemskip \interitemskip = 0pt
\newskip\belowlistskip \belowlistskip = .5\baselineskip
\newdimen\listleftindent \listleftindent = \parindent
\newdimen\listrightindent \listrightindent = 0pt
\def\listcompact{\interitemskip = 0pt \relax}%
|
%Both numbered and unnumbered lists use the macros that follow.
%We don't change |\parindent|, since many existing macros, e.g.,
%|\footnote|, depend on |\parindent|.
%We must account for the
%possibility that items are more than one paragraph long. In this case, all
%paragraphs after the first will be indented.
%We use
%|\leftskip| and |\rightskip| to indent the list items.
%Indentation of displays is accounted for by changes to |\every!-dis!-play|.
%^^|\everydisplay|
编号列表和无序列表都使用下面这些宏。
我们并不改变 |\parindent| 的值，
因为很多现有的宏比如 |\footnote| 依赖于 |\parindent|。
我们必须考虑到项目包含不止一个段落的可能性。
在这种情形中，除第一个之外的所有段落都将被缩进。
我们用 |\leftskip| 和 |\rightskip| 缩进列表项目。
我们通过改变 |\every!-dis!-play| 设定陈列公式的缩进。
^^|\everydisplay|
\csdisplay
\newdimen\@listindent
\def\beginlist{%
\@listindent = \parindent
\advance\@listindent by \listleftindent
\everydisplay = \expandafter{\the\everydisplay
% Don't lose user's \everydisplay:
\advance\displayindent by \@listindent
\advance\displaywidth by -\@listindent
\advance\displaywidth by -\listrightindent}%
\nobreak\vskip\abovelistskip
\parskip = 0pt
% \leftskip shifts nested lists to the right on the page.
\advance\leftskip by \@listindent
\advance\rightskip by \listrightindent}%
\def\printitem{\par\noindent
\llap{\hskip-\listleftindent \marker \enspace}}%
\def\endlist{\vskip\belowlistskip}%
|
%\noindent
%You can change the way the item labels are typeset by
%redefining the |\numbered!-marker| macro.
%\pix^^|\numberedmarker|
\noindent
通常重新定义 |\numbered!-marker| 宏，你可以改变项目标签的样式。
\pix^^|\numberedmarker|
\csdisplay
\newcount\numberedlistdepth \newcount\itemnumber
\newcount\itemletter
\def\numberedmarker{%
\ifcase\numberedlistdepth
(impossible)%
\or \itemnumberout)%
\or \itemletterout)%
\else *%
\fi}%
|
%\noindent Here are the definitions of |\numberedlist| and
%|\unorderedlist|.
%Both definitions have the same structure.
\noindent 这里是 |\numberedlist| 和 |\unorderedlist| 的定义。
这两个定义的结构是相同的。
\csdisplay
\def\numberedlist{\environment{@numbered-list}%
\advance\numberedlistdepth by 1
\itemnumber = 1 \itemletter = `a
\beginlist \let\marker = \numberedmarker
\def\li{%
\ifnum\itemnumber=1\else \vskip\interitemskip \fi
\printitem
\advance\itemnumber by 1 \advance\itemletter by 1
}}%
\def\itemnumberout{\number\itemnumber}%
\def\itemletterout{\char\itemletter}%
\def\endnumberedlist{\par
\endenvironment{@numbered-list}\endlist}%
!bigskip
\newcount\unorderedlistdepth
\def\unorderedmarker{%
\ifcase\unorderedlistdepth
(impossible)%
\or \blackbox
\or ---%
\else *%
\fi}%
\def\unorderedlist{\environment{@unordered-list}%
\advance\unorderedlistdepth by 1
\beginlist \itemnumber = 1
\let\marker = \unorderedmarker
\def\li{%
\ifnum\itemnumber=1\else \vskip\interitemskip \fi
\printitem \advance\itemnumber by 1
}}%
\def\endunorderedlist{\par
\endenvironment{@unordered-list}\endlist}%
|
%\eix^^{itemized lists}
%\eix^^{enumerations}
\eix^^{编号列表}
\eix^^{列举}
%\section Verbatim listing
\section 原文呈现
%The \pix^|\listing| macro produces a verbatim listing of a specified
%file in the |\tt| font.
%It is based on the code on \knuth{page~380}.
%Tabs produce a fixed amount of space, and form
%feeds produce a page break. Other control characters produce whatever
%happens to be at that font position, which is generally not very useful.
%By redefining |\setup!-listing!-hook|,
%\pix^^|\setuplistinghook|
%you can take additional actions that are appropriate for your particular
%fonts and\slash or environment before the file is read in.
\pix^|\listing| 宏用 |\tt| 字体排印指定文件的原文呈现。
它基于\knuth{第~380~页}中的代码。
制表符生成固定大小的间隔，而换页符生成一个分页。
其他控制字符生成该字体所在位置的字符，这通常不太有用。
通过重新定义 |\setup!-listing!-hook|\pix^^|\setuplistinghook|，
你可以在读入文件前针对特别字体和\slash 或使用环境作额外定制。
\csdisplay
\def\listing#1{%
\par \begingroup \@setuplisting \setuplistinghook
\input #1 \endgroup}%
\let\setuplistinghook = \empty
\def\@setuplisting{%
\uncatcodespecials
\obeywhitespace \makeactive\` \makeactive\^^I
\def^^L{\vfill\eject}\tt}%
{\makeactive\` \gdef`{\relax\lq}}% Defeat ligatures.
{\makeactive\^^I\gdef^^I{\hskip8\fontdimen2\tt \relax}}%
|
%\section Tables of contents
\section 目录
%\null ^^{table of contents}
%The macro \pix^|\writetocentry| writes a macro call to the file
%|\jobname.toc|. The first argument of |\writetocentry|, e.g.,
%``chapter'', is used to compose the name of the called macro. The second
%argument is the text to appear in the table of contents entry.
%|\writetocentry| appends the page number to the macro call. For
%example:
\null ^^{目录}
\pix^|\writetocentry| 宏在 |\jobname.toc| 文件中写入一个宏调用。
|\write!-tocentry| 的第一个参量，比如``chapter''，用于构成所调用的宏的名称。
第二个参量是显示在目录项中的文本。
|\writetocentry| 添加页码到宏调用中。例如：
\csdisplay
\writetocentry{chapter}{Introduction}
|
%\noindent
%will produce the line:
\noindent
将生成下列这行：
\csdisplay
\tocchapterentry{Introduction}{2}
|
%\noindent in the |.toc| file, indicating
%that `Introduction' started on page 2.
\noindent 到 |.toc| 文件中，表示 `Introduction' 从第2页开始。
%You can use |\writenumberedtocentry| to provide a third parameter, such
%as a chapter number. For example:
利用 |\writenumberedtocentry| 你还可以提供第三个参数，比如章编号。例如：
\csdisplay
\writenumberedtocentry{chapter}{The second chapter}{2}
|
%\noindent will write a line:
\noindent 将写入这一行：
\csdisplay
\tocchapterentry{The second chapter}{2}{14}
|
%\noindent
%You can also |\write| to |\tocfile| yourself.
\noindent
你也可以自己用 |\write| 命令写入 |\tocfile|。%
\footnote{译注：实际上，在本书原本所用的旧 |eplain| 1.9 里面，
|\writetocentry| 调用 |\writenumberedtocentry|，
并在后者中根据第三个参数是否非空写入不同的目录项。
但在 |\writenumberedtocentry| 的定义中有问题，
导致写入 |tocfile| 文件的目录项始终有三个参数。
在翻译时译者也同时修正了旧 |eplain| 中的这个错误。}
\csdisplay
\newwrite\tocfile \newif\iftocfileopened
\def\opentocfile{\iftocfileopened\else
\tocfileopenedtrue
\immediate\openout\tocfile = \jobname.toc
\fi}%
\def\writetocentry#1#2{\ifrewritetocfile
\opentocfile
\write\tocfile{%
\expandafter\noexpand \csname toc#1entry\endcsname
{#2}{\folio}}%
\fi\ignorespaces}%
\def\writenumberedtocentry#1#2#3{\ifrewritetocfile
\opentocfile
\write\tocfile{%
\expandafter\noexpand \csname toc#1entry\endcsname
{#2}{#3}{\folio}}%
\fi\ignorespaces}%
|
%To produce a table of contents, read the |.toc| file with
%\pix^|\readtocfile|. You should call |\read!-tocfile| before the first
%|\write!-toc!-entry|. When you're processing the table of contents
%without regenerating it, you should not rewrite
%the |.toc| file---if you do, its contents will be lost.
%The command
%|\rewrite!-tocfile!-false| will prevent the rewrite.
要排印出目录，只需用 \pix^|\readtocfile| 读取 |.toc| 文件。
你应该在首次使用 |\write!-toc!-entry| 之前调用 |\read!-tocfile|。
在处理目录且不想重新生成它时，
务必不要改写 |.toc| 文件——如果你这样做，文件内容将会丢失。
命令 |\rewrite!-tocfile!-false| 将禁止这种改写。
\csdisplay
\newif\ifrewritetocfile \rewritetocfiletrue
\def\readtocfile{\testfileexistence{toc}%
\iffileexists
\input \jobname.toc
\ifrewritetocfile \opentocfile \fi
\fi}%
|
%Here are some definitions of possible |\toc|\dots|entry| macros. These
%definitions are meant only as examples---running leaders across the line
%is usually not the best way to typeset a table of contents.
这里给出可能出现的 |\toc|\dots|entry| 宏的一些定义。
这些定义只是作为例子而已——在目录中使用指引线通常不是最好的做法。
\csdisplay
\def\tocchapterentry#1#2{\line{\bf #1 \dotfill\ #2}}%
\def\tocsectionentry#1#2{%
\line{\quad\sl #1 \dotfill\ \rm #2}}%
\def\tocsubsectionentry#1#2{%
\line{\qquad\rm #1 \dotfill\ #2}}%
|
%\section Cross-references
\section 交叉引用
%\null ^^{cross-references}
%\xrdef{xrefs}
%The macros that follow provide symbolic
%cross-referencing, so that you can refer to something in another part of
%a document by name instead of by its actual page number.
%\pix^|\xrdef||{foo}| defines a label |foo| to be the current page
%number, and \pix^|\xrefn||{foo}| produces that page number, e.g., $77$.
%More often you'll want to say something like ``see p.\thinspace77'', so
%\pix^|\xref||{foo}| produces ``p.\thinspace 77''. If |foo| is not
%defined, a warning message will be given. |\xrefwarningfalse|
%suppresses the warning.
\null ^^{交叉引用}
\xrdef{xrefs}
接下来的宏提供了符号式的交叉引用，
让你可以在文档中通过名称而非实际页码提及其它部分的东西。
\pix^|\xrdef||{foo}| 定义标签 |foo| 为当前页码，
而 \pix^|\xrefn||{foo}| 生成该页码，比如 $77$。
你更常用的是类似 ``see p.\thinspace77'' 的写法，
因此 \pix^|\xref||{foo}| 生成 ``p.\thinspace 77''。
如果 |foo| 未定义，就会得到一个警告信息。
|\xrefwarningfalse| 取消这种警告。
%These macros provide no protection against duplicate definitions. You can
%check for duplicate definitions by sorting the cross-reference file and
%checking, either mechanically or by eye, for adjacent definitions of
%the same symbol.
这些宏没有提供对重复定义的保护。要检查重复定义，
你可以将交叉引用文件排序，并用工具或肉眼检查同一个符号的相邻定义。
\csdisplay
\newif\ifxrefwarning \xrefwarningtrue
\def\xrdef#1{\begingroup
\xrlabel{#1}%
\edef\@wr{\@writexrdef{\the\@xrlabeltoks}}%
\@wr
\endgroup \ignorespaces}%
\def\@writexrdef#1{\write\reffile{%
\string\gdef
\expandafter\string\csname#1\endcsname
{\noexpand\folio}\percentchar}}%
\def\xrefnumber#1{%
\xrlabel{#1}%
% \@xrlabeltoks now has the control sequence name.
\toks0 =
\expandafter{\csname\the\@xrlabeltoks\endcsname}%
\expandafter \ifx\the\toks0\relax
\ifxrefwarning \message{Undefined label
`\tokstostring{#1}'.}\fi
{\let\spacesub = \space
\expandafter\xdef\the\toks0
{`{\tt \tokstostring{#1}}'}}\fi
\the\toks0}%
\def\xref#1{p.\thinspace\xrefnumber{#1}}%
\def\xrefn#1{\xrefnumber{#1}}%
|
%This macro turns a label into a list of character tokens in the token
%register |\labeltoks|. A label can include blanks and control sequences in
%it as well as normal characters, but it can't include braces.
这个宏将一个标签转换为一列字符记号，并放在寄存器 |\labeltoks| 中。
除了普通字符之外，标签还可以包含空格和控制序列，但不能包含花括号。
\csdisplay
\newtoks\@xrlabeltoks
\def\xrlabel#1{\begingroup
\escapechar = `\_ \edef\tts{\tokstostring{#1_}}%
\global\@xrlabeltoks = \expandafter{\tts}%
\endgroup}%
|
%It takes two passes to get the cross-references right, since the
%definitions are written out to the auxiliary file |\jobname.aux|.
%\pix^|\readreffile| reads them back in. If you don't issue this command
%before the first definition, you'll lose all the definitions from the
%previous run.
需要运行两遍才能得到正确的交叉引用，
因为这些定义是写出到辅助文件|\jobname.aux| 里的。
\pix^|\readreffile| 命令用于将它们读取回来。
如果你不在第一个定义之前执行此命令，你将丢失上一遍运行得到的定义。
\csdisplay
\newwrite\reffile \newif\ifreffileopened
\def\openreffile{\ifreffileopened\else
\reffileopenedtrue
\immediate\openout\reffile = \jobname.aux
\fi}%
\def\readreffile{%
\testfileexistence{aux}%
\iffileexists
\begingroup
\@setletters
\input \jobname.aux
\endgroup
\else
\message{No cross-reference file; I won't give you
warnings about undefined labels.}%
\xrefwarningfalse
\fi
\openreffile}%
\def\@setletters{%
\catcode`_ = \letter \catcode`+ = \letter
\catcode`- = \letter \catcode`@ = \letter
\catcode`0 = \letter \catcode`1 = \letter
\catcode`2 = \letter \catcode`3 = \letter
\catcode`4 = \letter \catcode`5 = \letter
\catcode`6 = \letter \catcode`7 = \letter
\catcode`8 = \letter \catcode`9 = \letter
\catcode`( = \letter \catcode`) = \letter}%
|
%^^{equations, labelling}
%You can give symbolic names to equations in a similar way, using
%\pix^|\eqdef| and \pix^|\eqref|. |\eqdef| inserts its own |\eqno|
%command, so it must be invoked in a place where |\eqno| is legal.
^^{公式编号}
按同样的方式，你可以用 \pix^|\eqdef| 和 \pix^|\eqref| 给出公式的符号式名称。
|\eqdef| 插入自己的 |\eqno| 命令，因此它必须用在能用 |\eqno| 的地方。
\csdisplay
\newcount\eqnumber
\def\eqdef#1{\global\advance\eqnumber by 1
\expandafter\xdef
\csname#1eqref\endcsname{\the\eqnumber}%
\immediate\write\reffile{\string\def
\expandafter\string\csname#1eqref\endcsname
{\the\eqnumber}}%
\eqno
\eqprint{\the\eqnumber}}%
|
%|\eqref| produces ``(equation number)''. You can handle fancier
%formatting by redefining \pix^|\eqprint|. For example, you could redefine
%it so that the equation numbers include
%the chapter number.
|\eqref| 生成``(公式编号)''。
通过重新定义 \pix^|\eqprint|，你可以实现更加复杂的格式。
举个例子，你可以重新定义它，使得公式编号中包含章编号。
\csdisplay
\def\eqref#1{%
\expandafter \ifx \csname#1eqref\endcsname \relax
\ifxrefwarning \message{Undefined equation label